PORTLAND CEMENT

ASSOCIATION

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The first edition of this publication was produced over a half century
ago. The theory used at that time for the structural analysis is still
valid and utilized herein. This edition, which updates this publica-
tion to include the latest standards and codes, was written by August
W. Domel, Jr., Senior Structural Engineer, Portland Cement Asso-
ciation, and Anand B. Gogate, Anand Gogate Consulting Engineers,
Worthington, Ohio.

COVER PHOTOS: Cross City Correctional Waste Water Treatment

Plant in Cross City, Florida. Courtesy of Economy Forms Corpora-
tion, Des Moines, Iowa.

This publication is intended SOLELY for use by PROFESSIONAL

PERSONNEL who are competent to evaluate the significance and
limitations of the information provided herein, and who will accept
total responsibility for the application of this information. The
Portland Cement Association DISCLAIMS any and all RESPONSI-
BILITY and LIABILITY for the accuracy of and the application of
the information contained in this publication to the full extent
permitted by law.

ISBN 0-89312-125-8
Library of Congress catalog number 92-40590
© Portland Cement Association, 1993
 Circular
Concrete Tanks
Without Prestressing

5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Illinois 60077-1083

Phone: 708/966-6200 • Facsimile: 708/966-9781

An organization of cement manufacturers to improve and

extend the uses of portland cement and concrete through
market development, engineering, research, education, and
public affairs work.
Contents
Section 1 introduction 1
Section 2 Loading Conditions 1
Section 3 Design Methods 1
Section 4 Wall Thickness 2
Section 5 Reinforcement 3
Section 6 Crack Control 5
Section 7 Wall with Fixed Base and Free Top-Triangular Load 5
Section 8 Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-Triangular Load 7
Section 9 Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-Trapezoidal Load 9
Section 10 Wall with Shear Applied at Top 11
Section 11 Wall with Shear Applied at Base 12
Section 12 Wall with Moment Applied at Top 14
Section 13 Wall with Moment Applied at Base 15
Section 14 Roof Slab Without Center Support 17
Section 15 Roof Slab with Center Support 20
Section 16 Roof Slab with Multiple Interior Supports 23
Section 17 Effect of Variation in Wall Thickness 25
Section 18 Temperature Variation in Tank Wall 26
Section 19 Base Slab Design 27
Section 20 Design Example 29
Appendix A 1
-
 Introduction tion. An example of some of the loading conditions
that must be considered for a partially buried tank is
Conventionally reinforced (non-prestressed) circular shown in Fig. 1. The tank must be designed and
concrete tanks have been used extensively in munici- detailed to withstand the forces from each of these
pal and industrial facilities for several decades. The loading conditions. The tank may also be subjected to
design of these structures requires that attention be uplift forces from hydrostatic pressure on the bottom
given not only to strength requirements , but to service- of the slab when the tank is empty. Therefore, it is
ability requirements as well. A properly designed tank important for the design engineer to determine all
must be able to withstand the applied loads without possible loading conditions on the structure. Accord-
cracks that would permit leakage. The goal of provid- ing to ACI 350, the full effects of the soil loads and
ing a structurally sound tank that will not leak is water pressure must be designed for without the ben-
achieved by providing the proper amount and distribu- efit of resistance of the loads which could minimize
tion ofreinforcement, the proper spacing and detailing the effects of each other.
of construction joints, and the use of quality concrete Condition 1
placed using proper construction practices. Leakage test prior to bacldilling.

A thorough review of the latest report by ACI

Committee 350 entitled Environmental Engineering
Concrete Structures) is essential in understanding the
Condition 2
design of tanks. The latest edition (1983) of that Backfill prior to adding tank cover.
document recommends that, unless noted otherwise,
the structural design should conform to Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89)
(Revised 1992) 2 . Therefore, a working knowledge of Condition 3
ACI 318 is also necessary. Tank full with cover in place.
Resistance provided by soil
is ignored.
The topics discussed in this publication are:
Figure 1—Possible loading conditions for a partially
• Loading Conditions (Section 2) buried tank
• Design Methods (Section 3)
• Wall Thickness (Section 4)
• Reinforcement (Section 5) Design Methods
• Crack Control (Section 6)
• Design of Tank Walls (Sections 7 through 13) Two approaches currently exist for the design of
• Design of Roof Slabs (Sections 14 through 16) reinforced concrete members:
• Effect of Variation in Wall Thickness (1) Strength Design, and (2) Allowable Stress De-
(Section 17) sign (referred to in Building Code Requirements for
• Temperature Variation in Tank Walls Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89) (Revised 1992)
(Section 18) Appendix A, as the Alternate Design method).
• Design of Base Slabs (Section 19) The Strength Design method became the com-
A detailed design example is given in Section 20. monly adopted procedure for conventional buildings
Also, at the end of the publication is a list of references after the 1963 revision to the ACI Building Code, and
pertaining to the design and analysis of tanks. constitutes the basic procedure of design in the present
ACI Building Code (ACI 318-89) with the Alternate

In Loading Conditions
A tank must be designed to withstand the loads that it
Design method in an appendix (Appendix A).
Until recently, the use of strength design for mu-
nicipal and other facilities was considered inappropri-
will be subjected to during many years of use. But it
is equally important to consider loads during construe- ate due to the lack of reliable assessment of crack
Circular Tanks 1
widths at service loads. The advances in this area of Modification2 —The members must be designed
knowledge in the last two decades has led to the to meet the required strength, U, under ACI 318-
acceptance of the strength design method for munici- 89. ACT 350 requires that the value of U be
pal liquid retaining structures in general and circular increased by using a multiplier called the sanitary
concrete tanks in particular. The latest ACI Commit- coefficient. The sanitary coefficient will in-
tee 350 report recommends procedures for the use of crease the design loads to provide a more conser-
both Allowable Stress Design, and Strength Design vative design with less cracking. The increased
for liquid retaining structures. The new recommenda- required strength is given by:
tions by Committee 350 for strength design essentially Required strength = Sanitary coefficient X U
suggest inflated load factors to control service load
crack widths to fall in the range of 0.004 in. to 0.008 where the sanitary coefficient equals:
in., as suggested in a 1968 paper by Gogate. 3 1.3 for flexure
Service state analysis of reinforced concrete structures 1.65 for direct tension
should include computations of crack widths and their 1.3 for shear beyond that of the capacity provided by the
long term effects on the structure in terms of its stability concrete
and functional performance. The present state-of-the-art Working Stress Design —ACI 350 recommends that
of reinforced concrete design leads to computations this alternative design method be in accordance with
which are, at best, a modified form of elastic analysis of ACI 318. ACI 350 implies in its document that the
the composite reinforced steel/concrete system. Due to maximum allowable stress for Grade 60 reinforcing
the well known effects of creep, shrinkage, volume steel is 30 ksi. This is considerably larger than the 24
changes, and temperature, all analyses of this type, in ksi allowed in Appendix A of ACI 318-89.
terms of computed stresses, are indices of performance of
the structure and should not be construed to have any ACI 350 recommends the allowable stress in hoop
more significance than that. tension for Grade 60 reinforcing steel as 20 ksi and for
Grade 40 reinforcing steel as 14 ksi.
The following discussion describes the alterations in
the design methods of ACI 318 provided by ACI 350.
Strength Design—The load combinations to deter- Wall Thickness
mine the required strength, U, are given in Section 9.2
of ACI 318-89. ACI 350 requires the following two Typically, in the design of reinforced concrete mem-
modifications to that section. bers, the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. Any
significant cracking in a liquid containing tank is
Modification 1 —The load factor to be used for unacceptable. For this reason, it must be assured that
lateral liquid pressure, F, is taken as 1.7 rather the stress in the concrete from ring tension is kept at a
than the value of 1.4 specified in ACI 318. This minimum to prevent excessive cracking. Neither ACT
value of 1.7 may be overconservative for some 350 or ACI 318 provide guidelines for the tension
tanks, since they are filled to the top only during carrying capacity for this condition. The allowable
leak testing or because of accidental overflow. tensile strength of concrete is usually between 7% and
Since leak testing usually occurs only once and 12% of the compressive strength. A value of 10% of
since most tanks are equipped with overflow the concrete strength will be used in this publication.
pipes, some designers have considered using the
load factor of 1.4 in an attempt to reduce the According to ACI 350 ,reinforced concrete walls 10
amount of required steel which results in less ft high or taller, which are in contact with liquid, shall
shrinkage restraint. However, this publication have a minimum thickness of 12 in.
suggests that tank designs meet ACI 350 and As concrete dries and loses moisture, it contracts in
therefore, recommends the use of a load factor of size. This contraction (drying shrinkage), if con-
1.7. strained, will produce tensile stresses that may exceed
the capacity of the concrete and cause cracking. Fig-
2 Circular Tanks
ure 2(a) illustrates a block of concrete with a bar as
shown, but otherwise unrestrained. The height of the fcs = CEs P (tension)
1+ np
block is chosen as 1 ft, since tension in a circular ring
of a tank wall is computed for that height. The The concrete stress due to ring tension, T, is practi-
dimension marked, t, corresponds to the wall thick- cally equal to TVA, (1 + np), when n is the ratio E s/Ec
ness. The steel area is A 5 and the steel percentage is p. andthecombi rnsletqua:
CEsA, +T
If the bar is left out as in Fig. 2(b) (which is f, = (1)
A, + nAs
obviously out of scale), shrinkage will shorten the t-
in. long block a distance of C, which denotes the This formula will be used to investigate ring stresses
shrinkage per unit length. The presence of the steel bar in circular walls.
prevents some of the shortening of the concrete, so the
difference in length of the block in Fig. 2(b) and Fig. The usual procedure in tank design is to provide
2(c) is a distance xC, in which x is an unknown horizontal steel, As , for all the ring tension at a certain
quantity. allowable stress, f„ as though designing for a cracked
section. After determining A S = TA's, the concrete
tensile stress in the uncracked section due to combined
ring tension and shrinkage is checked by inserting the
value of AS in Equation 1. Setting A c = 12t (t in in.),
and solving for t gives:
CE, + fs nf,
t— xT (2)
12f cf s
This formula may be used to estimate the wall
thickness . The value of C, coefficient of shrinkage for
reinforced concrete, is in the range of 0.0002 to 0.0004.
The value of C for plain concrete ranges from 0.0003
(c)
to 0.0008. The shrinkage coefficient for plain con-
crete was used to derive Equation 2 which would
require a value of C between 0.0003 and 0.0008.
However, this equation has traditionally used the
Figure 2—Shrinkage in a concrete section value of 0.0003, the average value for reinforced
Compared with (b), the concrete in (c) is elongated concrete, with success. For illustration, assuming the
by a distance xC from its unstressed condition, so the shrinkage coefficient, C, of concrete as 0.0003, the
concrete stress is: allowable concrete stress as 0.1 X 4000 = 400 psi, (for
= 4000 psi) and the stress in the steel as 18,000 psi:
fCS = XCEC

Compared with (a), the steel in (c) is shortened by t— 0.0003 x 29 x10 6 +18,000 — 8 x 400
xT
a distance (1 — x) C from its unstressed condition, so 12 x 400 x18,000
the steel stress is:
8700 +18,000 — 3200
fss = (1— x) CE, x T = 0.0003T
86,400,000
Considering equilibrium, the total tension in the con-
crete must equal the total compression in the steel, so pf s,
= fcs . The stresses derived from these equations are: Reinforcement

fss = CE,
1
(compression)
The amount, size, and spacing of reinforcing bars has
1+np a great effect on the extent of cracking. The amount of

Circular Tanks 3
reinforcement provided must be sufficient for strength Low steel stresses actually tend to make the con-
and serviceability including temperature and shrink- crete crack because the lower the allowable steel
age effects. The amount of temperature and shrinkage stress, the greater the area of steel provided to carry the
reinforcement is dependent on the length between tensile force. This results in higher concrete stresses
construction joints as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3 is due to shrinkage. If A S = TM, is inserted into Equation
based on the assumption that the wall segment will be 1, the stress in the concrete is given as:
able to complete shrinkage movement without being
CE, + f,
restrained at the ends by adjacent sections. The fc xT
designer should provide proper details to ensure that Act; + nT
cracking will occur at joints and that joints are prop- For illustration, use the following data:
erly leakproofed. According to ACI 350, concrete T = 24,0001b
sections that are 24 in. thick or thicker can have the
n = 8
minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement at
Es = 29 X 106 psi
each face, based on a 12 in. thickness.
C = 0.0003
0.006
A,= 12 x 10 = 120 in.2
Grade 40
f, 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 Infinity*
0.005
fc 322 304 291 281 272 266 200
*When fa -= infinity, As = 0 and f = T/Ac.
0.004
Grade 60
If the allowable steel stress is reduced from 20,000
psi to 10,000 psi, the concrete stress is actually in-
0.003 Minimum creased from 266 psi to 322 psi. From this point of
0.0028
view, it is desirable to use a higher allowable steel
0.002 stress so that less steel is used, resulting in less restraint
shrinkage and smaller tensile stresses in the concrete.
0.001 Reinforcement splices should conform to the require-
ments of ACI 318. The required length of the splice is a
function of many factors . The length depends on the class
of splice required, the clear cover, the clear distance
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 between adjacent bars, and the size of the bar. Other
Length between shrinkage-dissipating joints in feel
factors affecting splice length include: the type of con-
Figure 3—Minimum temperature and shrinkage crete used (lightweight or normal weight), bar coating, if
reinforcement ratio (ACI 350)
used, and the amount of fresh concrete cast below the bar.
The size of reinforcing bars should be chosen recog- Chapter 12 of ACI 318-89 should be referred to in
nizing that cracking can be better controlled by using a determining splice lengths.
larger number of small diameter bars rather than fewer
larger diameter bars. The size of reinforcing bars, In circular tanks, the location of horizontal splices
according to ACI 350, should preferably not exceed #11. should be staggered. Splices should be staggered
Spacing of reinforcing bars should be limited to a maxi- horizontally by not less than one lap length or 3 ft and
mum of 12 in., and the minimum concrete cover for should not coincide in vertical arrays more frequently
reinforcement in the tank wall should be at least 2 in. than every third bar (see Fig. 4).
The wall thickness should be sufficient to keep the
concrete from cracking. If the concrete does crack, the
ring steel must be able to carry all the ring tension
alone. This can be achieved by the procedure stated in
Section 2.
4 Circular Tanks
 2 x splice length 2 x splice length
3 ft) (>_3 ft) A = 2dcbw
sr'
14 14 t = wall thickness
Splice c. Splice Splice vertical
(14 reinforcing

bw ►

Figure 5—Diagram to determine effective tension

area of concrete for calculation of z
retaining structures. The limiting value of z specified
Figure 4—Staggering of ring bar splices in ACI 350 is 115 kips/in. For severe environmental
exposures, the quantity z should not exceed 95 kips/in.
Note that the z factor is valid only for one-way flexural
71I
Crack Control members and is not directly applicable to hoop ten-
Crack widths must be minimized in tank walls to sion.
prevent leakage and corrosion of reinforcement. A Joints in the circular tank walls, will allow dissipa-
criterion for flexural crack width is provided in ACT tion of temperature and shrinkage stresses and thereby
318-89 (10.6.4). This limitation is based on the reduce cracking. As discussed previously, the amount
Gergely-Lutz expression for crack width and is as of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is a func-
follows: tion of the distance between shrinkage-dissipating
joints. Therefore, it is prudent to limit the size of
z = fs ./(1.,A (3) concrete placement. Maximum length of wall placed
where, at one time will usually not exceed 60 ft, with 30 ft to
z = quantity limiting distribution of flexural reinforce- 50 ft being more common. Note that water stops
ment. should be used in all joints to prevent the possibility of
fs = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, leakage. The cracking from temperature and shrink-
ksi. age will be a function of the base restraint. A sliding
= thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme wall has no base fixity and this will have less restraint
tension fiber to center of bar located closest thereto,
in. than tanks with fixed bases. Tanks with fixed bases
A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the tend to develop shrinkage cracks just above the slab.
flexural tension reinforcement having the same
centroid as that reinforcement, divided by the
number of bars, sq in.
The determination of (lc and A are shown in Fig. 5.
In ACI 350, the cover is taken equal to 2.0 in. for any
a Wall with Fixed Base and Free Top-
Triangular Load
- 0- 1 t 1-6-
cover greater than 2.0. Rearranging Equation 3 and
solving for the maximum bar spacing for a given value
of z gives:
z3
max spacing =
2xde2 xfs3
Base
ACI 318-89 does not allow z to exceed 175 kips/in.
for interior exposure and 145 kips/in. for exterior
exposure. These values of z correspond to crack R: radius
D: diameter
widths of 0.016 in. and 0.013 in., respectively. ACI
350 has stricter requirements than ACI 318, since Figure 6—Wall with fixed base and free top-triangular load
cracking is typically of greater consequence in liquid
Circular Tanks 5
 Table 1—Ring Tension in Tank for Wall with
This section will discuss the analysis of a tank wall Fixed Base and Free Top
assuming that the top of the wall is free to displace and
Coefficient From Ring Tension
rotate, and the base is prevented from movement. In Point Table A-1 (lbs/ft)
practice, it would be rare that a base would be fixed 0.0H -0.011 -1041
0.1H +0.101 +9561
against rotation and such an assumption could lead to 02H +0.213 +20,163
an improperly designed wall. Therefore, the calcula- 0.3H +0.329 +31,144
tions in this section are for illustrative purposes only. 0.4H +0440 +41,651
0.51-1 +0338 +50,928
The numerical values listed below will be used for 0.61-1 +0.591 +55,945
design calculations in this and subsequent sections. 0.711 +0.559 +52,916
0.8H +0.410 +38,811
Height, H = 20.0 ft 0.9H +0.165 +15,619
Diameter to inside of wall, D = 54.0 ft 1.0H 0 0
Weight of liquid, w = 623 lbs per cu ft
A plus sign denotes tension, so there is compression
Shrinkage coefficient, c = 0.0003
Modulus of elasticity of steel, E s = 29 X 106 psi at the top, but it is negligible. The ring tension is zero
Specified compressive strength of concrete, = 4000 psi
at the base since it is assumed that the base has no
Specified yield strength of reinforcement, f y = 60,000 psi radial displacement. Figure 7 compares the ring
Ratio of moduli of elasticity, n = 8 tension for a tank with a fixed base to a tank with a free
sliding base.
For a wall with a fixed base and a free top, as shown
in Fig. 6, the coefficient to determine the ring tension,
moments, and shears in the tank wall are shown in
Tables A-1, A-2, and A-12 (Note that table numbers
preceded by the letter A are located in the Appendix).
The appropriate values to be used for the given dimen-
sion of a tank are determined by finding the value of
H2/Dt. This term is a common factor involved in all
values of ring tension, moment, and shear and is
therefore a convenient characteristic to use in the
tables provided. The value of H2/Dt with the thickness
of the tank, t, estimated as 10 in. is:
°.1
94,662 lb
H2/MO= (20) /(54 X 10/12) = 8.89, use 9.0
2

