CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

CEM 571
Construction Plants &
Machineries
 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of lecture, student will be able to :
- Categorise the principles and factors of plant selections.
(CO2:PO2)
- Justify various types of construction equipment's, i.e.,
moving, stationary, compaction and lifting machines.
(CO2:PO2)
- Assess the types, functions, capabilities and selections of
moving machines. (CO2:PO2)
 CONSTRUCTION
PLANTS
- Principles and factors of plant selections
- Types, functions and capabilities of moving machines
 CONSTRUCTION PLANT
• THREE PINCIPLE CONSIDERATIONS:-
– Technical efficiency
• Ability
• Requirement
• Correct specification
• Time frame
– Commercial and financial ability
• Cost
– Availability
• Supplier (location and numbers of supplier)
• within the time frame
 Factors Selecting Equipment
1. The function to be carried out
2. Standard or special types of equipment
3. Capacity of the equipment
4. Method of operation
5. Replacement of parts
6. Maintenance and repairs
7. Investment costs
8. Operating cost
Types of Construction Equipment's
• Used to ground leveling and bulk earthmoving.
• Divided into two :-
– Moving Machines-
• Bulldozers, loaders, scrapers, graders and trenching
machines
• The excavated material is removed, transported and
deposited
• For removal of large of earth
 Stationary machines

 Face shovels, backhoes, draglines and grabs

 The excavator loosens the soil and loads without

changing position
 Loss of mobility compared to scrapers and bucket
loaders
 More force may be applied
 Equipment of Earthwork Plant
COMPONENTS OF APPLICABLE TYPES OF PLANT
WORK
Clearing and grubbing Bulldozer, rake- dozer
Excavation Shovels (power shove ,back hoe, dragline, clamshell), tractor –
shovel, bulldozer, ripper, breaker
Loading Shovels (power shovel, backhoe, dragline, clamshell), tractor-
shovel, bucket wheel excavator
Excavation and loading Shovels (power shovel, backhoe, dragline, clamshell), tractor-
shovel, bucket wheel excavator
Excavation and hauling Bulldozer, scrape-dozer ,scraper
Hauling Bulldozer , dump truck, belt conveyer
Spreading and grading Bulldozer, motor grader
Compaction Pneumatic-tired roller, tamping roller, vibrating roller, road roller,
vibrating compacter, rammer, tamper, bulldozer
Blasting Drilling (crawler, pneumatic, hydraulic), air compressor, lorry
 MOVING POSITION MACHINES
• Bulldozers and angledozers
– High powered tractors with caterpillar or crawler tracks
– Fitted with a mould board or blade at the front for
stripping top soil, clearing vegetation and oversite
excavations up to depth of 400 mm
 Work by pushing the
material ahead of the
machine
 Also for opening up

pilot roads, spreading

and grading
 MOVING MACHINE –
Bulldozers and angle dozers
• For back filling operations the angledozer with
its mould board set at an angle (in plan) to the
machine center line can be used
• Assembled in two separate sections
– base frame
• Attached with dozer blade, drive sprockets (a
projecting tooth on a wheel or cylinder that engages
with the links of a chain or with perforations in film to
make the chain or film move forward) and
• rollers for the track and support for the upper body
– Superstructure
• Engine, transmission, hydraulics, cab and controls
(mounted on the base frame)
 MOVING MACHINE -
Crawler tracks
• Advantages
– Ability to deliver greater effort especially
in operating on soft footing such as loose
soil or muddy soil
– Ability to travel over muddy surface
– Ability to operate in rocky formations where
rubber tires might be seriously damaged
– Greater floatation because of the lower
pressure under the tracks
– Greater versatility on jobs
 MOVING MACHINE –
WHEEL MOUNTED
• Advantages:-
– Higher travel speeds on the job or from one job to
another.
– Elimination of hauling equipment to transport the
bulldozer to a job
– Greater output especially when considerable
travelling is necessary
– Less operator fatigue
– Ability to travel on paved highways without
damaging the surface
MOVING MACHINE - Cable control

