MEETING breaking the ice

2
CLASSIFICATIONS
Write one name for each of the following groups. Before
starting. look at the example.

The aim of the lesson: 1. pig, dog. sheep, lion A N I M A L S

2. iron, silver, copper. lead E

Students know:
- types of nouns in English 3. shirt, tie. blouse, dress O
- articles and quantities 4. wren, pigeon. thrush, eagle R
used before the nouns.
- the pronoun that
5. knife, fork. soup spoon. teaspoon Y
subtitutes a person or 6. beech, poplar. oak. willow E
thing. 7. cousin, uncle. nephew, aunt V
8. maize, wheat. barley. oats C
Teaching Suggestion:
9. plate. cup, saucer. bowl C
- Greet the students and 10. trout, salmon. herring. cod I
tell the aim of the lesson. 11. bee, ant, fly, beetle S
(5 minutes)
- Tell the students to 12. motorbike, car. train, lorry C
finish the ‘breaking the 13. crocus, daffodil. snowdrop, primrose L
ice’ material individually.
14. beer, milk, water, paraffin Q
(5 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 15. saucepan, frying pan, grater. baking dish S
ice’ material’. (5 minutes) 16. violin, cello. trumpet. guitar T E
- Do the presentation by
explaining ‘noun, articles 17. pounds. marks. yen. crown, R C
and quantities’. (30 18. butcher, baker, salesman, tailor C O
minutes)
19. snake. lizard, crocodile, chameleon P
- Tell the students to do
practice 1 (5 minutes) 20. table. sofa, bookcase, chair U
- Discuss practice 1 with
the students (5 minutes)
- Tell the students to do
practice 2 (5 minutes) presentation
- Discuss practice 2 with
the students (5 minutes)
- Tell the students to do NOUN
practice 3 (5 minutes)
- Discuss practice 3 with
the students (5 minutes) There are FOUR kinds of noun in English:
- Do the presentation by • Common nouns: dog, man, table
explaining ‘pronouns’. (15 • Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs. Smith, Tom
minutes) • Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy
- Tell the students to do
• Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team
practice 4 (5 minutes)
- Discuss practice 4 with
the students (5 minutes)
- Close the meeting
A noun can function as:
• The subject of a verb: Tom arrived
• The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is
an actor
• The object of a verb: I saw Tom
• The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom
• A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom’s books

1
Noun can also be in the forms of SINGULAR, PLURAL, COUNTABLE and
UNCOUNTABLE.
• Singular noun: A noun which has only one in number and an uncountable
noun.
• Plural noun: A noun which has more than one in number. There are many
ways in making singular nouns to be the plural ones.
a. by adding S : day – days, dog – dogs, house – houses
b. nouns ending in O, CH, SH, SS or X form their plural by adding ES:
tomato – tomatoes, church – churches, brush – brushes, kiss – kisses,
box – boxes
c. But, words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in O add S only:
dynamo – dynamos, kilo – kilos, kimono – kimonos, photo – photos, piano
– pianos, soprano – sopranos
d. Nouns ending in Y following a CONSONANT form their plural by dropping
the Y and adding IES: baby – babies, country – countries, fly – flies, lady
– ladies.
e. Nouns ending in Y following a VOWEL form their plural by adding S: boy
– boys, day – days, donkey – donkeys, guy – guys.
f. Twelve nouns ending in F or FE drop the F or FE and add VES. These
nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, loaf, self, sheaf, self, thief, wife, wolf: loaf
– loaves, wife – wives, wolf – wolves etc.
g. The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf take either S or VES in the plural: hoofs
or hooves, scarfs or scarves, wharfs or wharves.
h. Other words ending in F and FE add S in the ordinary way: cliff – cliffs,
handkerchief – handkerchiefs, safe – safes
i. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change: foot – feet, goose –
geese, louse – lice, man – men, mouse – mice, tooth – teeth, and woman –
women.
j. The plural of child and ox are children and oxen.

• Countable Noun is the noun which has its plural form.

• Uncountable Noun is the noun which is considered can’t be counted

and is always supposed as
singular in form. The followings are kinds of uncountable nouns:
a. Names of substances considered generally: bread, beer, cloth, coffee,
cream, dust, gin, glass, gold, ice, jam, oil, paper, sand, soap, stone, tea,
water, wine, wood.
b. Abstract nouns: advice, beauty, courage, death, experience, fear, help,
hope, horror, information, knowledge, mercy, pity, relief, suspicion, work,
news.
c. Also considered uncountable in English: baggage, camping, damage,
furniture, luggage, parking, shopping, and weather.

Before the noun we usually put articles or quantities. The function of

the artilces or quatities is to tell the sum of the things we have

2
ARTICLES AND QUANTITIES
A /AN
• The form A is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with
a consonant sound: a man, a hat, a university, a European, a one-way street.
• The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, i, u, e, o) or words
beginning with a mute H: an apple, an egg, an island, an onion, an uncle, an
hour.

SOME and ANY

• SOME and ANY mean ‘a certain number or amount’. They are used with or
instead of plural or uncountable nouns:
- I have some dates.
- I eat some biscuits.
- I need some water.
- She doesn’t need some salt.
- My parents didn’t buy any books for me.
• SOME is used:
a. with affirmative verbs: They bought some honey
b. in questions where the answer ‘yes’ is expected: Did some of you sleep on
the floor?
c. In offers and requests: Would you like some wine? Could you do some
typing for me?
• ANY is used:
a. with negative verbs: I don’t have any matches
b. with hardly, barely, scarcely (which are almost negative): I have hardly any
spare time.
c. with WITHOUT when WITHOUT ANY …= WITH NO: He crossed the frontier
without any difficulty/with no difficulty.
d. with QUESTIONS except the types noted above: Do you have any money?
Did he catch any fish?

A LITTLE/A FEW and LITTLE/FEW

• A LITTLE/LITTLE are used before UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
- The cook needs only a little salt/little salt.
• A FEW/FEW are used before plural nouns:
- Only a few people/few people came to the invitation.

MANY
• MANY is the word of quantity to express a large number of people or things.
MANY is always followed by PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS:
- I have many books in my room.
- I don’t know many people in my life.

MUCH
• MUCH is the word of quantity to express a large number of things or to tell
that what some one has/gets is enough. MUCH is always followed by UN-
COUNTABLE NOUNS:
- I don’t get much mail every year.
- The people in my village are very happy because they get much water.
- I didn’t have much time to finish my homework.