The ring tension per foot of height is computed by Figure 7—Ring tension in lank for wall with fixed base and
multiplying wuHR by the coefficients in Table A-1 free top—triangular load
with the value of H 2/Dt = 9. As discussed in Section The amount of ring steel required is given by:
2 of this text, wu, for ring tension is determined as AS = maximum ring tension/(0.9 X f y)
follows: = 55,9451(0.9 X 60,000)
wu = sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral Force) = 1.04 sq in. per ft
= 1.65 X (1.7 X 62.5) = 175.3 lbs per cu ft
Use #6 bars spaced at 10 in. o .c. in two curtains (A 5
Therefore, =1.06sqinperft)ahloc.Teinfrmt
wuHR = 175.3 X 20 X 54/2 = 94,662 lbs per cu ft for ring tension elsewhere in the height of the wall is
This is the factored ring tension that would exist at determined in a similar manner though it may not be
the base if it could slide freely. Since the base cannot economically prudent to change the bar sizes and
move freely, this value must be adjusted by the coef- spacing.
ficients taken from Table A-1 and shown in Table 1. The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under
Note that point 0.0H denotes the top of the tank and service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is:
point 1.0H denotes the base of the tank. = CEsAs + Tmax (unfactored)/(Ac + nAs)

6 Circular Tanks
 = [(0.0003 X 29 X 106 X 1.06) + 55,945/(1.65 X The required amount of reinforcing on the inside face for
1.7)]1(10 X 12 + 8 X 1.06) the maximum moment of -14,804 ft-kips is:
= (9222 + 19,945)1(120 + 8.5)
= 227.0 psi M„/(4 Od2) = -14,804 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (7.5) 2)
= 0.0730
Since 400 psi (0.1 X 4000) is considered accept- where d = 10 - 2(cover) - 1.0/2 = 7.5
able, the 10 in. wall thickness is sufficient.
From standard design aid in Appendix A:
The moments in vertical wall strips that are consid- = 0.0765
ered as one foot wide are computed by multiplying As = obd = 0.0765 X 12 X 7.5 X 4/60 = 0.459 in. 2
3
wuH by the coefficients from Table A-2. The value Use #5 bars at 8 in. (A, = 0.465 in?)
of wu for flexure is: These bars are only needed on the inside face near
wu = Sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral force) the bottom of the wall and temperature and shrinkage
= (1.3 X 1.7 X 62.5) = 138.1 lbs per cu ft reinforcement will be required for the remainder. The
Therefore, required vertical reinforcement for the outside of the
wH3 = 138.1 X (20)3 = 1,104,800 ft-lb/ft wall for a maximum moment of 3,756 ft-lbs is:
Mui(4tbd 2) = 3756 x 12/(0.9 X 4000 x 12 x (7.5) 2)
The resulting moments along the height are shown = 0.0185
in Table 2. These moments are plotted in Fig. 8 with
negative numbers denoting tension on the inside face. From standard design aid in Appendix A:
= 0.0187
Table 2-Bending Moments for Tank Wall with
Fixed Base and Free Top
As = cobd f;/fy = 0.0187 x 12 X 7.5 X 4/60 = 0.112 in. 2
Use#5bartmxiulowespacngf12i.
Coefficient From Moment (As = 0.31 in.2)
Point Table A-2 (ft-lb)
0.0H 0 0 The shear capacity of a 10 in. wall with = 4000
0.1H 0 0
021-1 0 0
psi is:
0.3H +0.0002 +221 V, = 2 .1f; X b wd
0.411 +0.0006 +663
0.5H +0.0012 +1326 = 24000 X 12 X 75
0.6H +0.0024 +2652 = 11,384 kips
0.7H +0.0034 +3756
= 0.85 X 11,384 = 9676 kips
0.811 +0.0029 +3204
0.9H -0.0017 -1878 The applied shear is given by multiplying w uH2 by
1.0H -0.0134 -14,804
the coefficient of 0.166 from Table A-12. The value
wu is determined using a sanitary coefficient of 1.0 if
Vu is less than Vc.
wu = sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral Force)
= 1.0 X (1,7 X 62.5)
= 106.3 lbs per cu ft

Therefore,
wuH2 = 106.3 X (20) 2 = 42,520
The resulting shear is:
-14,804 it lb = 0.166 X 42,520 = 7058 kips < 9676 kips

Figure 8-Bending moments for tank wall with

fixed base and free top-triangular load
Wall with Hinged Base and Free
The tension on the inside face exists for a distance of Top-Triangular Load
approximately 0.12 X 20 = 2.4 ft above the base. Rein-
forcing bars will be required to extend from the base to 2.4 The design in the previous section was based on the
ft plus the proper development length above the base. assumption that the base of the tank is fixed. Though
Circular Tanks 7
 t

94,662 lb
Figure 9—Wall with hinged base and free top-
triangular load
Figure 10—Ring tension for tank wall with hinged base and
it is difficult to predict the behavior of the subgrade free top- triangular load
and its effect upon restraint at the base, it is more which is probably more realistic, gives a ring tension
reasonable to assume that the base is hinged rather 21% greater than the same loading condition with a
than fixed, which results in a more conservative de- fixed base.
sign. The amount of ring steel required is given by:
The design example in this section will use the same AS = maximum ring tension/(0.9 X fy)
numerical values from the previous section with H 2/ = 67,494/(0.9 x fy)
(Dt) = 9 and w u = 175.3 lbs per cu ft for ring tension. = 67,4941(0.9 X 60,000)
= 1.25 sq in. per ft
The ring tension is determined by multiplying w uHR
by the coefficients taken from Table A-5. The ring Therefore, at 0.7H, use #6 bars spaced at 8 in. o.c.
tension along the height of the tank is shown in Table in two curtains (A5 = 1.32 sq in. per ft). The reinforce-
3 (wuHR = 94,662 lbs per cu ft). ment for ring tension elsewhere in the height of the
Table 3—Ring Tension For Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-
wall is determined in a similar manner.
Triangular Load
The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under
Coefficient From Ring Tension
Point Table A-5 (lbs/ft) service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is:
0.0H -0.012 -1136
0.1H +0.096 +9088 = CEsAs + Tmax (unfactored)/(Ac nAs)
0.2H +0.204 +19,311 = [(0.0003 x 29 X 106 X L32) + 67,494/(1.65 X
0.3H +0,318 +30,103 1.7)1/(10 x 12 + 8 X 1.32)
0.4H +0.436 +41,273 = (11,484 + 24,062)1(120 + 10.6)
0.5H +0.558 +52,821 = 272 psi
0.6H +0.663 +62,761
0.7H +0.713 +67,494 Since 400 psi is considered acceptable, the 10 in.
0.8H +0.649 +61,436 wall thickness is sufficient.
0.9H +0,409 +38,717
1.0M 0 0 The moments in the vertical wall strips that are
considered as one foot wide are computed by multi-
Figure 10 compares ring tension for tank bases that plying wuI-13 by the coefficients from Table A-7. The
are fixed, free, and hinged. In the upper half of the value of wuT-I3 for flexure was calculated in the previ-
wall, the base condition has little effect on the value of ous section as 1,104,800 ft-lb/ft. The resulting mo-
ring tension. In the bottom half of the wall, the ments along the height are shown in Table 4. These
difference between the hinged and fixed base becomes moments as well as the moments for a fixed base
increasingly larger. Maximum ring tension for a condition are shown in Fig. 11. The actual condition
hinged base is 67,494 lbs while that for a fixed base is of restraint of a wall footing is somewhere between
55,945 lbs. Therefore, the hinged base condition, fixed and hinged, but probably closer to hinged. Corn-
8 Circular Tanks
 Table 4—Moments in Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top- ously determined to be 42,520) by the coefficient of
Triangular Load
0.092. The resulting shear is:
Coefficient From Moment
Point Table A-7 (ft-lb) V u = 0.092 x 42,520 = 3912 kips < 9676 Ups
0.0H 0 0
0.1H 0 0
0.2H 0 0
0.311 -0.0002 -221
0.4H 0 0 Wall with Hinged Base and Free
0.511 +0.0005 +552 Top-Trapezoidal Load
,_. 0.6H +0.0016 +1768
0.711 +0.0032 +3535
t
0.8H +0.0050 +5524
0,9H +0.0050 +5524
1,011 0 0

P wH

Hinged R: radius
D: diameter

1.0
Tension outside Li Tension inside
Figure 12—Wall with hinged base and free top—
trapezoidal load
Figure 11—Moments in wall with hinged base and free top—
triangular load
Under certain loading conditions, the tank may be
subjected to a uniform loading along the height of the
parisons of the two different base fixity conditions wall. For example, this loading condition may occur
show that for the exterior face, the hinged condition from vapor pressure developed in a closed tank. The
provides a conservative although not wasteful design. overall loading condition for the combination of the
Note that depending on the fixity of the base, reinforc- vapor pressure and fluid pressure results in a loading
ing may be required to resist moment on the interior with a trapezoidal distribution as shown in Fig. 12.
face at the lower portion of the wall.
In this section, the design procedure for trapezoidal
The required vertical reinforcement for the outside loading is illustrated. The data used in the previous
face of the wall for a maximum moment of 5,524 ft-lb designs will also be used in this section with the
is: addition of a vapor pressure of 420 lbs per sq ft.
Mu/(Kbd2) = 5524 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (75) 2) Because of the additional load from the vapor pres-
= 0.0273 sure, the wall thickness will be increased to 15 in. For
From standard design aid in Appendix A: a wall thickness of 15 in.:
co = 0.0278 H2 20 2
A, = 0.0278 X 12 X 7.5 X 4/60 = 0.167 in. 2 =5.9 use 6.0
Dt 54 x15/12
p = 0.167/(12 X 7.5) = 0.00189
prnin = 200/fy = 0.0033 > 0.00189
The value of the ring tension from the fluid pressure
Use #5 bars at the maximum allowable spacing of 12 in. is computed by multiplying w uHR by the coefficients
(A, = 0.31 in.2, p = 0.0035). in Table A-5 with the value of H 2/Dt = 6. As previ-
The shear capacity of a 10 in. wall with = 4000 psi ously determined, the value of w uHR is equal to
was previously calculated to be 9676 kips. The 94,662 lbs per cu ft. The value of the ring tension is
applied shear is given by multiplying w uH2 (previ- shown in Table 5.

Circular Tanks 9
Table 5-Ring Tension in Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top from
Fluid Pressure
The total ring tensions are plotted in Fig. 13 together
with the ring tensions that would exist if the base could
Coefficient From Ring Tension
Point Table A-5 MOO slide freely. The maximum tension for a hinged base
0.0H -0.011 -1041 condition is 93,539 lbs per ft and occurs at 0.6H.
0.1H +0.103 +9750 Above 0.6H, there is not much different in the ring
0.2H +0.223 +21,110
0.3H +0.343 +32,469 tension if the base is either hinged or free sliding.
0.411 +0.463 +43,829 Below 0.6H, ring tension for a hinged base decreases
0.5H +0.566 . +53,579 rapidly until it becomes zero at the base. Actually, the
0.6H +0.639 +60,489
0.7H +0.643 +60,868
condition at the base will be somewhere between
0.8H +0.547 +51,780 hinged and free sliding, so it is inadvisable to design
0.911 +0.327 +30,954 the ring bars below point 0.6H for a hinged base. This
1.011 0 0
condition will be discussed in greater detail in Section
The value of the ring tension from the vapor pres- 11. The amount of steel required is given by:
sure is computed by multiplying p uR by the coeffi- 0
cients in Table A-6 with a value of H 2/Dt = 6. The
value of pu is determined as follows: 0.2
pu = sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral Force)
= 1.65 X (1.7 X 420) = 1178.1 psf
Therefore, pR = 1178.1 X 27 = 31,809 lb per ft 0.4

The values of the ring tension are shown in Table 6.

0.6
Table 6-Ring Tension in Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top Tank
from Vapor Pressure
Coefficient From Ring Tension 0.8
Point Table A-6 (lbs/ft)
0.0H +0.989 +31,459
0.1H +1.003 +31,904 1.0
0,2H +1.023 +32,541
0,31-1 +1.043 +33,176
0.4H +1.063 +33,813
0.5H +1.066 +33,908 Figure 13-Combined ring tension in wall from fluid and
0.6H +1.039 +33,050 vapor pressures
0.7H +0.943 +29,996
0.8H +0.747 +23,761 As = maximum ring tension/(0.9 X fy)
0.911 +0.427 +13,582 = 93,539/(0.9 X 60,000)
1.011 0 0 = 1.73 sq in,
Use #6 bars spaced at 6 in. o.c. in two curtains (A s = 1.76
sq in. per ft) at this location.
The values of the combined ring tension from both
the fluid and vapor pressure are shown in Table 7. The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under
Table 7-Combined Ring Tension in Wall from Fluid and Vapor service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is:
Pressures
= CESAS + Tmax (unfactored) /(Ac nAs)
Ring Tension from Ring Tension from Total Ring = [(0.0003 X 29 X 10 6 X 1.73) + 93,539/(1.65 X
Point Fluid Presuure Vapor Pressure Tension
0.0H +31,459 +30,418
1.7)]l(15 X 12 + 8 X 1.73)
-1041
0.1H +9750 +31,904 +41,654
= (15,051 + 33,347)/(180 + 13.8)
0.2H +21,110 +32,541 +53,651 = 249.7 psi
0.3H +32,469 +33,176 +65,645
0.4H +43,829 +33,813 +77,642
Since 400 psi is considered allowable, the 15 in.
115H +53,579 +33,908 +87,487 wall thickness is sufficient.
0.6H +60,489 +33,050 +93,539
0.7H +60,868 +29,996 +90,864
The moments in vertical wall strips that are consid-
0.8H +51,780 +23,761 +75,541 ered as one foot wide are determined on the basis of the
0.9H +30,954 +13,582 +44,536 coefficients taken from Table A-7 for H 2/Dt = 6. The
1.0H 0 0 0
coefficients from the table are multiplied by:
10 Circular Tanks
 wuH3 + pH2 = 1,104,800 + 371,280 = 1,476,080 Vc = 2 VT X bwd
where w,H3 = 1,104,800 (see Section 7) = 2 44000 X 12 X 12.5
and pH2 = sanitary coefficient X = 18,974 kips
(1.7 X Lateral Force) x H 2 0/0 = 0.85 X 18,974 = 16,128 kips
= 13 X (1.7 X 420) X (20)2
The applied shear at the base of the tank using the
= 371,280 ft lb per ft
coefficient of 0.110 taken from Table A-12 for H 2/Dt
The resulting moments along the height are shown = 6 equals:
in Table 8.
Table 8-Bending Moments for Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top- Vu = 0.110 X (wi,te + pum
Trapezoidal Load
= 0.110 X (1.7 X 62.4 X (20) 2 + 1.7 X 420 X 20)
Coefficient From Moment
Point Table A•7 (ft•lb) = 0.110 X (42,432 + 14,280)
0.0H 0 0 = 6238 lbs < 16,128 lbs
0.1H 0 0
0.2H 0 0
0.3H +0.0002 +295
0.4H
0.5H
0.6H
+0.0008
+0.0019
+0.0039
+1181
+2805
+5757
Y) Wall with Shear Applied at Top

0.7H +0.0062 +9152

0.8H +0.0078 +11,513
0.9H +0.0068 +10,037
1.014 0 0

The moments are plotted in Fig. 14. The required

vertical reinforcement for the wall with a maximum
moment of 11,513 ft-lbs is:
Mu/(40d2) = 11,513 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (12.5)2)
= 0.0205

Figure 15-Wall with shear applied at top

As shown in Fig. 15, the presence of a slab on the top

of the tank may prevent free movement at that loca-
tion. The previous designs discussed were performed
assuming that the top of the tank was free to displace.
When displacement is prevented, the top cannot ex-
pand and the ring tension will be zero at that location.
In the design of Section 9, with the top free to expand,
Figure 14-Bending moments for wall with hinged base and the ring tension is 30,418. To prevent displacement,
free top-trapezoidal load a shear must be added at the top sufficient to eliminate
this ring tension.
From standard design aid:
= 0.0207 Ring tension due to a shear, V, at the top is com-
AS = cobdfXy = 0.0207 X 12 X 125 X 4/60 = 0.207 puted by using coefficients in Table A-8 for H 2/Dt =
p = 0.207/(12 X 12.5) = 0.00138 6. The applicable coefficient equals -9.02 VR/H per ft
Qmin = 200/f y = 0.0033 > 0.00138
at the top. The shear force required at the top of the
Use #6 bars at maximum allowable spacing of 10 in.
(As = 0.31 in.2 , p = 0.0035).
tank to produce zero ring tension is:
The shear capacity of a 15 in. wall with f, = 4000 VR
-9.02 x- = -30,418
psi is: H

Circular Tanks 11
 Therefore:
-30,418 H
V= x
-9.02 R

20
V = 3372.3 x - = 2498 lbs per ft
27
To determine the ring tension, multiply coefficients
in Table A-8 by VR/H = 2498 X 27/20 = 33723 lbs per Moment
ft. The results are shown in Table 9.
Table 9-Ring Tension in Wall with Shear Applied at Top Figure 16-Ring tension and bending moments in wall with
shear applied at top
Coefficient From Ring Tension
Point Table A-8 (lbs/fl) Ring tensions and moments computed in this sec-
-30,418
0.0H -9.02 tion are added to those in Section 9. The results of this
0.1H -5.17 -17,335
0.211 -2.27 -7655
addition are plotted in Fig. 17. It can be seen from this
0.3H -0.50 -1686 figure that the assumption of the top being free would
0.4H +0.34 +1147 be satisfactory. Consequently, the investigation made
0.5H +0.59 +1990
0.611 +0.53 +1787
in this section may be omitted in most cases with the
0.7H +0.35 +1180 exception of tanks in which the ring tension is rela-
0.811 +0.17 +573 tively large at the top and the wall is rigidly attached
0.911 +0.01 +34
1.0H 0 0
to the roof slab.
The factored shear used to modify ring tension is
2498 lbs per ft. The sanitary coefficient for ring
tension is 1.65, the coefficient for bending moments is
1.3. Therefore, the factored shear to determine bend-
ing moments is 2498 X 1.3/1.65 = 1968. The bending
moments are determined by multiplying the coeffi-
cients of Table A-9 by VH = 1968 X 27 = 53,136 ft-
lbs per ft. The results are shown in Table 10.
Table 10-Bending Moments in Wall with Shear App led at Top

Coefficient From Moment Figure 17 -Ring tension and bending moments for
Point Table A-9 (ft-lb) trapezoidal load with roof in place
0.0H 0 0
0.1H +0.062 +3294
0.2H +0.070 +3720
0.3H +0.056 +2976
0.4H +0.036 +1913
0.511 +0.018 +956
0.6H +0.006 +319 Wall with Shear Applied at Base
0.7H 0 0 11
0.8H -0.003 -159
0.9H -0.005 -266 The shear developed at the base of the tank wall in the
1.0H -0.006 -319 example of Section 9 is 6238 lbs per ft. This shear can
only develop if the base of the tank is restrained
against horizontal displacement. If the base were free
The ring tensions and moments are plotted in Fig. to slide, the reaction at this location would be zero.
16. Note that the values in the lower one-half of the Therefore, the shear at the base, not including the
wall are so small that they can be ignored. sanitary coefficient factor, will be somewhere be-
tween 0 and 6238 lbs.
12 Circular Tanks
 t effects from Section 9 are shown in Table 12 using a
value of H 2/Dt = 6.0.
Table 12-Bending Moments for Wall with Trapezoidal Load and
Shear Applied at Base

