SMC BMC

A DESIGN
& TECHNOLOGY
MANUAL
FOR SMC BMC
W W W. S M C B M C - E U R O P E . O R G
Design for Success - Chapter 7 - Applications 1
Summary
Introduction ...............................................................3
Chapter 1
Performance...............................................................5
Chapter 2
SMC/BMC Manufacturing and Properties..................9
Chapter 3
Design ......................................................................17
Chapter 4
Part Production............................ .............................29
Chapter 5
Quality..................................... .................................35
Chapter 6
Environment ............................................................. 39
Chapter 7
Applications ..............................................................49
Chapter 8
Glossary ....................................................................67
Chapter 9
Appendix ..................................................................71
2 Design for Success - Summary

SMC/BMC
ideal solution
for many
industries
INTRODUCTION
Benefits This Design Manual provides you with insight in

the most important commercial applications of
of SMC/BMC
SMC and BMC materials, and the benefits these
materials can bring. You will also find detailed
information to support you in finalizing your
designs.
Your customers demand structural materials that If you would like to have more detailed
are lightweight, strong and versatile. Materials that information on any of the subjects covered
resist corrosion and temperature extremes and which please contact the European Alliance for SMC/
deliver freedom of design and low system costs. BMC. The generic term SMC/BMC has been
mostly used although we refer to the specific
The ideal solution for many applications is a family of product types where appropriate.
structural, fibre reinforced thermosets: SMC (Sheet
Moulding Compound) and BMC (Bulk Moulding
Compound). These materials combine mechanical
www.smcbmc-europe.org
and physical properties with the lowest system cost,
without compromising quality.
The European Alliance

for SMC/BMC
The European Alliance for SMC/BMC was founded already in 1993 as an industry association of European
companies involved in the SMC/BMC technology to promote the technical and commercial advancement of this
materials through common activities.
We do this through :
• Providing details on typical end-uses for these material systems
• Explaining the features and associated benefits
• Making available design information to engineers and designs
• Connecting key stakeholders in the supply chain
• Facilitating the information exchange about these materials at selected seminars, exhibitions and organizing
Design Award program for young designers in Europe.
Comparisons are made with other structural materials and the excellent environmental and recycling properties
of SMC/BMC are communicated to assist designers and manufacturers in the various application fields. Members
of the European Alliance for SMC/BMC include manufacturers of resins, glass fibres and additives as well as
SMC/BMC suppliers, research institutes and component / system suppliers.
4 Design for Success - Introduction

PERFORMANCE
SMC/BMC:
limited
only by your
imagination
SMC/BMC
Composite solutions
Since the introduction of the first moulding compounds based on Unsaturated polyesters, this class of materials has
developed into a variety of high performance SMC & BMC composite solutions for a broad range of applications In view of
their excellent features and benefits, these materials will continue to be used for many demanding applications.
Strength and stiffness

Part safety through great Fire retardance
The combination of fibers, fillers and resin results in
material systems with great stiffness and mechanical Elevated resistance to fire and low smoke generation
strength. The resin provides the ductility, durability and is important for many applications and markets. For
system cohesion. The fibers are largely contributing to obtaining this high flame retardency a number of additives
strength and stiffness. Glass fibers, carbon fibers and can be used.
combinations of the two are being used SMC & BMC do not contain any halogens or other
hazardous flame retardants. Still they can be formulated
having excellent FR properties, even at very low wall
Weight reduction thicknesses.
For reducing Eco-footprint and fuel emission, SMC &

BMC Composite solutions can enable manufacturing Electrical performance
components with less weight. The mechanical properties
of SMC & BMC Composite solutions help to easily replace Excellent electrical performance is a main benefit of using
a large number of metal parts by few composite parts thermoset materials in general.
SMC & BMC Composite solutions bring these excellent
electrical properties, particularly electrical strength, water
Precision and predictability of dimensions absorption and surface resistivity.
Despite of their excellent electrical insulation properties
also materials with reduced surface resistivity and
SMC & BMC are first choice solutions for substitution elevated conductivity are available.
of high performance metal parts where high precision
is obtained by means of post-machining processes.
Tight tolerances can be produced directly without post
operations, ensuring not only cost savings but also Great Class A surfaces
increased profitability.
As a main advantage compared to equivalent non- The ability to obtain excellent surfaces for online- and
thermoset polymers, the ability to compensate shrinkage offline painting, as well as for parts metallization is a
with special additives makes even most challenging great asset of working with both SMC & BMC Composite
part designs feasible. For parts with highest precision, solutions. superior surface aesthetics can be obtained
materials with negative shrinkage (expansion) can even through the unique technology to compensate the material
be used. shrinkage.
Resisting elevated temperatures Low emissions
Many thermoset polymers are known for their excellent Interior parts in many end use markets require low
thermal resistance. Using specific resin systems emission materials (e.g. car interior parts). Minimization
thermal resistances up to 300°C can be achieved. From of hazardous or uncomfortable emissions and smell is
a technical view these materials can be superior to desired.
engineering thermoplastics and provide cost effective Also in lighting systems the headlamp reflectors must be
solutions especially in comparison to high performance free of any emissions in order to avoid fogging, that will
thermoplastics. reduce lighting performance.
For demanding engineering applications it is also crucial
that the CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) is close to
the CTE of metals and ensures dimensional stability over
a wide range of temperatures.
6 Design for Success - Chapter 1 - Performance

Applications
This manual sets out to describe Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) and Bulk Moulding Compound (BMC), their
composition, characteristics, processing, end-uses and recycling. Recommendations are given on how to achieve the
best results and how to maximise the benefits that these unique materials offer. It is primarily intended to inform and
assist design engineers and technicians, especially those working in the following industries:
Electrical & Electronics

(mechanical integrity and electrical insulation)
Low voltage and medium voltage energy systems
Fuses and switchgear
Cabinets and junction boxes
Motor and anchor insulations
Encapsulation of wiring and electronic circuits
Electrical components with reduced surface resistivity
Lamp housings
Mass Transportation
(light weight and fire resistance)
Train, tram interior and body parts
Electrical components
Track switch components
Under the hood components for trucks
Automotive & Truck

(low fuel emissions through weight reduction)
Light weight body panels for vehicles
Lighting systems, headlamp reflectors and LED lighting
Structural parts, front ends, interior dashboard parts
body panels for trucks and agricultural vehicles
Building & Construction

(durability and design freedom)
Drinking water tanks
Panels
Doors
Building supply systems
Drain and trench covers
Access chambers
Design for Success - Chapter 1 - Performance 7

Domestic Appliances
(manufacturing in large volumes)
Iron heat shields
Coffee machine components
Microwave ware
White goods components, grips and handles
Pump housings as metal substitution
Motor housings as metal substitution
Engineering
(strength and durability)
Functional parts in mechanical engineering as metal substitution
Pump components for various media
Sport equipment, golf caddy
Safety products for leisure and public application
Sanitary
(design freedom and personalised aesthetics)
Sinks and bath tubs
Toilet seats
Drain covers
Medical
(optimized shape and user friendliness)
Surgery equipment
Dental medication systems
Antibacterial components
8 Design for Success - Chapter 1 - Performance

SMC/BMC
MANUFACTURING
AND PROPERTIES
SMC/BMC:
industrialised
manufacturing
process
SMC/BMC Manufacturing
and Properties
Composition TYPICAL SMC FORMULATION
SMC and BMC, as well as derivatives which include: TMC
(Thick Moulding Compound), HPC (High Performance
Compound) CIC (Continuous Impregnation Compounds)
and AMC (Advanced Moulding Compounds) are all fibre
reinforced composite materials which primarily consist of
a thermosetting resin matrix (normally UP -unsaturated 28%
polyester), reinforcement (normally glassfibre) and inorganic
filler. 40%
Additional ingredients such as low-profile additives, cure
initiators, thickeners, process additives and mould release 3%
agents are used to enhance the processability of the material
and the end-performance of the part. Typically less than 30
percent of an SMC/ BMC recipe is a crude oil derivative either
29%
as unsaturated polyester resin or thermoplastic additives.
The remainder is inorganic filler and reinforcing glass fibres,
chopped into lengths: 25 - 50mm for SMC and 6 -12mm for resign
BMC. others
fibreglass
inorganic filler
Thermosetting resins form the matrix and chemical backbone
of SMC/BMC, imparting the required blend of properties.
Unsaturated polyester (UP) or vinyl ester (VE) are the resins
most commonly used, and they undergo a cross-linking TYPICAL BMC FORMULATION
reaction when cured under heat and pressure. VE resins are
used when there is a high technical requirement, for example
where sustained heat and chemical resistance is needed.
Good heat resistance is a characteristic of all thermosets and
they differ from thermoplastics in that once the compound
cures to a rigid solid, it will not soften at elevated temperatures
25%
or become brittle at lower temperatures. This means that SMC
and BMC parts retain their original properties and dimensional
accuracy over a broad range of temperatures.
Customization and Speed to Market 48%

The ability to tailor SMC/BMC to precisely meet processing
7%
and end-use needs is a major benefit over metals. Speed
to Market, an essential requirement for automotive OEMs as
well as producers of consumer electrical goods, is supported
20%
when designing in SMC/BMC. A wide variety of standard
material grades is available; alternatively - by varying the
type and percentage of ingredients in their formulations - the resign
others
compounder can custom formulate SMC/BMC materials to fibreglass
meet specific needs. inorganic filler
For example low or high pressure moulding, and end-product

performance requirements like high mechanical strength,
Class A surface, or flame retardancy. Glass fibre can be
replaced by carbon fibre (CF-SMC) for exceptionally low
weight, highly rigid parts. Where performance is less critical
Only 30 percent of SMC/
other materials can be used as a reinforcement. See Future
and Emerging Applications chapter.
BMC raw materials are
based on crude oil
10 Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties

SMC production
SMC is made as a continuous sheet. The resin paste is paste and air is squeezed out of the sheet.
transferred to a doctor box where it is deposited onto a moving Sheet dimensions are normally 4mm thick and 1,500mm wide.
carrier film passing directly beneath. The doctor box controls The length and weight of the SMC sheet is determined by
the amount of the resin paste applied. Simultaneously, glass moulder preference for handling and is usually stored on a
fibre rovings are fed into a rotary cutter above the resin-covered 350kg (standard) up to 1500kg rolls or bi-folded (like computer
carrier film. Fibres are chopped to length (generally 25mm, or paper) into large bins. Modern SMC production is a highly
50mm) and randomly deposited onto the resin paste. automated and computer regulated process.
Before the SMC can be used for moulding it must mature.

‘Modern SMC production This maturation time is necessary to allow the relatively low-
is a highly automated process’ viscosity resin to chemically thicken. The SMC will be kept in
a maturation room at a controlled temperature (normally 48
The amount of glass is controlled by the cutter and by the hours at 30°C) and typically requires two to five days to reach
speed of the carrier film. Downstream from the chopping the desired moulding viscosity. Usually SMC has a shelf life
operation, a second carrier film is coated with resin paste and ranging from several weeks to several months from the date
is laid, resin side down, on top of the chopped fibres. This of manufacture. The time frame can be extended or reduced
stage of the process creates a resin paste and glass fibre depending on the SMC formulation and storage conditions. A
‘sandwich’ which is then sent through a series of compaction storage temperature of no higher than 20°C is recommended.
rollers where the glass fibres are consolidated with the resin
Rolls of SMC in maturation SMC manufacturing line
Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties 11

Low-Profile
Decklid for this convertible model is moulded in SMC
SMC material
characteristics
SMC can be formulated with a broad range of resin
and reinforcement combinations to impart and enhance
specific properties. For Class A surface requirements, for
example, thermoplastic low profile additives are used to
control the amount of shrinkage of the resin system during
polymerisation. A general purpose formulation will have
a shrinkage of around 0.2%, whereas a low-profile SMC
will typically be as low as 0.05%, some are even zero
shrinkage. Once cured SMC/BMC products show no post
mould shrinkage what so ever. This is a particular benefit
in the automotive industry, where low profile Class A SMC
panels are often used alongside steel or aluminium in
a hybrid design. Dimensional stability ensures precise
panel fit and interface.
When BMC
is used
Due to its longer fibre length and higher fibre content,
SMC has greater flexural strength and tensile strength
than BMC. As a result the material tends to be used
for larger flat parts with a more structural requirement
combined with good cosmetics - such as vehicle body
panels or building cladding panels. See Applications
chapter for more details. Strength, rigidity and corrosion
resistance are also essential attributes in other common
SMC applications such as passenger car decklids, truck
Low –Profile SMC: formulations
grilles, water storage tank panels and electricity meter
cabinets.
with very low or zero shrinkage

BMC manufacturing
process
Like SMC, BMC is a fibre reinforced composite material which
primarily consists of thermosetting resin, chopped glass fibre
reinforcement and filler in the form of a bulk material. Additional
ingredients such as low profile additives, cure initiators,
thickeners and mould release agent are added to enhance
processing performance. BMC is less loaded with glass fibres
than SMC and fibre length is shorter at 6 to 12mm. Filler loadings
are higher than for SMC. There are several techniques for the BMC is ideal
batch production of BMC. The most common mixing process
involves a Z-blade mixers which amalgamates the resin paste, for heat
fillers, additives and reinforcements into a mass material with a
dough-like consistency. The bulk product is packed in plastic
resistant parts
bags impermeable to styrene diffusion and supplied in bins.
Like with SMC, it can be supplied in pre-weighed charges Top right and above: A steam
according to customer needs. iron and a coffee machine:
Two typical examples of BMC
When BMC is used

being used for its surface
aesthetics, water resistance,
electrical insulating properties
and high heat stability.
Due to the shorter fibre length, BMC is well suited to injection
moulding where it flows freely into the smallest cavities, making
it suitable for the most intricate parts. The higher inorganic
filler load guarantees very high temperature resistance and
an extremely good surface appearance, which is why BMC
is commonly used for headlamp reflectors and appliances
requiring good cosmetic and high heat performance such as
steam iron housings and coffee machines.

