Foundations of Curriculum
Foundations of Curriculum
Foundations of Curriculum
Today the world emphasis on finding new ways through which man
develops new concepts of reality and knowledge and to form a new structure of
knowledge in this dynamic and changing time therefore a high value is given to
discovery, invention and restructuring of knowledge and curriculum in new
patterns. Now the new curriculum is open to new experiences, logical and critical
thinking, and to bring about the concept of knowledge out of interpreted
experience.
Philosophy and ideology of education provide rules and principles which
lead the in decision-making regarding educational practices and polices planning.
It Guides the curriculum planner on the basses of the philosophical and
ideological belief of the society in the constructing of subject matter keeping in
view the future demands and needs of the schools and help in the promoting of
human life through social change in the behavior of the students. In Pakistan the
ideological beliefs of the society is based on Islam.
Therefore they are looking for curriculum planner to introduce such
curriculum in education system, which inculcate true knowledge of Islam and
preserve the culture of Muslim society in new generation that why they believe
that Islamic curricula should be based on the ideology of Islamic laws and
principles.
Psychological foundations
Psychological foundation is based on the individual differences, every
student has its own unique personality and they have differences in their leering
and skills. They are different in nature so they can’t be treated alike in teaching
learning process, some may be fast learner while other slow. Therefore the
curriculum should be based on the above facts, and it should be design to support
the capacity and potentialities of all the students.
Psychology play a vital role in the teaching learning process it is the foundation
for all type of educational related programmed. The methods of teaching, the
selection of content of subject and the methods and theories of learning, the
overall development of the students and to inculcate the norms of the society in
the students. Psychology helps in all the processes above in the development
process of the curriculum.
In the past curriculum for child development and learning was developed
in traditional ways without keeping in view the psychological implication in the
development of curriculum.
Today psychology is the core and foundation element of all the learning
processes; curriculum development, Child mental development, teaching methods,
learning theories, administration of education system and planning, character
building of the students, attitude of students and teacher, the society, the use of
different technologies.
Today the researchers and Scholars using experimental approach to find
new ways of teaching learning process, how students learn under different
conditions. They are finding new ways and materials from the analysis of teaching
learning problem and formulating new approaches for teaching and learning
process.
Psychology helps in all fields of education, it not just add to knowledge,
psychology is applied in practical class room situation as well as in the curriculum
development process by defining teaching methods.
In the process of using psychology in curriculum development process
some positive concepts or ideas about teaching learning process emerged, it is
reflected in the work produced by different authors.
The traditional readiness concept for a difficult subject which require
children maturity has been rejected by the modern researchers, now the
researchers formed a new principle that the child can teach any subject on
the condition that it provided keeping in view the principle of from simple
to complex and that the students have the previous experience.
When the importance is given to basic concepts and the process of inquiry
for teaching learning and curriculum development process the transfer of
learning and future learning are improved.
the guided discovery of the relationships in the student learning outcomes,
subject matter and in teaching methods play a very important role in the
teaching learning process compare to those approaches in which the
curriculum planner used the views and conclusions of other for
developing curriculum.
The Interest and motivation level of the students may be generated using
the discovery method within the subject itself, the content of the subject
should be interesting and appealing to generate curiosity in the students to
find more. In this way the student engage in finding the relationships in the
subject matter presented to him, and engage the students in the process of
inquiry.
Meaningful conversation involves the students in the organizing or
structuring of facts into conceptual system which help the students to
generate new ideas, make new interpretations and raise new questions.
The researchers prefer the use of inductive methods because it helps in the
discovery through inquiry and help in the formulating of hypotheses and
interpretation of information.
To study a topic in depth or more helpful in the discovering the
relationships between them than try to cover the whole material in once.
The Depth of learning could be attained by applying different ideas,
processes, theories, and models.
Learning is improved when there is relationship order in the continuity of
unit to unit from simple to complex in the instruction programme.
The solving of problems helps the students in acquiring the concept
development, and how to use different principles which lead the students
to a higher level of mental development.
It put emphasis on the organizing of ideas which helps the students to
develop the skills to identify the relationships, improves their skills,
remembers and retrieves old ideas; it provides a foundation for generating
new ideas and concepts, and helps in the transfer of learning.
The goals of education emerge from the needs and wishes of the society
When a society urge a need or a goal it becomes an educational objective
and the school accepted that demand and they attempt to attain that goal
by putting it into school objectives.
And when a societal goal become an educational objective then the school,
teacher and student must make their efforts to achieve it and for that purpose
appropriate educational facilities and methods must be planned.
If there is a conflict between the objectives and aims of majority and minority
groups, the aims of larger group is accepted.
Educational aims are based on the study of sociological and political
condition of the society and the main purpose of the curriculum is preservation
and advancement of the that society