Coefficient
from Table Moment from Moment from
Point A-18 Shear Force Section 9 Total Moment
0.0H 0.006 +487 0 +487
0.11-1 +0.005 +406 0 +406
0.211 +0.003 +243 0 +243
0.3H 0 0 +295 +295
0.4H -0.006 -487 +1181 +694
Figure 18-Wall with shear applied at base 0.5H -0.018 -1460 +2805 +1345
It is difficult to ascertain the amount of shear force 0.6H -0.036 -2920 +5757 +2837
0.71-I -0.056 -4542 +9152 +4610
the base can resist without moving horizontally. There- 0.8H -0.070 -5677 +11,513 +5836
fore, any value used will be nothing more than a 0.9H -0.062 -5028 +10,037 +5009
reasonable estimate. For this example, an average 1.0H 0 0 0 0

value will be used as shown below: It makes a considerable difference whether the base
For direct tension: Sanitary Coefficient X Average Shear is fully or partially restrained for horizontal displace-
1.65 X 6238/2 .= 5146 lbs ment, as shown in Fig. 19. The effects of the move-
For bending: Sanitary Coefficient X Average Shear ment of the base, though difficult to calculate, cannot
1.3 X 6238/2 = 4055 lbs be ignored. But, it is often possible to omit the
The ring tension and moments will be obtained by investigation in this section and still obtain a satisfac-
superimposing two design conditions, one is the trap- tory solution. A possible solution is to use the solution
ezoidal load with a hinged base as determined in from the regular ring tension for a hinged base from
Section 9, and the other for the shear of 5146 lbs for the top of the tank down to the point of maximum
direct tension and 4055 lbs for bending applied out- tension. The maximum tension is then used from this
ward at the base. The procedure for design for shear location to the base as shown in Fig. 19. The difference
at the base will be demonstrated below. between the moment curves is considerable and using
the larger values obtained from the hinged base are
To determine ring tension, multiply coefficients from recommended.
Table A-8 by VR/H = 5146 X 27/20 = 6947 lbs per ft.
These values, including the effects from Section 9, are Another possible solution is to use the average of
shown in Table 11 using values for H 2/Dt = 6.0. the results from that of a restrained base (Section 9
results) and that of free sliding base. These results are
Table 11-Ring Tension for Wall with Trapezoidal Load and Shear
Applied at Base shown in Figure 19(b). This method is much quicker
and gives results as reasonable as the previous method.
Coefficient
from Table Ring Tension for Ring Tension Total Ring
Point A-8 Shear Force from Section 9 Tension
0.0H 0 0 +30,418 +30,418
0.2 1
0.1H -0.01 -69 +41,654 +41,585
0.2H -0.17 -1181 +53,651 +52470
0.3H
0.4H
0.5H
-0.35
-0.53
-0.59
-2431
-3682
-4099
+65,645
+77,642
+87,487
+63,214
+73,960
+83,388
0.4 Base displaced

0.6
Base hinge-
il
0.6H -0.34 -2362 +93,539 +91,177
0.7H +0.50 +3474 +90,864 +94,338 Al 'WM
0.8H +227 +15,770 +75,541 +91,311 IMMt lbs +
--....1..._
0.9H +5.17 +35,916 +44,536 +80,452
1.0H +9.02 +62,662 0 +62,662

The bending moment is calculated by multiplying Figure 19a-Bending moments and ring tension for wall with
the coefficients from Table A-9 by VH = 4055 X 20 trapezoidal load and shear applied at base
= 81,100 ft-lbs per ft. These values including the
Circular Tanks 13
 edge through a given angle is proportional to the
following relative stiffness factors.
For the wall (Table A-15 for H 2/Dt = 6):
0.0783t3/1-1= 0.783 X 153/20 = 132
For the slab (Table A-16 for c/D = 0.15 where c is
the column capital diameter = 8 ft):
0.332t3/R = 0.332 x 12/27 = 21
The distribution factors are:
Moment
132
Figure 19b—Bending moments and ring tension for wall with For the wall: -0.86
132+ 21
trapezoidal load and shear applied at base (averaging method)
21
For the slab: = 014
132 + 21

IMI] Wall with Moment Applied at Top

The factored moment of -12,500 ft-lbs per ft will
tend to rotate the fixed joint as shown in Fig. 21. When
the artificial restraint is removed, the rotation of the
joint will induce additional moments in the wall. The
sum of the induced moment and the original fixed end
moments are the final moments. The moments must
be equal and opposite as shown in Fig. 21. Calcula-
tions may be arranged in accordance with the usual
moment distribution procedure.
Wall Slab
Distribution factor 0.86 0.14
Fixed end moment 0 -12,500
Figure 20—Wall with moment applied at top Distributed moment 10,750 1750
When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made Final moment 10,750 -10,750
continuous, as shown in Fig. 20, the deflection of the Joint )12,500 10,750
roof slab will rotate the top of the wall. This rotation fixed -1". Slab Joint
released
will induce a moment at the top of the wall.
The cover assumed for the tank design in this section 0
will be a 12 in. thick reinforced concrete slab with a
center support. It will also be assumed that the Wall
factored moment (excluding the sanitary coefficient)
(a) Fixed end moments (b) Final moments
with fixed edges is -12,500 ft-lbs per ft. Since the tank
roof and wall are integral, a portion of this moment Figure 21 —Rotation of slab-wall joint
will be transferred to the tank wall.
The ring tension caused by the moment applied at
The procedure used to determine the amount of the top is determined by multiplying the coefficients
moment transferred from the roof to the wall is similar of Table A-10 by MR/H2. The value of MR/H2 is
to moment distribution of continuous frames. The determined as follows:
data in Tables A-15 and A-16 are stiffnesses which
MR/H2 = ( sanitary coefficient X 10,750) X 27/202
denote moments required to impart a unit rotation at = 1.65 X 10,750 X 27/202
the edge of the wall and the slab. = 1197.3 lbs per ft
The moment required to rotate the tangent at the
14 Circular Tanks
 The ring tension along the height of the tank is Table 15-Combined Ring Tension from Trapezoidal Load and
Moment Applied at Top
shown in Table 13 and Fig. 22.
Ring Tension from Ring Tension from Total Ring
Table 13-Ring Tension for Wall with Moment Applied at Top Point Section 9 Moment Tension
0.0H +30,418 0 +30,418
Coefficient From Ring Tension
Point Table A-10 (lbstfl) 0.1H +4i,654 +13,661 +55,315
0 0.2H +53,651 +15,661 +69,312
0.0H 0
0.1H +11.41 +13,661 0.3H +85,645 +12,308 +77,953
0.2H +13.08 +15,661 0.4H +77,642 +7830 +85,472
0.3H +10.28 +12,308 0.511 _ +87,487 +3999 +91,486
0.6H +93,539 +1449 +94,988
0.4H +6.54 +7830
0.5H +3.34 +3999 0.7H +90,864 -60 +90,804
0.6H +1.21 +1449 0.8H +75,541 -706 +74,835
0.71-I -0.05 -60 0.9H +44,536 -1030 +43,506
1.0H 0 -1245 -1245
0.8H -0.59 -706
0.911 -0.86 -1030
1.0H -1,04 -1245 . Table 16-Combined Bending moments for Trapezoidal Load and
Moment Applied at Top

Moment from Moment from this

Point Section 9 Section Total Moment
0.0H 0 +13,975 +13,975
0.1H 0 +7994 +7994
0.2H 0 +3522 +3522
0.3H +295 +797 +1092
0.4H +1181 -517 +664
0.5H +2805 -908 +1897
0.811 +5757 -811 +4946
0.7H +9152 -559 +8593
1.0 0.811 +11,513 -252 +11,161
Ring tension Moment
0.911 +10,037 -70 +9967
Figure 22-Ring tension and bending moments for wall with 1.0H 0 0 0
moment applied at top The effect of adding the moment at the top of the
The moments in the vertical wall strips that are wall is shown in Fig. 23. The moment will increase
considered as one foot wide are determined on the both the ring tension and bending moments at the top
basis of the coefficients from Table A-11 multiplied of the wall.
by M where:
M = 1.3 X 10,750 = 13,975
The resulting moments along the height are shown
in Table 14 and Fig. 22.
Table 14-Bending Moments for Wall with Moment Applied at Top

Coefficient From Moment

Point Table A-11 (ft-lb)
0.011 +1.00 +13,975
0.1H +0.572 +7994
0.2H +0.252 +3522
0.3H +0.057 +797
0.4H -0.037 -517
Figure 23-Combined ring tension and bending moments for
0.5H -0.065 , -908
0.6H -0.058 -811
trapezoidal load and moment applied at top
0.7H -0.040 -559
0.8H
0.911
1.01-1
' -0.018
-0.005
0

The ring tension and the moments determined in

0
-252
-70
In Wall with Moment Applied at Base
In the previous sections, the wall has been assumed to
this section are added to those in Section 9 as shown in rest on a footing, not continuous with the bottom slab
Tables 15 and 16. of the tank. In many cases, the base slab and tank wall
Circular Tanks 15
 The ring tension and bending moments throughout the
height of the wall are investigated in two steps. First, the
base is assumed fixed, and second, a moment equal to the
induced moment is applied at the base. The results are
then combined to obtain the actual base moment,
The moments in the vertical wall strips for the first
part of the analysis are computed by multiplying w uH3
uH3bythecofinsrmTablA-2.hevuofw
Figure 24-Wall with moment applied at base wasprevioulyctdnS7as1,048ft-
lbs/ft. The resulting moments along the height for an
are one integral unit. Because of this continuity, a H2/Dt value of 6 are shown in Table 17. The moments
portion of the bending moments that may be present in along the height of the wall for an applied moment at
the base slab will be transferred to the tank wall. the base of 60,255 ft-lbs are shown in Table 18. The
For this section it is assumed that the factored results are considered in Table 19.
moment (not including the sanitary coefficient) at the Table 17-Moments in Tank from Liquid Pressure
fixed edge of the base slab is 38,000 ft-lbs per ft. A Coefficient From Moment
triangular load on the wall of w = 62.5 lbs per cu ft will Point Table A-2 (ft-lb)
0.0H 0 0
be used for the liquid pressure. 0.1H +0.0001 +110
0.2H +0.0003 +331
The moment at the base of the wall is first computed
0.3H +0.0008 +884
on the assumption that the base is fixed, and a correc- 0.4H +0.0019 ' +2099
tion is then made for rotation of the base of the wall 0.5H +0.0032 +3535
caused by the continuity between the slab and the wall. 0.6H +0.0046 +5082
0.7H +0.0051 +5634
The fixed end moment at the base of the wall for the 0.8H +0.0029 +3204
liquid pressure is determined for the triangular loading 0.9H -0.0041 4530
with the coefficient from Table A-2 for H /Dt = 6. The 1.0H -0.0187 -20,664

moment is equal to: Table 18-Moments in Tank from Applied Moment at Base

Base moment = -0.0187 X wH 3 Coefficient From Moment

= -0.0187 X (1.3 x 1.7 X 62.5) X 20 3 Point Table A-11 (ft-lb)
=-20,64ftlbsper 0.0H 0 0
0.1H -0.005 -301
As long as the base of the wall is artificially fixed 0.2H -0.018 -1085
against any rotation, it is subject to two moments. One 0.3H -0.040 -2410
0.4H -0.058 -3495
moment is due to the outward pressure of the liquid, the 0.5H -0.065 -3917
other is due to the moment at the edge of the base slab. 0.6H -0.037 -2229
When the artificial restraint is removed, the joint will 0.7H +0.057 +3435
0.8H +0.252 +15,184
rotate and the moments will be redistributed. Calculation +0.572 +34,466
0.9H
of the final moments may be arranged in accordance with 1.0H +1.000 +60,255
the usual moment distribution procedure.
The resulting ring tension along the height of the
Moment Distribution Procedure
wall for the triangular load, with w uHR of 94,662 lbs
Wall Slab per cu ft (see Section 7) is given in Table 20. For ring
Distribution factor 0.86 0.14 tension, the sanitary coefficient is 1.65 whereas for
(use values from Section 12)
flexure it is 1.3. Therefore, the induced moment, M,
Fixed end moment (1.5 x 38,000) =
at the base of the wall to determine ring tension is
-20,664 -49,400 (1.65/1.3) X 60,255 = 76,478 ft-lbs and MR/H 2 =
Induced moment 60,255 9808 5162. The ring tension along the height of the wall for
Final moment 39,591 -39,591 an applied moment of 76,478 ft-lbs is shown in Table
21. The results are combined in Table 22.
16 Circular Tanks
 Table 19-Combined Bending Moments from Liquid Pressure and
Applied Moment at Base
Ring tension and moments for fixed base and for the
actual base condition are plotted in Fig. 25.
Moments from Moments from Total
Point Liquid Pressure Base Slab Moments
0.0H 0 0 0
0.1H +110 -301 -191
0.2H +331 -1085 -754
0.3H +884 -2410 -1528
0,411 +2099 -3495 -1396
0.5H +3535 -3917 -382
0.6H +5082 -2229 +2853
0.7H +5634 +3435 +9069
0.8H +3204 +15184 +18,388
0.9H -4530 +34,466 +29,936
1.0H -20,664 +60,255 +39,591
Ring tension
Table 20-Ring Tension from Liquid Pressure
0
Coefficient From Ring Tension
Point Table A-1 (lbs/ft)
0.0H +0.018 +1704 02
0.1H +0.119 +11,265
0.211 +0,234 +22,151 0.4
Fixed
0.3H . +0.344 +32,564
0.4H +0.441 +41,746 0.6
Actual
0.5H +0.504 +47,710
0.6H +0.514 +48,656 0.8 -20,664 ft lb
0.7H +0.447 +42,314 39,591 ft
0.8H +0.301 +28,493 1.0
0.911 +0.112 +10,602 Moment
1,011 0 0
Figure 25-Combined ring tension and bending moments for
Table 21-Ring Tension from Applied Moment at Base liquid pressure and applied moment at base

Point
Coefficient From
Table A-10
Ring Tension
(lbs/It)
The maximum ring tension is 48,656 if the base is
0.011 -1.04 - -5368 fixed and is 96,012 for the actual base condition. The
0.111 - -0.86 -4439 moment at the base is changed from -20,660 to +39,591.
0.2H -0.59 -3046
0.3H -0.05 -258
It is clear that continuity between wall and bottom slab
0,4H +1.21 +6248 materially affect both ring tension and moments and,
0.5H +3.34 +17,241 if applicable, must be considered in design.
0.6H +6.54 +33,759
0.7H +10.28 +53,065 Shear at the base of the wall when the base is fixed
0.8H - +13.08 +67,519 may be computed as the sum of the products of
0.9H +11.41 +58,898 coefficients taken from Table A-12 multiplied by
1.011 0 0
Table 22-Combined Ring Tension Liquid Pressure and Applied
wuH2 (1.0 X 1.7 X 62.5 X 20 2) = 42,500 lbs per ft and
Moment at Base MIH (60,255/(1.3 X 20)) = 2318 lbs per ft.
Ring Tension from Ring Tension from Total Ring When the base is fixed:
Point Liquid Pressure Base Moment Tension
0.011 +1704 -5368 -3664 0.197 X wH2 = 0.197 X 42,500 = +8373 lbs
0.1H +11,265 -4439 +6826
0.2H +22,151 -3046 +19,105 Effect of M at base:
0.3H +32,564 -258 +32,306
0.411 +41,746 +47,992
-4.49 x M/H = -4.49 X 2318 = -10,408 lbs
+6246
0.5H +47,710 +17,241 +64,951 -2035 lbs
0.6H +48,656 +33,759 +82,415
0.7H
0.8H
0.9H
1.0H
+42,314
+28,493
+10,602
0
+53,065
+67,519

0
8+58, 9
+95,379
+96,012
+69,500
0
MI Roof Slab Without Center Support
Conventionally reinforced flat plate tank roofs with-
out any interior supports will have limited span lengths
Circular Tanks 17
 0
slab = 8— 0.07
109 + 8

t = 12" D = 26'41" io
When the slab is fixed at the edge, the edge moment
may be computed by multiplying pR 2 by the coefficient
from Table A-14 at point 1.00R: -0.125 X pR 2 = -0.125
X 765 X 132 = -16,161 ft-lbs per ft of periphery.
Figure 26—Roof stab without center support The procedure for determining the final moments at
the edge has been previously illustrated. The fixed end
and are feasible only for small diameter tanks. This moments are shown in Fig. 27. The final moments
type of roof is typically used for tanks with diameters which are also shown in Fig. 27 are computed by
less than 30 ft. moment distribution.
ACI 350 does not provide guidelines for the designs Wall Slab
of slabs and ACI 318 must be consulted. ACI 318-89 Distribution factor 0.93 0.07
provides a minimum slab thickness for both one-way
Fixed end moment 0 16,161
(Section 9.5.2.1) and two-way slabs (Section 9.5.3.2).
Neither of these two sections can be directly applied to Distributed moment 15,030 1131
a circular roof slab without interior supports. When Final moment 15,030 15,030
the roof slab is continuous with the wall, a suggested 15,030
approach is to choose a minimum slab thickness Joint
Slab Joint — — Slab
fixed released
between that of a one-way slab (P/28) and a two-way 15,030
slab (P/33), where P is the span length. In the case of a 0

simply supported slab, a minimum slab thickness of P/

20 should be appropriate. If deflection control is
wall VJall
critical or ponding of the roof is a possibility, the
designer should perform a more detailed analysis to (a) Fixed end moments (b) Final moments

determine the deflection.