BMC combines excellent electrical and mechanical properties
with good mouldability and high dimensional accuracy in
the finished part. An advantage over traditional thermosets
Unlike other
commonly used for electrical and heat sensitive parts is that
BMC can be pigmented to a wide range of colours. See
plastic materials,
Applications section for more details.
SMC/BMC
For more information about BMC please see our website www.
smc-alliance.com or request a copy of our brochure ‘Bulk dimensional
Moulding Compound.’
accuracy is
Benchmarking versus competitive materials
retained across a
To get a true picture of the performance of SMC/BMC we
need to compare the material’s properties versus competitive wide temperature
range
materials like steel, aluminium and thermoplastics. The
benchmarking tables that follow show how well SMC/BMC
compares to metals and other plastics.
Retention of dimensional
properties: SMC compared with other polymers
Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC)
10 5
Thermosets
4
10
Thermoplastics
10
3
2
10
Elastomers
1
10
0
10
-80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200
Temperature ¡C

Benchmarking
MATERIAL STEEL AL MG THERMOPLASTICS SMC/BMC
Part consolidation --- O +++ +++
Customizing --- --- + +++
Corrosion resistance --- --- ++ +++
Low weight design --- +++ ++ +++
Fire resistance +++ (++) --- +++
Specific stiffness -- + -- +++
Water absorption +++ +++ --- +
Online paintability +++ +++ -- +++
Temperature resistance +++ ++ --- ++
Mass colouration --- --- +++ +++
Recyclability ++ ++ + +
E-Permeability --- --- +++ +++
Eco efficiency -- --- O ++
+++ : positive - - - : negative O : neutral
Sound dampening
of various materials
MATERIAL LOSS FACTOR
Aluminium 7 x 10 -5
Steel 2 x 10 -5
SMC 0.40
Polyamide 0.16
The sound transmission loss from SMB/BMC parts is much

better when compared with aluminium. The loss factor for
SMC is significantly higher than aluminium, meaning that SMC/
SMC/BMC valve covers and
BMC engine parts like valve covers and oil sumps contribute oil sumps feature significant
to reduced engine noise, harshness and vibration.
sound dampening properties

Tensile strength MPa Young’s modulus GPa
Polyamide
Polyamide Polyamide
Polyamide
Magnesium
Magnesium Magnesium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Aluminium Aluminium
Aluminium
SMC
SMC SMC
SMC
BMC
BMC BMC
BMC
UD SMC
UD SMC UD SMC
UD SMC
Steel
Steel Steel
Steel
00 100
100
200
200
300
300 400
00 75
75
150
150
225
225 300
Comparaison des unités vendues par an Comparaison des unités vendues par an
1 1
Density g/cm
3 Light weight potential
Equivalent flexural stiffness: steel is 100%
Polyamide
Polyamide Polyamide
Polyamide
Magnesium
Magnesium Magnesium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Aluminium Aluminium
Aluminium
SMC
SMC SMC
SMC
BMC
BMC BMC
BMC
UD SMC
UD SMC UD SMC
UD SMC
Steel
Steel Steel
Steel
0
0
5555
110 110
165
165 220
0
0
20
25
40
50
60 80
75
100
100
Comparaison des unités vendues par an Comparaison des unités vendues par an
1 1
-6
Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 10 m/mK
Polyamide
Polyamide
Magnesium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Aluminium
SMC
SMC
BMC
BMC
UD SMC
UD SMC
Steel
Steel
0 15 30 45 60
0 15 30 45
Comparaison des unités vendues par an

1

DESIGN
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
SMC/BMC:
optimised
part design
WAITING FOR PICTURE

Designing and modeling
with SMC/BMC
SMC/BMC materials offer exceptional
flexibility to the designer: for example a
design based on mouldable SMC/BMC can
produce a highly complex, multi-functional
part that could not be realised in metals.
First stage in the design process is to

create a computer aided design (CAD),
using numerical modelling such as finite
element analysis (FEM). To create an
accurate and representative design model,
good knowledge of the materials’ behaviour
and capabilities are needed. SMC/BMC
properties are well known, which makes
it a favourable choice for designers. With
the mechanical properties, (given in the
appendix), a designer can create a CAD
model and simulate mechanical reliability
using FEA and can rework the design as
necessary. We’ve used the example of a
virtual car bumper beam to illustrate this
process.
The CAD model is transferred into a meshed

structure, which consists of 3-dimensional
geometrical elements and forms the basis
for flow simulation. Each element owns
specific physical properties, which are
linked. The diagram shows the result of
the flow simulation of the bumper beam.
In the blue area the SMC is placed in the
mould and, with the application of moulding Simulation of the filling-process, showing the time evolution
pressure, starts to flow. The red colour of the flow front during the filling process
indicates the flow front, which reaches
(step 3), the edges of the cavity. The main
results obtained via the flow simulation, are
firstly the filling time and secondly whether
the cavity is completely filled and if there
are weld lines, where the material meets.
Flow simulation
Weld lines should be avoided, especially
on visible parts.
predicts cavity
filling behaviour
18 Design for success - Chapter 3 - Design

Designing
in SMC/BMC
The flow simulation (below) also importantly
shows the fibre orientation within the part. In
terms of mechanical behaviour, correct fibre
orientation is essential, since the fibres bear
the loadings and stresses. In a successful SMC
part, the design has to enable the fibres to flow
along the load direction - so the design must
include the right flow characteristics.
Correct fibre
Structural analysis orientation is
Structural analysis can then be performed. By
adjusting reference conditions the impact of essential to cope
with mechanical
dynamic and static forces and excitations can
be calculated. The simulation below shows the
mechanical behaviour of the bumper beam
loadings and
under a single static load. The deformation
is clearly shown and the colours indicate the
resulting tension within the material. Now the
designer can decide whether the stresses are
acceptable or if the design needs modification. stresses

Design for success - Chapter 3 - Design 19

Clean-Sheet Design:
new products in SMC/BMC
Review the design objectives • Inspect the surfaces for die draw
and possible undercut conditions
Determine from the outset what
the primary objectives are for the • Determine die draw direction
SMC/BMC components.
• Check the surface for narrow
Select a development and sections to surrounded parts
production partner
Design benefits
• Design shear edges and trim
areas
It is very beneficial to select a
of SMC/BMC
partner familiar with the whole
knowledge chain as early in the Designing beneath the
design process as possible. surface
Validate the design for structural
performance, appearance and SMC closed sections can be
cost issues. To maximise the designed to carry the same loads • SMC/BMC closed sections can be
advantage of SMC/BMC in terms as steel but sufficient package designed to take the same loads as
of cost/performance ratio, and to space is necessary for bending steel
avoid design loops. stiffness, seal loads, torsion
stiffness and deflections, for • The coefficient of linear thermal
example. expansion for SMC/BMC is close to
Review the product
steel and aluminium
specifications
Preliminary structural
• The ‘spring-back’ associated with
Having established the primary evaluation steel or aluminium does not exist with
objectives, determine what role SMC/BMC
SMC/BMC plays in meeting these Preliminary structural and fastener
objectives. loadings can be evaluated using
• Low Profile Class A System shrinkage
finite element analysis (FEA)
is zero or no more than ½ mm/m
For example, if high quality body as previously described. CAD
colour surface finish is important checks can also be made for
• Tools are built directly from the
then emphasis must be placed recommended design clearances
designer’s mathematical calculations
on achieving Class A surface and tolerances.
appearance. For example trim • Read-through effects of SMC/BMC are
edges must be hidden or closely Replacement of a current very low compared to thermoplastics
controlled. design that’s not in SMC/
If low weight is a major concern,
then lower material usage, will
BMC
be one of the main criteria. This
When replacing an existing design
means minimizing redundant
or part, most issues have already
structures, consolidating parts
been determined:
or using specialized low density
grades of SMC/BMC.
• Attaching interface
Review the design • Body package
When the design is complete, • Margins, fit and flush

review the CAD model:
• Performance of the previous part.

Is existing component space sufficient?
For example: outer shell at 2 to 3 mm thick plus adhesive Basic design
considerations
0.5 to 1.5 mm gives a depth of 4.5 to 7.5 mm
In addition to SMC’s increased material thickness, cross sections

must also be increased if they are to carry the same loading and
provide the same stiffness.
for SMC/BMC
If package size is insufficient then the following steps can be taken: components
• Increase package • To increase moments of inertia use
contoured surfaces
• Reduce loading
• Wherever possible in the design
• Make stiffness concessions consider points of inertia e.g. styling
lines, corrugations or ribs
• Locally reinforce SMC part
• If panels are too thick this will
Are current fasteners and locations adequate? further increase non-linear curing
times
Analyse CAD data using FEA.
• Recommended outer panels:
2.0-3.0mm thickness
Are fit & flush and tolerance bands still applicable?
• Recommended inner panels:
Compared to other materials, SMC/BMC components require no 2.0-3.5mm thickness
specific attention as far as temperature influence is concerned.
That’s because the thermal expansion of SMC/BMC is very similar • Recommended curing times:
to metallic components (see paragraph on CLTE for further details). 30 seconds to 45 seconds per mm
thickness
• Maintain uniform wall thickness

for uniform flow, uniform curing
and the minimization of
warpage and distortion.
This also minimizes read-through
where there are thickness
changes (non-Class A design).
Favourable Design Unfavourable

Design
Keep wall thicknesses

constant to avoid thin to thick
sections along material flow
paths and at the end of the
flow - so as not to impair
excellent surface quality and
Favourable Design Unfavourable
isotropic properties
Design

Ribs
SMC/BMC parts can be strengthened and made more rigid by
Sink
incorporating ribs and bosses into the design. But ribs are not
used on Class A outer panels because they can create sink marks
(opposite) - localized depressions in the surface of moulded parts
caused by the non-uniform shrinking of the SMC/BMC during the
cooling process. In cosmetically critical parts, they can be a serious
problem. Sink marks are dependent on part geometry and material
shrinkage rates.
For Non class A component design, sink marks can be minimized

or eliminated by the proper design of reinforcing ribs using the right
combination of draft angle, radii and rib thickness as indicated in the
diagram opposite.
Visible surfaces
Radii
T
The recommended radii is 2mm minimum for inside corner radii and
0,5 mm
1.5mm minimum for outside corner radii. max. radius
0,75 T
0,5 draft
1,5 mm
Figure 3-7: The preffered designs This design is not

for outside radii. recommended.
Recommended minimum draft angles

PART NON-VISIBLE SURFACES CLASS A SURFACES
RETURN 1.5°
1,5°
FLANGES 3.0° with in-mould coating
0.5° per side in Iocalized

RIBS 1,0° per side
areas only

Thinner wall sections Inserts
Reduce overall component weight by diluting non-loaded Moulded-in inserts are for frequent assembly / disassembly
areas. The larger the area, the less reduction there should tasks. Alternatively (if the screwing direction is not aligned
be in wall thickness. Diluted thickness is approximately 75 to the moulding direction) inserts are normally applied in a
– 80% of normal. separate secondary stage. Both require a definite clearance
off the mould surface of typically 0.5mm to prevent or
Openings & holes minimize torque retention. Moulded-in and standard inserts
both require mechanical undercut conditions to achieve
Holes are best achieved via a secondary drilling, punching, the necessary friction otherwise unobtainable with plain
routing, or water-jet cutting operation. Larger openings geometries. Various designs are shown under DIN 16903
require shear edged tools around their periphery. (insert nuts for mouldings). The material of choice for
inserts is brass.
Bosses
We suggest that you contact a specialized supplier of
inserts for best practice advice and solutions.
Special design rules for bosses (self-tapping screws) are
necessary:
Trimming
• Detailed design is subject to material and load factors
Design Engineers should locate trim edges in non-
appearance areas of the part. All SMC/BMC parts require
Bosses must be designed 25 % longer than trimming of flash (de-flashing). The trimming operation is
the fastener either performed automatically by robots or by hand.
Boss diameter should be 2.5 times cored Variations on trim edges

hole diameter
Torque and pull-out strength should follow

suppliers recommendation
The specific design (asymmetrical thread, recessed

thread root & special cutting notch) reduces the risk of
bosses cracking and increases tightening, break-loose and
Figure 4-12: Variations in trim geometry occur to many
pull-out forces. Flash to be trimmed variables.
An assembly operation repeated more than five

times will require threaded inserts
Structural parts and other non-visible parts require a simple
The bonding-in of bosses is also possible de-flashing operation to achieve smooth edges (technical
de-flashing).
Visible parts like exterior body panels may require defined

radii or minimal radii of ≥ 2.5 mm due to legal requirements.
(optical de-flashing). Trimming is much more sophisticated
and, whenever possible, clearly visible or uncovered trim
edges should be identified early in the design stage to
Clearance for chips reduce later remedial work.
Drills and punches

Equal to midpoint
of thread
Drills are used for round holes while punches may be used
Nominal panel thickness for round, rectangular, or irregular shaped holes. Design
all holes to be punched or drilled in the same direction to
minimize costs. Drilled holes are better in appearance than
punched ones. Sufficient edge distance and clearance is
0,50 mm also important - Distance to edge ≥ ½ hole diameter.
max. radius
0,25¡ draft
0,25¡ draft

Routers Bond flanges
Routers are used for large, irregular The bond line thickness should
holes or specialized edge trimming. be between 0.5 – 3.0mm.
High speed routing on NC-controlled Recommendation for a target
machines ensures high accuracy bondline thickness is 1mm, which
and quality of the resulting edges offers sufficient space to allow
and apertures. By using appropriate for tolerance. A thickness below
cutting tools for thermoset materials, 0.5mm is not recommended. In the
clean cuts over a prolonged period worst case scenario the bondline
are assured. Closely monitor the thickness should be greater than 0.2
tools for wear and tear due to the mm. Most adhesives are capable of
abrasiveness of glassfibres. filling gaps even wider than 3.0 mm,
although this will have a negative
impact on bond performance and
Water jet is not recommended. See section
‘Designing for bonding.’
In water jet cutting the jet of water
passes through the SMC part leaving
a clean cut. Water jet cutting doesn’t Tapping plates and stud plates
generate dust particles but they have
to be cleaned afterwards. The cut Tapping plates consist of flat or
of the water stream is about 0.5mm formed sheet metal with threads for
wide. accepting fasteners. Threads are
achieved by
Threaded-in fasteners weld-nuts, caged nut assemblies (if
adjustability is required), or formed
Body panels attached directly to
threads in the sheet metal itself.
body-in-white structures are attached
Tapping and stud plates can also
with threaded-in fasteners. Through-
be bonded in. They will distribute
holes are required for fasteners to
loads over a larger area and are
thread into the body structure.
recommended where loads exceed
boss pull-out strengths.
Threaded fasteners for bosses
Design rules are as above.
Note:
Panel should be sandwiched
Tolerances between the plate and the fastening
surface, wherever possible, to
Plastic parts’ tolerances come under assist in load distribution and
ISO 2577 (DIN 16901). Table 130 is fastener torque retention. ghosting
applicable for SMC parts. Deviation of the topcoat due to differences in
values are distinguished between thermal coefficients, so they should
tool and non-tool related figures. be avoided. Plates opposite Class
Compared to thermoplastic values, A top-coated surfaces may cause
a higher level of precision can ghosting of the top-coat surface due
generally be achieved. Deviations to differences in thermal coefficients,
are influenced by variations in: so they should be avoided.
• Glass fibre content and fibre

orientation
Through-holes for fasteners
• Minor internal stress due to small
deviations in cool- down related General requirements for holes apply.
to geometrical issues. These may
increase tolerance requirements for U-Nuts
production. Clearance holes for U-nuts can be
formed in SMC/BMC parts.

