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    Analog and Digital

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    attaullah
    Analog and digital systems can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog systems use continuous signals and values to represent information, like human voice or analog devices, while digital systems use discrete signals and discontinuous values, like computers and digital devices. 2) Analog hardware is less flexible than digital hardware. Digital signals are also less affected by noise than analog signals. 3) Common number systems used in computer architecture include the binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal systems which represent values using different bases and digits. Conversion between these number systems can be done through division and remainder operations.

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    Analog and Digital

    Uploaded by

    attaullah
    53 views6 pages
    Analog and digital systems can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog systems use continuous signals and values to represent information, like human voice or analog devices, while digital systems use discrete signals and discontinuous values, like computers and digital devices. 2) Analog hardware is less flexible than digital hardware. Digital signals are also less affected by noise than analog signals. 3) Common number systems used in computer architecture include the binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal systems which represent values using different bases and digits. Conversion between these number systems can be done through division and remainder operations.

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    electronics notes

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    Analog and digital systems can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog systems use continuous signals and values to represent information, like human voice or analog devices, while digital systems use discrete signals and discontinuous values, like computers and digital devices. 2) Analog hardware is less flexible than digital hardware. Digital signals are also less affected by noise than analog signals. 3) Common number systems used in computer architecture include the binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal systems which represent values using different bases and digits. Conversion between these number systems can be done through division and remainder operations.

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    53 views6 pages

    Analog and Digital

    Uploaded by

    attaullah
    Analog and digital systems can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog systems use continuous signals and values to represent information, like human voice or analog devices, while digital systems use discrete signals and discontinuous values, like computers and digital devices. 2) Analog hardware is less flexible than digital hardware. Digital signals are also less affected by noise than analog signals. 3) Common number systems used in computer architecture include the binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal systems which represent values using different bases and digits. Conversion between these number systems can be done through division and remainder operations.

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    Comparison of Analog and Digital system.

    Analog Digital
    Signal Analog signal is a continuous Digital signals are discrete
    signal which represents time signals generated by
    physical measurements. digital modulation
    Waves Denoted by sine waves Denoted by square waves
    Representation Uses continuous range of Uses discrete or
    values to discontinuous values to
    represent information represent information
    Example Human voice in air, analog Computers, CDs, DVDs, and
    electronic devices. other digital electronic
    devices.
    Response to noise More likely to get affected Less affected since noise
    reducing accuracy response are analog in
    nature
    Flexibility Analog hardware is not Digital hardware is flexible in
    flexible implementation.
    Uses Can be used in analog Best suited for Computing
    devices only. Best suited for and digital electronics.
    audio and video
    transmission.
    Bandwidth Analog signal processing can There is no guarantee that
    be done in real time and digital signal processing can
    consumes less bandwidth. be done in real time and
    consumes more bandwidth to
    carry out the same
    information.
    Application Thermometer PCs, PDAs
    Memory Stored in the form of wave Stored in the form of binary
    signal bit
    Power Analog instrument draws Digital instrument draws only
    large power negligible power
    Cost Low cost and portable Cost is high and not easily
    portable
    Modulation is the addition of information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. A
    carrier signal is one with a steady waveform -- constant height (amplitude) and
    frequency. Information can be added to the carrier by varying
    its amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization (for optical signals), and even quantum-
    level phenomena like spin.

    Number Systems:

    A number system is a way to represent numbers. We are used to using the base-10 number
    system, which is also called decimal. Other common number systems include base-16
    (hexadecimal), base-8 (octal), and base-2 (binary).
    Computer architecture supports following number systems.

     Binary number system


     Octal number system
     Decimal number system
     Hexadecimal (hex) number system

    1) Binary Number System


    A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value)
    represents with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is
    2, because it has only two digits.

    2) Octal number system


    Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value)
    represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number
    system is 8, because it has only 8 digits.

    3) Decimal number system


    Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value)
    represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal
    number system is 10, because it has only 10 digits.

    4) Hexadecimal number system


    A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to
    9 and A to F. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F
    in this number system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has
    16 alphanumeric values. Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14and F is 15.
    Table of the Numbers Systems with Base, Used Digits, Representation, C
    language representation:

    Number system Base Used digits Example


    Binary 2 0,1 (11110000)2
    Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (360)8
    Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (240)10
    Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, (F0)16
    A,B,C,D,E,F

    Number System Conversions


    There are three types of conversion:

     Decimal Number System to Other Base


    [for example: Decimal Number System to Binary Number System]
     Other Base to Decimal Number System
    [for example: Binary Number System to Decimal Number System]
     Other Base to Other Base
    [for example: Binary Number System to Hexadecimal Number System]

    Decimal Number System to Other Base


    To convert Number system from Decimal Number System to Any Other Base is
    quite easy; you have to follow just two steps:
    A) Divide the Number (Decimal Number) by the base of target base system (in which
    you want to convert the number: Binary (2), octal (8) and Hexadecimal (16)).
    B) Write the remainder from step 1 as a Least Signification Bit (LSB) to Step last as a
    Most Significant Bit (MSB).
    Decimal to Binary Conversion Result
    Decimal Number is : (12345)10 Binary Number is
    (11000000111001)2

    Decimal to Octal Conversion Result


    Decimal Number is : (12345)10 Octal Number is
    (30071)8
    Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion Result
    Example 1 Hexadecimal Number is
    Decimal Number is : (12345)10 (3039)16

    Example 2 Hexadecimal Number is


    Decimal Number is : (725)10 (2D5)16
    Convert
    10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
    to its equivalent...
    A, B, C, D, E, F

    Other Base System to Decimal Number Base


    To convert Number System from Any Other Base System to Decimal Number
    System, you have to follow just three steps:
    A) Determine the base value of source Number System (that you want to convert),
    and also determine the position of digits from LSB (first digit’s position – 0, second
    digit’s position – 1 and so on).
    B) Multiply each digit with its corresponding multiplication of position value and
    Base of Source Number System’s Base.
    C) Add the resulted value in step-B.

    Explanation regarding examples:


    Below given exams contains the following rows:
    A) Row 1 contains the DIGITs of number (that is going to be converted).
    B) Row 2 contains the POSITION of each digit in the number system.
    C) Row 3 contains the multiplication: DIGIT* BASE^POSITION.
    D) Row 4 contains the calculated result of step C.
    E) And then add each value of step D, resulted value is the Decimal Number.
    Binary to Decimal Conversion
    Binary Number is : (11000000111001)2

    Octal to Decimal Conversion Result


    Octal Number is : (30071)8 =12288+0+0+56+1
    =12345
    Decimal Number is:
    (12345)10

    Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion Result


    Hexadecimal Number is : (2D5)16 =512+208+5
    =725
    Decimal Number is: (725)10

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