Figure 27—Rotation of slab wall joint
The dimensions of the roof slab to be designed are
shown in Fig. 26. The roof will be designed for a live It is seen that a large moment is induced in the top
load of 100 psf and a superimposed dead load of 300 of the wall. It has been shown previously how to
psf. The required strength, U, will not be multiplied by determine ring tension and moments in a wall caused
the sanitary coefficient. If crack control and corrosion by a moment at the top of the tank wall (Section 12).
of the roof slab are a concern, the designer may Only design of the slab will be discussed in this
consider using the sanitary coefficients. The required section.
strength, U, is: The shear capacity in a 10 in. thick slab with =
U = 1.4 X (300 + 150 x 10/12) + 1.7 X 100 4000 psi is:
= 765 psf
Vc =2 fc x bw d
For the wall, H2/Dt = 162/(26 X 1) = 9.8, say, 10.
= 2 x 4:00 x12 x 8.5 =12,902 lbs
From Table A-15, for H 2/Dt = 10, the relative stiffness
of the wall is 1.010 X t3/H = 1.010 X 12 3/16 = 109. = 0.85 X 12,902 = 10,967 lbs
The relative stiffness of a circular plate without any The applied shear is:
interior supports (Table A-16) is 0 .104t 3/R = 0.104 X 2
103/13 = 8.0. The distribution factors are: v = Area x Load 7rR x p Rp
Perimeter 2RR 2
109
wall = = 0.93 = 13 x 765/2 = 4973 < 10,967 lbs per ft, O.K.
109 + 8

18 Circular Tanks
 Table 24-Tangential Moments for Roof Slab Without Center Support
For illustration, consider a tank in which there is a
joint at the top of the wall causing the slab to be hinged. Coefficient
Revised Tangential
from Table
The moments in the hinged slab may be computed by Point A-14 Add 0.009 Coefficient Moment
determining the moments in a fixed slab (Table A-14) 0.0R +0.075 +0.009 +0.084 +10,860
0.1R +0.074 +0.009 +0.083 +10,731
and adding to them the moments in a slab in which the 0.2R +0.071 +0.009 +0.080 +10,343
end moment of 0 .125pR2 ft-lbs per ft is applied. These 0.3R +0.066 +0.009 +0.075 +9696
combined results will give the results at a hinged 0.4R +0.059 +0.009 +0.066 +8791
0.5R +0.050 +0.009 +0,059 +7628
support. The most convenient way to do this is to add 0.6R +0.039 +0.009 +0.048 +6206
0.125 to all the coefficients in Table A-14, both the radial 0.7R +0.026 +0.009 +0.035 +4525
and tangential moments, and then to multiply the modi- 0.8R +0.011 +0.009 +0.020 +2586
0.9R -0.006 +0.009 +0.003 +388
fied coefficients by pR2. Note that the coefficients for 1.0R -0.025 +0.009 -0.016 -2069
radial moments at the edge become zero by the addition
of 0.125, and the tangential moment becomes 0.100.
These are values for a slab hinged at the edge.
In the design problem of this section, the roof is
continuous with the tank wall and the induced moment
is 1131 ft-lbs per ft. Therefore, the final moment
coefficients are those for a fixed edge (Table A-14) to
each of which must be added a quantity equal to 1131/
pR2 = 1131/(765 X 132) = 0.009. These new coeffi-
cients are multiplied by pR 2 = 765 X 132 = 129 ,285 ft-
lbs per ft. The results are shown in Table 23, Table 24
and Fig. 28 with 0.0R denoting the center, and Point
1.0R, the edge of the slab. Note that these moments are Figure 28-Radial and tangential moments for roof slab
for a one-foot wide slab across the tank roof. Since the without center support
reinforcing will be placed radially, the design width
The maximum negative radial moment is 14,997 ft-
for reinforcing will not be one-foot wide but will
lbs per ft. The required amount of reinforcing on the
decrease as the center of the tank is approached. For
this reason, the moments shown in Fig. 28 include the top of the slab at that location is:
radial moment per section. These are obtained by md(i) Od2) = 14,997 X 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 X (8.5) 2)
multiplying the original moments by the fraction indi- = 0.0577
cating its distance from the center. For illustration at For standard design aid in Appendix A:
0 .5R, the radial moment per segment is equal to: 4396 = 0.060
X 0.5 = 2198. A8 = robdf/fy = 0.060 X 12 X 8.5 X 4/60 = 0.408 in.2
Table 23-Radial Moments for Roof Slab Without Center Support
Use #5 bars spaced 9 in. o.c. (A, = 0.413 in. 2) in the top
slab at the wall.
Coefficient Radial
from Table Revised Radial Moment per Total number of bars required is 2nR/s = 2n X 13 X
Point A-14 Add 0.009 Coefficient Moment Segment' 12/9 = 109 bars. For simplicity, these bars will be used
0.0R +0.075 +0.009 +0.084 +10,860 0
0.1R +0.073 +0.009 +0.082 +10,601 +1060
for the entire length of the negative moments. There-
0.2R +0.067 +0.009 +0.076 +9826 +1965 fore, the length of these 109 bars will be 0.35R +
0.3R +0.057 +0.009 +0.066 +8533 +2560 development length.
0.4R +0.043 +0.009 +0.052 +6723 +2689
0.5R +0.025 +0.009 +0.034 +4396 +2198 The largest positive moment is located at approxi-
0.6R +0,003 +0.009 +0.012 +1551 +931 mately Point OAR and has a value of 6723 ft-lbs per ft.
0.7R -0.023 +0.009 -0.014 -1810 -1267 The length of the concentric circle through 0,4R is
0.8R -0.053 +0.009 • -0,044 -5689 -4551
0.9R -0.087 +0.009 -0.078 -10,084 -9076
2n(0.4R) = 2n X 0.4 X 13 = 32.7 ft.
1.0R -0.125 +0.009 -0.116 -14,997 -14,997 The required amount of reinforcing on the bottom
*1 foot wide at outside edge of the slab at this location is:
Circular Tanks 19
 MAO Od2) = 6723 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X 8.5 2)
= 0.0258
From standard design aid in Appendix A:
In Roof Slab with Center Support

= 0.026
1 \71
AS = cobdf/fy = 0.026 X 12 X 8.5 x 4/60
= 0.177 c =a'-o" x
Use #5 bars (A, = 0.31 in.2) t 15" d = 54-0"

Figure 29 shows one arrangement with eight radial

bars in each quadrant. Sixteen bars are required for the
slab and are bent as shown. Note that there are only Figure 30-Roof slab with center support
two layers where the bars cross at the center in Fig. 29
and only four types of bent bars are required. The tank dimensions for the design of the roof slab in
this section are shown in Fig. 30. The roof slab will be
designed for a live load of 100 psf and a superimposed
dead load of 300 psf. The required strength, U, is:
4 Bars U = 1.4 x (300 + 150 X 12/12) + 1.7 X 100
- 4 Bars = 800 psf
4 Bars Data are presented in Tables A-17, A-18, and A-19
4 Bars
for slabs with a center support for the following ratios
of column capital to wall diameter, c/D = 0.05, 0.15,
0.20, and 0.25. The tables are for fixed and hinged
edge as well as for moment applied at the edge.
Figure 29-Radial reinforcement at center of roof slab
without center support
The general procedure in this section is the same as
in the previous section. First the edge of the roof slab
Ring bars are proportioned to fit the tangential
is considered fixed and the fixed end moments are
curve in Fig. 28, The maximum area of steel is
computed. Then the moments at the edge are distrib-
required near the center. The required amount of
uted and adjustments are made for the change in the
reinforcing steel at the bottom near the center is:
edge moment.
muo fbd2) = 10,860 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (8.5)2)
The values in Tables A-17, A-18, and A-19 are
= 0.0418 based on a uniform slab thickness. The presence of a
From standard design aid in Appendix A: drop panel will have some effect, but it is believed that
w = 0.0428 the change is relatively small especially since the ratio
A,= cobd f'c. /fy = 0.0428 x 12 x 8.5 X 4/60 = 0.291 in. 2 of panel area to total slab area is typically very small.
p = 0.291/(12 X 8.5) = 0.0029 The relative stiffness factors for a roof slab and wall
Pmin = 200/fy = 0.0033 >0.0029 with the dimensions used here were previously calcu-
Use #5 bars on 10 in. o.c. (A, = 0.31 in.2 , p = 0.0037) lated in Section 13. The relative stiffness factors are
Since the required area of the bars for tangential 0.86 for the wall and 0.14 for the slab.
moments decreases gradually toward Point 0.9R, the The radial fixed end moment equals the coefficient of
#5 bars at 12 in. o.c. can be used for all the top circular -0.0490 from Table A-17 (for c/D = 8/54 = 0.15 at Point
reinforcing. Between 0.9R and 1.0R the bars will be 1.0R) multiplied by pR2. For p = 800 psf, the fixed end
placed in the top of the slab. moment is -0.0490 X 800 X 27 2 = -28,577 ft-lbs per ft.
This design utilized radial and circular reinforce- The final edge moment for which the slab is designed is
ment. It is also common to use a rectangular layout for -28,577 X (1 - 0.14) = 24,576 ft-lbs per ft.
the reinforcing. The procedure is to design the slab for a fixed edge
moment of -28,577 and then add the effect of a
20 Circular Tanks
moment 28,577 - 24,576 = 4001 ft-lbs applied at the 19, and multiplying them by pR 2 = 800 X 27 2 =
edge, but first, shearing stresses must be investigated. 583,200 ft-lbs per ft (for fixed edge), and by M = 4001
ft-lbs per ft (for moment edge). These moments are
The column load is determined by multiplying
shown in Table 25 and in Fig. 31. The maximum
coefficients taken from Table A-13 by pR 2.
negative moment at the center occurs at the edge of the
For a fixed edge: column capital.
1.007 X pR2 = 1.007 X 800 X 272 = 587,282 lbs Table 25-Radial Moments for Roof Slab with Center Support

Effect of moment at edge: Radial

Coefficient Radial Coefficient Moment for Total Radial
9.29M = 9.29 x 4001 = 37,169 for Fixed Moment for for Moment Moment at Radial Moment
Point Condilions Fixed Edge at Edge Edge Moment per
Total Column Load = 624,451 lbs Segment
0.15R -0.1089 -63,510 -1.594 -6378 -69,888 -10,483
The radius of the critical section for shear around 0.2R -0,0521 -30,385 -0.930 -3721 -34,106 -6821
the column capital is 4 X 12 +18 -1.5 = 64.5 in.= 5.38 0.25R -0.0200 -11,664 -0.545 -2181 -13,845 -3461
0.3R +0.0002 +117 -0.280 -1120 -1003 -301
ft. The length of this section is 27c X 64.5 = 405 in. 0.4R 40.0220 +12,830 +0.078 +312 +13,142 +5257
Load on the area within this section is 800 X it X 5.382 0.5R +0.0293 +17,088 +0.323 +1292 +18,380 +9190
=72,45lbs.Theartfcolumn 0.6R +0.0289 +15,688 +0.510 +2041 +17,729 +10,637
0.7R +0.0169 +9856 +0.663 +2653 +12,509 +8756
capital is (624,451 - 72,745)11000 = 552 kips. The 0.8R +0.0006 +350 +0.790 +3161 +3511 +2809
shear capacity of a 12 in. thick slab with a 6 in. thick 0.9R -0.0216 -12,597 +0.900 +3601 -8996 -8096
drop panel is: 1.0R -0.0490 -28,577 +1.000 +4001 -24,576 , -24,576

69.888
NT, =21J f, x bwd
= 214000 x 405 x165/1000 = 845 > 552 kips, OK.

The radius of the critical section for shear around

the drop panel is 6 X 12 + 12 - 1.5 = 82.5 in.= 6.88 ft.
Length of this section is 27t X 82.5 = 518 in. The load
on the area within this section is 800 X it X 6.88 2 =
118,964. The shear edge of the drop panel is (624,451
- 118,964)/1000 = 505 kips. The shear capacity of a
12 in. thick slab is:

vc ' x bwd
= /00
2'
(: x 518 x 105/1000 =688 > 505 kips

Shear at the edge of the tank wall is:

V = npR2 - column load
= (n X 800 X 27 2) - 624,451= 1,207,726 lbs Figure 31-Radial moments for roof slab with
center support
= 1207 kips
The circumference of the tank is 2 X It X 27 X 12 The theoretical moment across the section around
= 2036 in. The shear capacity of a 12 in. thick slab is: the column capital is larger than the moment that
actually exists. It should be remembered that the
Vc = 24i x bwd moment coefficients in this section are computed for
= 2J4000 x 2036 x 10.5/1000 = 2704 a slab that is assumed to be fixed at the edge of the
(1)Ve = 0.85 X 2704 = 2298 > 1207 kips capital. Actually, the edge is not fixed, but has some
The radial moments are computed by selecting rotation and a reduction in the theoretical moment will
coefficients for c/D = 0.15 from Tables A-17 and A- occur.

Circular Tanks 21
 The problem of determining the actual moment at
the capital is similar to that which exists in regular flat
slab design. As a matter of fact, the region around the
4 Bars
center column in the tank slab is stressed very much as 4 Bars
in ordinary flat slab floor construction, so that the 4 Bars
design should be practically identical in the column 2 Bars

region of both types of structures.

A rigorous analysis of two-way slabs with circular
capitals was presented by Nichols in 1914. The Figure 32-Radial reinforcement for roof slab with
expression derived by Nichols for the sum of the total center support
positive and negative moment, M o, is given as: ft-lbs per ft. The required amount of reinforcement to
the top of the slab at this location is:
(, 2c Mu/(4) 042) = 25,580 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (10.5) 2)
"10 = = 0.0644
3L

where L = span length, center-to-center of column From standard design aid in Appendix A:
c = diameter of column capital = 0.067
A, = itobd fdfy = 0.067 X 12 X 10.5 X 4/60 =0.563 in. 2/ft
W = total panel load
Total A, = 12 X it X 0.563 = 21.2 in.2 The 28-#8 bars (A s
The ACI 318 codes have not required that the slab 2) will be adequate. =2.1in
be designed for the full theoretical value of M o. In fact,
even though the equation for determining the design The maximum positive moment per segment oc-
for Mo has changed over the years, it is consistently curs at Point 0.6R as indicated in Fig. 31. The moment
about 25% lower than the value of M o from the at this point is 17,729 ft-lbs per ft. The required
rigorous analysis. In view of this discussion, it seems amount of reinforcing at the bottom of the slab at this
reasonable to also use a 25% reduction in the theoreti- location is:
cal moments around the center columns of the tank Mu/(0 Od2) = 17,729 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 x (10.5)2)
slab. The reduction will be used here for radial = 0.0447
moments at the capital only. The other moments in the From standard design aid in Appendix A:
slab are not large enough to consider a reduction.
cu = 0.046
For the slab shown in Fig. 30, the moment at the A, = cobd fdfy = 0.046 X 12 X 105 X 4/60 = 0.39 in.2/ft
edge of the capital will then be taken as (1 - 0 25) X Total A, = 2 X 7C X 0.6 X 27 X 0.39 = 39.7 in?
69,888 = 52,416 ft-lbs per ft. The required amount of Use 128-#5 bars (39.7 in.2).
reinforcement at the top of the slab at this location is:
The spacing at this location will be:
Mi,/(4)13(12) = 52,416 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (16.5) 2)
spacing = 2 X 7C X 0.6 X 27 X 12/128 = 9.5 in.
= 0.0535
From standard design aid in Appendix A: The maximum negative moment at the inside face
of the wall is 24,576 ft-lbs per ft. The required amount
= 0.055
of reinforcing at the top of the slab at this location is:
As = colx1f/fy = 0.055 X 12 X 163 X 4/60 = 0.726 in. 2/ft
Total A, = 8 X 7C X 0.726 = 18.2 in? mu/(4fbd2) = 24,576 X 12/(0.9 x 4000 X 12 X (105)2)
Use 28-#8 bars (A s = 22.1 in?) as shown in Fig. 32. = 0.0619

Across the edge of the drop panel the moment is From standard design aid in Appendix A:
approximately 34,106 ft-lbs per ft (at point 6/27 = w = 0.065
0.22, use 0.2). Using the 25% reduction, the moment A, = mbd f/fy = 0.65 X 12 X 10.5 X 4/60 = 0.546 in
to be designed for is 34,106 X (1 - 0.25) = 25,580 Total A, = 2 X it X 27 X 0.546 = 92.6 in.2

22 Circular Tanks
 Use 212-#6 bars (93.3 in. 2). MAO fbd2)= 18,451 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (10.5) 2)
=0.046
The spacing at this location will be:
From standard design aid in Appendix A:
spacing = 2 X x X 27 X 12/212 = 9.6 in. a) = 0.0474
The tangential moments are computed by selecting AS = Old fdfy = 0.0474 X 12 X 10.5 X 4/60 = 0.40 in. 2/ft
coefficients for c/D = 0.15 from Tables A-17 and A- Use #5 bars spaced at 9 in. (A s = 0.41 in.2).
19 and multiplying them by pR 2 = 800 X (27)2 = In the remainder of the slab, #5 bars at 12 in. will be
583,200 ft-lbs per ft (for fixed edge), and by M = 4001 adequate (Mu = 14,350). As indicated in Fig. 32, some
ft-lbs per ft (for moment edge). The resulting tangen- of the bars are in the bottom of the slab depending on
tial moments are shown in Table 26 and Fig. 33. the sign of the tangential moments.
Table 26-Tangential Moments for Roof Slab with Center Support
This design utilized radial and circular reinforce-
Tangential
Coefficient Tangential Coefficient Moment for Total ment. It is also common to use a rectangular layout for
Applied Edge
Point
for Fixed
Conditions
Moment for
Fixed Edge
for Moment
at Edge Moment
Tangential
Moment
the reinforcing.
0.15R -0.0218 -12,714 -0.319 -1276 -13,990
0.2R
0.25R
-0.0284
-0.0243
-16,563
-14,172
-0.472
-0.463
-1888
-1852
-18,451
-16,024
Roof Slab with Multiple Interior
0.3R -0.0177 -10,323 -0.404 -1616 -11,939 Supports
OAR -0.0051 -2,974 -0.251 -1004 -3978
0.5R +0.0031 +1808 -0.100 +1408
0.6R +0.0080 +4666 +0.035 +140 +4806
0.7R +0.0086 +5016 +0.157 +628 +5644
0.8R +0.0057 +3324 +0.263 +1052 +4376
0.9R -0.0006 -350 +0.363 +1452 +1102
1.0R -0.0098 -5715 +0.451 +1804 -3911

18,451 #5 @ 9" (top)

#5 12" (top)
#5 @ 12" (top)

TOgential moments per ft

Figure 34-Roof slab with multiple interior supports

Figure 34 illustrates a column layout for a roof slab

that has multiple interior supports. In the two previous
sections (roof slabs with one or no interior supports),
the roof slabs are designed as circular plates. The
reinforcing bars for these types of slabs were placed
both radially and in a circular pattern. In contrast,
Figure 33-Tangential moments for roof slab with center when multiple interior supports are used, the reinforc-
support
ing bars are placed in two perpendicular directions as
Within the drop panel, the effective depth of the slab is typically done for flat slabs in buildings. Design
is 16.5 in. instead of the 10.5 in. that is beyond the drop examples for flat slabs are widely available. 5'6'7 For
panel. If the moments in that region are reduced in the this reason, this publication will only briefly discuss
ratio of 10 5/16 .5 , it is seen that the critical moment for the design of flat slabs.
design occurs just beyond the edge of the drop panel. The analysis of a flat slab system consists of two
The moment at the edge the drop panel is taken equal steps. The first step is to determine the factored
to 18,451 which is slightly larger than the moment at moments at critical sections (usually at midspan and at
that location. The required circular reinforcing at this the supports). The second step is to distribute the
location is: moments transversely across the slab.
Circular Tanks 23
 ACI 318-89 provides two methods to perform the P2 = length of span transverse to direction
first step. These methods are the Equivalent Frame of analysis, measured center-to-cen-
Method and the Direct Design Method. Both of these ter of supports
methods will be discussed below. en = length of clear span in direction of
Equivalent Frame Method—This method provides analysis.
representation in two dimensions of a three-dimen- Once this moment is determined, it is multiplied by
sional system by defining flexural stiffnesses which the coefficients from ACI 318-89 Section 13.6.3.3,
reflect the torsional rotation possible in the three- which are reproduced in Table 27.
dimensional system. The equivalent frame consists of
Table 27—Distribution of Static Moments
the horizontal slab, the columns above and below the
slab, and the portion of the structure that provides Location Percentage of M o
moment transfer between the slab and column (called Interior negative 70%
a torsional member). The three parts of the equivalent factored moment
frame are shown in Fig. 35. Positive factored 50%
moment
Exterior negative 30%
factored moment