Rivets Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE)
Wherever possible, design the assembly so that the head of The slope of the line representing dimensional change as a
the rivet assembly lays against the SMC/BMC part. A back- function of temperature is known as the CLTE.
up washer is recommended to minimise the possibility of
cracking. SMC components require no specific attention in this
respect compared to other materials, especially non-ferrous
Alternative fasteners metals like aluminium.
Christmas-tree, press-in or snap-fit action.

CLTE comparison

Steel 12 x 10-6 /°C
Aluminium 24 x 10-6 /°C
SMC 12-16 x 10-6 /°C
Tool design
The design for SMC/BMC production tools follows similar
rules as for any other production process within the plastic
industry.
Production tools must be of the highest quality and capable

Torque requirements of producing parts consistently and economically throughout
the expected production lifetime.
Torque retention is very low.
During compression moulding, cavity filling takes place as
An applied torque of 10 Nm (i.e. M6 torque) will have a soon as the mould is closed. The result is shear edges along
retention of approx. 25% after 240 hours. Different types the circumference of the tool cavity, along all apertures in
of SMC do have specific retention behaviours therefore the tool as well as on undercut - if moving cores or slides
evaluation trials to determine exact values are recommended are incorporated.
during development.
To avoid knit lines, holes and break troughs are not built into
tools but are produced in secondary operation processes.
Material related design considerations
The general arrangement of a tool allows for an internal
Shrinkage pressure during the process of 100 bar.
Frequently used SMC types can be divided into LPA (Low

profile Class A) and LS(Low shrinkage) systems.
LPA systems have a shrinkage of –0.05% to 0% whereas LS
systems range between 0% to 0.1% maximum.
Production tools must be

Post shrinkage
of the highest quality
Post shrinkage over time or after additional temperature and capable of producing
load, such as painting or climate influences, is negligible or
non-existent. parts consistently
and economically
throughout the expected
production lifetime

General tool arrangement

heat insulation
insulation
DIE
temperature system
temperature system
PUNCH
blocking system
vacuum sealing
tool stops(distances)
tool stops (distances)
punch platten
punch platten vacuum system
vacuum system
ejectors and ejector

ejector system
system
heat
heat insula tion
insulation
Tool materials plated surfaces are recommended; process shrinkage. This behaviour
especially for LP-SMC. require very close attention in
Depending on the application and the design stage with regard to
expected service life production SMC/BMC materials have minimal deformation - so called draft angles.
volumes, materials like aluminium process shrinkage. This behaviour Generally speaking: the bigger the
and steel (unquenched and un- require very close attention in better!
tempered) are used. These materials the design stage with regard to
will be used predominantly for deformation - so called draft angles. On the tooling side, air vents and
prototype tools, but for serial tools Generally speaking: the bigger the an optimized layout of ejectors are
quenched and tempered steel sorts better! necessary to remove parts from the
like 1.2311 or 1.2738 (German steel tool well. But outer shell parts with
key figures) are normally used . On the tooling side, air vents and class A requirements must not have
Dies for Class A products with high an optimized layout of ejectors are ejectors.
volumes may even require 1.2738 TS necessary to remove parts from the
steel. tool well. But outer shell parts with Vacuum system
class A requirements must not have
Temperature system ejectors. Class A parts are produced with
vacuum assist compression
The working temperature of the tools • Vacuum system moulding. Insulation of the tool’s inner
is usually 140 °C to 160 °C. When cavities against vacuum leakage is
designing the temperature system Class A parts are produced with also essential.
it is essential to be able to maintain vacuum assist compression
moulding. Insulation of the tool’s inner
surface temperature within very close Sensors
parameters. A symmetrical layout cavities against vacuum leakage is
of the temperature system’s circuits also essential.
Sensors to measure temperature,
have been proven. Normal heating process pressure, vacuum status
systems are steam, oil, high pressure • Sensors
water or electricity.
Sensors to measure temperature, High volume
Wear protection
process pressure, vacuum status
etc. should be standard for any SMC/
production requires
BMC tool. protection of a tool’s
High volume production requires
protection of a tool’s surfaces surfaces against
Part ejection
against abrasion. Processes like
hard chrome-plating or laser-
abrasion
hardening will be used, and chrome SMC/BMC materials have minimal

Designing for Adhesive Bonding State-of-the-art adhesives for bonding of SMC/BMC
in many cases simply require a dry or solvent wipe to
The physical properties of both the adhesive and the parts remove contaminations like dust, oil, and excessive mould
to be bonded needs to be considered during the design release. The applied mould temperature therefore not only
phase of a part. Typically bond flanges should range from accelerates the cure of the adhesive to allow short cycle
16 to 25mm. times but also acts as a ‘primer’ absorbing release agent and
ensuring good anchorage of the adhesive to the substrate.
A minimum flange width of 6mm may be used on smaller
parts such as spoilers and a minimum of 3mm clearance For ambient curing 2-part adhesives and moisture curing
from the tangent should he allowed between the edge of 1-part adhesives, a light sanding of the surface or the use of
the inner panel and the return flange on the outer panel. primers may be required. Primers can affect the appearance
This allows for positive location in the fixture and adhesive of Class A surfaces if applied directly to areas that will be
de-roping. coated.
Bonding for Class A Precautions should therefore be taken to ensure primers do

not come into contact with Class A surfaces. Recently ‘Open
For Class A surfaces, especially high-visibility horizontal Air Plasma’ technology has been evaluated with positive
applications such as hood assemblies, it is preferable for results for use on SMC/BMC. This technology eliminates the
the bond location to be restricted to the panel perimeter and need for manual solvent wipe or sanding and replaces them
surface contour changes. This greatly reduces the risk of with automatic and controllable process.
bond read-through.
See Chapter 4 for more details
Elastic, low modulus adhesives, can be used in such areas on adhesives and bonding
because, in most cases, these adhesive don’t have a high
loading requirement - they are just acting as so called ‘anti-
flutter-adhesive’. All closures must he vented to prevent
air from being trapped in the assembly. Trapped air might
expand and distort the surface when exposed to paint oven
temperatures. Vents can he provided by interrupting the
adhesive line or by providing a vent hole.
It is best to design locating features, which help the part be

to self-locating in the bonding fixture, on the inner panel.
If these features are located on the outer panel, there may
read-through to the Class A surface. This also applies to
moulded-in spacers that define the bond line thickness.
Ideally all bond areas should be aligned in the direction of

the clamping force. Adhesive application to vertical surfaces
should he avoided to prevent the wiping and removal of
adhesive as the parts come together. In large complex
assemblies it may necessary to use multiple overlapping
inner panels to eliminate adhesive wiping.
Adhesive application by robot
Surface preparation prior to bonding
For Class A surfaces, especially high-visibility horizontal
applications such as hood assemblies, it is preferable for
the bond location to be limited to the panel perimeter and
surface contour changes. This greatly reduces the risk of
bond read-through. Elastic, low modulus adhesives, can be
used in such areas because, in most cases, these adhesive
don’t have a high loading requirement - they are just acting
as so called ‘anti-flutter-adhesive’.

Design for Success - SMC-BMC
Class A SMC tailgate
Designing for Class

A painted parts
Class A parts should be designed For a Class A surface finish, a
using certain precautions for Low Profile SMC/BMC formulation
optimizing the performance of must be specified. Dramatic
the substrate and to minimize
any possible source of defects.
improvements have been made
over the last decade in formulating For a Class A
surface finish,
Aesthetic parts have an optimal Low Profile SMC and BMC that
thickness between 2.0 and combines excellent surface
3.0mm, so ribs and bosses smoothness with toughness, low
should be avoided and trim edges
positioned in non- appearance
water and moisture absorption,
and high temperature stability for
a Low Profile
areas. Where a two-pieces
design is used for Class A parts,
online painting.
SMC/BMC
formulation must
bond flanges opposite to surfaces Attention should be given to the
should be avoided. choice of moulds.
Bond flanges should be positioned

in low visibility areas, at the panel
Forged steel must be used to
reduce the possibility of porosity
be specified
perimeter or behind surface in the mould cavity. The finish
contour changes. Moreover, of the mould should be properly
proper bond fixture adjustment maintained to avoid any long
and heating should be controlled term waviness. All moulds for Low
in order to avoid distortions that Profile SMC parts must also be
may impair surface aspects. chrome plated.
See Chapter 4
for more details on painting

PART
PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENT
SMC/BMC:
industrialised ‘SMC/BMC:
part production
sustainable
composites.’
Design for Success - Chapter 4 - Part production 29

SMC/BMC Part Production

Sheet moulding compounds are transformed into finished
parts by a processing technique known as compression
moulding. These techniques of compression and injection
moulding ensure part consistency within precise tolerances.
A pre-weighed charge of material is placed into a matched
Compression
metal tool which is located between two platens within a
large press. The tool is heated up to 140-165°C depending
on the formulation and other factors. Hydraulic rams then
and injection
compress the material under a pressure of around 100 bar
of projected area. It’s the combination of heat and pressure
that softens the SMC/BMC and forces the material to flow
moulding ensure
throughout the mould cavity.
The curing agent within the compound is stable at room
part consistency
temperature but is activated by the heat of the mould. Cure
time depends on the type of resin in the matrix, the level
of curing agent and the thickness of the component. Thick
within precise
sections take longer to heat through and can generate
excessive exothermic temperatures, which is why tool
temperature is generally lower and the moulding cycle
tolerances
longer for thicker parts. Mould cycle time consequently
depends on the size, thickness and complexity of the part,
but a typical compression moulding cycle would be below
two minutes. When the cycle is complete the tool is opened
and the part removed ready for finishing operations such
as de-flashing, machining and painting. Depending on
production volumes, many of these stages mentioned are
computer controlled and automated using robots.
30 Design for Success - Chapter 4 - Part production

Compression
moulding
Compression moulding is the transformation
technique most commonly used for SMC
and BMC moulding as the big presses can
accommodate large platen sizes, making it
ideal for large components ranging for train
carriage panels to bath tubs. Stages in the
process are as follows:
SMC raw material

SMC is normally supplied in rolls of 1.5m wide
and weighing 350 – 1,500kg. For Class A
panels, SMC has an optimum moulding window
of around two weeks following manufacture.
For non-appearance parts, larger moulding
windows are possible.
Charge pattern
In high volume processes such as producing
parts for automotive applications, SMC
charges are normally prepared using an
automatic peeling and slitting machine. The
SMC is automatically peeled of its carrier film
and cut into the appropriate pieces, which Robot changing a machine tool
can then be stacked and arranged in the
predetermined charge pattern. The weight
of the charge is checked to ensure that it is
within set-up tolerances. Where low to medium
volume applications apply, like those found in
the electrical industry, then these operations
are generally done manually.
Charge placement
The charge is placed in the mould in a set
position determined by the features of the
mould, scribe lines marked in the tool or laser
lines, to ensure a consistent charge placement.
For high volume applications, robots are used
to accurately place the charge. Handling and
carrying of the SMC is normally by needle
gripper techniques.
Pick and place robot transfers spoiler mouldings
Moulding
The mould is closed with a fast approach
speed followed by a controlled final closure
speed. Variable pressure profiles can be used
during the mould closure phase. A shear edge
zone in the perimeter of the cavity enables air
to pass through. The small amount of material
that escapes through the sheer edge results
in ‘flash.’

Finishing

De-mould and de-flash

The part is de-moulded by internal
ejector pins. Larger parts can be
handled using manipulators. Flash
(normally 0.05 – 0.15mm) is normally
removed by hand using abrasive paper
although in large series production,
robots normally do this job for speed
and to ensure consistency in critical
tolerances.
Routing and Machining

The moulded part then transfers to a
machining centre where holes and
apertures are cut out or drilled. Often
this operation utilises CNC (computer
CNC drilling operation
numerical control) equipment that polyurethane (PU) adhesives offer best suited to a two component high
reads G-code instructions and drives sufficient strength, even at elevated modulus system. Other parameters
the machine tool. The operating temperature, and sufficient low include: open time, cure response,
parameters of the CNC can be altered temperature elasticity to cope with cure conditions, rheology and colour.
via software load programs. Robot vibration and the different thermal
machining centres and 5-axis routing elongation of the bonded parts. As
machines are often used. Waterjet and
Adhesive cure
well as being tough they also show a
laser cutting are also technologies in the bonding fixture
much faster strength build as moisture
increasingly being utilised by SMC/ curing adhesives, especially when
BMC moulding operations. It is important to fix the panels so they
moderate heat is used to accelerate
will not slide out of position during
the cure. Fixture times of down to 2 – 3
Bonding
cure, while the adhesive is wet.
minutes are therefore achievable. For
Usually the bond fixture is designed to
high heat requirements like automotive
positively locate and hold the panels in
e-coating, epoxy adhesives give
the correct position until the adhesive
superior performance, but they are
Adhesives for bonding has reached sufficient handling
less flexible than PU and require
strength to allow safe further handling
SMC/BMC closer gap tolerances. Large parts like
of the part. To reduce cycle times, in
railway carriage panels need a highly
most cases heated fixtures are used.
Special adhesives designed to bond flexible adhesive to compensate for
Typical temperatures range from 85 °C
composite to composite or composite relative movement of the interface.
to 135 °C, with resulting fixture times
to metals are now available. These
of approximately 60 to 180 seconds.
are based on polyurethane, acrylic,
epoxy or modified silicone (MS)
The choice of adhesive is also
determined by process speed. For low
The heat can either be provided by
electrically heated oil or steam heated
polymer chemistry to meet most series, long fixture times then a high
aluminium moulds - or by hot air-
mechanical requirements. Nowadays, elongation, moisture curing system is
impingement fixtures.
single component moisture curing best. Faster high series production is
adhesives and two-part adhesives
are both in common use. Single
component moisture curing adhesives
(polyurethane or MS-Polymer based)
offer the benefit of easy application
with relatively low investment in the
dispensing equipment, while two part
adhesives show a much faster cure
allowing shorter cycle times.
Adhesive Selection
In most cases the well balanced
mechanical properties of structural

