G10 Math Q1-Week 7-Synthetic and Long Divison

WELCOME TO
THE WORLD OF
POLYNOMIALS
Polynomials are mathematical expressions made up of
variables and constants by using arithmetic operations
like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. They
represent the relationship between variables.
In polynomials, the exponents of each of the variables

should be a whole number. The exponents of the
variables in any polynomial have to be a non-negative
integer. A polynomial comprises constants and
variables, but we cannot perform division operations by
a variable in polynomials.
6x +4x –x + 5
3 2
-term
-Degree of polynomial
-coefficients
-Variables
-Constant term
-Leading term
-Leading coefficient
Degree of a Polynomial
The highest or greatest exponent of the
variable in a polynomial is known as
the degree of a polynomial.
Example 1:
A polynomial 3x4 + 7 has a degree equal to

four.
 Standard Form of Polynomials
 The standard form of a polynomial refers to writing a polynomial in the
descending power of the variable.
Example: Express the polynomial 5 + 2x + x2 in the standard form.
 To express the above polynomial in standard form, we will first check the
degree of the polynomial.
 In the given polynomial, the degree is 2. Write the term containing the
degree of the polynomial.
 Now, we will check if there is a term with the exponent of variable less
than 2, i.e., 1, and note it down next.
 Finally, write the term with the exponent of the variable as 0, which is the
constant term.
 Therefore, 5 + 2x + x2 in standard form can be written as x2 + 2x + 5.
Terms of a Polynomial
The terms of polynomials are defined as the parts of the expression
that are separated by the operators "+" or "-". For example, the
polynomial expression 2x3 - 4x2 + 7x - 4 consists of four terms. The
terms are classified into two types: like terms and unlike terms.
Like terms in polynomials are those terms which have the same
variable and same power. Terms that have different variables and/or
different powers are known as unlike terms. Hence, if a polynomial
has two variables, then all the same powers of any ONE variable will
be known as like terms. Let us understand these two with the help of
examples given below.
For example, 2x and 3x are like terms. Whereas, 3y4 and 2x3 are
unlike terms.
Types of Polynomials
Polynomials can be categorized based on
their degree and their power. Based on the
numbers of terms, there are mainly three
types of polynomials that are listed below:
Monomials
Binomials
Trinomials
Monomial is a type of polynomial with a
single term. For example, x, -5xy, and 6y2.
A binomial is a type of polynomial that has
two terms. For example, x + 5, y2 + 5, and
3x3 - 7.
While a Trinomial is a type of polynomial
that has three terms. For example 3x3 + 8x - 5,
x + y + z, and 3x + y - 5.
Based on the degree of the polynomial, polynomials can be
classified into 4 major types:
Zero Polynomial: It a polynomial whose degree is equal to zero.
Constant polynomial: It is a polynomial with just a constant and
no variables. For example 3, 5, or 8, etc.
Linear polynomial: It is a polynomial with degree 1. Example:
x + y - 4.
Quadratic polynomial: It is a polynomial with degree 2.
Example: 2p2 - 7.
Cubic polynomial: It is a polynomial with degree 3. Example:
6m3 - mn + n2 - 4.
Based on the degree of the polynomial, polynomials can be
classified into 4 major types:
Zero Polynomial: It a polynomial whose degree is equal to zero.
Constant polynomial: It is a polynomial with just a constant and
no variables. For example 3, 5, or 8, etc.
Linear polynomial: It is a polynomial with degree 1. Example:
x + y - 4.
Quadratic polynomial: It is a polynomial with degree 2.
Example: 2p2 - 7.
Cubic polynomial: It is a polynomial with degree 3. Example:
6m3 - mn + n2 - 4.
Objective
performs division of polynomials
using long division and synthetic
division. (M10AL-Ig-1)
(Quick Thinking Only!)
Divide and Write
Example:
19 ÷ 5 = 3 + 4/5
⟷ 19 = 3(5) + 4
1. 29 ÷ 5 = _____ ⟷ ______
2. 34 ÷ 7 = _____ ⟷ ______
3. 145 ÷ 11 = _____ ⟷ ______
4. 122 ÷ 7 = ____ ⟷ _____
5. 219 ÷15 = ____⟷ _____
Perform the indicated
operations:
1.(x3 + 11x2 – 9) +(x3 + x2 – 4x – 9)
2.(x3 + 11x2 – 4x – 9) - (x – 2)
3.(4x – 9) (x – 2)
4.(x3 ) ÷ (x )
Divide:
1.(x + 11x – 4x – 9) ÷ (x – 2)
3 2
2.(2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2– 7x – 15) ÷

(2x - 3)
3.(5x2 – 2x + 1) ÷ (x + 2)
Do the following with a partner!
Use long division to find the
remainder when the following
polynomials are divided by the
corresponding linear expression
1.(x3 + 7x2 + 15x + 14) ÷ (x + 3)
2.(3x3 - 7x2 + x - 7) ÷ (x – 3)
3.(x4 - 4x3 - 7x2 + 22 x + 18) ÷ (x + 2)
Polynomial long division is a method for
dividing a polynomial by another polynomials
of a lower degree. It is very similar to dividing
numbers.
Example 1: Using Long Division to Divide a
Polynomial
Divide using long division.