Since the Direct Design Method is based on many

assumptions, its use is allowed only if the structure
conforms to certain limitations. These limitations are:
• There shall be a minimum of three continuous
spans in each direction.
• Panels shall be rectangular with a ratio of longer
to shorter span center-to-center of supports
within a panel not greater than two.
• Successive span lengths center-to-center of sup-
ports in each direction shall not differ by more
than one-third the longer span.
Figure 35—Equivalent frame
• Columns may be offset a maximum of 10% of
Once the equivalent frame is established, the the span (in direction of offset) from either axis
carryover and stiffness factors are determined. With between centerlines of successive columns.
these factors and the fixed end moments, the moment • All loads shall be due to gravity only and
distribution is performed. This method of determin- uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
ing the critical moments is tedious and time consum- • Live load shall not exceed three times the dead
ing, and is best suited for computer use or where load.
geometry is irregular, preventing use of the simple Once the factored moments are determined by
Direct Design Method discussed below.
either the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent
Direct Design Method—The moments at critical Frame Method, the second step of laterally distribut-
sections are determined with much less labor under ing the moments across the slab must be performed.
this method than by the Equivalent Frame Method. The width of slab centered at a column line and
The moments are determined at midspan and at col- extending to half-way between adjacent column lines
umn faces by multiplying coefficients by the total is called the design strip. The design strip is divided
factored design moment, M o, which equals: into column and middle strips. The column strip is
tlrto = w.M.2/8 defined as having a width equal to one-half the trans-
verse or longitudinal span, whichever is smaller. The
where wu = factored load per unit area remainder of the design strip is composed of two half-
24 Circular Tanks
middle strips. These strips are determined as shown in forced concrete walls that are 10 ft high or taller, that
Fig. 36. are in contact with liquid, shall have a minimum
thickness of 12 in. Therefore, it is unlikely that very
large tapers will occur. In the examples in the preced-
Half-middle strips ing section, 15 in. is the thickness required for maxi-
mum ring tension which occurs approximately 0.6H
below the top. As discussed in Section 11, the inves-
Column strip
tigation for a shear applied at the base of the wall can
be omitted by designing for the maximum ring tension
from the location of this maximum ring tension to the
base of the tank. Therefore, in the preceding ex-
amples, the tank wall can be tapered from 12 in. to 15
in. only for the upper one-half of the wall. The cross-
sectional area of the wall wil,J be reduced from 1.25 X
20 = 25.0 sq ft to 25 — 0.5 X 10 X 3/12 = 23.75 sq ft.
@ design strips The reduction in cost from the reduced volume of
concrete will probably not offset the added cost of
Figure 36—Design strip of roof slab
forms for the tapered circular wall.
The percentages of moments carried by the column
and the middle strips are shown in Table 28. Grays has presented data for wall sections that vary
from a maximum at the base to zero at the top. For
Table 28—Lateral Distribution of Moments for Roof Slabs
illustration, consider a wall with FI = 20 ft, D= 54 ft,
Column Middle and t = 1.25. For this wall, Gray's data show that
stri • stri •
maximum ring tension is approximately eight percent
Negative moment at 100% 0%
exterior column greater for triangular than for rectangular wall sec-
tions, that is, when the sectional area is reduced from
Negative moment at 75% 25%
interior column
25.0 sq ft to 12.5 sq ft. For the reduction of 125 sq ft
60% in the foregoing paragraph, it may be estimated roughly
Positive moments 40%
that the increase in maximum ring tension will be 1.25
Flat slabs must also meet serviceability require- X 8/12.5 = 0.8%. At any rate, the increase appears to
ments. The roof slab must be designed to have be negligible.
adequate stiffness to prevent deflection problems. For Timoshenko9 gives an example with H = 14 ft and
slabs with drop panels, the minimum thickness shall D = 60 ft. The wall thickness is 14 in. in one case but
not be less than 4 in. (ACI 318-89, Section 9.5.3.2). varies from 14 in. to 3.5 in. in the other case. Moment
The slab must also have a thickness no less than P n/36 and shear at the base are as follows:
for a flat slab and en/33 for slabs without drop panels.
Moment, in.-lb Shear, lb
For complete details of flat slab design, refer to the Uniform thickness
publications referenced at the beginning of this sec- (14 in.): 13,960 564
tion.
Variable thickness
177 1 Effect of Variation in Wall Thickness (3.5 in. to 14 in.): 13,900 527
All tables and numerical examples in preceding sec- It is seen that the moment is practically unchanged
tions are based on the assumption that the wall has and the shear is reduced by only 6.5 percent. The
uniform thickness from the top to the base. The effect change will be even smaller when the taper is from 14
of tapering the wall will now be discussed. in. at mid-height to 12 in. at top. However, the taper
If ACI 350 recommendations are followed, rein- will increase the ring tension and the decrease in wall
Circular Tanks 25
 Table 29—Closed Form Solution for Temperature Stresses
width must be taken into account. In this case, for in Circular Wall That Cause Vertical Cracking
moment and shear the taper may be ignored, but under
extreme circumstances it may be advisable to take it Bottom
Fixed &
(1+ )
1,4=1;a [—fro + TO Z1 +fro - Ti) Z31
Top Free 2 42
into account. This may be done approximately by Mo = -Ea,
. aoh3
, ) (T o +TO 2.3.
112
Ti)(I - PZ1)1
inserting in H2/Dt the value of t which exists at the [ 12(1-p, + 120-14(To

point being investigated in the wall, or, in other words , Bottom

Hinged & (1 + Pl (To — II)(Z3 +Z3 — 24)i
No = -Ea [—(Te. + TO Z4 + —
Top Free 2 202
to use values of H /Dt which vary from top to base. M. = -Ea [
eh3
(To + TO Z2+
h2 _
Ti)[1 -.11(Z1 -Z2 + Zl)1i
12(1- ir7) 12(I -1L) (To
Bottom
Temperature Variation in Tank Wall ree Na-Ea
= (1 + 11) (To - TO (Z3 + i3)
2r p
& Top
Free _ _
= Blob
MO (T0 - Ti) 0 -- fai - lat)
12(1 - it)
When the temperature on the exterior of a tank differs
from that on the interior, a temperature gradient will where 13 = [3(1- 1/2 )11/4 and values of Z and Z wilt be provided later in this section.
exist in the wall. A wall of a circular tank cannot
Temperature on external face, T, = 30° F
expand or contract freely causing temperature in- Temperature on internal face, T1= 0° F
duced stresses. The magnitude of these stresses are Height of tank, L = 20 ft
difficult to predict. The analysis requires the solving Radius, r = 27 ft
of complex differential equations, complicated by the Poisson's ratio, it = 0.16
possibility of a nonlinear temperature gradient and the Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 0.0000056
Wall thickness, h = 10 in.
changing of geometric properties due to cracking in Modulus of elasticity of concrete, E 6 = 3605 ksi
the wall. Determination of the stresses under these Bottom of tank is assumed hinged.
circumstances are beyond the scope of this publication Based on the numerical values provided, the fol-
and references suggested in the bibliography should lowing variables are determined to calculate the stresses
be consulted. In this section, temperature induced at the top of the tank (x = L and x L — x = 0).
stress calculations will be presented using the closed
form solutions presented by Ghali and Elliot in Refer- p [3(1– tt.2 )]1/41 rh
ence 10. These closed form solutions can be used only
= [3(1– (0.16) 2 )114 /4(12 x 27 x10) =0,02297
if the following conditions are satisfied:
13x = 0.02297 X 20 X 12 = 5.513
• Tank has a value of H 2/(Dt) > 2.9 (i.e. a deep
tank). aic= 0
• Temperature varies linearly through the thick- e-4 = 0.00405
ness of the wall. • =1
• The wall section remains untracked. cos (Px) = 0.7179
The temperature gradient in the wall will produce a (I3x) = 1
hoop force, No, and a circumferential moment, Mo, sin(13x) = -0.6961
which, when combined, may produce vertical cracking if sin (13x) = 0
the tensile strength of the concrete is exceeded. The Zi = e-1/x (cosOx + sin(3x) = 0.00405 X (0.7179 - 0.6961)
temperature differential may also produce horizontal = 0.000088
cracking. For a complete discussion of this type of Z2 = e-13x (sin13x) = 0.00405 X (-0.6961) = -0.002819
cracking, see Reference 10. Table 29 shows the closed Z3 = e"13" (cosilx - sin13x) = 0.00405 X (0.7179 + 0.6961)
form solutions for various base support conditions. = 0.005721
The following numerical values will be used to Z4 = e-I3x (cos13x) = 0.00405 X (0.7179) = 0.002908
calculate the stresses induced by a temperature gradi- • = e-13)1 (cos13X + sinIkt) = 1
ent. It should be noted that the notation used in this Z2 = e-I3x (sin(35Z) = 0
section is different than that of other sections in this Z3 = e (cos131 - sinflrc) = 1
publication. = e-I3x (COSI3R) = 1

26 Circular Tanks
 Substitution of these values into the closed form NM
solution for a wall with a free top and hinged base Amax = -±
A S
gives the following:
where
(1 +11) Ni = 2.07 k/in.
(To + TOZ4 + --F: (To - Ti)(Z3 + Z3 - Z4)]
N. = -Ea -[h
2 21.13
A = 1 in. X (1 X 10) = 10 in. 2
10
= (-3605) x (0.0000056) x [- x (30 x (0.002908)
-
M = 5.05 kips inJin.

(1+ 0.16) x 30 S = bd2/6 = (1 in. X (10)2/6) = 16.67 in. 3

x (0.005721 +1 - 0.002908)
(2 x 27 x12 x (0.02297)2) cr. = (-2.07/10) - (-5.05/16.67) = 0.097 ksi = 97 psi
= (-3605) x (0.0000056) x [0.4362 + 102.1]
Table 30 shows the resultant stresses occurring on
= -2.07 kips/in.
the inside face of the tank. These stresses can cause
vertical cracking if the tensile strength of the concrete
-Ea[ur132h3(To + TOz2i((1-1.12) x 12) is exceeded.
Table 30-Stresses on inside Face of Tank Wall
+ h2 (To - T1)( 1- 11(Zi - Z2 + p.) x12)
Stress on
NI) I* Inside face
= (-3605) x (0.0000056)](-0.16) x (27 x 12) x (0.02297)2 Location (Win.) (k-infirt.) (psi)
1.0L (top) -2.06 -5.05 97.0
x (10)3 x (30) x (-0.002819)/((1- (0.16) 2 ) x 12) 0.9L -0.41 -5.26 274.8
0.8L 0.29 -5.63 366.6
+ (10)2 x (30) x (1- 0.16(0.000088 + 0.002819 +1))
0.7L 0.45 -5.92 399.7
0.6L 0.42 -6.08 406.3
/((1- 0.16) x12)
0.5L 0.40 -6.12 406.9
= (-3605) x (0.0000056) x (0.197) + 249.861) 0.4L 0.44 -6.03 406.4
0.3L 9.45 -5.82 393.9
= -5.05 kips-in/in. 0.2L 0.14 -5.82 343.2
The maximum stress on the interior face at this a 1L -0.88 -5.12 219.2
0.0L (bottom) -3.04 -5.05 0
location is determined from the following equation
+ denotes tension
and as shown in Fig. 37.
207 psi 303 psi
Observations of existing tanks have shown that
tanks above ground are more vulnerable to problems
from temperature variations than those below ground.
In some cases ,the previous calculations can be avoided
by increasing the horizontal ring steel by 10% to 20%
beyond that required for the critical load case. Also,
it should be noted that if strength design is being used,
207 psi
load factors must be used to increase the service loads
Exterior from temperature effects.
face

Base Slab Design

When the bottom of the tank is below the water table,
Interior
the loading on the slab from hydrostatic pressure must
face be investigated. If the upward pressure exceeds the
dead load of the tank floor, there may be a danger of
Figure 37-Stress diagrams for temperature variation in heaving unless the floor is constructed as a structural
tank wall slab with loading directed upward rather than down-
ward. There are several methods to determine the
Circular Tanks 27
required base slab reinforcing. These methods in- The second condition occurs when there is unbal-
clude finite element analysis, complex mathematical anced hydrostatic pressure present. In this case, the
solutions,l 132 and approximate methods. A rigorous upward force on the slab is equal to the hydrostatic
treatment of a slab on an elastic foundation is beyond pressure minus the pressure from the weight of the
the scope of this publication, so the discussion on the roof, wall, and slab as shown below:
design of the bottom slab will be based on what is p = )1, X height of hydrostatic pressure
believed to be a reasonable estimate. The sanitary
(Wroof + Wwall wsiab)/(area)
coefficients were not used for the base slab design
since it is not clear in ACI 350 whether this would be It should be noted that the two loading conditions
appropriate. The designer must use engineering judg- presented above will only occur in small diameter
ment to determine if the following analysis and the tanks. In large diameter tanks, it is not realistic to
absence of the sanitary coefficients are suitable for the assume that the weight of the wall and the roof will be
specific project. The following discussion will inves- uniformly distributed over the area of the slab.
tigate three different base design conditions. The third condition is for tanks which do not have
The first condition occurs when there is no unbal- a small diameter. For this condition, the portion of the
anced hydrostatic force present. The discussion that slab near the wall is designed similar to a cantilever
follows is only applicable for tanks with small diam- wall base. The reinforcement in the remainder of the
eters. The loading on the slab equals the load on the slab is designed for temperature and shrinkage effects
roof, weight of the roof, and weight of the wall. The as well as any other loading conditions that might
factored loads, excluding the sanitary coefficients are: occur.
Roof: Live Load = 1.7 X wt, X Tributary Area
= 1.7 X 100 X rt X (13) 2
= 90,258 lbs
Dead Load = 1.4 X wr, X Tributary Area
= 1.4 X (10/12 X 150) X x X (13)2
=92,13lbs
Wall: Dead Load = 1.4 X weight per radial foot X
Circumference
= 1.4 X (12/12 X 150 X 16)
x2xnx 13
= 274,450 lbs
Total Load = 90,258 + 92,913 + 274,450 = 457,621 lbs

The loading of 457,621 lbs is assumed to be distrib-

uted uniformly over the subgrade for small diameter
tanks , giving an upward reaction on the bottom slab of:
p= 457,621/(n X 132) = 862 psf
This load is applied upward on the slab and the same
type of procedure as used in Section 14 is followed to
determine the reinforcing. Note that the base area can
be increased by extending the slab beyond the wall,
thereby reducing the soil stress. This also provides a
place to develop the slabs reinforcing and a work
platform.
28 Circular Tanks
 Design Example

90 ft diameter

Plan View of Circular Tank Section through Circular Tank

Design Information:
Internal fluid pressure = 65.0 lb/ft 3
3Externalsoipu=90.b/ft
External soil surcharge = 3 ft (use 90 lbs per ft)
= 4000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
ES = 29 X 106 psi
n=8
Concrete roof is hinged connected to wall.
Roof is in place prior to backfilling.

L Loading Conditions

Loading Condition No. 1

Leakage test prior to backfilling.

Loading Condition No. 2

Empty tank with backfill present.

Loading Condition No, 3

Full Tank. Resistance provided by soil
is ignored.

Circular Tanks 29
II. Estimate Tank Wall Thickness

Tank wall thickness is estimated by limiting the ring tension stress in the wall to 10% of . Initially, assume a
wall thickness of 16 in. This gives a value of H 2/(Dt) = (28) 2/(90 X 16/12) = 6.5.
Maximum ring tension is determined by multiplying the largest coefficient for ring tension (Table A-5) for H 2/
(Dt) = 6.5 by w uHR.
Largest ring tension coefficient = 0.657
wu= sanitary coefficient X 1.7 X w
= 1.65 X 1.7 X 65.0 = 182.33 lbs/ft 3
This gives a maximum ring tension of:
Tmax = 0.657 Xvvu XHXR
= 0.657 X 182.33 X 28 X 45
= 150,936 lbs
The required reinforcement to resist this tensile force is:
Area = Tmax/(0.9 X Fy)
= 150,936/(0.9 X 60,000)
= 2.80 in.2
Use #9 bars E.F. at 8 in. (A s = 3.0 in.2)
The maximum tensile stress in the concrete due to ring tension and shrinkage is:

CE,As + Tmax (unfactored)

fc =
Ac + nAs
where Tmax (unfactored) = 150,936/(1.7 X 1.65) = 53,810

0.0003 x29 x10 6 3.0 + 53,810

fe =
12x16+8x3.0
26,100+53,810
216
= 370 psi < 400 psi, O.K.

III. Analysis for Loading Condition No. 1

During construction, prior to backfilling, the tank will be checked for leaks. It will be assumed that the tank cover
has not yet been constructed at the time of the leakage test. The following procedure will be utilized for this loading
condition.
• Determine ring forces and bending moments from internal fluid pressure.
• Add effects of possibility of outward movement of the base of the wall.
For a wall with a hinged base and a free top subjected to a triangular load, the ring tension is calculated by
multiplying the coefficients from Table A-5 by w uHR as shown in Table E-1.
30 Circular Tanks
 Table E-1-Ring Tension in Tank Wall for Loading Condition No. 1

Coefficient for
Point H21(pt) = 6.5 Ring Force
(see Table A•5) (1- denotes tension)
0.0H -0.012 -2757
0.1H +0.101 +23,203
0.2H +0.219 +50,311
0.3H +0.338 +77,649
0.4H +0.458 +105,216
0.5H +0.565 +129,797
0.6H +0.645 +148,176
0.711 +0.657 +150,932
0.811 +0.566 +130,027
0.9H +0.342 +78,568
1.0H 0 0

Note: w„ HR = 1.7 X 1.65 X 65 X 28 X 45 =229,730

The bending moments for the same loading condition are determined by multiplying the coefficients taken from
Table A-7 by w„ H3 as shown in Table E-2.
Table E-2-Bending Moments in Tank Wall for Loading Condition No. 1
Bending Moment
Coefficient for Bending Moment
Point H 201 = 6.5 (+ denotes tension
(see Table A•7) on interior face)
0,0H 0.0000 0
0.111 0.0000 0
0.2H 0.0000 0
0.3H +0.0001 315
0.4H +0.0006 +1692
13,51-t +0.0016 +5045
0.6H +0.0034 +10,722
0.7H +0.0056 +17,659
0.8H +0.0073 +23,020
0.911 +0.0065 +20,497
1.01-I 0.0000 0
Note: w u1-13 = 1.7 X 1.3 X 65 X (28)3 =3,153,405
In the analysis for a free top and hinged base, it is assumed that the base is restrained from lateral displacement.
As discussed in Section 11, the base slab may not be able to provide complete restraint. It was also noted, and
will also be utilized for this design, that this complex analysis could be omitted by using the maximum ring tension
to design the entire bottom portion of the wall, and ignoring the decrease in moments that result from the
displacement of the base.
The resulting ring force and bending moments are shown in Fig. E-1.
N. Analysis for Loading Condition No. 2

While in service, it is possible that the tank will not be filled with liquid. Under this loading condition, soil pressure
will be acting inward on the tank wall. The following procedure will be utilized for this loading condition.
• Determine ring compression and bending moments from external soil pressure.
• Add effects of lateral restraint provided by roof slab.
For a wall with a hinged base and free top subjected to a trapezoidal load, the ring compression is calculated by
multiplying the coefficients taken from Tables A-5 and A-6, by w„ HR and pR respectively. These results are
provided in Table E-3. Note that the sanitary coefficient for ring tension of 1.65 was used even though the ring
forces are compressive since a sanitary coefficient for this condition is not provided in ACI 350.