Surface optimization
and painting
De-mould and de-flash Metals parts need E-coat (ELPO or
phosphate) treatment for corrosion

SMC/BMC can be painted through protection. Of course, SMC and
conventional painting processes BMC parts don’t rust and therefore
including baking ovens making them require no corrosion protection, but
highly suitable and stable substrates can be processed with steel through
available for automotive exterior phosphate coatings and electro
body panel applications. deposition primer operations.
To ensure the best results and the Typically when primed, SMC and
best quality of the final part, it is BMC panels are processed with
important to consider that painting Body-in-White Parts since the
is not an operation that can hide corrosion protective coatings will not
defects. The complete process from adhere to the SMC and BMC parts.
The painted
designing, manufacturing (choice In-Line painting is usually preferred
of the material, moulding, trimming, when space is available in the paint
bonding) and painting (included line. In this case SMC/BMC parts are
washing and surface preparation)
must be considered, because every
assembled on the Body-in-White after
E-coat treatment and then painted as finish of a Class
A SMC panel is
step in the manufacturing process described for On-Line process. For
affects the next. small volumes parts Off-Line painting
is usually preferred.
Painting
of SMC/BMC parts
Parts are often painted with a two- indistinguishable
from a painted
pack PU paint and oven cured at 80-
100°C. The drawbacks of Off-Line
Before painting, automotive body painting is that colour and surface
steel or
panels in SMC and BMC are power appearance have to be precisely
washed to remove any lubricants, dirt matched and matching the process
and dust collected during moulding
aluminium panel
adds extra costs.
and normal handling of the panels.
Power washing is a multi-stage Special finishes

process. The first step is an ambient
temperature water rinse. This is All Class A panels are primed and
followed by a chemical wash at 50- top-coated with conventional primers
60°C for 1-2minutes, then a hot water and paints. The most commonly
rinse at 50-60°C for 1-2minutes, used are water based. Solvent based
before a second ambient temperature coatings are still used but gradually
water rinse. De-ionized water rinse they are being substituted by water
at room temperature is then applied based systems for environmental
followed by blow-off and drying-off reasons: water based coatings
oven at 90-120° for about 30 minutes. can reduce VOC emission in the
painting lines by 45% compared to
On-Line painting procedure for parts solvent based paints. New emerging
on the assembled on the Body-In- technologies such as powder based
White consists of E-coat treatment, and UV curable coating have also
oven cure at 190-200°C, followed by proven to be effective with SMC and
primer deposition, sealing, base coat BMC substrates.
and clear coat deposition. These
require drying and curing treatments
at temperatures between 120-165°C.

In-mould coating (IMC) an SMC panel is sufficiently cured The IMC nozzle also needs to be
to allow the high-pressure injection located where it will not leave a defect
In-Mould Coating (IMC) is a single of IMC. In some cases the mould is on the appearance surface. Even
component product designed actually opened a small amount. After if IMC is not specified for the initial
to enhance the surface of SMC the material enters the mould (on program, taking these precautions
mouldings in terms of functional and the Class A surface side of the part), will allow IMC to be added at a later
cosmetic properties. IMC works by pressures are increased again to date if porosity becomes a processing
filling porosities, reducing sink marks force the IMC into the extremities and concern. While many existing moulds
and providing a primer-like or topcoat- higher elevations of the mould cavity. can be retrofitted to accept IMC,
like coating. IMC is generally included the critical factor is determining
as part of the moulding cycle in the Where IMC is considered as a the location of the injection nozzle
production of compression moulded treatment for a Class A parts, moulds and evaluating whether the cavity
SMC exterior automotive body panels. should be designed to have proper orientation will allow full coverage of
orientation of the mould cavity to allow the Class A surface.
The most common IMC processes IMC to flow to the part extremities.
utilise a reduction in pressure after
Other moulding techniques

Injection Moulding available for the injection processes. SMC/BMC that combine the benefits
BMC for injection (and compression) of compression moulding, in terms of
Injection moulding is one of the main moulding is normally supplied in maintaining higher level mechanical
transformation processes used in the pre-weighed charges or ‘slugs’. The properties, with the faster cycle times
plastics industry, and increasingly injection moulding machine consists of injection moulding.
for thermosets. Virtually all sectors of of a heated barrel equipped with
manufacturing use injection moulded a reciprocating screw (driven by a
parts; the flexibility in size and shape hydraulic or electric motor), which
possible through use of this process feeds the heated material into a
have consistently extended the temperature controlled split mould
boundaries of design in plastics, and via a channel system of gates and In-Mould Coating
enabled significant replacement of runners. The screw also acts as a ram enhances the surface
traditional materials thanks to light during the injection phase where the
weighting and design freedom. BMC material is forced into a mould tool. of SMC mouldings in
electrical components and domestic terms of functional and
appliance parts are generally injection Injection / Compression cosmetic properties
moulded. Intricate parts can be
produced with a glossy surface finish. There are now several innovative
Special grades of SMC are also now proprietary processes for moulding

QUALITY

CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENT
SMC/BMC:
quality ‘SMC/BMC:
throughout
sustainable
composites.’
the chain
Design for Success - Chapter 6 - Environment 35

What makes
System thinking a quality SMC
part?
and quality • Part design considering end-use, (e.g.
management throughout
two shells for Class A, mouldability)
• Mould design, mouldability, shear edge,

heating, vacuum assist, In-Mould coating
the process chain • Defining optimal SMC properties then

selecting raw materials to give the
optimal properties
• Consistent SMC weight distribution

In the 1970s, SMC was a rather labour intensive process dependent on
(resin/glass fibre ratio)
levels of individual craftsmanship for quality and consistency. Nowadays
SMC manufacture, moulding and finishing is an industrialised and
• Maturation, storage and shipment of SMC
largely automated process. But producing a high quality part takes more
than the right material and moulding process. Proper mould design and
• Defining all processes along the chain
construction is critical. Success also depends on a production plan, a
quality plan and a part design that combines processing requirements
• Mould construction, chrome plating
with end-use properties.
• Construction of devices, accessories

• Mould break-in phase and possible
modifications
• Training of personnel
• Using the appropriate press and

establishing parallel controls, speed,
pressure
• Post moulding operations – de-flashing,

drilling, machining
• Bonding operation, adhesive and fixture
• Priming and top coating
• Storage and shipment of the parts/

assemblies
Fully monitored SMC line used for product development and process

quality improvement.
Process data analysis, computer controlled process management,

implementation of SPC (Statistical Process Control), and visualisation
techniques throughout the entire process chain ensure measurability
SMC manufacture,
and optimisation. Members of the European Alliance for SMC/BMC
operate high performance quality standards like ISO TS 16949 and/or
moulding and finishing
ISO 9001:2000. is an industrialised
and largely automated
process
36 Design for success - Chapter 5 - Quality

OEM quality requirements Moulder quality requirements
• Excellent surface quality (e.g. no waviness, fibre pattern, • Consistent SMC sheet quality
orange peel, sink marks, bond read-through or paint pops)
• Consistent fibreglass content, fibre distribution
• Online paintability: suitable for paint baking > 190°C and orientation
• No emission of dangerous by-products, no styrene • Consistent thickening

emission, low carbon emission, no bad odours
• Consistent impregnation
• Precise dimensions, no warpage or distortion
• No dry edges
• Short cycle time for maximum productivity
• Easy to handle packaging
• Consistent part quality
• Simple warehouse conditions: advance quality information
• Low density for automotive OEM on delivery, exact delivery schedule
Part and process simulation

Quality in the SMC manufacturing phase
• Fit-for-purpose part design
This complex process requires great care to avoid potential
• Well understood mould and process technology: total
mistakes. So when making high quality SMC, a good resin paste
system approach to reduce costs
is an essential starting point as there can be no compromising
on accurate formulations and good raw materials - all handled
and formulated in the right way.
Quality in the design & planning phase
The so called thickening of SMC, involving a thousand fold
A good moulding that meets the OEM’s requirements, will be increase in the viscosity of the resin paste, controls the flow
based on fit-for-purpose design, production planning and and moulding behaviour of the part. It begins at the SMC
quality planning. machine and finishes in a temperature controlled maturation
A successful product is based on a part design matched to room a couple of days later.
processing parameters. A good part design must be turned
into an excellent mould since the part can only be as good as Glass fibres are added on the SMC line - together with two
the mould and material it’s based on. Long- term operating layers of resin paste, which determine the sheet weight
quality should be the goal and not short- term cheap mould and glass content. Sheet weight is essential for moulding
thinking. consistency and fibre content influences the weight, strength
and rigidity of the moulded part. Modern SMC plants are
Mould steel quality, air evacuation, temperature control equipped with computer controlled installations for:
(absolute and distribution), shear edge quality (hardness,
smoothness, geometry), surface quality, draft and ejection • Metering and mixing the raw materials
system: all have a decisive influence on mould operation
and part quality. A good part released from the mould needs • Controlling paste consistency and volume
accurate post moulding operations like deflashing, drilling,
milling, bonding, painting and assembly before it is shipped to • Glass content control
the customer. All these steps have to be carefully considered
during the planning phase. • SMC sheet weight control
Design for success - Chapter 5 - Quality 37

SMC manufacturing process Quality in the SMC moulding phase
Raw storage
The SMC moulder is responsible for
Metering & proper mould maintenance and is required
mixing of resin&
thickener
to follow the moulding instructions in a
precise and disciplined way.
Maturation At the moulding level, the essentials for

room
consistent quality are a good mould and
high quality SMC. Thickening, sheet
Metering
weight, and fibre content are the most
important material properties at this stage
as they control the material flow and
moulding behaviour. Material flow lasts
just a few seconds before chemical cross
Mixing Compounding line SMC linking and curing sets in to harden the
part.
Speed of press closure depends on

hydraulic rams which need to also be
properly maintained. All these process
parameters are inter-dependent creating
Control of resin paste sheet weight a network that influences the quality of the
final part. It is essential to find the optimal
parameters at mould break-in and maintain
Sheet weight control system these parameters throughout the life of the
Sheet weight is measured project.
at three spots:
after doctor box 1 Radioactive
after doctor box 2
at the end of the line
Source Quality is the result of system thinking and
rigorously applied quality management
throughout the entire process chain.
Members of the European Alliance
Resin Doctor blade for SMC/BMC represent companies
along the value chain from raw material
suppliers to moulders. We therefore have
Film a lot of expertise on all aspects of quality
-
M +
Sensor
management within the Alliance. If you
Actuator for Amplifier have a specific question, please contact
doctor blade Set Value the SMC BMC alliance.
Controller
Glass content control Consistent quality

means maintaining
consistency throughout
the production cycle
2
1 3
SMC
38 Design for success - Chapter 5 - Quality

ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENT
SMC/BMC:
sustainable ‘SMC/BMC:
composites
sustainable
composites.’

Environment
& Life Cycle Analysis
Life cycle analysis
versus steel and aluminium
The SMC / BMC industry has come a long way since The LCA is a model with a reference flow that can be
the material first became commercialized in the 1960s: used to model specific functional units and is suitable for
product properties, increased part performance, lower identification of improvement potentials within the life cycle
system costs and validated recycling routes have made of SMC materials, such as a weight and layer thickness.
SMC/BMC a much more attractive material. New selection
criteria now include LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) and In a nutshell the LCA study considered the following
sustainability analysis. This takes into account factors aspects:
like sustainability of the industry, depletion of natural
resources, environmental considerations / carbon footprint, • Life Cycle analysis (cradle-to-grave) of a generic
legislation and public opinion. How a company deals with technical part (panel) with the reference flow of 1m²
sustainable development is becoming an important factor, surface (one-sided);
which is why the Alliance took the initiative to finance a
project investigating Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for SMC • Materials considered: SMC, PA6-30 (30% glass fibres),
parts compared to metals and plastic material (PA6). aluminum, steel;
In LCA, the environmental impact that a product or process • Applications used: mobile (automotive, trucks) and
creates from cradle to grave is assessed. This covers the stationary device (technical);
whole process from raw material extraction through use of
the specific part to post-use disposal or recycling. • The LCA data basis for the study was published and
the information for steel, aluminum and PA6 production
Environmental Impact Analysis and their recycling processes was peer reviewed. No
specific steel or aluminum materials with alloys were
To get a true picture of the performance of SMC/ taken into account. The SMC material was investigated
BMC we need to compare the material’s properties with the support of available industry information from
versus competitive materials like steel, aluminum and company members of the European Alliance for SMC/
thermoplastics. The benchmarking graphs that follow BMC. Information about additional materials was provided
show how well SMC/BMC compares to metals and other by LCS Life Cycle Simulation GmbH;
plastics.
• The software based Life Cycle model enabled the
On behalf of the European Alliance for SMC/BMC the following tasks:
Life Cycle Simulation GmbH completed a study which
investigated the life cycle of different materials, i.e. SMC, 1. Identify important parameters within the cycle
thermoplastic, aluminum, steel. The results of this study of materials;
are documented with a mathematical model and can be
used by the alliance members. 2. Be flexible to include additional specific
The European Alliance for SMC/BMC carried out a information (e.g. for panels) or consider changes
Peer Review according to ISO 14044. The study was in boundary conditions (e.g. electricity mix for
conducted through Life Cycle model built-up for generic production processes, fuel for use phase, new
panel materials of a mobile (e.g. Automotive decklid) and production or assembly processes, etc.).
a stationary application (e.g. E-charger unit for E-cars). A
cradle-to-grave analysis was then applied to evaluate the
properties of these materials. Source:
LCS Life Cycle Simulation
GmbH: www.lcslcs.de
40 Design for Success - Chapter 6 - Environment

System boundaries of ecological investigation
Material- and energy supply
SMC PA6 30 Steel coil Aluminium coil

Semi-finished pellets blank blank
Use, End-of-Life
Resources
Emissions
Forming Forming Forming Forming
impact extruding injection moulding deep drawing deep drawing
pretreatement Pretreatement
IMC pretratement cleaning
corrosion protec. corrosion protec.
The above flow diagrams set out the boundary conditions for the mobile application.
PARAMETER LIFE UNIT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

CYCLE INVENTORY
Total of heating values of Crude oil, natural gas,

Primary Energy (PE) MJ used non regenerative and hydro power, etc.
regenerative energies
Abiotic resource depletion Kg Use of non regenerative Crude oil, metal ores
(ADP) Sb-equiv. resources
Green house warming potential Kg Emission to air which influence CH4, CO2
(GWP) CO2-equiv. the heat balance of the
atmosphere
Photochemical oxidants Kg Emission to air which act as HCS

creation potential (POCP) Ethene-equiv. ozone creators at ground level
Kg Emissions to air which create NOx, SO2

Acidification potential (AP) SO2-equiv. acidification of rain water
Kg Overfertilisation of water P- and N- Compounds

Eutrophication potential(EP)
PO4-equiv. and soil

Parameters of LCA study.