(–y2 + 2y3 + 25) ÷ (y – 3)
Step 1 Write the dividend in standard form, including

terms with a coefficient of 0.
2y3 – y2 + 0y + 25
Step 2 Write division in the same way you would

when dividing numbers.
y – 3 2y3 – y2 + 0y + 25
Step 3 Divide.
2y2+ 5y + 15
y – 3 2y3 – y2 + 0y + 25
–(2y3 – 6y2)
5y2 + 0y
–(5y2 – 15y)
15y + 25
–(15y – 45)
70
Step 4 Write the final answer.
–y2 + 2y3 + 25 70
= 2y + 5y + 15 +
2
y–3 y–3
(15x2 + 8x – 12) ÷ (3x + 1)
(x2 + 5x – 28) ÷ (x – 3)
Synthetic division is a
shorthand method of dividing a
polynomial by a linear binomial
by using only the coefficients.
For synthetic division to work,
the polynomial must be written
in standard form, using 0 and a
coefficient for any missing terms,
and the divisor must be in the
form (x – a).
Using Synthetic Division to Divide by a Linear
Binomial
Divide using synthetic division.
(3x4 – x3 + 5x – 1) ÷ (x + 2)
Step 1 Find a.
a = –2 For (x + 2), a = –2.
Step 2 Write the coefficients and a in the synthetic

division format.
–2 3 – 1 0 5 –1 Use 0 for the coefficient

of x2.
Example 2B Continued
Step 3 Bring down the first coefficient. Then

multiply and add for each column.
–2 3 –1 0 5 –1 Draw a box around the

–6 14 –28 46 remainder, 45.
3 –7 14 –23 45
Step 4 Write the quotient.

45 Write the remainder over
3x – 7x + 14x – 23 +
3 2
x+2 the divisor.
(6x2 – 5x – 6) ÷ (x + 3)
Step 1 Find a.
a = –3 For (x + 3), a = –3.
Step 2 Write the coefficients and a in the synthetic

division format.
–3 6 –5 –6 Write the coefficients of 6x2 – 5x – 6.

Step 3 Bring down the first coefficient. Then
multiply and add for each column.
–3 6 –5 –6 Draw a box around the

–18 69 remainder, 63.
6 –23 63
Step 4 Write the quotient.

63 Write the remainder over
6x – 23 +
x+3 the divisor.
(x2 – 3x – 18) ÷ (x – 6)
You can use synthetic division to evaluate polynomials.
This process is called synthetic substitution. The
process of synthetic substitution is exactly the same as
the process of synthetic division, but the final answer is
interpreted differently, as described by the Remainder
Theorem.
Example 3A: Using Synthetic Substitution
Use synthetic substitution to evaluate the
polynomial for the given value.
P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – x + 7 for x = 2.

2 2 5 –1 7 Write the coefficients of
4 18 34 the dividend. Use a = 2.
2 9 17 41
P(2) = 41
Check Substitute 2 for x in P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – x + 7.

P(2) = 2(2)3 + 5(2)2 – (2) + 7
P(2) = 41 
P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 4 for x = –3.

P(x) = 5x2 + 9x + 3 for x = -2 .

Lesson Quiz
1. Divide by using long division. 33
(8x3 + 6x2 + 7) ÷ (x + 2) 8x2 – 10x + 20 –
x+2
2. Divide by using synthetic division.

(x3 – 3x + 5) ÷ (x + 2)
3
x – 2x + 1 +
2
x+2
3. Use synthetic substitution to evaluate

P(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 6 for x = 5 and x = –1.
194; –4
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In polynomials, the exponents of each of the variables

A polynomial 3x4 + 7 has a degree equal to

2.(2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2– 7x – 15) ÷

Divide using long division.

Step 1 Write the dividend in standard form, including

Step 2 Write division in the same way you would

Step 2 Write the coefficients and a in the synthetic

–2 3 – 1 0 5 –1 Use 0 for the coefficient

Step 3 Bring down the first coefficient. Then

–2 3 –1 0 5 –1 Draw a box around the

Step 4 Write the quotient.

a = –3 For (x + 3), a = –3.

Step 2 Write the coefficients and a in the synthetic

–3 6 –5 –6 Write the coefficients of 6x2 – 5x – 6.

–3 6 –5 –6 Draw a box around the

Step 4 Write the quotient.

P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – x + 7 for x = 2.

Check Substitute 2 for x in P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – x + 7.

P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 4 for x = –3.

P(x) = 5x2 + 9x + 3 for x = -2 .

2. Divide by using synthetic division.

3. Use synthetic substitution to evaluate

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