Adigrat university

Collage of Engineering and technology

Department of CoTM

CHAPTER-2
Lecture-4

Hauling and Compacting Equipment

Michael K.
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CONTENTS
Hauling Equipment
General

Type of trucks

Selection of Dump Trucks

Capacities of trucks and hauling units

Small Vs. Large Dump Trucks

Truck production

Compacting Equipment
General

Types of Compacting Equipment

hoisting & lifting

 2.1.4 HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.1 General
Hauling units transport the earth, aggregate, rock, ore, coal,
and other material.

Trucks have high travel speeds when operating on suitable

roads, provide relatively low hauling costs.

Most trucks may be operated over any haul road for which the
surface is sufficiently firm and smooth and on which the
grades are not excessively steep.

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2.1.4 HAULING EQUIPMENT
Some trucks now in use are designated as off-highway trucks
because their size and total load are larger than that permitted
on public highways.

These trucks are used for hauling materials on large project

sites, where their size and costs are justified.

Off-highway trucks are used for hauling materials in quarries

and on large projects involving the movement of substantial
amounts of earth and rock.

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2.1.4 HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
A. Rear Dump trucks

These are very common and heavy duty trucks and are capable of
handling even quarry rocks.
Rear dump trucks are used when:

The material to be hauled is free-flowing or has bulky

components.
The hauling unit must dump into restricted locations or over the
edge of a bank or fill.
Maximum maneuverability in the loading or dumping area is
required.
Maximum flexibility is required for hauling a variety of
materials such as earth, sand, and gravel and more bulky
material such as blasted rock, ore, coal etc.
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2.1.4. HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
A. Rear Dump trucks

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2.1.4. HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
B. Bottom Dump trucks
These are suitable for long hauls of easy flowing materials
like sand, gravel, dry earth and which are to be spread in
layers as on a fill or dam.

The material is discharged through bottom while the vehicle is

moving at a controlled rate by means of 2 longitudinal gates.

These are unsuitable for big size material or wet or sticky

materials due to limited openings.
longer turning radius is required and maneuvering becomes
more difficult in restricted spaces.
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2.1.4. HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
B. Bottom Dump trucks
Bottom dump trucks should be used, when:
The material to be handled is relatively free-flowing..
The load is to be spread in wind rows.

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2.1.4. HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
B. Bottom Dump trucks

Bottom dump trailers deposits

a windrow of material

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2.1.4. HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
C. Side Dump trucks

These dump trucks are most suitable when dumping is

required to be done in a long narrow length or on one or
both sides of a road (for dumping material on the road
shoulders).

These requires a very less time to dump the material, whereas

the rear dump truck must stop, reverse and then dump its load
which needs a considerably more time.

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2.1.4. HAULING EQUIPMENT
1.2 Types of Trucks
C. Side Dump trucks

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 Trucks used for haulage on construction work are two
types.
1. on-highway units are suitable for long, high speed hauls over roads
with low rolling resistance.

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1. HAULING EQUIPMENT
.
2. Off-highway dump trucks also known as dumpers are used for short,
low speed hauls over rough roads.
Off-highway dump trucks are capable of moving on steep grades, and
has high power engines often fitted with turbochargers and torque
converters.

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 A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk
material, often on building sites.
Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by
configuration: a dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled
vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while a
dump truck has its cab in front of the load.

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1. HAULING EQUIPMENT
Capacities of Trucks and Hauling Equipment
There are at least three methods of rating the capacities of trucks.

A. Gravimetric: the load it will carry expressed

as weight.

B. Struck volume: the volumetric amount it will

carry, if the load is water level (bowl or dump
box).

C. Heaped volume: the volumetric amount it

will carry, if the load is heaped on a 2:1 slope
above the body (bowl or dump box).

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1. HAULING EQUIPMENT

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1. HAULING EQUIPMENT

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.1 General
Compaction is the process whereby material particles are
constrained to pack more closely together through a reduction of
air void content, generally by mechanical means.
Compaction can also be defined as the process of densifing or
increasing the unit weight of a soil mass through application of
static or dynamic force, with the resulting expulsion of air and in
some cases moisture.
Compaction is basically used to:
Increase bearing strength
Reduce compressibility
Improve volume change characteristics
Reduce permeability

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
Applying energy to a soil by one or more of the following methods
will cause compaction:
a) Pressure (Static weight):

Static compaction is achieved by pressing.

To achieve good compaction, bigger weight is required. Nowadays
static compaction alone is not used.

B) Kneading (Manipulation or rearranging):

This is a process of expelling air from the void space by continuously
bringing the material, to be compacted, up and down.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
C) Vibration (Shaking):
The vibration is done using a centrifugal force on a plate or roller.
With each rotation the surface is lifted and is pressed back with an
impact or vibration.