CHAPTER 6 - ENVIRONMENT
Results/Base scenario
automotive application
• The biggest environmental impact in the life cycle of • Significant technical parameters are weight of part
an automotive part is recorded during its use phase due and rate for material and thermal recycling;
to fuel consumption if the total part weight is taken into
consideration. If the weight difference is the base for the • The pre-treatment and corrosion protection for steel
comparison, the production and End-of-Life (EoL) process and aluminum process has a low environmental impact,
can have a bigger environmental impact; these processes are most efficient during painting for
light-weighted vehicles.
• The most important categories with regard to EU27
reference factors are resource depletion (ADP), climate • SMC reduced up to 40% energy use, 47% CO2
change (GWP), summer smog (POCP) and acidification emissions, 60% ozone and 25% acid rain water vs.
(AP); competing materials in mobile applications.
• The eutrophication (EP) has less impact;
30
25
-54%
20
15
10
0
SMC Steel Aluminum

Results/Base scenario
stationary device
• The biggest environmental impact in the life cycle of a stationary part is the production and use phase but mainly for steel
and aluminum;
• The most important impact category with regard to EU27 reference factor is summer smog (POCP) where SMC has
significant advantages vs. traditional materials;
• The eutrophication (EP) category has less impact;
• Significant technical parameters are weight of part, number of maintenance operations and rate for material and thermal
recycling;
• The pre-treatment and painting for steel and aluminum process have a high environmental impact, because of high energy
intensity and significant high volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions;
• SMC reduces up to 50% Energy use, CO2 emissions, ozone and acid rain water vs. competing materials.
Example of stationary device: E-charger unit made in SMC composites.
*
• Total SMC of 10.6 kg

• 2,45m2 SMC functionality (=reference Flow)
• White and Grey
• Non-painted SMC
• Non-painted SMC • Weight 4,76 kg
• Weight 5,9 kg
• Non-‐painted • Semi-Structural
• Non-‐painted SMC
• Class
SMCA • Grey
• Weight 4.76 Kg
• Weight 5.9 Kg
• White • Up to 8 mm thickness
• Semi-‐Structural
• Class
• High Gloss A
• Grey
• White
• Up to 8 mm thickness
• High Gloss
LCA (Cradle-to-Grave) for Stationary

•
•
Total SMC of 10.6 Kg
2.45 m² SMC functionality (= Reference Flow)
equipement (30 yrs) (Normalized to Steel)

• White and Grey
Primary Energy (MJ/m )

2
2,5
2,0
1,5
EP (Kg PO4 eq./m ) ADP (Kg Sb eq./m )
2 2
1,0
0,5
Steel
0,0 SMC (Stationary)
Engineered Thermoplastic
AP (SO2 eq./m )
2
GWP (Kg CO2 eq./m ) 2
POPCP (Kg Ethene eq./m )

2

Recycling Made Easy
Composite Solutions that Last
SMC/ BMC materials provide solutions for
mechanical strength and protection in many
market segments such as transportation, electrical,
building and infrastructure, industrial and energy.
These materials have a track record of providing
useful benefits including high durability, mechanical
performance, design freedom, low weight, and ease
of manufacturing.
Components in SMC/ BMC can be easily recycled.

This chapter provides an insight into the established
recycling routes for SMC/BMC materials, and their
positive impact on the environment.
Recycling of SMC/BMC makes business

sense and it is environmentally beneficial
The recycling of glass fibre reinforced thermosets
has been studied extensively since many years.
Fundamentally, three recycling technologies
have been researched and yield potential waste
management solutions: material recycling, chemical
recycling and co-processing. Co-processing
composites through the cement kiln route is considered the best recycling option (Reference: Joint
industry position paper on Glass fibre reinforced thermosets: recyclable and compliant with the EU
legislation”, I (June 2011) by EuCIA, ECRC, EuPC, Cefic).
The recycling of glass fibre-based SMC/BMC regrind through co-processing in cement kilns is proving
to be highly cost effective, is generating valuable materials, and is helping to improve the Ecological
Footprint of cement manufacturing. For these reasons, this recycling route is becoming increasingly
popular across Europe.
Co-processing is the simultaneous use of composite regrind as raw material and as a source of
energy in cement manufacturing, to replace natural mineral resources (material recycling) and fossil
fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas (energy recovery). In this process, the composites regrind
used for co-processing is both an alternative fuel and raw material.
Composites recycling through Co-processing: technically possible and cost effective

Glass fibre thermoset composite parts - originating from part manufacturing or end-of-life components
- are cut in smaller sections and processed into small chunks. The resulting regrind is combined with
other feedstock materials into an input stream with consistent composition and caloric value.
Disclaimer (this applies to the Recycling pages)

This publication is intended for guidance only and provided in good faith. While
the information in this document is accurate as far as the authors are aware, no
representations or warranties are made with regards to its completeness and no
liability will be accepted for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the
use of or reliance on the information contained in the publication. Full or partial
reproduction of the information in this document is allowed, but only when mentioning
EuCIA as the source and on the condition of informing EuCIA through
info@eucia.eu.
Composite recycling in process.

FACTS BACKGROUND
Recycling through co-processing in cement kilns has been technically and

commercially demonstrated. Today, companies are setting up logistics and supply
Composites are recyclable chains for ensuring proper handling of regrind and quality consistency of cement
manufacturing.
Thermoset composites cannot Therefore, recycling through co-processing in cement kilns is increasingly used for
be easily converted into their managing composite regrind because of its technological potential, environmental
original raw materials benefits and cost effectiveness.
Composite materials are designed to provide mechanical strength, chemical

Composites can contribute resistance, and durability. Consequently, by definition they cannot be easily re-
significantly to the reduction converted into their original raw materials.
of Eco-footprint and CO2 Composite structures tend to have a better Eco-footprint compared to their
Emissions equivalent in traditional materials like steel or aluminium. Reduced emissions
through lower weight in transportation, easier installation and reduced maintenance
in construction, and continuity of operation in industrial applications all contribute to
this great performance.
After their useful life saving energy and helping to reduce Eco-footprint in many
applications, composite regrind can reduce Eco-footprint and CO2 emissions of
Co-processing in cement kilns is cement manufacturing.
clearly different from incineration Co-processing glass fibre thermoset composites regrind allows the inorganic fraction
to act as valuable raw material, while the organic fraction acts as efficient fuel for the
calcination process.
In the incineration of composite regrind, the organic fraction is not re-used, and
Composite recycling though co- therefore incineration cannot be considered recycling. In addition the heat generated
processing in cement kilns is in incineration cannot be used as efficiently to reduce the amount of fuel required.
compliant with the EU legislation Recycling through co-processing in cement kilns is fully compliant with the European
Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 2008/98/EC providing viable waste management
route for the composites industry. Co-processing is both recycling and energy
Eutrophication potential(EP) recovery.
European recognition for composites recycling

Recently the European Commission released a Guidance “In certain production processes such as co-processing,
document on the interpretation of Waste Framework waste can be used in an operation combining two waste
Directive WFD 2008/98/EC. The document is intended management recovery options at the same time. The energy
to help national authorities and companies interpret the content of the waste is recovered (R1 operation) as thermal
Directive. energy, thus substituting fuels, while the mineral fraction of
the waste can be integrated (hence recycled) in the matrix
Among other specifications, co-processing in cement of the product or material produced, e.g. cement clinker,
manufacturing is included in the definition of waste steel or aluminium […]” (Subchapter 1.4.5).
prevention and of waste-management options, both under
recovery and recycling (Chapter 1.4). The Guidance notes Source: Guidance on the interpretation of key
that: provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, European
Commission, June 2012

The process of cement
manufacturing
In the cement manufacturing process several raw material fractions are combined with an energy
source and heated up to 1450 °C for making cement clinkers. The clinkers consist of four basic oxides
in a specific proportion: calcium oxide (65%), silicon oxide or silica (20%), aluminium oxide (10%) and
iron oxide (5%). Gypsum (calcium sulphate) and possibly additional cementitious compounds (such
as blast furnace slag, coal fly ash, natural pozzolanas, etc.) or inert materials (limestone) are added to
the clinker. All constituents are ground into a fine and homogenous powder called cement.
By the very nature of this process, a fair amount of CO2 is generated. The Cement industry has made
significant steps to improve sustainability and the carbon footprint by replacing the traditional fuels
such as oil, gas and coal with alternative fuels in clinker production.
Glass fibre thermoset regrind is an ideal raw material for cement manufacturing. The mineral
composition of the regrind is consistent with the optimum ratio between calcium oxide, silica, and
aluminium oxide. Additionally, the organic fraction supplies fuel for the reaction heat, right at the spot
where it is needed most.
Typical cement manufacturing process (Courtesy: Holcim)
Life Cycle Assessment of Clinker

Manufacturing
Together with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland, a detailed LCA
model has been developed describing the clinker manufacturing process. The objective was to
better understand the improvements that can be made in terms of carbon footprint by replacing the
traditional fuels in clinker production.

Key assumptions for this specific case study on composite regrind co-processing in cement manufacturing are listed below:
KILN TECHNOLOGY
Kiln type Precalciner
SNCR
DeNOx installation SNCR (Selective Non Cata
(Selective Non Catalytic Reduction)
Dust filter E-Precipitator
Composite regrind characteristics
Calorific Value 15.3 MJ / kg
CO2 emission factor 87.4 kg / GJ
Carbon Content 36.6%
Ash content 46.1%
Electricity consumption
0.04 kWh/kg
Electricity consumption for waste preparation
for waste preparation
Transport distance 119 km
Fuel substituted
Coal 26.05 MJ/ kg
Reduced Ecological Footprint of cement by Emission reduction using composite material

using composite regrind 25% composite 50% composite 75% composite
0%
By using Composite regrind in co-processing a significant -2% -5,3%

reduction of CO2 emission of the clinker manufacturing -4%
process can be obtained. Depending on the quantity of -10,3%
-6%
composite regrind included and the specific cement plant
-8%
technology, the reduction can be as high as 16 %. -16,0%
-10%
-12%
Significant Emission Reduction -14%
0.9 kg CO2-eq/kg composite -16%
1.8 kg CO2-eq/kg resin -18%
Fig. 8: Reduction of CO2 footprint for the specific clinker manufacturing with
composite regrind, in comparison to a process without alternative fuels based
on coal as fuel (Courtesy: Holcim)

The transportation of composite regrind from its source to the cement kiln will obviously influence the calculation of the Eco-
footprint. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that the impact of transportation is fairly limited on the total CO2 footprint of the
clinker manufacturing process.
Transport sensitivity
3,0%
2,5%
2,0%
1,5%
1,0%
2,3% 2,7%
1,5%
0,5%
0,4% 0,5%
0,0%
50km 100km 500km 750km 1000km
Fig. 9: Contribution of CO2 footprint associated with composite regrind transportation

as a percentage of the total CO2 footprint for the specific clinker manufacturing in
this brochure, as a function of transportation distance (Courtesy: Holcim)

Conclusion
The conclusion of the study showed SMC with an
improved LCA profile compared to steel and aluminium
alternatives. Future developments in weight reduction and
functional integration while keeping cost under control
enable to position SMC as material for current and future
generations.
SMC composites are

durable and can save
30% to 50% of CO2
emissions during the life-
cycle compared to steel

Design for Success - SMC-BMC CHAPTER 6 - ENVIRONMENT
APPLICATIONS
SMC/BMC:
ideal solution
for many
industries

Benefits of CHAPTER
Design for Success 6 - ENVIRONMENT
- SMC-BMC
SMC/BMC SMC/BMC
Versatile Materials in automotive
Steel is steel, aluminium is aluminium but SMC/BMC is whatever
you want it to be! The unique capabilities for customization in
formulation and total freedom in part design have been an innovation
applications
for many industries. In this chapter we look at the principal market
segments of Automotive, Mass Transportation, Electrical and DESIGN FREEDOM :
Building & Construction, showing typical SMC/BMC applications
and highlighting the principal benefits that these versatile materials • Design freedom (complex geometries and
offer in each segment. integration not possible in metals)
• Function Integration (e.g. antenna systems can
Principal be hidden between inner and outer panel shells)
• Parts Integration (e.g. single technical section
application segments can replace >20 individual metal parts)
• Class A surface with same appearance as steel

parts
• Automotive: cars, trucks and other commercial and agricultural
vehicles • Mass coloured
• Mass transit: trains, trams, light railways • SMC / steel / aluminium hybrids are fully
and monorails compatible
• Electrical & electronic: housings, fuses and switchgear etc SYSTEM COST :
• Building & construction: civil engineering and household fixtures • System cost saving potential compared to steel,
with lower tooling costs for shorter series
• Domestic appliances: coffee machines, toasters, irons oven
handles etc • Customization and speed to market are easier
and faster with SMC/BMC
• Sanitary: bathroom suites and hygienic surfaces
• On-line paintability
PERFORMANCE:
• Weight savings with excellent strength/stiffness
• Permeability of electronic waves for antenna

systems
• Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE)

comparable to steel and aluminum
• Retention of properties after paint and thermal

treatments
• Excellent sound dampening properties,

substantially better than aluminium
• Engineered crash performance
• Resistance to corrosion from hot oil, petrol,

coolants, brake fluid, glycols or road salts
• High heat resistance makes SMC/BMC suitable

for underbonnet parts, headlamp reflectors and
sunroof frames and assemblies
50 Design for Success - Chapter 7 - Applications

1.AUTOMOTIVE
For producers of cars, trucks, buses and agricultural vehicles, SMC/BMC offers many advantages such as parts consolidation,
corrosion resistance, low weight and lower capital investment for shorter series production.
Progressive advances in quality consistency, automation and industrialisation throughout the SMC/BMC value chain - coupled
with improvements in Class A surface finish - have now made this family of materials a popular choice for visible panels
in higher series vehicles. There is also potential for significant system cost savings over steel. SMC/BMC also has many
applications under the hood such as engine oil sumps, valve covers and front ends.
Opposite is a brief summary of the principal benefits that apply - to a greater or lesser extent – in every automotive application.
Commercial and
agricultural vehicles
Truck building was the first automotive sector in Europe to fully recognize the commercial potential of SMC as a structural
material for body panels. Pioneering independent truck builders were using an all-SMC truck cab as long ago as the early
1970s. Design flexibility and reduced tooling costs compared to steel, made SMC an attractive and viable alternative for their
low series requirements. They also found that SMC panels absorbed sound and vibration better than metals.
These days most major truck OEMs – as well as producers of coaches, agricultural vehicles and earth moving plant and
equipment - utilise SMC/BMC for external panels, as well as for under-hood and semi-structural parts.