• Advantages :-
– Simplicity of installation and operation
– Simplicity of repairing the controls
– Reduction in the danger of damaging a
machine , as the blade can be move up and
ride over a rigid obstruction such as heavy
boulder
 MOVING MACHINE -Hydraulic
control
• Advantages: -
– Ability to produce a high down pressure
on the blade in addition to its weight to
force the blade into the ground
– Ability to maintain a more precise setting
of the position of the blade
 Blades used
• Types of blades : -
– Straight ‘S’ blade
– Universal ‘U’ blade
– Angle ‘A’ blade
– Cushion ‘C’ blade
– Rake
 Straight ‘S’ blade
Used for heavy work
• Most versatile bulldozer
• Equipped with a push plate ‘S’ Straight Blade
effectively used for loading scraper
• Most blade are curved, but the
section perpendicular to the line of
push is straight
• The maximum of push should not
exceed 100m as the machine is
uneconomical for earth moving over
a greater distance
 UNIVERSAL ‘U’
BLADE

• The blade in cross-section has a much deeper

curvature, almost a ‘u’ shape
• Efficient for moving big loads over long distance as in
land clearing, stockpile work and pushing up for
loading
• Shall combined with a tilt cylinder to improves its
ability to ditch, pry out and level
• Effecting to light flowing type of soil
 Angle ‘A’ blade

• The blade in plan view is angled

• Can also be positioned straight or angled 25
degrees to either side
• Designed for side casting, backfilling and other
similar tasks
• Can reduce the amount of manoeuvring required to
do this job
 Cushion ‘C’ blade

• Used on a large tractors for on-the-go push loading

• Rubber cushion allow the dozer to absorb the impact
of contacting a scraper push block and effective
travelling speed is up to 5 km/h
• When not push loading, the dozer can be used for
general dozing jobs
 Rake
• A blade consisting a
heavy duty ribs which
retained coarse rock,
roots etc, but allow finer
material to pass through Rib

• Used in digging and

pushing stumps and rock
and also in spreading of
rock rip-rap
 FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION
OF BLADES
• Type of material to be moved
1. Particles size and the shape of materials to be moved
• Rounded particles tend to roll and required a tractor of
lesser power than for angular particles
2. Voids ratios of the soil in the bank or undisturbed condition
• A soil with small voids will be well bonded and difficult
to move until the material is loosened
3. Moisture content of the soil greatly affects the pushing
forces required
• Soils with high moisture content levels such as clay tend
to be heavy and required large pushing effort
4. Size of machine and the traction capabilities
 MOVING MACHINE - SCRAPERS
• The piece of plants consist of a power unit
and a scraper bowl
• used to excavate and transport soil where
surface stripping, site levelling, light
clearing, rough and fine grading, bank
sloping, ditching/channel and cut and fill
activities
• Particularly for large volumes
• Produce a very smooth and accurate
formation level
 MOVING MACHINE - SCRAPERS

• Three basic types:-

• Crawler-drawn scraper
• Two-axle scraper
• Three-axle scraper
 CRAWLER-DRAWN SCRAPER
• Has truck and gooseneck arrangement
• Consist of four-wheeled scraper bowl
towed behind a crawler power unit
• Hauling speed - less than 8 km/h
• Scraping speed – less than 3 km/h
 Wheel scraper
• Is an integrated self-propelled unit
– Two-axle
• have two wheeled power unit has advantages
over its four wheeled power unit or three axle
due to its manoeuvrable
• Offers less rolling resistance and has better
traction since the engine is mounted closer to the
driving wheels
– Three-axle
• Advantages of being able to use its top speed
more frequently, generally easier to control and
power unit can be used for other activities which
is not possible with most two-axle
 Loading of scrapers
• Scrapers are loaded by the
following methods:-
– Self loading in loose soils
– Push loaded by crawler tractor
– Elevating self loading
– Push pull
– Top loaded by hydraulic excavator or front
end loader
 Scraper cutting blade
a. Standard Blade – used for fine Cutting Blade for Scraper
grading and finishing and for
general earthmoving operations
where the soils are not too stiff or
hard
b. Drop Centre Blade – Operates in
broad range of soil and for
stripping grass and root bound
soils. The centre section is dropped
so as to prevents the dam up of the
materials inside the bowl when
loading and unloading.
c. Double Drop Centre Blade – Used
in heavy clay or where the material
has a tendency to loosed in sheets.
d. Drop Centre Tooth Mounted Blade
– operates efficiently on material
which are hard or crusty.
MOVING MACHINE - GRADERS
Similar to bulldozers – have an adjustable
mould blade fitted either at the front of the
machine or slung under the centre of the
machine’s body
Use for finishing fine limits large areas of
ground which has been scraped or bulldozed to
the required formation level
Can only be used to grade the surface since
their low motive power is insufficient to enable
them to be used for oversite excavation work
Classified by number of driving wheels
 TYPES OF GRADERS
- SIX WHEELED DRIVE GRADERS