3
 practice
1 Write the plural form of the following nouns
1. child = ___________________ 11. belief = ___________________
2. zero = ___________________ 12. leaf = ___________________
3. mouse = ___________________ 13. self = ___________________
4. monkey = ___________________ 14. echo = ___________________
5. industry = ___________________ 15. photo = ___________________
6. woman = ___________________ 16. analysis = ___________________
7. fox = ___________________ 17. hypothesis = ___________________
8. goose = ___________________ 18. curriculum = ___________________
9. sheep = ___________________ 19. phenomenon = ___________________
10. series = ___________________ 20. stimulus = ___________________

2 Fill the missing gasps in the following sentences with the most suitable nouns.
1. I met some interesting ___________ at the meeting last night.
2. I need some ___________ to light the fire.
3. The baby got two new ___________ .
4. The farmer loaded his cart with ___________ of fresh vegetables to take them to the
market. His cart was pulled by two ___________.
5. Alex saw some ___________ running across the floor.
6. New scientific ___________ are made every day in ___________ throughout the world.
7. I caught several ___________ in the lake.
8. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear ___________ of our voices.
9. The music building at the university has 27 ___________ . Students need to sign up for
practice times.
10. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ___________ such
as: radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines.

3 Fill the missing gasps by using the most suitable articles or quantities.
1. ___________ ant is ___________ insect.
2. ___________ married woman is called wife.
3. Although Mr. Jasman is a lecturer, he only has ___________ books.
4. How ___________ money do you have in your wallet?
5. How ___________ sentences are there in this exercise?
6. I am busy I have ___________ homework to do.
7. I am hungry. I would like ___________ orange.
8. I need ___________ hour to finish the job.
9. I need ___________ information about the bus schedule.
10. Jakarta has ___________ skyscrapers.
11. Jane has ___________ job. She is __________ teacher.
12. Jeff is a friendly person. He has _________ friends.
13. My father usually adds ___________ salt to his food.
14. My sister is on a diet. She only eats ______ food.
15. Only ___________ buses come to my village everyday.
16. Sonya is wearing ___________ silver jewelries. She is wearing ________ necklace
and ___________ earrings.
17. Susan has a CD player. She is listening to ___________ music.
18. The contractor needs ___________ bricks to build a two-storey house.
19. We don’t need ___________ salt to make a cup of sup.
20. We have ___________ furniture in our living room.

4
 presentation

PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that used to refer to someone or something when you do not
need to use a noun, often because the person or the thing has been mentioned
earlier.

For example:
Anna is a student at one of universities in Jakarta. She is from Medan. I met her
when we had a test at the same university. Her mother and father accompanied
her when she was in Jakarta. When I forgot to bring my pencil, she lent me hers.
She was very smart. She did the test herself.

In the above paragraph, she, her, hers, and herself are pronouns that take the
place of the noun Anna.

Study the following table.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS
FORM FORM
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself/yourselves
we us our ours ourselves
they them their theirs themselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself

practice
4 Fill the gasps by using suitable pronouns.
1.We must do _________ job by _________.
2.We have a new neighbor. _________ new neighbor is a bank employee.
3.Tom is in Canada. _________ is studying at a university.
4.This is my paper. Where is _________?
5.Siti has a maid. _________ maid is a very good cook.
6.Rita has a book. _________ bought _________ last week.
7.My husband and I have a new car. _________ got _________ last month.
8.My daughter has two cats. _________ names are Kitty and Brown.
9.Most parents never share their problems with their children. _________ always keep
_________ by _________.
10. Judy has a new car. _________ is a Toyota.
11. I wrote a letter, but I can’t send _________ because I don’t have a stamp.
12. I know the new students, but Tony doesn’t know _________ yet.
13. I have two pictures on my bedroom wall. I like _________. _________ are beautiful.
14. I can’t find _________ bike. Someone must have stolen _________.
15. Ann is my neighbor. I talk to _________ every day. _________ and _________
have interesting conversations.
5
 breaking the ice
MEETING Complete the following crossword by reading the

3
definitions.

5
3 C
The aim of the lesson: M
Students know what words 4 P P
can be linked to a verb be.
1 3 P N T

E 2 B E
Teaching Suggestion: B N 4
1 S T 7
- Greet the students and R 6 F
tell the aim of the lesson.
(10 minutes) 5 T H 8
- Tell the students to I U S
finish the ‘breaking the
ice’ material individually. R S 7 T G R
(5 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 6 E K
ice’ material’. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by
explaining ‘verb be’. (30
minutes) ACROSS DOWN
1. a person who studies in school 1. something that people read to know the up
- Tell the students to do
2. a vehicle with two wheels to date news
practice 1 (10 minutes) 3. kinds of vegetables 2. a vehicle to take many passengers
- Discuss practice 1 with 4. a material to take note, draw, 3. a book of publication published in weekly or
the students (10 minutes) or paint monthly
5. someone who teaches at 4. a number of railroad cars pulled by a locomotive
- Tell the students to do
school 5. a road vehicle, usually with four wheels
practice 2 (10 minutes) 6. the synonym of rock 6. a building made for people to live in
- Discuss practice 2 with 7. young person aged 13 – 19 7. a part of plant that can be eaten, usually fleshy
the students (10 minutes) and contain seeds
8. a poisonous legless reptile
- Explain the connection
among noun, pronoun,
and verb be. (10 minutes)
- Close the meeting

presentation

VERB BE
There are 5 functions of verb in English:
1. to link an adjective: Anna is clever.
2. to link article noun: Tony is a teacher.
3. to link a proposition: The book is on the table.
4. to link a progressive/continuous verb: Sinta is
swimming.
5. to link a past participle verb to express a passive
voice: The television was repaired.

6
Verb be in English consists of four types:
1. Be (modal auxiliaries) 2. is, am, are (present tense) 3. was, were (past tense) 4. been
(perfect tense)
VERB BE
SUBJECT
PRESENT PAST PERFECT AUXILIARIES
I am was
you
we are were
will/shall/may/might/can/
they have/has/had + been
could + be
he
she is was
it

To create a NEGATIVE SENTENCE by using VER BE, just put the word NOT
after IS, AM, ARE, WAS, and WERE. For BEEN and BE which are preceded by
HAVE/HAS/HAD and the AUXILIARIES, the word NOT is put after the word
HAVE/HAS/HAD and the
AUXILIARIES before BEEN and BE.
- I am not a student
- She wasn’t lazy.
- They are not in the hospital.
- Jim is not reading a book.
- it wasn’t raining yesterday.
- We weren’t watching TV at 7pm last night.
- She has not been in Japan for 20 years.
- My brother can’t swim.

VERB BE + NOT can also be contracted as follows.

- is not : isn’t
- are not : aren’t
- was not : wasn’t
- were not : weren’t

For BE and BEEN, the contractions are put after HAVE/HAS/HAD or the
AUXILIARIES.
- haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t, will not (won’t), shall not (shan’t), can’t, couldn’t,
mayn’t, mightn’t

To create an INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE by using VER BE, just put the verb
be IS, AM, ARE, WAS, and WERE in the begining of the sentences. BEEN and
BE which are preceded by HAVE/HAS/HAD and the AUXILIARIES, must be
put after the subject. The begining of the sentences is used the word HAVE/
HAS/HAD and the AUXILIARIES.
- Are you a student?
- Was she lazy?
- Are they in the hospital?
- Was it raining yesterday?
- Were we watching TV at 7 pm last night?
- Has she been in Japan for 20 years?
- Can your brother swim?