Applications
Typical truck body panels
and components :
• Fenders
• Roofs
• Air-foils
• Hoods
• Truck cabs and sleeper extensions
• Truck steps
• Truck grilles and grille opening panels
• Doors
• Spoilers


Passenger cars
Class A body panels
SMC/BMC has been used for over 30 years by automobile mainstream material that is used in a whole range of
producers for hoods, trunk lids, fenders, spoilers, tailgates applications on both short and high series models.
and even complete car bodies.
Lower system costs and integration of parts and functions
Improvements in Class A surface finish and painatbility are two of the main drivers behind the growing use of SMC/
over recent years have seen SMC/BMC volumes grow BMC, especially in applications such as the decklids. SMC/
substantially. What was once seen as a material for niche BMC decklids are now found from economy models to
vehicles such as sports cars, SUVs and MPVs, is now a range topping limousines.
SMC/BMC engine

components
Oil sumps, valve covers and engine
under-covers
These are all applications where high heat and chemical
resistance are important. SMC/BMC components used in
these applications have to withstand hot engine oil, break
fluid and other corrosive media. Good noise attenuation
also means that SMC/BMC parts can result in a quieter
running engine. Unlike metals, SMC/BMC is a good heat
insulator which means that engines reach operating
temperature quicker - improving efficiency and saving
fuel.


Applications
Typical SMC/BMC
car exterior applications :
• Fenders
• Roofs and roof inner compartments
• Hoods
• Tailgates
• Decklids
• Doors
• Spoilers
• Scuttle panel
• Pick-up floor pan
• Wheel arches
• Wheels


CHAPTER 7 - APPLICATIONS
Carbon fibre

SMC
for ultra
low weight

The significant weight reduction when using a

carbon fibre reinforced SMC (CF-SMC) vehicle part,
also allows an additional reduction in the weight of
connecting and supporting components and fixings.
When designing parts, it is important to know the
flexural or tensile stresses that the part will encounter.
Because of the higher strength of CF-SMC, wall
thickness can typically be reduced by an additional
38%, down to less than 1.5mm. So, based on
equivalent flexural stiffness, there is a potential weight
saving of over 55% where CF SMC is used instead of
standard SMC. Cure cycle time is as fast as regular
SMC (<3minutes).
Semi-structural Scuttle panels

moulded from CF SMC for high
performance sportscar

SMC/BMC for
under-the-hood
structural and
semi-structural parts
As well as exterior body panels, SMC/BMC also has
many applications under the hood. Typical applications
include:
Technical front ends

SMC/BMC is used for technical front-ends, whereby
a single multi-functional SMC part can replace many
individual metal parts. Inserts and fixings are moulded-
in realising substantial savings in sub-assembly time
that, in metal, would require separate welding and fixing
operations. This structural application requires high
dimensional accuracy.

Headlamp reflectors
BMC, in particular, is the material of choice in the
headlamp reflector market. Good heat resistance is an
essential requirement for head lamp shells, especially
with the trend for narrower headlamps. Equally
important is for the part to have good electrical insulating
properties.

Engine under-covers
and spare wheel wells
Cosmetics are not essential for these non-visible parts.
Here, good strength and corrosion resistance against
de-icing salts and engine bay acids and chemicals, are
the main criteria.
Bumper beams
A full structural application where the part has to be
capable of absorbing substantial impact stresses. SMC
parts perform well in crash tests since the impact energy
is dissipated through the fibre network.

Filter housings
SMC/BMC is used to produce components such as
the filter housing that extract pollen, dust and other
particles from the air before it reaches the passenger
compartment. Parts integration is an important benefit
in this application.

2.MASS TRANSIT
Train and light railways are another application area
Benefits of
SMC/BMC in
where the benefits of SMC/BMC can be fully exploited.
As an excellent electrical insulator, SMC/BMC panels and
components are used for spark guards and arc barriers. For
interior fixtures and fittings like seat shells, arm rests, window
frames, door panels and partition panels, the versatility of mass transit
applications
the material makes it a popular choice.
Special grades of SMC and BMC have been developed

that not only give excellent flame retardancy but also meet
all the relevant European and international FST (Flame,
• Excellent electrical insulating properties
Smoke and Toxicity) standards. Smoke and the toxicity of
combusted products are a major concern - especially in
• Design freedom (complex geometries and
mass transportation due to confined, densely populated
integration not possible in metals)
environments like train carriages, (over-ground and
particularly underground), platforms and tunnels.
• Flame retardant and low smoke systems
compliant with the highest European
The high strength and low weight of SMC are also important
standards
factors. From a design perspective, SMC makes it possible
to design and configure bright, friendly and spacious interior
• Halogen-free formulations mean
layouts that are, at the same time, tough and vandal resistant.
extremely low smoke and low toxicity
SMC/BMC offers a unique blend of properties combined with
high levels of design freedom and the flexibility to integrate
• SMC / steel / aluminium hybrids are
functional elements. Compared to traditionally used low
fully compatible
smoke thermosets like phenolic compounds, SMC/BMC has
the added benefit that it can be pigmented to a wide range
• Weight savings with excellent
of colours and does not show any post shrinkage.
strength/stiffness
Flame retardant, • Permeability of electronic waves for antenna
low smoke, low systems
toxicity – essential • Excellent sound dampening properties

requirements for better than aluminium
today’s mass transit • Mass colouration possible

vehicles • Resistant to corrosion and abrasion

Applications
Typical SMC/BMC
mass transit applications :
• Seats for trains, buses, trams and light railways

• Interior fittings, fixtures and cladding
• In-tunnel seating and furniture
• Spark guards
• Third rail covers
• Cable trays for inside tunnels
• Arc barriers
• Electrical insulators

3.ELECTRICAL /
ELECTRO-TECHNICAL
Electrical applications were one of the earliest industrial
uses for SMC/BMC. The material offered lower weight
and toughness compared to ceramic parts, and better
pigmentability than phenolic moulding materials. SMC/
BMC provides an ideal combination of chemical resistance,
mechanical strength, electrical insulation and heat
resistance.
The formulations can be homogeneously coloured so that

components do not require painting and the excellent flow
properties enable the production of very complex shapes.
Dimensional accuracy is maintained over a wide range of
temperatures, which, combined with high strength and good
Benefits of SMC/
creep resistance, make SMC/BMC ideal for switchgear,
machine bases, street light canopies, cabinets, housings
and other demanding applications.
BMC is frequently used for smaller, more intricate high BMC in electrical
applications
precision parts such as the fuse carrier (right). Whereas
SMC is ideal for electrical cabinetry and lighting canopies
requiring higher mechanical properties.
• Design freedom (complex geometries and

integration not possible in other materials)
• Flame retardant and low smoke systems

compliant with the highest European
standards
• Halogen-free formulations give extremely

low smoke and low toxicity
• Dimensional accuracy over a wide range

of temperatures
• Weight savings with excellent

strength/stiffness
• Self coloured and fully pigmentable to

a wide range of colours

• Corrosion resistant
• Creep resistant
• Maintenance-free

Lighting canopies

Benefits of
SMC/BMC
in lighting
• Maintenance-free
• Corrosion resistant – no need for

anti- corrosion treatments
• Self coloured – no painting needed
• Weather and moisture resistant
• High mechanical strength – street

light canopies resist strong wind
loadings and mechanical fixings
• Creep resistant

CHAPTER77--APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER APPLICATIONS

Cabinets
and meter boxes
Great experience has been gained in the production of
cabinets, utility junction boxes and meter boxes. Life spans
of over 40 years for SMC/BMC electrical cabinets are not
unusual. For instance, the first SMC electrical meter cabinets
were produced in 1963, and some of these are still in use.
A major benefit is the materials resistance to weathering.
Most SMC/BMC electrical cabinets are self coloured and
have not been painted or surface treated in any way: yet
UV radiation, rain, wind and temperature fluctuations have
not produced any adverse effects. Metal cabinets corrode,
but SMC modules only show a slight yellowing, matting or
surface chalking over time.
Fire test comparison

Thermoplastic SMC cabinet
cabinet

4 MIN.
Benefits of
SMC/BMC for
fire situation

• Resists ignition and burning
• Can be formulated to meet all standards for low

heat, low smoke and low toxicity
25 MIN.

• Retains structure even when consumed by fire
• Unlike thermoplastics, SMC/BMC does not melt

Flame retardancy is also a major advantage in this or release burning droplets which spread fire
application versus other types of plastics as clearly shown
below in this fire test between and SMC electrical meter • State-of-the-art halogen-free formulations
cabinet and the same cabinet in thermoplastic. After fire minimise toxic smoke emissions
testing for 25 minutes the thermoplastic cabinet on the left
has been completely destroyed, while the SMC cabinet on
the right has retained its structural integrity. The blackening
effect does not show the cabinet carbonised but is rather the
smoke layer from the oil burner used to ignite the cabinets.

Benefits of
4.DOMESTIC SMC/BMC
APPLIANCES in Domestic
There are many applications for SMC/BMC all
around us in our homes. For example both SMC and
appliances
BMC are widely used to mould attractive kitchen
sinks and worktops, as well as sanitary ware such • Injection moulding: The process can be fully
as wash basins, shower trays and bath tubs. BMC automated for high volume production and
is also found throughout the kitchen in household for post-moulding-operations. For small parts,
appliances where its high gloss cosmetic finish cycle times well below 60 seconds are possible.
and good heat performance are ideal for irons,
toasters, oven handles and coffee machines. • Thermal resistance: The HDT (heat distortion
temperature) of BMC is more than 200°C. The
Domestic appliances favour BMC because material will therefore not deform under the
competing materials have their limitations. Metals, levels of heat generally encountered in electrical
for example, are temperature resistant but have domestic appliances.
no insulating properties, which restricts and often
precludes their use. Thermoplastics are easily • Resistance to chemical agents: BMC parts are
transformable, but their thermal behaviour is resistant to domestic cleaning agents, solvents,
limited. Phenolic compounds can withstand high steam and water.
temperatures, but their colours are limited to black
or brown. • Mass colouring: BMC parts can be mass
pigmented to any colour to complement other
components and accessories.
• Food contact requirements: Grades are

available that comply with food hygiene
requirements. Although not all parts are in direct
contact with food, this is nevertheless a key
criterion, for example in toasters.
• Electrical insulation: This is an intrinsic

characteristic of the material. BMC is a natural
insulator and easily meets safety requirements.
• Fire Resistance: Parts meet relevant UL and

ISO fire safety standards, depending on the
final application.
• Glossy and smooth surface finish: BMC

recipes with low or zero shrinkage formulations
give excellent surface qualities and aesthetic
results.

As the parts are close to the heat source,

heat resistance and Application examples
Irons Waffle irons/sandwich makers

There are many types of irons on the market, in various For grilling machines, waffle makers and sandwich
designs and colours. Most have a BMC shield component toasters, the exterior shell and/or the handles are mostly
that protects the water tank from the iron heating plate. The made of BMC. The close proximity of the heating elements
BMC part has to resist heat and water and must match the means that good heat resistance is essential, while the
iron shell in terms of surface texture, gloss and colour. low thermal conductivity of the material minimises the heat
transferred to the outer casing.
Towel dryer-heater
This part consists of a metal core and
a BMC skin. The heating element is
inserted in the press mould and the
BMC is injected, having direct contact
with the heating plate. It serves as a
protective coating as well as improving
Oven handles the overall aesthetics.
Aesthetics are both important. Thanks to the good

mouldability, BMC can produce attractive shapes and –
unlike phenolics – BMC is fully pigmentable.
Thanks to recent advances in processability and new

product formulations, BMC is making major inroads into the
BMC offers a unique
domestic appliance sector. Surface profile, dimensional
accuracy, mechanical strength, heat resistance and blend of qualities for
domestic appliances
electrical insulation are just some of the unique blend of
properties that only BMC can deliver.

5.BUILDING
Benefits of SMC/
& CONSTRUCTION BMC in Building
A growth market for SMC/BMC is in building and
construction. European markets for SMC/BMC include
& Construction
utility cabinets for telecommunication, gas or electrical
housing, where the material is used for its corrosion • Flame retardant and low smoke systems
resistance, good electrical insulating properties, high compliant with all European standards
strength, excellent weathering resistance and freedom
from maintenance. Lighting canopies and street furniture • Low weight compared to traditional
such as telephone boxes, benefit from these same materials like steel, iron and concrete
qualities. SMC/BMC finds many other uses in building making installation faster and cheaper
applications such as inspection chambers, modular
balconies, water tank panels. Access covers, drainage • Highly water resistant and ideal for potable
grids and motorway signs are also made from SMC. In water storage
these instances the drivers are not just low weight and
low maintenance but also the fact that, unlike metals, • Excellent mechanical and physical
composites have no scrap value so they are not stolen. properties
Elsewhere in the world SMC is more of a mainstream • Excellent electrical insulation and
material for domestic and commercial fixtures. For creep resistance
example in the US it is used for kitchen sinks and work
surfaces - often with a powder in-mould coating for extra • Highly resistant to weathering, and humidity
surface protection. It is also used for wall cladding,
ceiling panels, doors, heavy duty window frames and • Design freedom (complex geometries
even roof shingles. While in Japan, SMC is the material and integration of parts and functions)
of choice for sanitary furniture, especially bathtubs.
• Ideal for very complex parts
SMC/BMC can often work out cheaper than traditional
materials and other benefits include self colouring and • High dimensional accuracy from very low to
the ability to replicate natural materials (e.g. wood effect very high temperatures
doors). Flame retardant grades are available compliant
with all European fire and safety standards, and the • Excellent sound dampening qualities
material is also resistant to corrosion and vandalism.
Excellent sound dampening and electrical insulation • Mass pigmented
properties are a further benefit. There is therefore
excellent potential, for the European SMC/BMC industry • Tough and durable
to take a larger market share in the lucrative building
and construction segment. • Resistant to vandalism
• Resistant to corrosion and corrosive

environments

CHAPTER
CHAPTER7 -7APPLICATIONS
- APPLICATIONS
SMC underground junction box. These modular

boxes are used to replace brick chambers built
in-situ, and are used for joining pipes, drains and
cables. Good mechanical strength and resistance
to acid and alkali attack are essential requirements.
SMC waste bins. SMC solves the need for street

furniture that looks good and is also strong,

functional and flame retardant.

