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    LECTURE 1 of 4

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    The document discusses polynomials, including: - Defining polynomials and stating their degree and leading coefficient. - Recognizing monomials, binomials, and trinomials. - Performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long division of polynomials. - Expressing polynomial division in the form of P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x) where D is the divisor, Q is the quotient, and R is the remainder.

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    LECTURE 1 of 4

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    The document discusses polynomials, including: - Defining polynomials and stating their degree and leading coefficient. - Recognizing monomials, binomials, and trinomials. - Performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long division of polynomials. - Expressing polynomial division in the form of P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x) where D is the divisor, Q is the quotient, and R is the remainder.

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    The document discusses polynomials, including: - Defining polynomials and stating their degree and leading coefficient. - Recognizing monomials, binomials, and trinomials. - Performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long division of polynomials. - Expressing polynomial division in the form of P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x) where D is the divisor, Q is the quotient, and R is the remainder.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    26 views27 pages

    LECTURE 1 of 4

    Uploaded by

    ezam
    The document discusses polynomials, including: - Defining polynomials and stating their degree and leading coefficient. - Recognizing monomials, binomials, and trinomials. - Performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long division of polynomials. - Expressing polynomial division in the form of P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x) where D is the divisor, Q is the quotient, and R is the remainder.

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    You are on page 1of 27

    4.

    POLYNOMIALS
    POLYNOMIALS
    4. 1 Polynomials

    4. 2 Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem


    and Zeros of Polynomial
    4.1 POLYNOMIALS
    Learning outcomes:
    At the end of the lesson, students should be
    able:
    (a) To define polynomials, and state the
    degree of a polynomial and the leading
    coefficient.
    (b) To recognize monomials, binomials and
    trinomials.
    (c) To perform addition, subtraction and
    multiplication of polynomials.
    (d) To perform division of polynomials and
    write the answer in the form
    P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x), where the divisor
    can be linear or quadratic.
    Introduction
    Basic functions:
    f ( x )  b (Constant function)
    f ( x )  ax  b , a  0 (Linear function)
    f ( x )  ax  bx  c , a  0 (Quadratic function)
    2

    f ( x )  ax  bx  cx  d , a  0, (Cubic function)
    3 2

    All these functions are special cases of the


    general class of functions called
    Polynomial Functions
    Definition
    A polynomial P(x) of degree n is defined as
    n 1
    P ( x )  a n x  a n 1 x
    n
     ...  a1 x  a 0 ; an  0
    where nZ 

    and a0 , a1 , a 2 ,... a n are

    called the coefficient of the polynomial.


    Note that:

    i() The coefficient of the highest power of x,


    an , is the leading coefficient .
    (ii) The constant term is a0 .
    (iii) The degree of the polynomial is
    determined by the highest power of x.
    Examples of polynomial functions:
    Polynomials Deg. Name Leading Const.
    coefft. term

    P( x)  7 0 const. 0 −7
    P( x)  5 x  6 1 linear 5 −6
    P( x)  7 x  x
    2
    2 quadratic 7 0
    P( x)  2 x  7 x
    3 2
    3 cubic 2 3
     x3
    P( x)  x  5x  5 4
    4
    quartic 1 5
    Examples of non-polynomial expressions:

    1
    5
    x  4 x,
    3
     3x ,
    1
    x  3x  3
    2

    x  x 3
    1 3 contains
    non-positive
    power of x.
    Monomials, Binomials And Trinomials

    Polynomials with one, two and three terms


    are called monomials, binomials and
    trinomials, respectively.

    Example Name Example


    3
    Monomial x
    Binomial 3x  2 x
    3

    Trinomial 7 x 3  2 x 2  1
    Algebraic Operations

    + − × ÷
    Laws of
    Numbers

    commutative associative distributive


    Addition and subtraction
    The addition and subtraction of the polynomial
    P (x) and Q (x)
    can be performed by collecting like terms.
    (similar terms)
    Example

    Given P ( x )  2 x  5 x  4 and
    4 3

    Q ( x )  x  x  3 x  4 x.
    4 3 2

    Determine
    (a) P(x) + Q(x)
    (b) P(x) − Q(x)
    Solution

    (a) P ( x )  Q ( x )
     ( 2 x  5 x  4 )  (x  x  3 x  4 x )
    4 3 4 3 2

     3x  4 x  3x  4 x  4
    4 3 2

    (b) P ( x)  Q ( x)
     ( 2 x  5 x  4)  ( x  x  3 x  4 x )
    4 3 4 3 2

     x  6 x  3x  4 x  4
    4 3 2
    Multiplication

    Every term in one polynomial is multiplied


    by each term in the other polynomial.
    Example

    Given P ( x)  x  x  1
    2
    and
    Q ( x)  2 x  x  1 .
    3 2

    Determine
    (a) 4Q(x)

    (b) P(x)Q(x)
    Solution

    ( a ) 4Q ( x )  4 ( 2 x  x  1)
    3 2

     8x  4x  4
    3 2

    ( b ) P ( x )Q ( x )  ( x  x  1)( 2 x  x  1)
    2 3 2

     2 x  3x  x  2 x  x  1
    5 4 3 2
    Note that:

    If P(x) is a polynomial
    of degree m
    and
    Q(x) is a polynomial
    of degree n,
    Then
    product P(x)Q(x) is
    a polynomial of
    degree (m + n)
    Division
    The division of the polynomial can be
    expressed in the form
    P ( x )  D ( x )Q ( x )  R ( x )
    where
    D(x) Divisor Q(x) Quotient
    R(x) Remainder
    Long Division
    Remainder

    35 1
     17  17
    2 2 2 35
    34
    Quotient Divisor 1

    Hence, 35  (17 )( 2 )  1
    Example

    Divide 2 x  3 x  6 by x  1
    2
    Solution 2x 1
    x  1 2 x  3x  6
    2

    2x  2x
    2

    x6
    x 1
    7
    2 x  3x  6
    2
    7
     2x  1 
    x 1 x 1
    2 x  3 x  6  ( 2 x  1)( x  1)  7
    2
    Example

    Determine 3x  4 x  x  7
    3 2

    3x  4
    by using long division.

    Answer
    Solution x 2  1/ 3
    3x  4 3x  4 x  x  7
    3 2

    3x  4 x
    3 2

    x7
    x 4/3
    25 / 3
    3x  4 x  x  7
    3 2
    25 / 3
     ( x  1 / 3) 
    2

    3x  4 3x  4
    3x  4 x  x  7  ( x  1/3)(3x  4)  (25/3)
    3 2 2
    Example

    Determine x x x6
    4 3

    ( x  1)( x  3)
    Solution
    x 2  3x  9
    x  4x  3 x  x  0x  x  6
    2 4 3 2

    x 4  4 x 3  3x 2
     3x 3  3x 2  x  6
     3x  12 x  9 x
    3 2

    9 x 2  10 x  6
    (-) 9 x  36 x  27
    2

     26 x  21

    x  x  x  6  ( x  3x  9)( x  1)( x  3)  (26 x  21)


    4 3 2

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