7
 To answer the questions with verb be, we use YES or No answer with the
following forms.
YES, + subject + to be/have/has/had/auxiliaries.
NO, + subject + to be/have/has/had/auxiliaries + not.
- Are you a student? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
- Was she lazy? Yes, she was. / No, she was not/wasn’t.
- Are they in the hospital? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
- Is Jim reading a book? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t
- Was it raining yesterday? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
- Were we watching TV at 7 pm last night? Yes, we were/ No, we weren’t.
- Has she been in Japan for 20 years? Yes, she has. ? No, she hasn’t.
- Can your brother swim? Yes, he can. / No, he can’t.

practice
1 What type of word that follows the following verb be in the sentences below.
1. John is at home. ( _________________ )
2. My teacher is explaining the lesson. ( _________________ )
3. The house is big. ( _________________ )
4. The paper was folded. ( _________________ )
5. We have been here. ( _________________ )
6. Our father is very patient. ( _________________ )
7. One of the students is reading a magazine. ( _________________ )
8. Andy is sick. ( _________________ )
9. You were invited by her. ( _________________ )
10. The tea is healthy. ( _________________ )
11. My neighbor is an engineer. ( _________________ )
12. The lesson is explained by the teacher every semester. ( _________________ )
13. The light of the lamp is very shinny. ( _________________ )
14. The system in my office is very complicated. ( _________________ )
15. I don’t know why William is so upset about my statement. ( _________________ )
16. I was in the classroom this morning doing the exam. ( _________________ )
17. Reading is my hobby. ( _________________ )
18. The pen is on the table. ( _________________ )
19. The football player is famous. ( _________________ )
20. It is a ball. ( _________________ )
Complete the missing gasps by using the most suitable verb be and words
2 based on the given clues.

Example:
Bill is a student (noun)

1. One of the employees _________________. (adjective)

2. ____ you _________________? (preposition)
3. (-) My parents _________________ yesterday. (noun)
4. The television _________________ long time ago. (adjective)
5. ____ Jill a _________________ when she was young? (noun)
6. The boys _________________ outside when they broke the window. (progressive verb)
7. (-) The car _________________. (past participle verb)
8. The debate on the television last night_________________. (adjective)
9. ____ all of you _________________ while Josh was doing his homework? (adjective)
10. (-) My father _________________ when he was young. (adjective)
8
 MEETING breaking the ice
CompletAe the missing letters for the following adjective

4 1. B __ S __
2. __ A __ O __ S
The aim of the lesson:
3. D __ L I __ I O U __
Students know how to
compare:
4. __ O __ E S T
- two similar things
- two different things
5. C L __ A __
- two or more diffirent 6. __ A S __
things
7. __ E __ L T __ Y
Teaching Suggestion: 8. B __ R I __ __
- Greet the students and 9. E __ P __ N S I __ E
tell the aim of the lesson.
(5 minutes) 10. __ X __ I T I N __
- Tell the students to
finish the ‘breaking the
11. D __ N G __ R O __ S
ice’ material individually. 12. __ O L __
(10 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 13. __ H __ A __
ice’ material’. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by 14. B __ I G __ T
explaining ‘the degree
of comparison’. (30 15. A __ G R __
minutes)
- Tell the students to do
practice 1 (10 minutes)
- Discuss practice 1 with
the students (10 minutes) presentation
- Tell the students to do
practice 2 (10 minutes)
- Discuss practice 2 with COMPARISON
the students (10 minutes)
- Explain the students Comparing 2 similar things (similarity)
about simple sentence FORM:
using verb be and
• X + tobe + as adjective as + Y
comparison. (10 minutes)
- Close the meeting - The price in this restaurant is as cheap as in that restaurant
- The view in mountain is as beautiful as in the beach.
- The traditional food is as delicious as modern food.

Comparing 2 different things (comparative)

FORM:
(more + adjective) + than + Y
• X + tobe +
(adjective + er)
- Sue is taller than her sister.
- Her sister is friendlier than Sue
- She is more beautiful than her sister.

9
Comparing more than 2 things (superlative)
FORM:

• X + tobe + the (most + adjective) (noun) + in/among...

(adjective + est)

- Sue is the tallest person in the class.

- Among Jeff, Will and Sean, Jeff is the richest.
- Mr. Ali is the most charming teacher among all teachers.

The rules of adjective comparison

There are three forms of comparison: 3) Spelling of the adjectives using the end-
- positive ings -er/-est
- comparative positive comparative superlative comment
- superlative large larger largest leave out the
silent -e
A - Comparison with -er/-est big bigger biggest Double the
example: sad sadder saddest consonant
clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest after short
We use -er/-est with the following vowel
adjectives: dirty dirtier dirtiest Change -y to
1) Adjectives with one syllable -i (consonant
positive comparative superlative before -y)

clean cleaner cleanest shy shyer shyest Here -y is not

changed to -i.
new newer newest (although
cheap cheaper cheapest consonant
before -y)
2) Adjectives with two syllables and the
following B.Comparison with more - most
endings: positive comparative superlative
2 - 1) Adjectives with two syllables, ending difficult more difficult (the) most difficult
in -y
positive comparative superlative all adjectives with more than one syllable
dirty dirtier dirtiest (except some adjectives with two sylla-
easy easier easiest bles - see 2 - 1 to 2 - 4)
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest C - Irregular adjectives
positive comparative superlative comment
2 - 2) Adjectives with two syllables, ending good better best
in -er bad worse worst
positive comparative superlative much more most uncountable
clever cleverer cleverest nouns
many more most countable
2 - 3) Adjectives with two syllables, ending nouns
in -le little less least
positive comparative superlative little smaller smallest
simple simpler simplest

2 - 4) Adjectives with two syllables, ending

in -ow
positive comparative superlative
narrow narrower narrowest 10
D - Special adjectives E - Difference in meaning with
Some adjectives have two possible forms of adjectives:
comparison (-er/est and more/most). positive comparative superlative comment
positive comparative superlative far farther farthest distance
clever cleverer / more clever cleverest / most clever further furthest distance or
common commoner / more commonest / most time
common common late later latest
likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely latter x
pleasant pleasanter / more pleasantest / most x last
pleasant pleasant
old older oldest people and
polite politer / more polite politest / most polite things
elder eldest people
quiet quieter / more quiet quietest / most quiet
(family)
simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple
near nearer nearest distance
stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid
x next order
subtle subtler / more subtle subtlest / most subtle
sure surer / more sure surest / most sure

practice
Complete the missing gasps below by using the most suitable words to create
1 perfect the sentences of degree comparison.