D) Impact (Dynamic compaction or sharp blow):

This involves impact and vibration.

Impact and vibration have the same methods but differ in

frequency only.
Compaction above 50Hz is vibration and anything below that is
impact.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
Many types of compacting equipment are available including:

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
The table below summarizes the principal methods of compaction
for the various types of compactors.

A) Smooth wheel rollers

The smooth-drum compactors, whether single- or dual-drum
models, generate three compactive forces: (1) pressure, (2) impact,
and (3) Vibration.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
A) Smooth wheel rollers

These rollers are most effective on granular materials, with particle

sizes ranging from large rocks to fine sand.
They are not suitable for producing high unit weights of compaction
when used on relatively thick layers.
I. Single drum
This roller uses vibratory action in conjunction with ballast weight of
the drum to compact.
One of the most effective means of attaining density for cohesion less
materials.
It is a relatively light roller, therefore maximum loose-lift depth is 9
inches.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
A) Smooth wheel rollers

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II. Dual drum compactors
Use this roller to compact cohesionless subgrade, base courses,
wearing surfaces, and asphalt.
Because it compacts from the top down, only relatively shallow lifts
(less than 4 inches) can be worked.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
B) Pneumatic Rubber-Tired Rollers
These are surface rollers that apply the principle of kneading action
to affect compaction below the surface. They may be self propelled
or towed.
They are heavily-loaded wagons with several rows of tires. The
tires are closely spaced, four to six in a row.

Pneumatics are used on small- to medium-size soil compaction jobs,

primarily on bladed granular base materials.

They are also used in compacting asphalt, recycled pavement, and

base and sub base materials.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
B) Pneumatic Rubber-Tired Rollers

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
B) Pneumatic Rubber-Tired Rollers
Front and Rear tires path overlap

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
C) Sheepsfoot Rollers
Sheepsfoot rollers are drums with a large number of projections.

The area of each of these projections may range from 4 to 13 in2.

Suitable for: all fined-grained materials,

not suitable for: cohesionless granular materials.

The contact pressure under the projections can range from 200 to
1000 lb./in2.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
C) Sheepsfoot Rollers

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
C) Sheepsfoot Rollers

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2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
D) Tamping Foot Compactor
Tamping foot compactors are high speed, self propelled, non-
vibratory rollers.
These rollers usually have four steel-padded wheels and can
be equipped with a small blade to help level the lift
It is suitable for compacting all fined-grained soils,

not suitable for use on cohesionless granular soils.

This type roller does not adequately compact the upper 2 or

3 inches of a lift.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
D) Tamping Foot Compactor

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.4 Types of Compacting Equipment
E ) Vibratory plate compactor
They are used for compacting granular soils, crushed aggregate, and
asphalt concrete in locations where large compactors could not
operate.
Many of these compactors can be operated either manually as a
walk-behind unit or by remote control.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.4 Types of Compacting Equipment
F) Rammer (Back fill tamper)
Gasoline-engine-driven rammers are
used for compacting cohesive or
mixed soils in confined areas.
Performance criteria include
pounds per blow, area covered
per hour, and depth of
compaction (lift) in inches.
Rammers are self propelled in that
each blow moves them slightly to
contact a new area.

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 2. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT
2.4 Types of Compacting Equipment
G) Trench Roller
Small walk-behind and/or remotely controlled vibratory rollers having
widths in the range of 24 to 38 in. are available.
This units are designed specifically for trench work or for working
in confined areas.

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 A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load
These equipments are used for lifting the loads, holding them in
suspension during transfer from one place to other and placing
them at designated location.
Big projects such as, construction of dams, industrial buildings
etc. require hoisting equipment
CRANE
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist,
wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift
and lower materials and to move them horizontally.
It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them
to other places.

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 Cranes are the basic units in high-rise structure hosting.
Particularly suited for different types of hoisting, there are
different types of cranes:
1. Telescoping boom mobile cranes
Have a special advantage of being mobile and reduced
setup times and costs
Often used for medium to light weight hosting

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2. Lattice boom crawler cranes
Are quite versatile as attachments can modify them to
draglines, clamshells, pile drivers, etc.
They are not often made to move but when necessary
could be made to on level surfaces.

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3. Tower cranes
Towered Cranes: Provide high lifting height and good
working radius, while taking up a very limited area.
These advantages are achieved at the expense of low
lifting capacity and limited mobility, as compared to
mobile cranes
Is fixed to the ground on a concrete slab and sometimes
attached to the sides of structures as well.
tower cranes often give the best combination of height
and lifting capacity

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 Factors affecting the selection of cranes are
1.Building Design
Building Height
Project Duration
2. Capability
Power Supply
Load lifting frequency
Operators Visibility

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THANK YOU!

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