Circular Tanks 31
 0

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6

08 0.8

10 1.0
30 20 10 0
200 150 100 50 0
Ring Force X 1000 lbs Bending Moment X 1000 ft lbs -

Figure E-1—Ring forces and bending moments in tank wall for loading condition no. 1

Table E-3—Ring Force in Tank Wall for Trapezoidal Loading

Ring Force Ring Force
Coefficient from Table Coefficient from Table
A-5 for Triangular A-6 for Rectangular Ring Force for Ring Force for Total Ring Force
Point Load H (D1) = 6.5 Load H 2/(Dt) . 6.5 Triangular Loading Rectangular Loading (+denotes tension)
0.0H -0.012 +0,958 3816 -33,672 29,856
0.1H +0.101 +1.001 -32,127 -34,113 66,240
0.2H +0.219 +1.019 -69,660 -34,728 104,388
0.3H +0.338 +1.038 -107,514 -35,376 142,890
0.411 +0.458 +1.058 -145,683 +36,657 181,740
0.5H +0.565 +1.065 -179,718 -36,294 216,012
0.6H +0.645 +1.045 -205,167 -35,613 240,760
0.711 +0.657 +0.957 -208,583 -32,616 241,599
0.811 +0.566 +0.766 -180,036 -26,106 206,142
0.9H +0.342 +0.442 -108,786 -15,063 123,849
1.0H 0 0 0 0 0
Note: wuHR = (1.7 X 1.65 X (-90) X 28 X 45) = -318,087
AA= (1.7 X 1.65 X (-90 X 3) X 45) = -34,080
For a wall with a hinged base and free top subjected to a trapezoidal load, the bending moments are calculated
by multiplying the coefficients taken from Table A-7 by (w uH3 + pull2). These results are shown in Table E-4.
The results for this loading condition were obtained considering that the top of the tank is free to displace laterally.
In actuality, the concrete roof slab will prevent lateral movement at the top of the wall and will result in changes
in the ring forces and bending moments. When the top of the tank is free to displace laterally, the ring force is
29,856 lbs in compression. To prevent displacement, a shear force acting in an opposite direction of the soil loads
must be added to reduce the ring force to zero.
Ring tension due to a shear, V, at the top of the wall is computed as discussed in Section 10. The shear force
required at the top of the tank to produce zero ring force is:
VR
—9.37 x — = 29,856
H
V = —1983 lbs per ft

32 Circular Tanks
 Table E-4-Bending Moments in Tank Wall for Trapezoidal Load
Bending Moment
Coefficient from Bending Moment
Point Table A-7 for (+denotes tension
H 2 /(Dt) = 6.5 on interior frame)
0.0H 0.0000 0
0.1H 0.0006 0
0211 0.0000 0
0.311 +0.0001 483
0.411 +0.0006 -2901
0.511 +0.0016 -7743
0.6H +0.0034 -16,437
0.7H +0.0056 -27,072
0.8H +0.0073 -35,289
0.9H +0.0065 -31,422
1.0H 0.0000 0
Note: (w0H3 + pH2) = 1.7 X 1.3 X ((-90) X 28 3) + (3 X (-90) X 28 2)) = -4,834,065
The change in the ring force is determined by multiplying coefficients taken from Table A-8 by VR/H. These
results are shown in Table E-5.
Table E-5-Ring Force for Loading Condition No. 2

Ring Force
Coefficient from Table Ring Force from V Ring Force from Total Ring Force
Point A-8 for H 21(Dt) = 6.5 applied at top of wall Trapezoidal Load (+denotes tension)
0.01-1 -9.37 +29,856 29,856 0
0.1H -5,22 +16,632 66,240 -49,608
0.2H -2.17 +6915 104,388 -97,473
0.311 -0.38 +1212 142,890 -141,678
0.411 +0.41 -1305 181,740 -183,042
0.5H +0.61 -1944 216,012 -217,956
0.611 +0.51 -1626 240,780 -242,406
0,711 +0.32 -1020 241,599 -242,619
0.811 +0.15 -477 206,142 -206,619
0.9H +0.01 -33 123,849 -123,882
1.0H 0 0 0 0

Note: VRJH = -1983 x 45/28 = -318

Bending moments due to a shear, V, at the top is calculated in a similar manner except that the sanitary coefficient
is different for bending moments. Therefore, the additional top force must be reduced proportionally. The revised
moments are shown in Table E-6. The resulting ring forces and bending moments are shown in Fig. E-2.
Table E-6-Bending Moments for Loading Condition No. 2

Bending Moment Bending Moment Bending Moment Total Bending

Coefficient from Table from V applied at top from Trapezoidal Moment
Point A-9 for H 2/(Dt) = 6.5 of wall Load (+denotes tension)
0.011 0.000 0 0 0
0.11-1 +0.061 -2667 0 -2667
0.2H +0.067 -2931 0 -2931
0.3H +0.052 -2274 483 -1791
0.4H +0.032 -1401 -2901 -4302
0.5H +0,015 -657 -7743 -8391
0.6H +0.004 -174 -16,437 -16,611
0.7H -0.001 +45 -27,072 -27,027
0.8H -0.003 +132 -35,289 -35,157
0.9H -0.004 +174 ' -31,422 -31,248
1.0H -0.005 +219 0 +219
13
Note: VII = X -1983 X 28 = -43,740
1.65

Circular Tanks 33
0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6

0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0
0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 0 10 20 30 40
Ring Force x 1000 lbs Bending Moment x 1000 ft lbs
-

Figure E-2 —Ring force and bending moments for load condition no. 2

V. Analysis for Loading Condition No. 3

This loading condition occurs while the tank is in use. The tank roof is in place, the tank is full with liquid, and
the backfilling is completed. According to ACI 350, the resistance of the soil must not be taken into account as
a resisting force.
The following procedures will be utilized for this loading condition:
• Determine ring forces and bending moments from internal fluid pressure. (This has previously been
completed in the calculations for Loading Condition No. 1.)
• Add effects of possibility of movement of the base of the wall. (This has previously been completed in the
calculations for Loading Condition No. 1.)
• Add effects of lateral restraint of top of tank provided by roof slab.
The first two steps have been completed in the calculations for Loading Condition No. 1 , the third step, accounting
for the effects of restraint at the top must be added to those results. To prevent lateral displacement, a shear force
must be added at the top of the tank as previously discussed.

VR
—9.37 x = 2757
H
.•. V = —183.08 lbs per ft
The change in the ring force is determined by multiplying coefficients taken from Table A-8 by VR/H. These
results are shown in Tables E-7 and E-8.

34 Circular Tanks
 Table E-7-Ring Tension for Load Condition No. 3

Ring Force
Point Coefficient from Table Ring Force from V Ring Force from Total Ring Force
A-9 for H (f)t) = 6,5 applied at top of wall Triangular Load (+denotes tension)
0.0H -9.37 +2757 -2757 0
0.1H -5.22 +1536 +23,203 +24,739
0.2H -2.17 +638 +50,311 +50,949
0.311 -0.38 +112 +77,649 +77,761
0.4H +0.41 -121 +105,216 +105,095
0.5H +0.61 -179 +129,797 +129,618
0.6H +0.51 -150 +148,176 +146,026
0.7H +032 -94 +150,932 +150,838
0.13H +0.15 -44 +130,027 +129,983
0.9H +0.01 -3 +78,568 +78,565
1.0H 0 0 0 0

Note: VRJH = -183.08 X 45/28 = -2942

The bending moments due to the restraining force at the top is calculated in a similar manner.
Table E-8-Bending Moments for Loading Condition No. 3

Bending Moment Bending Moment Bending Moment

Point Coefficient from Table from V applied at top from Triangular Total Bending
A-9 for 1-1 2/C4 = 6.5 of wall Load Moment
0.0H 0.000 0 0 0
0.1H +0.061 -246 0 -246
0.2H +0.067 -271 0 -271
0.3H +0.052 -210 +315 +105
OAH +0.032 -129 +1892 +1763
05H +0.015 -61 +5045 +4985
0.6H +0.0454 -16 +10,722 +10,706
0.711 -0.001 +4 +17,659 +17,663
0.811 -0.003 +12 +23,020 +23,032
0.9H -0.004 +16 +20,497 +20,513
1.0H -0.005 +20 0 +20

13
Note: VH= - X -183.08 X 28 = -4039
1.65
The change in ring forces and bending moments from restraint of the roof are relatively small compared to those from
the lateral forces and therefore, the graphs will practically be the same as those for Loading Condition No. 1.
VI. Design of Ring Steel
Figure E-3 shows the distribution of maximum ring tension and compression along the height of the wall.
Check compression:
fc = C/A = 242,619/(12 X 16) = 1264 psi O.K.
Design of reinforcing steel for tensile forces:
T = As X 0.9 X fy
Capacity of #9 bars at 8 in. E.F.
T = 12/8 X 2.0 X 0.9 X 60,000 = 162,000 lbs
Capacity of #8 bars at 8 in. E.F.
T = 12/8 X 1.58 X 0.9 X 60,000 = 127,980 lbs

Circular Tanks 35
 #9
200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250

Figure E-3—Ring tension envelope for tank wall

.•.use #9 @ 8 in. E.F. (162,000 > 150,932 lbs) for the bottom 15 ft of the wall and #8 @ 8 in. E.F. (127,980 >
120,523 lbs) for the top 13 ft of the wall.
Class B splices will be used for the ring steel since in most cases, the area of reinforcement is not greater than twice
that required by analysis. The basic development length, P.db, for #8 and #9 bars is calculated as follows:

£db = 0.04 Abfy/X 12.15.1

#8 bars: tdh = 0.04 x 0.79 x 60,00044000 = 30.0 in.

#9 bars: t'dh = 0.04 x 1.00 x 60,00044000 = 37.9 in.
The development length is determined by multiplying the basic development length by the modifiers provided
in ACI 318-89. For the present case, the following modifiers are applicable:
• Horizontal bars so placed that more than 12 in. of fresh concrete is cast in the member below the
development length or splice. Use modifier of 1.3.
• For #11 bars or smaller, with clear spacing not less than 5db and with edge face cover not less than 2.5db.
Use modifier of 0.8.
• Bars in inner layer of wall with clear spacing of not less than 3db. Use modifier of 1.0.
Using these modifiers, the development lengths for #8 and #9 is:
#8 bars: j = 1.3 X 0.8 X 1.0 X 30.0 = 312 in.
but not less than 0.03dbfy/ Afr: 12.2.3.6
6„, = 0.03 X 1.0 X 60,000/ .V4000 = 28,4 < 31.2 O.K.
#9 bars: Pci = 1.3 X 0.8 X 1.0 X 37.9 = 39,4 in.
but not less than 0.03dbfy/

Pa in = 0.03 X 9/8 X 60,000/ 14000 = 32 in. < 39.4 in. O.K.

36 Circular Tanks
The length of a Class B splice is equal to 1.3 X P.d.

Splice length (#8 bars) = 1.3 X 31.2 = 40.6 in. (use 42 in.)
Splice length (#9 bars) = 1.3 X 39.4 = 51.2 in. (use 52 in.)
Adjacent reinforcing splices should be staggered horizontally (center-to-center of lap) by not less than one lap
length nor 3 ft and should not coincide in vertical arrays more frequently than every third bar.
Minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements are shown in Fig. 3 of Section 4. The minimum
reinforcement ratio provided in the horizontal direction is:
p = (2 X 0.79)1(8 X 16)
= 0.0123
The minimum required reinforcement ratio when the length between shrinkage-dissipating joints is 50 ft is
0.00475 < 0.0123. Therefore, the minimum reinforcement requirements are satisfied.
M. Design of Moment Reinforcing
Figure E-4 shows the distribution of bending moments along the height of the wall.
v.
tt6@12 in.
A..........#5@i3In.

0.2

• .z

-- -

0-E
_#6081n,
uir
23,032

\ 01
.

35,157

30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40

Figure E-4—Bending moments envelope for tank wall

The required vertical reinforcement for the exterior face of the wall with a moment of 23,032 ft-lbs is:
Md(4 bd2) = 23,032 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (13.51) 2)
= 0.0351
From standard design aid:
= 0.036
As = /fy = 0.036 X 12 X 13.5 X 4/60 = 0.389
Use #6 bars at 10 in. on exterior face (A s = 0.53 in.2)
The required vertical reinforcement for the interior face of the wall with a moment of 35,157 ft-lbs is:
MAO bd2) = 35,157 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (13.51) 2)
= 0.0535

Circular Tanks 37
From standard design aid:
(.0 = 0.0555
As = pbd /fy = 0.0555 X 12 X 13.5 X 4160 = 0.60
Use #6 bars at 8 in. on interior face (A, <0.66 in. 2) for the bottom half of the wall. Use #5 bars at 8 in. on the interior
face for the top half of the wall (Mu = 27,600).
This gives a minimum vertical reinforcement ratio of:
p = 0.53/(12 X 13.5) = 0.0033
The bars will be spliced at midheight immediately above the pour line. Since all the vertical bars will be spliced
at this level, a Class 13 splice will be required. The basic development length, Pdb, for #6 bars is calculated as
follows:
£db = 0.04 Abfy/lic;
= 0.04 x 0.44 x 60,000/44000
=16.7 in.
The development length is determined by multiplying the basic development length by the applicable modifiers
in ACI 318-89. For the present case, the following multipliers apply:
• Since bars are vertical, there will not be 12 in. of fresh concrete below the bars. Use modifier of 1.0.
• Cover is greater than 2db, clear bar spacing is greater than 5db, and since the tank is circular, side cover
requirements are satisfied. Use modifier of 1.0.
The development length for #7 bars using these modifiers is:
Pd = LO X LO X 16.7 = 16.7 in.
but not less than 0 .03dbfy/
Prnin = 0.03 X 0.75 X 60,0001 44000
= 21.3 in. > 16,7 in.
The length of a Class B splice is equal to 1.3Pd.
Splice length = 1.3 X 213 = 27.7 in. (use 30 in.)
The same size lap can be used for the splicing of the bars on the exterior face.
The development length of the standard hook that will be embedded in the base slab is equal to 1200db/ )f' c multiplied
by the appropriate modifiers of Section 12.5 of ACI 318-89. Since the cover is 2 in., the yield of reinforcement is 60,000
and no ties or stirrups are used, all applicable modifiers are 1.0 and the development length is:
= 1200 db/ fc
= 1200 X ( /8)/A/4000
= 14.2 in.
but not less than 8db (6 in.) nor 6 in. Therefore, use 15 in.
As discussed in Section 7, the maximum bar spacing must be limited to control flexural cracking . The maximum
flexural moment for the exterior of the wall occurs at 0.8H. The maximum unfactored moment is equal to 0.0073
multiplied by wH3 . Note that this is the unfactored load. Therefore, the maximum unfactored moment for the
exterior face of the wall is:

38 Circular Tanks
 Mmax = 0.0073 X 65.0 X (28)3 = 10,416 ft-lbs per ft
The increase in the bending moments from the effect of restraint of the top of the tank from the roof slab is omitted
since that increase is very small at this location. The stress in the reinforcing is calculated using the working stress
method as follows:

fs =
As jd
where:
As = 0.528 in.2/ft
d =13.5
n =8
p = 0.528/(12 X 13.5) = 0.0033

k = j2pn + (pn)2 — pn
= 0.204
j = 1 - k/3 = 0.932
Therefore:
fs = (10,416 X 12)/(0.528 X 0.932 X 13.5)
= 18,815 psi
The maximum spacing to control cracking is:
smax = z3/(2 X de2 X fs 3 )
where:
de = Cover + bar radius
= 2 + 0.375 = 2.375
z = 115 kips/in.
fs =18.8 kips
max = (115) 3/(2 X (2.375)2 X (18.8)3)
= 20 in.> 8 in. O.K.
smax for the interior #6 bars is 15 in.

VIII. Shear Strength

The shear capacity of the wall is given by:

=24400 x12 x13.5

= 20,492 lbs
(1)Ve = 0.85 X 20,492 = 17,418 lbs

Circular Tanks 39
The maximum shear force is given by:
Vmax = Coefficient X wu X H2
where Coefficient = 0.1065 (see Table A-12)
= 1.7 X 90.0 =153.0 lbs/ft3
V. = 0.1065 X 153.0 X (28) 2 = 12,775 lbs < 17,418 lbs O.K.

• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
II •
#6 @ 12 in. • #5 @ 8 in.
NA
•
r •
•
111

• •
• ■

water slop

•
• -4-16'

•
• •
#6 12 int-4r • • @ 8 in.
• •
• •
• •
• •
•
water stop

40 Circular Tanks
 Appendix

Table A-1 Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)—Ring Tension A-2

Table A-2 Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)—Moment A-2

Table A-3 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)—Ring Tension A-3

Table A-4 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)—Moment A-3

Table A-5 Hinged Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)—Ring Tension A-4

Table A-6 Hinged Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)—Ring Tension A-5

Table A-7 Hinged Base-Free Top (Trapezoidal Load)—Moment A-6

Table A-8 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top)—Ring Tension A-7

Table A-9 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top)—Ring Tension A-7

Table A-10 Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied at Base)—Ring Tension A-8

Table A-11 Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied at Base)—Moment A-8

Table A-12 Shear at Base of Cylindrical Wall A-9

Table A-13 Load on Center Support for Circular Slab A-9

Table A-14 Moments in Circular Slab without Center Support A-10

Table A-15 Stiffness of Cylindrical Wall A-10

Table A-16 Stiffness of Circular Plates A-10

Table A-17 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support-Uniform Load/Fixed Base A-11

Table A-18 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support-Uniform Load/Hinged Edge A-11

Table A-19 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support-Moment at Edge A-11

Table A-20 Design Aid for Bending Moment Reinforcing A-12

 Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)

Table A-1- Tension In circular rings

T = coef. x wHR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
Coefficients at point

112 0.01-1 0.111 0.211 0.31-1 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.811 0.9H
DI
0.4 +0.149 +0.134 +0.120 +0.101 +0.082 +0.066 +0.049 +0.029 +0.014 +0.004
0.8 +0.263 +0.239 +0.215 +0.190 +0.160 +0.130 +0.096 +0.063 +0.034 +0.010
1.2 +0.283 +0.271 +0.254 +0.234 +0.209 +0.180 +0.142 +0.099 +0.054 +0.016
1.6
2.0
+0.265
+0.234
+0.268
+0.251
+0.268
+0.273
+0.266
+0.285
+0.250
+0.285
+0.226
+0.274
+0.185
+0.232
+0.134
+0.172
+0.075 +0.023 Supplemental Coefficients
+0.104 +0.031
Coefficients at point
3.0 +0.134 +0.203 +0.257 +0.322 +0.357 +0.362 +0.330 +0.262 +0.157 +0.052
4_0 +0.087 +0.164 +0.256 +0.339 +0.403 +0.429 +0.409 +0.334 +0.210 +0.073 H'
5.0 +0.025 +0.137 +0.245 +0.346 +0.428 +0.477 +0.469 +0.398 +0259 +0.092 7511 .80H .135H .9011 .95H
6.0 +0.018 +0.119 +0.234 +0.344 +0.441 +0.504 +0.514 +0.447 +0.301 +0,112 DI
.Joi m
QT

8.0 -0.011 +0.104 +0.218 +0.335 +0.443 +0.534 +0.575 +0.530 +0.381 +0.151 +0.716 +0.654 +0.520 +0.325 +0.115
+0.746 +0.702 +0.577 +0.372 +0.137
10.0 -0.011 +0.098
NOCO SQ

+0.208 +0.323 +0.437 +0.542 +0,608 +0.589 +0.440 +0.179 +0.782 +0.768 +0.863 +0.459 +0.182
nn..0

12.0 -0.005 +0.097 +0.202 +0.312 +0.429 +0.543 +0.628 +0.633 +0.494 +0.211 +0.800 +0.805 +0.731 +0.530 +0.217
14.0 -0.002 +0.098 +0.200 +0.306 +0.420 +0.539 +0.639 +0.666 +0.541 +0.241 +0.791 +0.828 +0.785 +0.593 +0.254
16.0 0.000 +0.099 +0.199 +0.304 +0.412 +0.531 +0.641 +0.687 +0.582 +0265 +0.763 +0.838 +0.824 +0.636 +0.285

Table A-2- Moments in cylindrical wall

Mom. = coef. x wH 3 ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
Coefficients at point
-±J

0.1H 0.21-I 0.3H 0.4H 0.51-I 0.6H 0.7H 0.81-I 0.911 1.0H

0.4
ri1

-.0042 -.0150 -.0302 -.0529 -.0816 -.1205

0.8 +.0070 +.0023 -.0068 -.0224 -.0465 -.0795
1.2
O8'8E 1

+.0112 +.0090 +.0022 -.0108 -.0311 -.0602

1.6
2.0
+.0121
+.0120
+.0111
+.0115
+.0058
+.0075
-.0051
-.0021
-.0232
-.0185
-.0505 Supplemental Coefficients
-.0436
8g

Coefficient at point
;7."