 Extremely good manoeuvrability and best for

heavy work
 Poor underfoot conditions
Mouldboard lifting

Leaning wheel Drawbar Blade (Mouldboard)

 Types of graders
- Four wheeled drive graders
• High traction for their weight
• Require a wider working path and operators
need to learn unusual operating techniques to
make use of their superior potential
 Types of graders
- Articulated graders
• Able to pivot in the middle
• Smaller turning radius- so can turn in
much quicker time
• Three modes of operations
– Straight mode
– Articulated mode - allows turning
– Crab mode – rear driving wheels to
remain firm ground while the machine
cuts banks, side slopes or ditches
Articulated grader position
 BLADES FOR GRADERS
• Consists of a curved mould board ranging
between 3 to 5 m long with replaceable
ages on sides and bottom
• Used for:
– Levelling and trimming on the horizontal
– Levelling and trimming to the slope and
vertical face
– Forming ditches
– Backfilling along trenches
• The angle of the blade in relation to the direction of
travel affects its ability to cut and also the quality of
the finished product. The further the blade is turned
from the square position, the more easily it cuts and
this slicing action produces a neat finish.
 MOVING MACHINE - TRACTOR
SHOVELS/LOADERS
• Sometimes called a loading shovel or front-end loader
• Basically in the form of wheeled or crawler tracked tractor
with a hydraulically controlled general purpose bucket
mounted in front of the vehicle
• Primary function to scope and loose material in the bucket,
raise the loaded spoil and manoeuvre into a position to
discharge its load into an attendant lorry or dumper
• Can also transport, spread and compact fill material
depending upon the mounted attachments
• The tractor shovel is driven towards the spoil heap with its
bucket lowered almost to ground level and uses its own
momentum to force the bucket to bite into the spoil heap
thus filling the scoop or bucket
 MOVING MACHINE - Buckets for
loader
• Design with long, flat floors to
enables them to penetrate the
most tightly packed stockpiles
• Built for optimum payload and road
retention
• Faster cycle times lower operating
costs
• Flexibility to match with the job
• Increased production and optimum
performance
• Two types:-
– General purpose buckets
– Penetration bucket
 MOVING MACHINE -
Buckets for loader

Buckets for loader

 General purpose buckets
– Use in most application
– Equipped with bolt-on teeth, bolt with reversible cutting edge or
bolt on tooth and segments
– Use spade-edge bucket for rock digging to improves ability
 Penetration
bucket
Flat floor
• Use for material requiring
moderate breakout and impact Flush mounted
forces weld-on teeth
• E.g grading or stripping top soil

• Cutting edge is equipped with

weld-on, flush-mounted teeth Curved, sharp side bar
adapters and integral corner
teeth adopters Tip Options Tooth Options
Combination four-in one bucket
• Is the most
favourable
• Can be set in the
scrapper position,
bulldozing
position,
spreading and
levelling and back
dragging
 Combination four-in one bucket
• Consist of two major segments:-
– The rear segments is a dozer blade with a
straight cutting edge
– The front segment is hydraulically operated
calm with a straight cutting edge at the front,
equipped with digging teeth
Front
Rear
segment
segment
 Name the
equipment
shown in the
figure……
Thank you