Satellite aerials are frequently made from SMC/BMC.
Fluid control valve. SMC/BMC has largely replaced
metals in fluid control valves due to its corrosion
resistance.

Archive storage box. These file boxes for
archive storage had to comply with strict
standards on flame retardancy.
SMC sink units. Good resistance to staining, wear

and thermal cycling are required for SMC sinks.
SMC grids. As well as being lighter than cast

iron equivalents, SMC grids, gratings and
manhole covers also have no scrap value so
Key cutting machine. Mechanical strength
there is no danger of theft. The same applies
and design freedom were important criteria
to motorway road signs where SMC is being
in this application.

used to replace aluminium for the same
reason.

Design forDesign
Successfor- Success
SMC-BMC CHAPTER
- SMC-BMC 7 - APPLICATIONS
GLOSSARY
OF TERMS &
ABBREVIATIONS

Glossary of terms & abbreviations
ATH: Aluminium Trihydrate Al(OH)3 Chrome Plating: Chrome plating Cure: See Cross-linking and
a filler used in fire retardant, of press moulds being used for the Catalyst.
low smoke emission SMC/BMC moulding of LP-SMC/BMC is highly
formulations. recommended.
Cycle Time: The amount of time
required to complete a full moulding
Blister: Raised area on an SMC Class A Surface: Definition of cycle from mould preparation to
laminate surface caused by the the highest-quality surface finish part removal, ‘from button to button’.
presence of gases under pressure technically achievable on exterior
within the substrate. automotive body panels.
Dieseling: Burned spot on the
SMC laminate, often accompanied
BMC: Bulk Moulding Compound. CLTE: Coefficient of linear thermal by non fills. Dieseling is normally
A ready-to-mould fibre reinforced expansion. SMC: same as metals, associated with air and styrene
polyester material primarily used in making hybrid SMC/steel/aluminium vapour entrapped in the tool,
injection moulding. Variants: CIC, structures feasible. which ignites when under moulding
TMC. temperatures and pressures.
Composites: See FRP.

Body-in-White: A term used to Draft: The degree of taper allowed
describe the first major step in on the sides of a mould so the part
automotive production where the Contamination: Presence of can be removed.
steel car body is foreign material in the moulded
assembled. The sheet metal parts SMC laminates.
are formed by stamping and joined Dull surface: Loss of gloss on the
mainly by hemming, spot welding overall SMC part surface.
or adhesive bonding. After the Crack, Fracture: Structural failure in
car body is completed it is then the SMC part extending completely
transferred into the so called paint through the substrate. E-Coat: Electrophoresis coating
shop to get painted. used for corrosion protection for
metals.
Crack, Surface: Crack located on
Bond Line Read Through: A visible the surface of the SMC laminate that
surface imperfection on a Class does not extend completely through Edge Chips and Fibre Pulls: Small,
A surface caused by shrinkage of the substrate. irregularly shaped laminate tears
adhesive used to bond the inner located near the edge of the part.
panels.
Cracks, Ejector: Crack located on
the SMC surface over or near an Ejector Pins: A series of telescopic
Carrier Film: A nylon film used in ejector pin. pins hidden in the (male) side of a
the manufacture of SMC. The carrier mould that move in unison to lift a
film is removed prior to moulding. cured part from the mould.
Crazing: Hairline cracks in the part
or on the part surface as a result of
Catalyst: A chemical additive that stress. Exotherm: The heat given off when
causes a cross-linking reaction that resin cures by chemical reaction.
turns a liquid polyester resin into a
solid. Creel: A storage rack that holds
spools of glass roving for the FEA: Finite Element Analysis.
manufacture of SMC. Computer analysis used to
Cavity: The female portion of a two- theoretically predict the structural
piece matched mould. integrity of a part using mathematical
Cross-linking: Chemical reaction geometry and load simulation.
of the reactive molecules that
Charge Pattern: A pre-weighed creates a network, which results in
number of SMC plies cut from beneficial mechanical, dimensional Fibre Orientation: The aligning of
the SMC roll, for placement in the and thermal end-properties. fibre reinforcements within the part
mould. that affect mechanical properties.
The properties usually increase in
the direction of alignment.
68 Design for Success - Chapter 8 - Glossary

Flash: A thin membrane of scrap Knit Lines, Flow Fronts: Extremely Overflow: Machined pocket in the
plastic formed on the edge of a weak areas in the moulded SMC mould just outside the shear edge.
moulded part. It is usually trimmed part resulting from convergence During moulding, trapped air is
off as a secondary operation. of flow fronts. Reinforcement allowed to vent to this area from
orientation and minimal bridging the old cavity through a machined
of reinforcement across knit lines clearance in the shear edge. This
Flow Marks: Visual orientation of can significantly reduce laminate results in a moulded part with less
fibreglass strands on the moulded strength. Knit lines, to one degree porosity and improved knit lines.
SMC part surface. Often, flow or another, occur whenever two
marks, phasing, and streaking flow fronts meet, even when a single
appear similar and must be properly flow front is forced to flow around an Polyester Resin: UP-Resin. The
identified. obstruction such as a core pin. term generally used for unsaturated
(means containing chemical double
bonds) resins which are the basic
FRP: Fibre Reinforced Plastic. Laking: Isolated dull areas on the components of SMC/BMC.
Generic term for all fibre reinforced surface of the moulded SMC part.
plastics. Also called “Composites”.
Porosity: Small voids (I mm or less)
LP: Low Profile. A class of SMC that can appear individually or in
General Purpose: The standard or BMC with superior Class A clusters on the SMC surface.
class of SMC and BMC. See LP, LS. surface characteristics. Usually not
pigmentable.
Pregel: Localised area on the
Ghosting: The phenomenon where moulded SMC part that is dull
the outline of an inner panel can LS: Low Shrink. A class of SMC and rough and normally contains
be seen on the surface of the outer and BMC with improved surface porosity. This is caused by material
panel. properties when compared starting to cure prior to completion
to General Purpose. Usually of flow.
pigmentable.
HDT: Heat Deflection Temperature.
The temperature at which a material Press Parallelism: The ability of
specimen deflects a given distance Maturation: A time period in the a hydraulic press to maintain the
under a given load using ASTM test manufacture of SMC in which moulding surfaces in parallel to
procedures. the viscosity of the resin matrix each other. Poor parallelism my
increases from liquid (sticky) to cause uneven pressure distribution
leather-like (almost no-tack), and is in the mould cavity and parts being
HLU: Hand Lay Up. A moulding then ready for moulding. thin at one edge, and thick at the
technique in which the glass mat opposite edge.
and resin are laid into an open
cavity mould by hand. Used for Mould Release: A substance used
small volume production, sampling to prevent a part sticking to the Resin-Rich Area: A section in the
or for making large components like mould. Mould release (or release moulded SMC laminate where the
boats etc. agent) is included into the SMC/ reinforcement levels (glass content)
BMC formulation. is excessively low.
In-Mould-Coating (IMC): A process

in which a resin coating is introduced Nonfill: Severe void in the SMC Rib Read-Out (Sink Marks):
into the mould cavity after the SMC laminate resulting in an incomplete Surface depression caused by SMC
is cured. IMC prevents porosity part. shrinkage and located over ribs,
in Class A parts and makes the bosses, or thick sections of the SMC
painting process easier. part.
OEM: Original Equipment
Manufacturer, usually used in the
Knife Edge: A term used to describe automotive industry to denote the
a projection from the mould surface car or truck producer.
that has narrow included angle.
Knife edges are considered Orange Peel: A dimpled effect like
undesirable for moulding SMC and the surface of an orange that can
BMC. (See Shear Edge). appear on painted parts.
Design for Success - Chapter 8 - Glossary 69

Shear Edge: A telescopic feature potential cracking during part Undercut: A negative or reverse
around the perimeter of the cavity removal. Not to be confused with draft in a mould that does not allow
of a compression mould where difficult part release due to LP-effect part removal without a special
two mould halves are able to seal and inadequate draft angle. LP- moveable section in the mould
by bypassing each other. A shear SMC/BMC requires chrome plated construction.
edge allows air to escape from press moulds.
the cavity, but prevents SMC from
passing through. Recommended for UP-GF-25, UP-GF-30: Terms used
SMC/BMC. See Flash. Streaking (Abrasion): Dark areas, to indicate percentage by weight
oriented in the line of flow and most of glass fibres in the moulded SMC
commonly found in pigmented SMC parts.
Shelf-Life Stability: The length parts.
of time a material will retain its
moulding properties when stored UP-Resin: See Polyester Resin.
in accordance with manufacturer’s Styrene: A liquid monomer used Unsaturated Polyester Resin
recommendations. Recommended in polyester (UP) resin, that reacts keeps its name, even in the cured,
storage temperatures: <20C. during the cure to become part of saturated stage.
the solid cross-linked thermoset
matrix.
Spring-back: Condition that occurs Vacuum Assist: Vacuum assisted
when a flat-rolled metal or alloy is moulding results in better SMC flow,
cold-worked; upon release of the Surface Waviness (Ripples): easy mould fill, better air escape
forming force, the material has a Surface irregularity usually seen from the cavity and less porosity. It
tendency to partially return to its at the termination of flow on flat is recommended for Class A parts
original shape because of the elastic moulded SMC surfaces. and visible parts.
recovery of the material. This is
called Spring-back and influenced
not only by the tensile and yield Thermoplastic (TP): A type of Viscosity: A measure of resistance
strengths, but also by thickness, polymer material which can be of a liquid to flow. Unit: mPas.
bend radius and bend angle. repeatedly softened and reformed
by heating, and rehardened by
cooling.
SMC: Sheet Moulding Compound Warpage: SMC part distortion,
(also: Sheet Moulding Composite). shrinkage, or undue stress in the
A ready-to-mould fibre reinforced Thermoset; A polymer material that finished moulding (part does not
polyester material primarily used in undergoes a chemical cross-linking duplicate the tool after moulding).
compression moulding. The sheet reaction before it becomes solid.
is supplied in rolls up to 350 up to Once it becomes solid, it cannot be
1500kg. reformed. Thermosets do not melt Wet-out: The ability of a resin or
when heated. resin-filler-mix to impregnate a fibre
reinforcement.
SPC: Statistical Process Control:
A method by which a production UD-SMC: A form of SMC that has a
process can be monitored and uni-directional layer of reinforcement Whitening: General light or
control plans can be initiated to to increase strength and stiffness in whitened appearance in the SMC
keep quality within acceptable the moulded part. moulded part’s pigmented surface.
limits. Whitening is more evident in dark-
coloured applications where
Undercure: Incomplete chemical polystyrene thermoplastic additive
Rib Read-Out (Sink Marks): cross-linking reaction while is not used.
Surface depression caused by SMC under moulding pressure, usually
shrinkage and located over ribs, accompanied by a dull surface,
bosses, or thick sections of the SMC styrene odour, catalyst odour,
part. blisters, blown bosses, and/or
delimitation of the SMC part.
Sticking: Physical adhesion of

the moulded SMC part to the
old, resulting in poor release and
70 Design for Success - Chapter 8 - Glossary

Design forDesign
Successfor- Success
SMC-BMC CHAPTER
- SMC-BMC 7 - APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX: MATERIAL
PROPERTIES OF SMC
Design for Success - Chapter 9 - Appendix 71

Auto OEM Auto OEM Auto OEM Auto OEM
Passenger & Passenger & Passenger & Passenger &
commercial commercial commercial commercial
low density exterior engine bumper beams

Typical applications : exterior panels
body panels components
Typical property standard units

Compounding process SMC SMC SMC SMC
Moulding process Compression Compression Compression Compression
Moulding temperature °C 145 - 160 150-160 145-160 145-160
Moulding pressure 3) bar 40 - 100 40-100 50-150 50-150
Moulding time sec / mm 30 30 30 30
Available colours natural all all all
Density ISO 1183 g/ccm 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.9
Fibre content EN ISO 1172 mass-% 30 30 30 50
Fibre type Glass Glass Glass Glass
Recycling code VDA 260 UP - GF 30 UP - GF 30 UP - GF 30 UP-GF 50
Recyclability - - Yes Yes Yes Yes
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 11.5 7 10.5 25/11
Tensile strength 1) EN ISO 527-4 MPa 80 50 70 320/50
Tensile rupture strain 1) EN ISO 527-4 % 1.5 1.3 1.4 1,5/0,9
Compression strength 1) EN ISO 14126 MPa 150 120 165 450/160
Poisson´s ratio 1) EN ISO 527-4 - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0,3/0,1
Flex modulus 1) EN ISO 14125 GPa 10.5 7 10.5 24/11
Flexural strength 1) EN ISO 14125 MPa 180 120 165 450/160
Impact strength 1) EN ISO 179 KJ/m² 90 50 70 280/50
Falling dart ISO 6603 KJ/mm 8 8 8
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 20 15 18 11/25
Continuous service temperature Similar to IEC 216 °C 150 150 150 150
Short term service temperature - °C 210 210 210 210
Heat distortion temperature EN ISO 75-2 °C >200 >200 >200 >200
Specific heat capacity - J/gK 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % -0.08 -0.02 0.1 -0,03/0,25
Post Moulding shrinkage DIN 53464 % 0 0 0
12 12 12 12
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm 10 10 10 10
14 14 14 14
Surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm 10 10 10 10
Comparative tracking index I EC 60112 CTI 600 600 600 600
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm 25 20 25 25
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 - 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.5
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Oxygen index EN ISO 4589-2 % 24 22 22 22
Flammability UL 94 level/thickness HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm
Flammability ISO 3795 Class/thickness NBR/3,2 mm NBR/3,2 NBR/3,2mm NBR/3,2 mm
Fire / smoke EN 45545 Hazard Level
Glow bar IEC 60707 level BH2-95 BH2-95 BH2-95 BH2-95
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Water absorption ISO 62 % after 24h <0,3 <0,3 <0,3 <0,3
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner o o o o
automotive liquids + + + +
Acids - - - -
Salt solutions + + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -
Weather resistance + + + +
Paintability + + 0 0
SEE NOTES ON PAGE 12