1. The _______________________________ in Indonesia is Gelora Bung Karno.

2. Avi’s height is 170 cm and Eva’s height is 165 cm. Avi _______________________________
Eva
3. Most people say that Bandung and Singapore have similar width. So we can consider
that Bandung is _______________________________ Singapore.
4. Brandon’s English score is 95, Lukman’s English score is 70, and Aldi’s English score
is 50. We can consider that Brandon is _______________________________.
5. From the data in question no. 4 we can also consider Lukman’s English score
_______________________________ Aldi’s English score.
6. From the data in question no. 4 we can also consider Aldi’s English score
_______________________________.
7. My watch is $100 and my brother’s watch is $1000. My brother’s watch
_______________________________ my watch.
8. My watch is $100 and my brother’s watch is $1000. My brother’s watch
_______________________________ my watch.
9. The _______________________________ in the world in 2010 _____________ Lionel Messi.
10. When I and William were kids, I _______________________________ diligent than he
was. But now, He _______________________________ as I am.
11. The _______________________________ in our school is in the library.
12. Jess always smiles to everybody she meets. Tina never smiles to everybody she
meets. Jess _______________________________ Tina.
13. Jess always smiles to everybody she meets. Tina never smiles to everybody she
meets. Tina _______________________________ Jess.
14. The last test _______________________________ this test. I got 100 for the last test and
I only got 60 for this test.
15. The _______________________________ traffic in Indonesia is in Jakarta.

11
 Find out 2 friends of yours and complete the following data between you and
2 your friends.

NO ITEMS YOU _________________ __________________

1 Date of birth
2 Height
3 Weight
4 Number on attendance
list
5 Time arrive at school
6 English score in senior
high school national
examination

3 Write down the sentences of comparison based on the data you have.
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________________

12
 MEETING breaking the ice

6 WORD ASSOCIATION
Underline two of the words on the right which are
associated with or are part of the word on the left. Number
The aim of the lesson:
1 has been done for you.
Students know the
functions and forms of: 1. TREE brim, trunk, car, climb, cabbage
- Present Continuous 2. HOUSE laugh, attic, forest. tongue, brick
Tense 3. BICYCLE speak, saddle, town, pump, green
- Simple Present Tense 4. ORCHESTRA go, needle, conductor, score, break
5. CHRISTMAS pastime, decorations, lose, mistletoe, salmon
6. FOOTBALL mole, corner, umpire, hornet, penalty
Teaching Suggestion: 7. WEDDING bride, storm, confetti, soap, blink
8. CAR run, basket, clutch. boot, head
- Greet the students and 9. WAR fight. cream, tank, apple, sincere
tell the aim of the lesson. 10. FLOWER wren. petal. clean, buttercup, suggest
(5 minutes) 11. SCHOOL brown, examination, dinner. offer, lesson
- Tell the students to
12. SLEEP calm, nightmare, sheet, tongue, cushion
finish the ‘breaking the
ice’ material individually. 13. CHURCH congregation, cough , aisle, feet. money
(5 minutes) 14. SHOE snore, lace, heel, sit, height
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 15. BOOK leaf, side, title, sheet. paperback
ice’ material’. (5 minutes) 16. GOLF tea, green, stick, birdie, cod
- Do the presentation by 17. ENGLAND light. Thames, garlic, pub, Edinburgh
explaining ‘Present 18. FACE heel, grin, writing, cheeks, ankle
Continuous Tense’. (10 19. TELEPHONE switch, lure, dial, ramble, receiver
minutes) 20. OFFICE typewriter, lose, rabbit, file, perm
- Tell Students to do
Practice 1 and Practice 2
(5 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 1 & 2 with the
presentation
students. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by
explaining ‘Simple
PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE
Present Tense + Its
difference from Present
Continuous Tense ’. (30
Function:
minutes)
- Tell Students to do - to talk about something that is happening at the time of
Practice 1 and Practice 2 speaking: We are studying English at the moment.
(10 minutes) - to talk about something that is happening around
- Discuss Interactively the time of speaking, but not necessarily at the time
Practice 3 with the
of speaking: I am reading an interesting at the
students. (25 minutes)
- Close the meeting moment. I’ll lend you when I’ve finished it.
- to talk about a period around the present: Tom isn’t
playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on
his studies.
- To talk about changing situation: The population of the
world is rising very fast.

13
 Form:
(+) Subject + is/am/are + Verb-ing + Object + now/at the moment/ at the time of speaking
(-) Subject + isn’t/am not/aren’t + Verb-ing + Object + now/at the moment/ at the time of speaking
(+) Is/Am/Are + Subject + Verb-ing + Object + now/at the moment/ at the time of speaking?
- Yes, Subject + is/am/are
- No, Subject + isn’t/am not/aren’t

practice
1 Write down 3 sentences related to what you are doing at this moment.
1._______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________

2 Write down 3 sentences related to what you are NOT doing at this moment.
1._______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________

presentation

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Function:
- to talk about how often we do things: I get up at 5 every morning.
- to describe general truth: People need money to live.

Form:
(+) I/You/We/They + verb 1 + Object + every .../once..twice...three times a day/week/month/year
He/She/It + PRESENT VERB with S,ES,IES + Object + every../once..twice..three times a day/week/
month/year
(-) I/You/We/They + don’t + verb 1 + Object + every .../once..twice...three times a day/week/month/year
He/She/It + doesn’t + PRESENT VERB + Object + every../once..twice..three times a day/week/month/
year
(?) Do I/you/we/they + verb 1 + Object + every .../once..twice...three times a day/week/month/year?
Does he/she/it + doesn’t + PRESENT VERB + Object + every../once..twice..three times a day/week/
month/year
- Yes, Subject + do/doesn’t
- No, Subject + don’t/doesn’t

ADVERB OF FREQUENCIES FOR SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

100 % Always Bob always eats breakfast
90% - 99 % Usually Marry usually eats breakfast
75% - 90% Often They often watch TV at night
25% - 75% Sometimes Tom sometimes watches TV
5% - 10% Seldom I seldom watch TV
1% - 10% Rarely I rarely drink milk
0% Never I never eat paper

14
 Change the verbs in the bracket into present continuous or simple present
2 tense.
1. She ____________ (go) to school every day.
2. We now ____________ (learn) English.
3. The sun always ____________ (shine) in Egypt.
4. I ____________ (sit) on a chair and ____________ (eat) a banana now.
5. Bad students never ____________ (work) hard.
6. It ____________ (rain) in winter. It ____________ (rain) now.
7. I ____________ (wake up) at seven and ____________ (have) breakfast at half past seven.
8. He generally ____________ (sing) in English but today he ____________ (sing) in French.
9. The teacher ____________ (point) at the blackboard when he ____________ (want) to
explain something.
10. Mother ____________ (cook) some food in the kitchen at present; she always
_____________ (cook) in the mornings.
11. The sun ____________ (rise) in the east. Now it ____________ (set) and night
____________ (fall).
12. That man in the white hat who ____________ (walk) past the window ____________
(live) next door.
13. Architects ____________ (make) the plans of buildings.
14. I ____________ (wear) a raincoat because the day ____________ (rain).
15. I always ____________ (meet) you on the corner of this street.
16. The baby ____________ (cry) because it is hungry now.
17. I ____________ (spend) this weekend in Eastbourne. I ____________ (go) there nearly
every week.
18. A: ‘Where are you?’ B: ‘I ____________ (sit) in the kitchen.’
A: ‘What you ____________ (do) there?’
B: ‘I ____________ (help) my mother.’
19. A; ‘Why ____________ you ____________ (wash) those clothes?’
B: `Because the sun ____________ (shine). I never ____________ (wash) clothes when
there are clouds in the sky.’
20. A: ‘Where you ____________ (go) ____________ now?’
‘I ____________ (go) to Electronic Mall. I ____________ (go) there every week.’