3.0 +.0090 +.0097 +.0077 +.0012 -.0119 -.0333

4.0 +.0066 +.0077 +.0089 +0023 -.0080 -.0268
5.0 11 2
O

co

8
Cs!

+.0046
88 1

+.0059 +.0059 +0028 -.0058 -.0222 II .00H .85H .90H 9511 1.0011
6.0 +.0032 +.0046 +.0051 +.0029 -.0041 -.0187
8.0 +.0016 +.0028 +.0038 +.0029
N
OTN OWM

-.0022 -.0146
mN ,N On

0,,cfoT
§§§

RIM
+++44'

++++++
.1: •1;

10.0 +0007 +.0019 +.0029 +.0028 -.0012 -.0122

§§ §§

12.0 +.0003 +.0013

erT

+.0023 +.0026 -.0005 -.0104

§1 §

14.0 +.0001 +.0008 +.0019 +0023 -.0001 -.0090

16.0
§

-.0001 +-0004 +.0013 +.0019 +.0001 -.0079

A-2 Appendix
 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)

Table A-3- Tension In circular rings

T = coef. x pR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
Coefficients at point

H2
0.0H 0.111 0.2H 0.311 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.91-I
Dt
0.4 +0.582 +0.505 +0.431 +0.353 +0.277 +0.206 +0.145 +0.092 +0.046 +0.013
0.8 +1.052 +0.921 +0.796 +0.669 +0.542 +0.415 +0.289 +0,179 +0.089 +0.024
1.2 +1.218 +1.078 +0.946 +0.808 +0.665 +0.519 +0.378 +0.246 +0.127 +0.034
1.6 +1.257 +1.141
2.0 +1.253 +1.144
+1.009
+1.041
+0.881
+0.929
+0.742
+0.806
+0.600
+0.667
+0.449
+0.514
+0.294
+0.345
+0.153
+0.186
+0.045
+0.055
Supplemental Coefficients
Coefficient at paint
3.0 +1.160 +1.112 +1.061 +0.998 +D.912 +0.796 +0.646 +0.459 +0.258 +0.081
4.0 +1.085 +1.073 +1.057 +1.029 +0.977 +0.887 +0.746 +0.553 +0.322 +0.105
5.0 +1.037 +1.044 +1.047 +1.042 +1.015 +0.949 +0.825 +0.629 +0.379 +0.128 .7511 .80H ,85H .90H .951-1
6.0 +1.010 +1.024 +1.038 +1.045 +1.034 +0.986 +0.879 +0.694 +0.430 +0.149
8.0 +0.9e9 +1.022 +1.036 +1.044 +1.026
QaNOM Q

+1.005 +0.953 +0788 +0.519 +0.189 +0.949 +0.825 +0.629 +0.379 +0.128
+0.986 +0.879 +0.694 +0.430 +0.149
10.0 +0.989 +0.998 +1.010 +1.023 +1.039 +1.040 +0.996 +0.859 +0.591 +0.226 +1.026 +0.953 +0.788 +0.519 +0.189
12.0 +0.994 +0.997 +1.003 +1.014 +1.031 +1.043 +1.022 +0.911 +0.652 +0.262 +1.040 +0.996 +0.859 +0.591 +0226
14.0 +0.997 0.998 +1.000 +1.007 +1.022 +1.040 +1.035 +0.949 +0.705 +0.294 +1.043 +1.022 +0.911 +0.652 +0.262
16.0 +1,000 0.999 +0.999 +1.003 +1.015 +1.032 +1.040 +0.975 +0.750 +0.321 +1.040 +1.035 +0.949 +0.705 +0.294

Table A-4- Moments in cylindrical wail

Mom. = met x pH 2 ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
Coefficients at point

H2
0.1H 0.211 0.311 P.AH 0.5H 0.6H 0,7H 0.811 0.9H 1.0H
Dt
51i i i

-.0439 -.0710 -.1018 -.1455 -.2000 -.2593 -.3310

-.0083 -.0185 -.0362 -.0594 -.0917 -.1325 -.1835
+.0029 -.0009 -.0089 -.0227 -.0468 -.0815 -.1178
++ +++++ +

+.0077
+.0088
+.0068
+.0089
+.0011
+.0059
-.0093
-.0019
-.0267
-.0167
-.0529
-.0389
-.0876
-.0719
Supplemental Coefficients
Coefficient at paint
+.0074 +.0091 +.0083 +.0042 -0053 -.0223 -.0483
+0052 +.0068 +.0075 +.0053 -.0013 -.0145 -.0365
11 3
-
Lr)
c?

co

+.0035 +.0051 +.0061 +.0052 +.0007 -.0101 -.0293 .8011 .85H .9011 95H 1.00H
+.0022 +.0036 +.0049 +0048 +.0017 -.0073 -.0242
,IND) aaM

+.0008 +.0018 +.0031 +.0038 +.0024 -.0040 -.0184

gg§§88
MCAMI,A21-

raffg
+4444 .i:

44444+
nil

+.0002 +.0009
N W M

+.0021 +.0030 +.0026 -.0022 -.0147

.0000 +.0004 +.0014 +.0024 +.0022 -.0012 -.0123
.0000 +.0002 +.0010 +.0018 +.0021 -.0007 -.0105
-.0001 +.0001 +.0006 +.0012 +.0020 -.0005 -.0091

Appendix A-3
Hinged Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)

Table A-5- Tension in circular rings

T = coef. x wHR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
Coefficients at point

H2
0.0H 0.1H 0.21-1 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.81-1 0.9H
Dt
0.4 +0.474 +0.440
ci dddddddd d ddd o

+0,395 +0252 +0.308 +0.215 +0.165

+ + ++ + + + + + + + + + +

+0.111 +0.057
0.8 +0.423 +0.402 +0,381 +0.358 +0.330 +0.249 +0.202 +0.145 +0.076
1.2 +0.350 +0.355
RR

+0.361 +0.362 +0.358 +0.309 +0.256 +0.166 +0.096

1.6 +0.271 +0.303 +0.341 +0.369 +0.385 +0,362 +0.314 +0.233 +0.124
2.0 +0.205 +0.260 +0.321 +0.373 +0.411 +0.419 +0.389 +0.260 +0.151 Supplemental Coefficients
3.0 Coefficient at point
+0.074 +0.179 +0.281 +0.375 +0.449
§gg g OOQ

+0.519 +0.479 +0.375 +0.210

4.0 +0.017 +0.137 +0.253 +0.367 +0.469 +0.579 +0.553 +0.447 +0.256
=
5.0 -0.008 +0.114 +0.235 +0.358 +0.469 +0.617 +0.606 +0.503 +0.294 .751-1 .801-4 .13511 .90H .9511
15

6.0 -0.011 +0.103 +0.223 +0.343 +0.463 +0.639 +0.643 +0.547 +0.327
8.0 -0.015 +0.096 +0.208 +0.324 +0.443 +0,681 +0.697 +0.621 +0.386 20 +0.812 +0.817 +0.756 +0.603 +0.344
24 +0.816 +0.839 +0.793 +0.647 +0.377
10.0 -0.008 +0.095 +0.200 +0.311 +0.428 +0.666 +0.730 +0.678 +0.433 32 +0.814 +0.861 +0_847 +0.721 +0.436
12.0 -0.002 +0.097 +0.197 +0.302 +0.417 +0.664 +0.750 +0.720 +0.477 40 +0.802 +0.866 +0.880 +0.778 +0.483
14.0 0.000 +0.098 +0.197 +0.299 +0.408 +0.659 +0.761 +0.752 +0.513 48 +0.791 +0.864 +0.900 +0.820 +0.527
16.0 +0.002 +0.100 +0.198 +0.299 +0.403 +0.650 +0.764 +0.776 +0.536 56 +0.781 +0.859 +0.911 +0.852 +0.563
 Hinged Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)

•
'41
R

--01•1L 41--

Table A-6- Tension In circular rings

T = coef. x pR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
Coefficients at point

11 2
0.0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.611 0.711 0.811 0.9H
Dt
0.4 +1.474 +1.340 +1.195 +1.052 +0.908 +0.764 +0.615 +0.465 +0.311 +0.154
0.8 +1.423 +1.302 +1.181 +1.058 +0.930 +0.797 +0.649 +0.502 +0.345 +0.166
1.2 +1,350 +1.255 +1.161 +1,062 +0.958 +0.843 +0.709 +0.556 +0.3136 +0198
1.6 +1.271 +1.203 +1.141 +1.069 +0.985 +0.885 +0.756
2.0 +1.205 +1.160 +1.121 +1.073 +1.011 +0.934 +0.819
+0.614
+0.689
+0.433
+0.460
+0,224
+0.251
Supplemental Coefficients
CoefficIent al point
3.0 +1.074 +1.079 +1.081 +1.075 +1.049 +1.006 +0.919 +0.779 +0.575 +0.310
4.0 +1.017 +1.037 +1.053 +1.067 +1.069 +1.045 +0.979 +0.853 +0.647 +0.356 H2
5.0 +0,992 +1.014 +1.035 +1.055 +1.069 +1.062 +1.017 +0.906 +0.703 +0.394 .75H .80H .85H .90H .95H
6.0 +0.989 +1.003 +1.023 +1.043 +1.063 +1.066 +1.039 +0.943 +0.747 +0.427 Dt
8.0 +0.985 +0.996 +1.008 +1.024 +1.043 +1.064 +1.061 +0.997 +0.821 +0.488 20 +1.062 +1.017 +0.906 +0.703 +0.394
24 +1.066 +1.039 +0.943 +0.747 +0.427
10.0 +0.992 +0.995 +1.000 +1.011 +1.026 +1.052 +1.066 +1.030 +0.878 +0.533 32 +1.064 +1.061 +0.997 +0.821 +0.486
12.0 +0.998 +0.997 +0.997 +1.002 +1.017 +1.041 +1.064 +1.050 +0.920 +0.577 40 +1.052 +1.066 +1,030 +0.878 +0.533
14.0 +1.000 +0.998 +0.997 +0.999 +1.005 +1.031 +1.059 +1.060 +0.952 +0.513 48 +1.041 +1.064 +1.050 +0.920 +0.577
18.0 +1.002 +1.000 +0.998 +0.999 +1.003 +1.021 +1.050 +1.064 +0.976 +0.636 56 +1.021 +1.059 +1.061 +0.952 +0.613

Appendix A-5
Hinged Base-Free Top (Trapezoidal Load)

Table A-7- Moments in cylindrical wall

Mom. = coef. x (wH 3 + pH2) ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
Coefficients at point

H2
0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0,4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.BH 0.9H 1.0H
Dt
- .
0.4 +.0151
00000 000 0 00000
+.0230 +.0301 +.0348 +.0357 +.0312 +6197
0.8 +.0133 +6207 +6271 +.0319 +.0329 +.0292 +6187
1.2 +.0111 +.0177 +.0237 +.0280 +.0296 +.0263 +.0171
1.6
2.0
+.0091
+.0073
+.0145
+.0114
+.0195
+.0158
+.0236
+.0199
+.0255
+.0219
+.0232 +.0155 Supplemental Coefficients
+.0205 +.0145
Coefficient at point
3.0 +.0040 +.0063 +.0092 +6127 +.0152 +6153 +.0111
4.0 +.0016 +.0033 +.0057 +.0083 +.0109 +.0118 +.0092
H2
5.0 +.0006 +.0016 +.0034 +.0057 +6080 +.0094 +.0078 cFt .75H .80H .85H .90H .95H
6.0 +.0002 +.0008 +.0019 +.0039 +.0062 +.0078 +.0068
8.0 -.0002 .0000 +.0007 +.0020 +.0038 +6057 +.0054 +6020

+++F++
+.0017
10.0 •.0002 -.0001 +.0002 +.0011 +.0025 +6043 +.0045 +.0013
12,0 -.0001 -.0002 .0000 +.0005 +6017 +.0032 +.0039 +.0011
14.0 -.0001 -.0001 -.0001 .0000 +6012 +.0026 +.0033 +.0010
16.0 .0000 -.0001 .0002 -.0004 +6008 +.0022 +.0029 +.0008
 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top)

Table A-8- Tension in circular rings

T = coef. x VR/H lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
H2
0.0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.31-1 0.411 0.5H 0.6H 0.71-1 0.8H 0.9H
Dt
23:1"

0.4 -1.57 -1.32 -0.86 -0.65 -0.47 -0.31 -0.18 -0.08 -0.02
0.8 -3.09 -2.55 -1.57 -1.15 -0.80 -0.51 -0.28 -0.13 -0.03
1.2 -3.95 -3.17 -1.79 -1.25 -0.81 -0.48 -0.25 -0.10 -0.02
1.6 -4.57 -3. 54 •1.80 -1.17 -0.69 -0.36 -0,16 -0.05 -0.01
2.0 -5.12
S

-3.83 -1,74 -1.02 -0.52 -0,21 -0.05 +0.01 +0.01

Supplemental Coefficients
re SQ:0

3.0 -6.32 -4.37 -1.43 -0.58 -0.02 +0.15 +0.19 +0.13 . +0.04
4.0 -734 -4.73 -1.10 -0.19 +0.26 +0.38 +0.33 +0.19 +0.06
5.0 +0.50
(

-8.22 • .99 -0.79 +0.11 +0.47 +0.37 +0.20 +0.06 ,00H .05H .10H .151-1 .2011
6.0 -9.02 -5.17 -0.50 +0,34 +0.59 +0.53 +0,35 +0.17 +0.01
)"7 ' 794

8.0 -10.42 -5.36 -0.02 +0.63 +0.66 +0.46 +0.24 +0.09 +0.01 20 -16.44 -9.98 -4.90 -1.59 +0.22
24 -18.04 -10.34 -4.54 -1.00 +0.68
10.0 -11.67 -5.43 +0.36 +0.78 +0.62 +0.33 +0.12 +0.02 0.00 32 -20.84 -10.72 -3.70 -0.04 +1.26
12.0 -12.76 -5.41 +0.63 +0.83 +0.52 +0.21 +0.04 -0.02 0.00 40 -23.34 -10.86 -2.86 +0.72 +1,56
14.0 -13.77 -5.34 +0.80 +0.81 +0.42 +0.13 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 48 -25.52 -10.82 -2.06 +1.26 +1.66
16.0 , -14.74 -5.22 +0.96 +0.76 +0.32 +0.05 -064 -0.05 -0.02 56 -27.54 -10.68 -1.36 +1.60 +1.62

When this table is used for shear applied at the base while the top is fixed, 0.0H is
the bottom of the wall and 1.0H is the top. Shear acting inward is positive, outward is
negative.

Table A-9- Moments In cylindrical wall

Mom. = coef. x VH ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
=1 5

0.1H 0,2H 0.31-4 0.4H 0,514 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H 1.0H

0.4 +0.093 +0.172 +0.240 +0.300 +0.354 +0.402 +0.448 +0.492 +0.535 +0.578
0.8 +0.085 +0.145 +0.185 +0.208 +0.220 +0.224 +0.223 +0.219 +0.214 +0.208
1.2 +0.082 +0.132 +0.157 +0.164 +0.159 +0.145 +0.127 +0,106 +0.084 +0.062
1.6 +0.079 +0.122 +0.139 +0.138 +0.125 +0.105 +0,081 +0.056 +0.030 +0.004
2,0 +0.077 +0.115 +0.126 +0.119 +0.103 +0.080 +0.056 +0.031 +0.006 -0.019

3.0 +0.072 +0.100 +0.100 +0.036 +0.066 +0.044 +0.025 +0.006 -0.010 -0.024 Supplemental Coefficients
4.0 +0.068 +0.088 +0.081 +0.063 +0.043 +0.025 +0.010 -0.001 -0.010 -0.019
11 5

5.0 +0.064 +0.078 +0.067 +0.047 +0.028 +0.013 +0.003 -0.003 •0.007 -0.011 .05F-1 .10H .151-1 .20H .25H
6.0 +0.062 +0.070 +0.056 +0.036 +0.018 +0.006 0.000 -0.003 -0.005 -0.006
8.0 +0.057 +0.058 +0.041 +0.021 +0.007
N MI
fq

0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002 -0001 +0.032 +0.039 +0.033 +0.023 +0.014
Nen

+0.031 +0.035 +0.028 +0.018 +0.009

10.0 +0.053 +0.049 +0.029 +0.012 +0.002
C4 OP CO 54

-0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 +0.028 +0.029 +0.020 +0.011 +0.004
12.0 +0.049 +0.042 +0.022 +0.007 +0.000
‘1, ,r U7

-0.002 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 +0.026 +0.025 +0.015 +0.00e +0.001
14.0 +0.046 +0.036 +0.017 +0.004 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 +0,024 +0.021 +0.011 +0.003 0.000
16.0 +0.044 +0.031 +0.012 +0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 +0.023 +0.018 +0.008 +0.002 0.000

When this table is used for shear applied at the base while the top is fixed, 0.0H is
the bottom of the wall and 1.0H is the top. Shear acting inward is positive, outward is
negative.

Appendix A-7
 Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied at Base)

A
R OP'

Table A-10- Tension in circular rings

T = coef. x MR/H 2 lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension

0.0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.51-I 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H

0.4 +2.70 +2.50 +2.30 +2.12 +1.91 +1.69 +1.41 +1.13 +0.80 +0.44
0.8 +2.02 +2.06 +2.10 +2.14 +2.10 +2.02 +1.95 +1.75 +1.39 +0.60
1.2 +1.06 +1.42 +1.79 +2.03 +2.46 +2.65 +2.60 +2.60 +2.22 +1.37
1.6 +0.12 +0.79 +1.43 +2,04 +2.72 +3.25 +3.56 +3.59 +3,13 +2.01
2.0 -0.68 +0.22 +1.10 +2.02 +2.90 +3.69 +4.30 +4.54 +4.08 +2.75

3.0. -1.78 -0.71 +0.43 +1.60 +2.95 +4.29 +5.66 +6.58 +6.55 +4.73
Supplemental Coefficients
4.0 -1.87 -1.00 -0.08 +1.04 +2.47 +4.31 +6.34 +8.19 +8.62 +6.81
11 6

5.0 -1.54 -1.03 -0.42 +0.45 +1.66 +3.93 +6.60 +9.41 +11.03 +9.02 .75H .80H .85H .90H .95FI
6.0 -104 -0.88 -0.59 -0.05 +1.21 +3.34 +6.54 +10.28 +13.08 +11.41
8.0 -0.24 -0.53 -0.73 -0.67 -0.02 +2.05 +5.87 +11.32 +16.52 +16.06 +15.30 +25.9 +36.9 +43.3 +35.3
+13.20 +25.9 +40.7 +51.8 +45.3
10.0 +0.21 -0.23 -0.64 -0.94 -0.73 +0.82 +4.79 +11.63 +19.48 +20.87 +8.10 +23.2 +45.9 +65.4 +63.6
12.0 +0.32 -0.05 -0.46 -0.96 -1.15 -0.18 +3.52 +11.27 +21.80 +25-73 +3.28 +19.2 +46.6 +77.9 +83.5
14.0 +0.26 +0.04 -0.28 -0.76 -1.29 -0.87 +2.29 +10.55 +23.50 +30.34 -0.70 +14.1 +45.1 +67.2 +103.0
16.0 +0.22 ., +0.07 _ -0.08 -0.64 -1.28 -1.30 +1.12 +9.67 +24.53 _ +34.65 -3.40 +9.2 +42.2 +94.0 +121.0

When this table is used for moment applied at the top, while the top s hinged, 0.0H
is the bottom of the wall and 1.0H is the top. Moment applied at an edge is positive
when it causes outward rotation at that edge.