72 Design for Success - Chapter 9 - Appendix
CHAPTER 10 - APPENDIX

Typical applications : technical high density filter under body low density under
front-end housing panels body panels
Available colours all all all all
Density ISO 1183 g/ccm g/ccm 1.9 2 1.8 1.4
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 11.5 11,5 9 8
Tensile strength 1) EN ISO 527-4 MPa 80 80 55 50
Tensile rupture strain 1) EN ISO 527-4 % 1.5 1.5 1.5 1,5
Compression strength 1) EN ISO 14126 MPa 150 150 160 140
Poisson´s ratio 1) EN ISO 527-4 - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0,3
Flex modulus 1) EN ISO 14125 GPa 10.5 10.5 9.5 8,5
Flexural strength 1) EN ISO 14125 MPa 180 180 150 140
Impact strength 1) EN ISO 179 KJ/m² 90 90 60 50
Falling dart ISO 6603 KJ/mm 8 8
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 18
12 12 12 12
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0,1
14 14 14 14
Post Moulding shrinkage DIN 53464 % 0 0 0 0
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 - 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Acids - - - -
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -
Paintability 0 0 0 0

high density filter under body low density under

Typical applications : technical
front-end housing panels body panels

Available colours natur all all black
Density ISO 1183 g/ccm g/ccm 2 1,8 1.9 1.6
Fibre type Glass Glass Glass Carbon
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 13 9 13 32
Flex modulus 1) EN ISO 14125 GPa 12 9.5 12 40
Falling dart ISO 6603 KJ/mm
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 12 18 15 1,7
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % -0.05 0.1 0.05 -0,12
12 12 12
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm 10 10 10
14 14 14
Surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm 10 10 10
Comparative tracking index I EC 60112 CTI 600 600 600
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm 25 25 25
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 - 4.6 4.5 4.5
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 - 0.01 0.01 0.01
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Acids - - - -
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -
Paintability + 0 0 0

CHAPTER APPENDIX
10 - 10
CHAPTER - APPENDIX
Auto OEM Auto OEM Auto OEM

Passenger & Passenger & Passenger &
commercial commercial commercial
Typical applications : structural parts exterior panels structural parts

Compounding process SMC SMC SMC
Moulding process Compression Compression Compression
Moulding temperature °C 155-160 155-160 155-160
Moulding pressure 3) bar 100-160 100-160 100-160
Moulding time sec / mm 30 30 30
Available colours black black black
Density ISO 1183 g/ccm g/ccm 1,4 1.6 1.4
Fibre content EN ISO 1172 mass-% 60 54 60
Fibre type Carbon Carbon Carbon
Recycling code VDA 260 UP - GF 60 UP - GF 54 UP-GF 60
Recyclability - - Yes Yes Yes
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 37 32 37
Tensile strength 1) EN ISO 527-4 MPa 300 200 300
Tensile rupture strain 1) EN ISO 527-4 % 1.8 1,4 1,8
Compression strength 1) EN ISO 14126 MPa 300 200 300
Poisson´s ratio 1) EN ISO 527-4 - 0.3 0,3 0,3
Flex modulus 1) EN ISO 14125 GPa 47 40 47
Flexural strength 1) EN ISO 14125 MPa 780 400 780
Impact strength 1) EN ISO 179 KJ/m² 85 70 85
Falling dart ISO 6603 KJ/mm
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 2,7 1,7 2,7
Continuous service temperature Similar to IEC 216 °C 150 150 150
Short term service temperature - °C 210 210 210
Heat distortion temperature EN ISO 75-2 °C >200 >200 >200
Specific heat capacity - J/gK 1.1 1.1 1.1
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % -0.1 -0.12 -0,1
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm
Surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm
Comparative tracking index I EC 60112 CTI
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 -
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 -
Oxygen index EN ISO 4589-2 % 22 22 22
Flammability UL 94 level/thickness HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm
Flammability ISO 3795 Class/thickness NBR/3,2 NBR/3,2mm NBR/3,2 mm
Glow bar IEC 60707 level BH2-95 BH2-95 BH2-95
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650
Water absorption ISO 62 % after 24h <0,3 <0,3 <0,3
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner o o o
automotive liquids + + +
Acids - - -
Salt solutions + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0
solvents - - -
Weather resistance + + +
Paintability 0 0 0

E+E E+E E+E E+E
Typical applications : electrical cabinets lamp housings ex proofed connector box

housings

Available colours all all black all
Density ISO 1183 g/ccm g/ccm 1,8 1,8 1.9 1.8
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 9 8 11,5 9
Flex modulus 1) EN ISO 14125 GPa 9,5 8.5 10,5 9,5
Falling dart ISO 6603 KJ/mm 8
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 18
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm 10 12
10 12
10 12
1012
14 14 14 14
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm 25 25 2,5 25
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 - 4.5 4.5 NA 4.5
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 - 0.01 0.01 NA 0.01
Flammability UL 94 level/thickness HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm 3HB /3,2mm HB /3,2 mm
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 950 950
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner o o + +
Acids - - + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -

CHAPTER 10 - APPENDIX
E+E E+E E+E E+E
Typical applications : electrical cabinets lamp housings ex proofed connector box

housings

Available colours all all black all
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 10,5 10,5 10,5 10,5
Falling dart ISO 6603 KJ/mm 8 8 8 8
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 18
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1
12 12 12 12
14 14 14 14
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 - 4.5 4.5 4,5 4.5
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 - 0.01 0.01 0,01 0.01
Flammability UL 94 level/thickness HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm 3HB /3,2mm HB /3,2 mm
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 950 950
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner o o + +
Acids - - + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -

Domestic Domestic Domestic
appliances appliances Appliances
Typical applications : trays letter box Iron, Grill, Oven

handle

Compounding process SMC SMC SMC
Moulding process Compression Compression Injection
moulding moulding moulding
Moulding temperature °C 145-160 145-160 145-160

Moulding pressure 3) bar 40-100 40-100 40-100
Moulding time sec / mm 30 30 25
Available colours all all all
Density ISO 1183 g/ccm g/ccm 1,8 1.8 1.9
Fibre content EN ISO 1172 mass-% 25 30 20
Fibre type Glass Glass Glass
Recycling code VDA 260 UP - GF 25 UP - GF 30 UP-GF 20
Recyclability - - Yes Yes Yes
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 9 10,5 13
Tensile strength 1) EN ISO 527-4 MPa 55 70 31
Tensile rupture strain 1) EN ISO 527-4 % 1.5 1,4 0,4
Compression strength 1) EN ISO 14126 MPa 160 165 160
Poisson´s ratio 1) EN ISO 527-4 - 0.3 0,3 0,3
Flex modulus 1) EN ISO 14125 GPa 9,5 10,5 9,5
Flexural strength 1) EN ISO 14125 MPa 150 165 90
Impact strength 1) EN ISO 179 KJ/m² 60 70 25
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18
Continuous service temperature Similar to IEC 216 °C 150 150 150
Short term service temperature - °C 210 210 210
Heat distortion temperature EN ISO 75-2 °C >200 >200 >200
Specific heat capacity - J/gK 1.1 1.1 1.1
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 -0,1
12 12 12
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm 10 10 10
14 14 14
Surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm 10 10 10
Comparative tracking index I EC 60112 CTI 600 600 600
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm 25 25 25
Dielectric constant IEC 60250 - 4,5 4,5 4,5
Dissipation factor IEC 60250 - 0,01 0,01 0,01
Oxygen index EN ISO 4589-2 % 22 22 22
Flammability UL 94 level/thickness HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm
Flammability ISO 3795 Class/thickness NBR/3,2 NBR/3,2mm NBR/3,2 mm
Glow bar IEC 60707 level BH2-95 BH2-95 BH2-95
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650
Water absorption ISO 62 % after 24h <0,3 <0,3 <0,3
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner + + +
automotive liquids + + +
Acids + + +
Salt solutions + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0
solvents - - -
Weather resistance + + +
Paintability 0 0 0

10 -- APPENDIX
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER APPENDIX
Building Building Building Building
Typical applications : door panel waste bin waste water sectional water
treatment tank panels

Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 10,5 9 10,5 10,5
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 18
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm 10 12 10 12 10 12 10 12
14 14 14 14
Flammability UL 94 level/thickness HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm HB /1,6mm HB /1,6 mm
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner + + + +
Acids + + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -

Building Building Building & Building &
Warehousing leisure protection
storage box, Bath tube, sink,

Typical applications : shower pan Jet ski, snow Helmets, telephone
cadding
mobile

Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 9 9 9 10,35
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 18
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm*cm 10 12 10 12 10 12 10 12
Surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm 10 14 10 14 10 14 10 14
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Chemical resistance acidic cleaner + + 0 0
Acids + + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -

10--APPENDIX
CHAPTER10
CHAPTER APPENDIX
Passenger Passenger Passenger Passenger

trains trains trains trains
Typical applications : rail exterior arc quenching cover Support for side
chamber for power rail conductor, third
railbooth, mail box
Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 10,5 10,5 10,5 13
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 15
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1
12 12 12 12
14 15 14 15
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Acids + + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -

Passenger Passenger Passenger Passenger
trains trains trains trains
Typical applications : rail exterior arc quenching cover Support for side
chamber for power rail conductor, third
railbooth, mail box

Young´s modulus 1) EN ISO 527-4 GPa 10,5 10,5 10,5 13
CTE 1) ISO 11359-2 10-6m/mK 18 18 18 15
Shrinkage 2) ISO 2577 % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1
12 12 12 12
Surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ohm 10 14 10 15 10 14 1015
Glow wire IEC 60965-2-1 °C 650 650 650 650
Acids + + + +
Alkalines 0 0 0 0
solvents - - - -

Design for Success - SMC-BMC
Notes:
All materials supplied by members of the European
Alliance for SMC/BMC are in accordance with :
(Altautoverordnung) 2000/53/EG, ROHS, WEE. SMC/
BMC materials do not contain heavy metals,
asbestos, halogens or other toxic materials.
All values given in this table are representative mean

values taken from compression moulded flat panels
by members of the European Alliance for SMC/BMC.
Properties may vary due to modifications of products,
moulding conditions or environmental influence. It is the
user’s obligation to verify specific data via his own tests
and trials. Properties given are accurate to the best of
our current know-how and experience.
Notice: No warranty or representation is given or implied

as to the suitability of the product or information here
given for any particular application. The determination of
the suitability of the above information for any particular
use is solely the responsibility of the user.
All reinforcement glass fibres used are Continuous

Filament Glass Fibres (CFGF).
Further information about the use can be found on
www.glassfibreeurope.eu
SMC and BMC are recyclable materials.

For further information please contact
info@smcbmc-europe.org
1) Properties given as two values are vectorial properties

longitudinal respectively transversal to the direction of
main fibre orientation.
2) Negative values are expansion.
3) Moulding pressures are given for inside cavity

measurements.
4) For any special inquiries regarding the parts and

materials please contact any member company of the
European Alliance for SMC/BMC
© European Alliance for SMC/BMC

Publisher
European Alliance for SMC/BMC
President: Henri MAGNAUD
80 Bd. A. Reyers
1030 Brussels - Belgium
E-mail : info@smcbmc-europe.org
Tel : +32 2 706 89 06
www.smcbmc-europe.org
Communication & Press Relations

Muriel GILBERT
E-mail : muriel@smcbmc-europe.org
Tel : +32 475 412 413
We trust that you will find this Design Manual interesting

and informative. It is our intention to keep the manual up-
to-date as new developments in technologies products,
processes and applications come along. You can help
by informing us of developments in your particular field
or by suggesting any changes and updates to the
current manual. Your input would be appreciated and
welcomed.
Simply contact the European Alliance for SMC/BMC at

the address above.
Acknowledgement
We thank all companies and associations who have
helped by providing information, photographs, facts
and figures to complete this manual.
This Design Manual is based on supplied information,

facts, figures, illustrations and pictures published in
good faith and believed to be accurate, correct and
free from any publication or copyright restrictions. For
permission to copy or otherwise reproduce any part of
the Design Manual for commercial use requires prior
permission from the European Alliance for SMC/BMC.
© European Alliance for SMC/BMC 2016

Members
Design
Design for Success - Chapter 9 - for Success
Appendix 85
80 Bd. A. Reyers
1030 Brussels - Belgium
info@smcbmc-europe.org
+32 2 706 89 06
W W W. S M C B M C - E U R O P E . O R G
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A DESIGN

SMC/BMC Manufacturing and Properties..................9

Part Production............................ .............................29

2 Design for Success - Summary

Benefits This Design Manual provides you with insight in

The European Alliance

• Providing details on typical end-uses for these material systems

• Explaining the features and associated benefits

• Making available design information to engineers and designs

• Connecting key stakeholders in the supply chain

4 Design for Success - Introduction

Strength and stiffness

For reducing Eco-footprint and fuel emission, SMC &

Resisting elevated temperatures Low emissions

6 Design for Success - Chapter 1 - Performance

Electrical & Electronics

Fuses and switchgear

Cabinets and junction boxes

Motor and anchor insulations

Encapsulation of wiring and electronic circuits

Electrical components with reduced surface resistivity

Track switch components

Under the hood components for trucks

Automotive & Truck

Lighting systems, headlamp reflectors and LED lighting

Structural parts, front ends, interior dashboard parts

body panels for trucks and agricultural vehicles

Building & Construction

Building supply systems

Drain and trench covers

Design for Success - Chapter 1 - Performance 7

Coffee machine components

White goods components, grips and handles

Pump housings as metal substitution

Motor housings as metal substitution

Pump components for various media

Sport equipment, golf caddy

Safety products for leisure and public application

Dental medication systems

8 Design for Success - Chapter 1 - Performance

Customization and Speed to Market 48%

For example low or high pressure moulding, and end-product

10 Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties

Before the SMC can be used for moulding it must mature.

Rolls of SMC in maturation SMC manufacturing line

Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties 11

12 Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties

When BMC is used

Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties 13

Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC)

14 Design for success - Chapter 2 - Manufacturing and Properties

Part consolidation --- O +++ +++

Customizing --- --- + +++

Corrosion resistance --- --- ++ +++

Low weight design --- +++ ++ +++

Fire resistance +++ (++) --- +++

Specific stiffness -- + -- +++

Water absorption +++ +++ --- +

Online paintability +++ +++ -- +++