15
 MEETING breaking the ice
Look at the pictures and write down the PAST TENSE verbs

10
The aim of the lesson:
related to them

Students know the

functions and forms of:
- Past Tense
- Past Continuous Tense

Students know how to com-

bine Past Tense & Past
Continuous Tense

Teaching Suggestion:

- Greet the students and

tell the aim of the lesson.
(5 minutes)
- Tell the students to
finish the ‘breaking the
ice’ material individually.
(5 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the
ice’ material’. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by
explaining ‘Past Tense’.
(10 minutes)
- Tell Students to do
Practice 1 and Practice 2
(5 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 1 & 2 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Tell Students to do
Practice 3 (5 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively presentation
Practice 3 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Tell Students to do
Practice 4 (5 minutes)
PAST TENSE
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 4 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by Function:
explaining ‘Past Continuous We use the Simple Past Tense to talk about finished
Tense’. (10 minutes)
- Tell Students to do actions and past situations.
Practice 5 (5 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively • I met my old friends last week.
Practice 5 with the
students. (5 minutes) • I didn’t know the address so I got lost.
- Do the presentation by • Did John write a letter to his parents last month?
explaining ‘Past tense with
Past Continuous Tense’. (10
minutes)
- Tell Students to do Form:
Practice 6 (+) S + Past Tense Verb + O + yesterday/last .../ ...ago/just now
(10 minutes) (-) S + didn’t + Present Verb + O + yesterday/last .../ ...ago/just now
- Discuss Interactively (?) Did + S + Present Verb + O + yesterday/last .../ ...ago/just now?
Practice 6 with the
students. (10 minutes) - Yes, S + did
- Close the meeting - No, S + didn’t

16
 practice
Learn the rules of the verb, change the verb below based on the rules you
1 have learnt and write down what rule each verb follows.

RULES OF FORMING REGULAR VERBS

END OF VERB — ED FORM

Rule A CONSONANT+ e ADD d Rule CONSONANT+ CHANGE y To i ADD ed

1 5 —y
live lived hurry hurried
close closed try tried
Rule ONE VOWEL + Double the consonant, Rule VOWEL+ y ADD ed; Do not change
2 ONE CONSONANT* ADD ed 6 y To i
rob robbed pray prayed
beg begged destroy destroyed
Rule Two VOWELS + ADD ed; Do not
3 ONE CONSONANT double the consonant Note:
explain explained Rule number 2 can’t be applied for the word ending with
r, s or x. Just add ED and do not double the consonant
clean cleaned
if the word ending with ONE VOWEL + R/S/X.
Rule TWO CONSONANTS ADD ed; Do not Example:
4 double the consonant - remember = remembered
- fix = fixed
start started
jump jumped

(1) brush : _______________ (2) die : _______________ (3) end : _______________

(4) enjoy : _______________ (5) happen : _______________ (6) live : _______________
(7) open : _______________ (8) play : _______________ (9) rain : _______________
(10) start : _______________ (11) stay : _______________ (12)turn : ______________

2 Write the past of these verbs.

1. get : _________ 6. go : __________ 11. buy : __________ 16. lose : __________

2. leave : _________ 7. make : __________ 12. put : __________ 17. take : __________
3. eat : _________ 8. hear : __________ 13. know : __________ 18. think : __________
4. pay : _________ 9. give : __________ 14. tell : __________ 19. do : __________
5. see : _________ 10.find : __________ 15. stand : __________ 20. speak : __________

3 Complete these sentences. Use one of these verbs in the simple past:

brush 1. Yesterday evening I watched television.

die 2. I ____________ my teeth three times yesterday.
end 3. It was dark, so I ____________ on the light.
enjoy 4. The concert last night ____________ at 7:30 and ____________ at 10 o’clock.
happen 5. The accident ____________ last Sunday afternoon.
live 6. When I was a child, I ____________ to be a doctor.
open
7. Mozart ____________ from 1756 to 1791.
play
8. We ____________ our vacation last year. We ____________ at a very good hotel.
rain
start 9. Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it ____________
stay 10. It was hot in the room, so I ____________ the window.
turn 11. The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we ____________ tennis.
want 12. William Shakespeare ____________ in 1616.
17
 Complete the following sentences. Use the form of past tense and the most
4 suitable verbs.
1. (+) Father _____________________ his car to New york last month.
2. (?) ______ you _____________________ Ann in the party last night?
3. (+) All students _____________________ very well what the teacher explained this
morning.
4. (-) Sue _____________________ the new movie lat week.
5. (+) The manager _____________________ the meeting with all employees last week.
6. (+) My sister _____________________ a new smartphone two days ago.
7. (?) ______ John _____________________ a cup of cofee before he dead?
8. (-) All teams _____________________ match last weekend.
9. (+) Mr. Bali _____________________ us Math last semester.
10. (?) _____ you _____________________ newspaper this morning?

presentation
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Function:
We use the Past Continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this
time but hadn’t finished.
• This time las year I was living in Brazil.
• What were you doing at 10 pm yesterday?
• I was watching TV at 10 pm last night.

Form:
(+) I/He/She/it + was + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/month/
year.
You/We/They + were + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year.
(+) I/He/She/it + wasn’t + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year.
You/We/They + weren’t + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year.
(+) Was + I/he/she/it + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year?
Were + you/we/they + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year?
- Yes, S + was/were.
- No, S + wasn’t/weren’t.

practice
5
Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she
did them):
1. 8:45-9:15 had breakfast 4. 12:45-1:30 had lunch
2. 9:15-10:00 read the newspaper 5. 2:30-3:30 washed some clothes
3. 10:00-12:00 cleaned her apartment 6. 4:00-6:00 watched TV

Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these times:
1. At 9:00 She was having breakfast. 4. At 1:00 ........................................
2. At 9:30 ........................................ 5. At 3:00 ........................................
3. At 11:00 ........................................ 6. At 5:00 ........................................ 18
PAST TENSE WITH PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
When = an activity which was happening in the past interupted by another activity. (The
activity was happening is the form of the Past Continuous Tense and the actvity that
interupted is the form of the Past Tense)
• I was taking a shower when the phone rang or When I was taking a shower, the phone
rang yesterday.
While = when two activities were doing at the same time (the two activities are in the
Past Continuous Tense )
• My wife was cooking while I was typing my paper.
Other examples:
• John was typing a letter while his wife was cooking this morning or While John was
typing a letter, his wife was cooking this morning.
• Were you listening to the radio when I phoned you yesterday? Or When I phoned you
yesterday, were you listening to the radio?
• What were you doing when the phone rang? Or When the phone rang, what were you
doing?

6 Put the verb into the correct form: past continuous or simple past.
Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) dinner, the phone rang (ring).