Table A-11- Moments in cylindrical wall

Mom. = coef. x M ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside

0.1-I 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H 1.0H
§ §§§ §§§ §§§ §§§§

0.4 +0.051 +0.109 +0.196 +0.296 +0.414 +0.547 +0.692 +0.843

++ ++ + +++ ++ ++ + +

0.6 +0.040 +0.090 +0.164 +0.253 +0.375 +0.503 +0.659 +0.624

1.2 +0.027 +0.063 +0,125 + 0.206 +0.318 +0.454 +0.616 +0,802
1.6 +0.011 +0.035 +0.078 +0.152 + 0.253 +0.393 +0.570 +0.775
2.0 -0.002 +0.012 +0.034 +0.096 +0.193 +0.340 +0.519 +0.748

3.0 -0.022 -0.030 -0.029 +0.010 +0.087 +0.227 +0.426 +0.692 Supplemental Coefficients
4.0 -0.026 -0.044 -0.051 -0.034 +0.023 +0.150 +0.354 +D.645 H2
-0.024 -0.045 -0.061 -0.057 -0.015 +0.095 +0.296 +0.606 .60H .851-1 .90H .95H 1.00H
8

5.0 -
6.0 -0.018 -0.040 -0.058 -0.065 -0.037 +0.057 +0.252 +0.572 Dt
§

-0.009 -0,022 -0.044 -0.068 -0.062 +0.002 +0.178 +0515 -0.015 +0.095 +0.296 +0.606
+ ++ + + +

6.0
-0.037 +0.057 +0250 +0.572
10.0 -0.002 -0.009 -0.028 -0.053 -0.067 -0.031 +D.123 +0.467 -0.062 +0.002 +0.178 +0.515
+0.123 +0.467
0

-0.067 -0.031
vr

12.0 0.000 -0.003 -0.016 -0.040 -0.064 -0.049 +0.061 +0.424

14.0 0.000 0.000 -0.008 -0.029 -0.059 -0.060 +0.048 +0.387 -0.064 -0.049 +0.081 +0.424
16.0 0.000 +0.002 -0.003 -0.021 -0.051 -0.066 +0.025 +0.354 -0.059 -0.060 +0.048 +0.367

When this table is used for moment applied at the top, while he top is hinged, 0.0H
is the bottom of the wall and 1.0H is the top. Moment applied at an edge is positive
when it causes outward rotation at that edge.

A-8 Appendix
 Shear at Base of Cylindrical Wall

1
Table A-12-Shear at base of cylindrical wall
2
wH lb.(triangular)
V =coef . x pH lb. (rectangular)
MM lb. (moment at base)

Positive sign indicates shear acting inward

Hs Triangular or
Triangular load, Rectangular load, rectangular load, Moment at edge
DI fixed base fixed base hinged base
0.4 +0.436 +0.755 +0.245 -1.58
0.8 +0,374 +0.552 +0.234 -1.75
1.2 +0.339 +0.460 +0.220 -2.00
1.6 +0.317 +0.407 +0.204 -2.28
2.0 +0.299 +0.370 +0.189 -2.57

3.0 +0.262 +0.310 +0.158 -3.18

4.0 +0.236 +0.271 +0.137 -3.68
5.0 +0.213 +0.243 +0.121 -4.10
6.0 +0.197 +0.222 +0.110 -4.49
8.0 +0.174 +0.193 +0.096 -5.18

10.0 +0.158 +0.172 +0.087 -5.81

12.0 +0.145 +0.158 +0.079 -6.38
14.0 +0.135 +0.147 +0.073 -6.88
16.0 +0.127 +0.137 +0.068 -7.36

20.0 +0.114 +0.122 +0.062 -8.20

24.0 +0.102 +0.111 +0.055 -8.94
32.0 +0.089 +0.096 +0.048 -10.36
40.0 +0.080 +0.086 +0.043 -10.62
48.0 +0.072 +0.079 +0.039 -12.76
56.0 +04067 +0.074 +0.036 -13.78

Load on Center Support for Circular Slab

Table A-13-Load on center support for circular slab

pR 2 (hinged and fixed)

Load r:coef.x
M (moment at edge)
°ID 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Hinged 1.320 1.387 1.463 1.542 1.625
Fixed 0.839 0.919 1.007 1.101 1.200
M at edge 8.16 8.66 9.29 9.99 10.81

Appendix
 Moments in Circular Slab Without Center Support

c.
Table A-14- Moments In circular slab without center support
Mom. = coef. x pR 2 ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates compression in surface loaded
Coefficients at point
0.00R 10.10R 10.20R 10.308 10.40R 1 0.50R 10.608 0.709 10.808 10.909 1 1.009
Radial Moments, m.
+.075 1 +.073
I +.067 I +.057 1 +.043 1 +.025 +.003 I -.023 I -.053 I -.087 1 -.125
Tangential Moments, M1

+.075 I +.074 1 +.071 1 +.066 1 +.059 I +.050 1 +.039 I +.0261 +.011 I -.006 1 -.025

Stiffness of Cylindrical Wall

Table A-15- Stiffness of cylindrical wall, near edge hinged, far edge free
k = coef. x Et3/H
H2 H2
ETt Coefficient r.
7 Coefficient
0 0
V

0.139 10 1.010
. N Cc' C2 qqq q

0.270 12 1.108
0.345 14 1.198
0.399 16 1281
NM •ct Ul 0 CO

0.445 20 1.430
0.548 24 1.566
0.635 32 1.810
0.713 40 2.025
0.783 48 2220
0.903 56 2.400

Stiffness of Circular Plates

Table A-16- Stiffness of circular plates with center support
k = coef. x Et3/R
c/D 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Cost. 0.290 0.309 0.332 0.358 0.387

Without center support

Coef. = 0.104

A-10 Appendix
 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support

Table A-17-Uniform load, fixed edge

Mom. = coef. x pR 2 ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates compression in surface loaded
Coefficients at point

OD I 0.0511 I 0.108 I 0.1513 I 0.20R I 0.25R I 0.30R I 0.40R I 0.5011 I 0.6011 I 0.70R [ 0.8011 _II 0.90R I 1.00R

Radial Moments, M r
' -
0.05 -0.2100 -0.0729 -0.0275 -0.0026 +0.0133 +0.0238 +0.0342 +0.0347 +0.0277 +0.0142 -0.0049 -0.0294 -0.0569
0.10 -0.1433 -0.0624 -0.0239 -0.0011 +0.0136 +0.0290 +0.0326 +0.0276 +0.0158 -0.0021 -0.0255 -0.0541
0.15 -0.1089 -0.0521 -0.0200 +0.0002 +0.0220 +0.0293 +0.0269 +0.0169 +0.0006 -0.0216 -0.0490
0.20 -0.0862 -0.0429 -0.0161 +0.0133 +0.0249 +0.0254 +0.0176 +0.0029 -0.0178 -0.0441
0.25 -0.0698 _ -0.0351 +0.0029 +0.0194 +0.0231 +0.0177 +0.0049 -0.0143 -0.0393
Tangential Moments, M
-

0
11 1H
0.05 -0.0417 -0.0700 -0.0541 -0.0381 -0.0251 -0.0145 +0.0002 +0.0085 +0.0118 +0.0109 +0.0065 -0.0118

999°
0.10 -0.0287 -0.0421 -0.0354 -0.0258 -0.0168 -0.0027 +0.0059 +0.0099 +0.0098 +0.0061 -0.0108
0.15 -0.0218 -0.0284 -0.0243 -0.0177 - 0.0051 +0.0031 +0.0080 +0.0086 +0.0057 -0.0098
0.20 -0.0172 -0.0203 -0.0171 -0.0070 +0.0013 +0.0063 +0.0075 +0.0052 -0.0088
0.25 •0.0140 -0.0150 -0.0083 -0.0005 +0,0046 +0,0064 +0.0048 , -0.0078

Table A-18-UnIform load, hinged edge

Morn. = coef. x pR 2 ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates compression in surface loaded
Coefficients at point

0/13 I 0.0513 I 0.10R I 0.15R I 0.208 1 0.25R I 0.313R I 0.40R I 0.50R I 0.6013 I 0.7011 I 0.508 I 0.90R I 1.0CR
Radial Moments, M ,

0000 0
0.05 -0.3658 -0.1388 -0.0640 -0.0221 +0.0058 +0.0255 +0.0501 +0.0614 +0.0629 +0.0566 +0.0437 +0.0247
0.10 -0.2487 -0.1180 -0.0557 -0.0176 +0.0081 +0.0391 +0.0539 +0.0578 +0.0532 +0.0416 +0.0237
0.15 -0.1869 -0.0977 -0.0467 -0.0135 +0.0258 +0.0451 +0.0518 +0.0494 +0.0393 +0.0226
0.213 -0.1465 -0.0800 -0.0381 +0.0109 +0.0352 +0.0452 +0.0451 +0.0368 +0.0215
0.25 -0.1172 -0.0645 -0.0055 +0.0245 +0.0381 +0.0404 +0.0340 +0.0200

Tangential Moments, M

0.05 -0.0731 -0.1277 -0.1040 -0.0786 -0.0569 -0.0391 -0.0121 +0.0061 +0.0175 +0.0234 +0.0251 +0.0228 +0.0168
0.10 -0.0498 -0.0768 -0.0684 -0.0539 -0.0394 -0.0153 +0.0020 +0.0134 +0.0197 +0.0218 +0.0199 +0.0145
0.16 -0.0374 -0.0516 -0.0470 -0.0375 -0.0175 -0.0014 +0.0097 +0.0163 +0.0186 +0.0172 +0.0123
0.20 -0.0293 -0.0367 -0.0333 -0.0184 -0.0042 +0.0065 +0.0132 +0.0158 +0.0148 +0.0103
0.25 -0.0234 -0.0263 -0.0184 -0.0062 +0.0038 +0.0103 +0.0132 +0.0122 +0.0086

Table A-19-Moment per ft, 111, applied at edge, hinged edge

D
Mom. = coef. x M ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates compression in top surface
Coefficients at point

c/D . I 0.05R I 0.10R I 0.1511 I 0.20R I . 0.2511 I 0.3011 I 0.40R I 0.508 I 0.608 I 0,7011 ll 0.60R 0.9011
I "CR
Radial Moments. M r

-2.650 -1.121 -0.622 -0.333 I -0.129 +0.029 +0.268 +0.450 +0.596 +0.718 +0.824 +0.917
-1.950 -1.026 -0.584 -0.305 -0.103 +0.187 +0.394 +0.558 +0.692 +0.808 +0.909
ic

•1.594 -0.930 .0.545 -0.280 +0.078 +0.323 +0.510 +0.663 +0.790 +0.900
-1.366 -0.842 -0.499 -0.057 +0.236 +0.451 +0.624 +0.768 +0,891
-1.204 -0.765 -0.216 +0.130 +0.392 +0.577 +0.740 +0.880
Tangential Moments, M
99

0.05 -0.5.30 -0.847 -0.668 -0.544 -0.418 -0.211 -0.042 +0.095 +0.212 +0.314 +0.405 +0.486
0.10 -0,641 -0.608 -0.518 -0.419 -0.233 -0.072 +0.066 +0.185 +0.290 +0.384 +0.469
0.15 -0.319 -0.472 -0.463 -0.404 -0.251 -0.100 +0.035 +0.157 +0.263 +0.363 +0.451
0.20 -0.272 -0.372 -0.368 .0.261 -0.123 +0.007 +0.129 +0.240 +0.340 +0.433
0.25 -0.239 -0.305 -0.259 -0.145 -0.020 +0.099 +0.214 +0.320 +0.414

Appendix A-I1
Design Aid for Bending Moment Reinforcing
Table A-20-Design Aid for Bending Moment Reinforcing
.000 - .001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 ' .008 .009
to ...
.0040 .0050 .0060 .0070 .0080 .0090
de.q.:6o-l e6 q51

0 .0010 .0020 .0030

.0168 .0178 .0188
0060 060 .60 06 0 0 00 0 0Q 0 00 0 00 0 0d c, Gdo od00 00 0

.0099 .0109 .0119 .0129 .0139 .0149 .0159

.0197 .0207 .0217 .0226 .0236 .0246 .0256 .0266 .0275 .0285
.0343 .0352 .0362 .0372 .0381
•••

.0295 .0304 .0314 .0324 .0333

.0391 .0400 .0410 .0420 .0429 .0438 .0448 .0457 .0467 .0476
.0532 .0541 .0551 .0560 .0569
1.11•••■

.0485 .0495 .0504 .0513 .0523

.0579 .0588 .0597 .0607 .0616 .0625 .0634 .0643 .0653 .0662
.0871 .0680 .0689 .0699 .0708 .0717 .0726 .0735 .0744 .0753
.0762 .0771 .0780 .0789 .0798 .0807 .0816 .0825 .0834 .0843
.0915 .0923 .0932
••••• 0

.0852 .0861 .0870 .0879 .0886 .0897 .0906

.0941 .0950 .0959 .0967 .0976 .0985 .0994 .1002 .1011 .1020
.1029 .1037 .1045 .1055 .1063 .1072 .1081 .1089 .1098 .1106
.1115 .1124 .1133 .1141 .1149 .1158 .1166 .1175 .1163 .1192
.1234 .1259 .1268 .1276
0)

.1200 .1209 .1217 .1226 .1243 .1251

.1326 .1334 .1342 .1351 .1359
NI- L. ID 1.

.1284 .1293 .1301 .1309 .1318

.1367 .1375 .1384 .1392 .1400 .1408 .1416 .1425 .1433 .1441
.1449 .1457 .1465 .1473 .1481 .1489 .1497 .1506 .1514 .1522
.1529 .1537 .1545 .1553 .1561 .1569 .1677 .1585 .1593 .1601
■

.1617 .1624 .1632 .1640 .1648 .1656 .1664 .1671 .1679

p)

.1609
.1687 .1695 .1703 .1710 .1718 .1726 .1733 .1741 .1749 .1756
.1764 .1772 .1779 .1787 .1794 .1802 .1810 .1817 .1825 .1832
.1840 .1847 .1655 .1862 .1670 .1877 .1885 .1892 .1900 .1907
.1914 .1922 .1929 .1937 .1944 .1951 .1959 .1966 .1973 .1981
.2024 .2031 .2039 .2046 .2053
e.)

.1988 .1985 .2002 .2010 .2017

.2060 .2067 .2075 .2082 .2089 .2096 .2103 .2110 .2117 .2124
c`4“., ,,!4qR 0).- ,1"

.2180 2187 .2194

LO

.2131 .2138 .2146 .2152 .2159 .2166 .2173

.2201 .2208 .2215 .2222 .2229 .2236 .2243 .2249 .2256 .2263
.2270 .2277 .2284 .2290 .2297 .2304 .2311 .2317 .2324 .23.31
.2337 .2344 .2351 .2357 .2364 .2371 .2377 .2384 .2391 .2397
.2404 .2410 .2417 .2423 .2430 .2437 .2443 .2450 .2456 .2463
.2469 .2475 .2482 .2488 .2495 .2501 .2508 .2514 .2520 .2527
.2533 .2539 .2546 .2552 .2558 .2565 .2571 .2577 .2553 .2590
.2596 .2602 .2606 .2614 .2621 .2627 .2633 .2639 .2645 .2651
.2657 .2664 .2670 .2676 ,2682 .2688 .2694 .2670 .2706 .2712
.2718 .2724 .2730 .2736 .2742 .2748 .2754 .2760 .2766 .2771
2777 .2783 .2789 .2795 .2801 .2807 .2812 .2818 .2824 .2830
.2835 .2841 .2847 .2853 .2858 .2864 .2870 .2875 .2881 .2887
.2892 .2898 .2904 .2909 .2915 .2920 .2926 .2931 .2937 .2943
.2948 .2954 .2959 .2965 .2970 .2975 .2981 .2986 .2992 .2997
.3045 .3051
en

.3003 .3003 .3013 .3019 .3024 .3029 .3035 .3040

Design: Using factored moment M u , enter table with Mdcbf," bd 2; find co and
compute steel percentage p from p = co /fy

Investigation: Enter table with co from co = pf y/f,' ; find value of M n/f,' bd 2 and
solve for nominal strength Mn.
References

1. ACI Committee 350, Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350R-89),

American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1989.

2. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89)
(Revised 1992), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1989.

3. Structural Design Considerations for Settling Tanks and Similar Structures, by Anand B.
Gogate, ACI Journal Proceedings, Vol. 65, December 1968, p. 1017-1020.

4. Statistical Limitation Upon the Steel Requirements in Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab Floors,
by John R. Nichols, ASCE Transactions, V77, 1914, p. 1670.

5. Notes on ACI 318-89, S. K. Ghosh and B. G. Rabbat, Portland Cement Association, Skokie,
Illinois, 1990, part 21.

6. Design of Concrete Buildings for Earthquake and Wind Forces, by S. K. Ghosh and August
W. Domel, Jr., Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1992, Chapter 2.

7. Design of Reinforced Concrete, by Jack C. McCormack, Harper and Row Publishers, New
York, New York, 1978, Chapter 14.

8. Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs and Tanks, by W. S. Gray, Concrete Publications, Ltd.,

London, Second Edition, 1942, 166 pages.

9. Theory of Plates and Shells, by S. Timoshenko, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1940, 492 pages.

10. Serviceability of Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks, by Amin Ghali and Eleanor Elliot,
ACI Structural Journal, May-June, 1992, p. 345.

11. Analysis of Circular Tank Foundations, by C. V. G. Vallabhan and Y. C. Das, Journal of

Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 117, April 1991, p. 789.

12. Elastic Solutions for Axisymmetrically Loaded Circular Raft with Free or Clamped Edges
Founded on Winkler Springs or a Half-Space, by J. A. Hemsley, Proceedings of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers, Vol. 83, March 1987, p. 61.
Additional Suggested Readings

1. Priestley, M. J. N., Ambient Thermal Stresses in Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks, ACI
Journal, Proceedings V. 73, No. 10, Oct. 1976, pp. 553-560.

2. Wood, J. H., and Adams, J. R., Temperature Gradients in Cylindrical Concrete Reservoirs,
Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials,
Christchurch, No. 2,1977.

3. ACI Committee 209, Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in Concrete
Structures, Designing for Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures, SP-76, American
Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1982, pp. 193-300.

4. Tank Foundation Design, Brown, Andrew A., Hydrocarbon Proceedings, Oct. 1974, p.
153.

5. Structural Design of Concrete Sanitary Structures, Rice, Paul F., Concrete International,
Oct. 1984, p. 14.

6. Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sanitary Structures—Past, Present, and Future,

Gogate, Anand, Concrete International, April 1981, p. 53.

7. Joints in Sanitary Engineering Structures, Wood, Roger H., Concrete International, April
1981,p. 53.

8. Design of Circular Concrete Tanks, Slater, George S., Transactions of the American Soci-
ety of Civil Engineers, Vol. 105,1940, p. 504.
Printed in U.S.A. IS072.01 D