1. George ___________________ (fall) off the ladder while he ___________________ (paint) the
ceiling.
2. Last night I ___________________ (read) in bed when suddenly I ___________________
(hear) a scream.
3. ___________________ (you/watch) TV when I called you?
4. Ann ___________________ (wait) for me when I ___________________ (arrive).
5. I ___________________ (not/drive) very fast when the accident ___________________
(happen).
6. I ___________________ (break) a plate last night. I ___________________ (wash) the dishes
when it ___________________ (slip) out of my hand.
7. Tom ___________________ (take) a picture of me while I ___________________ (not/look).
8. We ___________________ (not/go) out because it ___________________ (rain).
9. What ___________________ (you/do) at this time yesterday?
10. I ___________________ (see) Carol at the party. She ___________________ (wear) a new
dress.
11. I was hungry last night becaus I _____________ (not/eat) anything.
12. Jane was busy when I went to see her. She ________________ (work).
13. I ________________ (get) up early this morning. I ________________ (wash)
________________ (get) dressed, and then I ________________ (have) breakfast.
14. The boys ________________ (break) a window when they ________________ (play) baseball.
15. I ________________ (get) up at 7 o’clock. The sun ________________ (shine), so
I ________________ (go) for a walk.

19
 breaking the ice
MEETING

11 Find out 10 mistakes in the following text

Florence Nightingale were born on May 12, 1820, in Italy,

Teaching Suggestion: when her parents, William Edward and Fannie
- Greet the students and Nightingale, were visiting at the time. Her was named
tell the aim of the lesson. Florence after the city which she was born.
(5 minutes) Her parents, who were England, were rich and they saw
- Tell the students to
finish the ‘breaking the that Florence had to get an education that was befitting
ice’ material individually. of her social status. Beside studying English literature,
(5 minutes) she learned Greece, Latin, German, French, and Italian.
- Discuss the ‘breaking the
ice’ material’. (5 minutes) She also took up philosophy and historical. To make her
- Do the presentation by education completed, a governess taught her music and
explaining ‘Past Tense’. drawing.
(10 minutes)
- Tell Students to do Florence was expected to performing the role of a lady of
Practice 1 and Practice 2 high society in those days—marrying a wealthy and
(5 minutes) respectable man, and devoting her live to her family.
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 1 & 2 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Tell Students to do
Practice 3 (5 minutes) presentation
- Discuss Interactively

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Practice 3 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Tell Students to do
Practice 4 (5 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively A. Study this example situation:
Practice 4 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by Tommy is looking for his key. He can’t find it.
explaining ‘Past Continuous He has lost his key.
Tense’. (10 minutes) ‘He has lost his key’ = He lost it a short time ago and he
- Tell Students to do
Practice 5 (5 minutes) still hasn’t got it.
- Discuss Interactively This is the present perfect tense.
Practice 5 with the
students. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by I/we/they/you have (= I’ve etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.
explaining ‘Past tense with he/she/it has (= he’s etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.
Past Continuous Tense’. (10
minutes)
- Tell Students to do The present perfect simple is have/has + past
Practice 6 participle.
(10 minutes) The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.),
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 6 with the but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/been/
students. (10 minutes) written etc.).
- Close the meeting

Function:
A. We use the present perfect for an action in the past
with a result now.
- I have lost my key. (I can’t find it now)
- I have painted the wall. (It was green, but
it is blue now)
B. to express the idea that something happened (or never
happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the
past. The exact time it happened is not important.

20
 - They have moved into a new apartment.
- Have you ever visited Mexico?
- I have never seen snow
C. to express the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each
repetition is not important.
- We have had four tests so far this semester.
- I have met many people since I came here in June.
D. The present perfect, when used with for or since, also expresses a situation that
began in the past and continues to the present.
- I have known him for many years.
- I have had this same pair of shoes for three years.

practice
Fill the each of the missing gasps by using youw own past participle verb to
1 complete the sentences.

1. My brother has _______________ Miami 4 times.

2. The whiteboard is clean now. I have _______________ it.
3. I have _______________ the new movie.
4. The dinner is ready. Mother has cooked it.
5. Has yout father _______________ English for 20 years?
6. I have _______________ my house. Its color is blue now.
7. I have never _______________ abroad.
8. Sue has _______________ the the most delicious pizza in town several times since he
arrived.
9. Since we were children, we have _______________ in Bandung.
10. The students have _______________ 3 tests this semester.

Read again the functions of Present Tense, and decide what function each
2 sentence refers to (Function A, B, C or D).

presentation
FUTURE TENSE
WILL
We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:
• Oh, I left the door open. I’ll go and shut it.
• “What would you like to drink?” “I’ll have some coffee, please.”
• “Did you call Ann?” “Oh no, I forgot. I’ll do it now.”
• I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll take a taxi.

The negative of will is won’t (or will not):

Receptionist: I’m afraid Mr. Wood can’t see you until 4:00.
You : Oh, in that case I won’t wait.

We often use I think I’ll ... or I don’t think I’ll ... when we decide to do something:
• I think I’ll stay home this evening.
• I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired.

21
When we predict a future happening or a future situation, we use will/won’t.
Tom: I’m really worried about my exam next week.
Ann: Don’t worry, Tom. You’ll pass.
“You’ll pass” is not an arrangement or an intention. Ann is just saying what will happen
or what she thinks will happen; she is predicting the future.

GOING TO
Read the following situation to differentiate WILL & GOING TO

Helen’s bicycle has a flat tire. She tells her father.

Helen : My bicycle has a flat tire. Can you fix it for me?
Father : Okay, but I can’t do it now. I will fix it tomorrow.

will: We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker
has not decided before. Before Helen told her father, he didn’t know about the flat tire.

Later, Helen’s mother speaks to her husband.

Mother : Can you fix Helen’s bicycle? It has a flat tire.
Father : Yes, I know. She told me. I’m going to fix it tomorrow.

going to: We use going to when we have already decided to do something. Helen’s father
had already decided to fix the bicycle before his wife spoke to him.

Here is another example:

Tom is cooking when he suddenly discovers that there isn’t any salt.
Tom : Ann, we don’t have any salt.
Ann : Oh, we don’t? I’ll get some from the store. (she decides at the time of speaking)

Before going out, Ann says to Jim:

Ann : I’m going to get some salt from the
store. (she has already decided) Can I
get you anything, Jim?

Saying what will happen (predicting future

happenings)
We use both will and going to to say what we think will happen in the future:
• Do you think Laura will get the job?
• Oh no! It’s already 4:00. We’re going to be late.

We use going to (not will) when there is something in the present situation that
shows what will happen in the future (especially the near future). The speaker feels
sure about what will happen because of the situation now.
• Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now)
• I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)

In other situations use will:

• Sue will probably arrive at about 8 o’clock.
• I think George will like the present you bought for him.

3 Put the verb into the correct form, using will or going to.

Examples:
A : Why are you turning on the TV?
B : I am going to watch (watch) the news.
22
A : Oh, I just realized — I don’t have any money.
B : Don’t worry — that’s no problem. I will lend (lend) you some.

Those clouds are very black, aren’t they? I think it is going to rain (rain).

1. A: I’ve got a terrible headache.

B: Do you? Wait here and I ________________ (get) you some aspirin.
2. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?
B: I ______________________ (wash) the car.
3. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room.
B: Oh, you have? What color _________________ (you/paint) it?
4. A: Look! There’s smoke coming out of that house. It’s on fire!
B: Oh no! I ______________________ (call) the fire department right away.
5. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it?
B: No, it looks as if it ______________ (fall) down.
6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes, I ______________________ (buy) something for dinner.
7. A: I can’t figure out how to use this camera.
B: It’s easy. I ______________________ (show) you.
8. A: What would you like to have — coffee or tea?
B: I ______________________ (have) coffee, please.
9. A: Has George decided what to do when he finishes school?
B: Oh yes. Everything is settled.
He ______________________ (take) a vacation for a few weeks, and then he
_________________ (start) a computer programming course.
10. A: Did you mail that letter for me?
B: Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I ______________________ (do) it now.
11.A: What shall we have for dinner?
B: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind.
A: Come on, hurry up! Make a decision!
B: Okay. We ______________________ (have) chicken.
12. Jack : We need some bread for lunch.
Ben : Oh, we do? I ______________________ (go) to the store and get some. I feel
like taking a walk.

Before he goes out, Ben talks to Jane:

Ben : I ______________________ (get) some bread. Do you want
anything from the store?
Jane : Yes, I need some envelopes.
Ben : Okay, I ______________________ (get) you some.
13. John has to go to the airport to catch a plane. He doesn’t have a car.
John : Toshi, can you take me to the airport tonight?
Toshi : Of course I ___________________ (take) you. I’d be happy to.

Later that day Eric offers to take John to the airport.

Eric : John, do you want me to take you to the airport?
John : No thanks, Eric. Toshi ______________ (take) me.

23
 breaking the ice
MEETING
Find out a mistake in each of the following sentences, and

12 change the mistake into the correct one.

1. John read some books every week.
2. I don’t travel to London last year.
3. Do Anna like reading?
Teaching Suggestion:
4. My sister and I have did our homework together for an hour.
- Greet the students and 5. At the moment John and his friends have an exciting party.
tell the aim of the lesson. 6. Does some students come very late often?
(5 minutes)
- Tell the students to
7. For 2015 John has been an English teacher.
finish the ‘breaking the 8. Look! Those boys fight!
ice’ material individually or 9. The students have joined the English course since a very
in group. (5 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the
long time.
ice’ material’. (5 minutes) 10. My brother and my sister have decided to travel. They will
- Do the presentation by travel to Venice next month.
explaining ‘Modals &
Auxiliaries’.
(30 minutes)
- Tell Students to do
presentation
Practice 1
( 15 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively MODALS & AUXILIARIES
Practice 1 (30 minutes)
- Close the meeting
1. Can
• Ability to do something in the present (substitute form: to
be able to): I can speak English.
• Permission to do something in the present (substitute
form: to be allowed to): Can I use your pen?
• Request: Can you wait a moment, please?
• Offer: I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
• Suggestion: We can see football match this weekend.
• Negative deduction about something in the present : The
office is closed now so he can’t be there.
2. Could
• Ability to do something in the past (substitute form: to be
able to): I could hide in a small wardrobe.
• Polite question: Could I go to the cinema, please?
• Polite request: Could you wait a moment, please?
• Polite offer: I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
• Polite suggestion: Could we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
3. May
• Possibility: It may rain today.
• Permission to do something in the present (substitute
form: to be allowed to): May I go to the cinema?
• Polite offer: May I help you?
4. Might
• Possibility (less possible than may): It might rain today.
• hesitant offer: Might I help you?
5. Must
• Force, necessity: I must go to the supermarket today.
• Possibility: You must be tired.
• Strong advice, recommendation: You must see the new
film with Brad Pitt
• Positive deduction about something in the present : The
office is closed now so he can’t be there. 24
6. Must not/May not
• Prohibition (must is a little stronger): You mustn't work on dad's computer or You
may not work on dad's computer.

7. Need not
• Something is not necessary: I needn't sleep earlier tonight. Tomorrow is holiday.

8. Ought to
Similar to should – ought to sounds a little less subjective
• Advice : You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
• Obligation : You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

9. Shall
Used instead of will in the 1st person
• Suggestion : Shall I carry your bag?

10. Should
• Advice : You should drive carefully in bad weather.
• Obligation : You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11. Will
• Wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would): Will you please shut the
door?
• Prediction, assumption : I think it will rain on Friday.
• Promise : I will stop smoking.
• Spontaneous decision : Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
• Habits : She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.

12. Would
• Wish, request (more polite than will) : Would you shut the door, please?
• Habits in the past : Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

practice
1 Fill the missing gasps with the correct modal + verb
1. If you are driving a car, you ___________________ your driving license with you.
2. When I was a child, I ___________________ ‘R’ clearly.
3. Mr. Dean ___________________ early in the morning because he always works until 1
am.
4. ___________________ you like to ___________________ a cup of tea?
5. A cup of tea ___________________ very good in cool weather like this.
6. The teacher explained the lesson very fast. I ___________________ it at all.
7. Mr. Eko is sleeping. From his snores we believe that he ___________________ very tired.
8. It is still 7 am. Mrs. Tina ___________________ at her office right now.
9. You look tired, you ___________________ some rest.
10. Abdul looks miserable because of his toothache. He ___________________ the dentist
soon.
11. You ___________________ buy a pen. I have two. You can use mine.
12. Although it is bright now, but I think it ___________________ this afternoon.
13. Waiter…I ___________________ a cup of water please.
14. The boys ___________________ when the teacher is explaining the lesson.
15. You ___________________ two glasses of warm water after getting up in the morning.

25
 breaking the ice
MEETING Sometimes what you read in a newspaper is not exactly what

14
the newspaper intended. A letter in the wrong place or left
out can completely change the meaning of a sentence. Work
in pairs. Look at the following extracts from newspapers and
magazines. Each contains a misprint. Write down which word
Teaching Suggestion: is wrong and then suggest which word should have been used
instead. Look at the example (0).
- Greet the students and
tell the aim of the lesson. 0 Jewellery worth over £1,500 has been stolen from a mouse
(5 minutes)
in Birmingham.
- Tell the students to
finish the ‘breaking the 1. His first book, Beekeeping for Beginners, was a great
ice’ material individually or success and made him a lot of honey.
in group. (5 minutes)
2. He won Wimbledon by eating Pete Sampras in the final.
- Discuss the ‘breaking the
ice’ material’. (5 minutes) 3. The children's party was hell on Saturday at St. Joseph's
- Do the presentation by church.
explaining ‘Conjunctions’.
4. The winners of the holiday competition will receive free
(10 minutes)
- Tell Students to do fights, hotel rooms, all meals and £500 spending money.
Practice 1 5. WANTED: Single woman to share fat with two others.
( 15 minutes)
Central London.
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 1 (10 minutes) 6. The fire brigade were called in to rescue a car which was
- Close the meeting stuck on top of the library roof.
- Tell Students to do
7. One of the soldiers dropped his gin while they were
Practice 2
( 15 minutes) marching past the Queen.
- Discuss Interactively 8. The police are looking for a man with a long, black bear.
Practice 1 (10 minutes)
9. To get a loan you must sing this form.
- Close the meeting
10. God for sale. Black Labrador. 1 year old.
11. She has been working at the Ministry for Defence for seven
years, mainly cleaning officers there.
12. Beethoven was unable to hear his Ninth Symphony
because by that time he was completely dead.
13. He gave his girlfriend a red nose on St. Valentine’s Day.
14. Crows gathered at Heathrow to greet the arrival of Michael
Jackson.
15. Window, aged 50, good sense of humour, seeks mature
man for friendship, possibly marriage.

presentation
CONJUNCTIONS
When constructing a statement or question in which two
or more sentences are involved, the connecting words are
as important as the links in a chain. If the link is weak,
the chain will break: if the connecting word is weak, the
sentence will not make sense. It is important, therefore, to
understand the proper use of words such as and, but,
although, because, and many more. Let us examine some
of the commonest of these words and see how they are
used.

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And
connects two or more simple sentences which are independent of each other,
even though the subject matter may be related. Usually introduces additional
information about the subject or general theme.
• She lives in Paris and writes hooks on psychology.
• He studied at Oxford and is an authority on Elizabethan literature.
• I am very fond of music and Beethoven is my favorite composer.
*It is not necessary to repeat the subject if this is the same for both sentences (see a and b).

That
introduces information dependent on the main sentence, and completes the
theme of the
sentence.
• I am very glad that Peter has passed his exam.
• My mother will be disappointed to hear that John won’t be able to come for the
weekend.
*In these cases ‘That’ can be omitted if preferred:
• I am very glad Peter passed his exam.

But
introduces a reservation about a preceding sentence.
• He will be coining to England in September but he won’t be bringing his wife.
• She is going to America this summer, but she will only be staying for two
weeks.

Or/either…or
connects two alternatives.
• We can go by train or it may be possible to get a bus
• He will either go to France to study or remain another year in England.

Because/as/for/since
introduces a reason or explanation, and answers the spoken or implied
question ‘why?’
• He will have to take his Diploma examination again in December because he
failed it last June.
• John is moving to Edinburgh as he has been offered a better job there.
• I can’t telephone him yet, for he never gets to the office before 10.30.
• I shall take plenty of warm clothes with me, since it is very cold in Scotland in
the winter..

Although/though/even though
shows that there was some problem affecting the main action which has been
overcome or ignored (concession).
• Site is going to Australia by plane, although she is terrified of flying.
• Of course you can borrow my tin-opener, though I’m not sure where I put it.
• The Browns are going to buy that house, even though the price is
ridiculously high.

So
introduces the result of a previous action.
• He didn’t do any work, so he didn’t pass his exam.
• We got up early, so we were able to catch the 8.30 train.
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So that
introduces the purpose of an action.
• John has lent us his records so that we can use them for the party.
• The Stevenson, are buying a cottage in the country so that they can get away from
London at weekends.

In case
makes provision for a possible future situation.
• Take your umbrella in case it rains.
• I’m taking a book in case I have to wait a long time in the dentist’s surgery.
*Remember there is no Future Tense after in case.

If/whether/whether ... or not

can also be used to show uncertainty. In this case a Future Tense can he used after
them.
• I don’t know if he will be able to come.
• I don’t know whether he will come by bus or car.
• I don’t know whether he will finite or not.

When/as soon as/until

implies a time on which the action in the main sentence is dependent.
• He will come when he has finished his work.
• I won’t write until I hear from you again.
• He will telephone as soon as he arrives.
Note: There is no Future Tense after time words such as when/as soon as/until except where when is
used as a question word.

After
introduces the first of two actions.
• After they had seen the film, they had dinner in a Chinese restaurant.
• Mr. Brown will write to you after he has considered your proposal.

Before
introduces the second of two actions.
• Before you make any decision, please read this letter from the Council.
• I will give you my address before I leave for Paris.

Then
indicates one action succeeding or resulting from another.
• We’ll wash up, then we’ll go to the cinema.
• Give me your address, then I can put it in my address book.

While
joins two or more events happening at the same time (concurrence). A common use is
with the Past Continuous.
• I shall be working in my office next week while you are lazing on the beach.
• The children were listening to the radio while their mother was cooking the dinner.

During
indicates a period of time (duration).
• During the five years he spent at sea, he never once crossed the Atlantic.
• I met a great many interesting people during the time I was studying Art in Milan.

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Since/ever since
links a definite time or event with a subsequent event or action. Commonly used in asso-
ciation with the Present Perfect.
• He hasn’t spoken to her since they quarreled.
• I’ve lived in Vienna since I was a child.
• Peter hasn’t seen Joan since he met her at the Browns’ party last Christmas.

Where
Gives some information about the place where something occurs.
• He is going to Zermatt for his holiday where he hopes to get some good skiing.
• I always buy my cheesecake in Camberwell Road where there is a very good
delicatessen.

practice
Join the following sentences using the most appropriate linking word and
1 making any changes that may be necessary. For example:
They are very happy.
They haven’t much money.
They are very happy although they haven’t much money.

1. He is a famous pianist. He plays in concerts all over the world.

2. He has studied English for five years. He doesn’t speak very good English.
3. They are going to America for their holiday. They want to see the Niagara Falls.
4. She is saving some money every week. She can go abroad for her holiday.
5. He will telephone me at once. His plane arrives at 6 p.m.
6. They are going to the State Gallery tomorrow. There is an exhibition of modern paintings
there.
7. The old lady managed to climb the hill. She suffered from a weak heart.
8. I went to the opera in 1972. I haven’t been again.
9. He gets up early every morning. He is never late for work.
10.It was raining. I was waiting for the bus.
11. He won’t catch the train. He must hurry.
12. We will go to the zoo. We will fetch the children from school first.
13. I shall go to Italy by boat and train. I don’t like flying.
14. Why don’t we have a picnic tomorrow ? Perhaps it will be a fine day.
15. I’d like to come swimming with you. I’m a poor swimmer.

2 Complete the following sentences.

1. She is taking her driving test for the second time tomorrow but ________________________
2. They insisted on paying for my cinema ticket although _________________________________
3. Hugo is very annoyed with his wife because ___________________________________________
4. Bring your new records to the party so that ___________________________________________
5. I don’t think I have eaten lobster since ________________________________________________
6. Susan will be doing her homework while ______________________________________________
7. Mary hasn’t been looking very well lately, so __________________________________________
8. We are planning to go to a market on Saturday where _________________________________
9. John won’t be able to come tomorrow unless __________________________________________
10. Don’t forget to let me know as soon as _______________________________________________
11. Susannah Brown is appearing in London next week, then _____________________________
12. They will arrange the date of their wedding when _____________________________________

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