(Learning Episode 1)

Limited definitions of Broad definitions of

the curriculum the curriculum
•A set of courses •Sum total of all the
constituting an area of learning experiences inside
specialization and outside the school
•Is an identification of •The set of learnings and
proper goals experiences for
•Can be considered as a students/learners planned
system of dealing with by the school to attain the
people and the process aims of education
•Is a means of attaining •Is the entire range of
the aims or philosophy of experiences, undirected and
education directed, concerned with
the unfolding of abilities of
•Planned learning exercises
the individual
 Broad definitions of the curriculum
•Is a plan of action or written document which
includes strategies for achieving desired goals or
ends
•Serves as the operational medium through
which the school displays and coordinates the
patterns of transmission, translation, and
transposition of the educative experiences for
which it assumes responsibility
(Learning Episode 2)
 TYPES OF CURRICULA IN SCHOOLS
1. Recommended Recommendations in the form of
Curriculum memoranda or policy, standards and
guidelines that came from the
government agencies such as DepEd,
CHED and TESDA and professional
organizations or international bodies
such as UNESCO
2. Written Documents based on the
Curriculum recommended curriculum. They
come in the form of course of study,
syllabi, modules, books, instructional
guides among others. Example:
teacher’s lesson plan
 TYPES OF CURRICULA IN SCHOOLS
3. Taught The teacher and learners will put the
Curriculum written curriculum into life. The skill of
the teacher to facilitate learning based on
the written curriculum with the aid of
instructional materials and facilities if
necessary.
4. Support materials that the teacher needs.
Supported This includes print materials like books,
Curriculum charts, worksheets and non-print
materials like PowerPoint Presentation
and other electronic illustrations. It also
includes facilities like science laboratory
and playground.
 TYPES OF CURRICULA IN SCHOOLS
5. Assessed This is the curriculum that is evaluated
Curriculum after it has been taught. It can either be
assessment for learning, assessment as
learning, or assessment of learning. If
the process is to find the progress of
learning, then assessed curriculum is for
learning, but it is to find out how much
have been learned or mastered, then it
is assessment of learning.
 TYPES OF CURRICULA IN SCHOOLS
6. Learned These are measured by the tools in
Curriculum assessment, which can indicate the
cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
outcomes. Learned curriculum also
demonstrates higher order and
critical thinking and lifelong skills.

7. Hidden/ Implicit This is the unwritten curriculum –

Curriculum peer influence, school environment,
media, parental pressures, societal
changes, cultural practices, natural
calamities are some factors that
create hidden curriculum.
(Learning Episode 3)
(Learning Episode 4)
 TRADITIONAL PROGRESSIVE
Robert Hutchins •Views curriculum John Dewey •Believes that
as “permanent education is
studies” where experiencing
rules of grammar, •Reflective thinking
reading, rhetoric, is a means to unify
logic and curricular elements
mathematics for that are tested by
basic education are application.
emphasized
•The 3Rs (Reading,
wRiting,
‘Rithmetic’) should
be emphasized in
basic education
while liberal
education should
be the emphasis in
college.
 TRADITIONAL PROGRESSIVE
Arthur Bestor •Believes that the Hollis Caswell •Both educators
mission of the viewed “curriculum
school should be as all experiences
intellectual training. children have under
Curriculum should the guidance of
focus on the teachers.”
fundamental
intellectual
disciplines of
grammar, literature
and writing.
•It should include
Mathematics, Kenn Campbell
Science, History and
Foreign Language.
 TRADITIONAL PROGRESSIVE
Phillip Phenix •“Curriculum Colin Marsh •Viewed curriculum
should consist as all the
entirely of experiences in the
knowledge which classroom which
comes from various are planned and
disciplines.” enacted by the
teacher and also
learned by the
students.

George Willlis
(Learning Episode 5)
 3 Approaches to
Curriculum

Curriculum as a
Curriculum as a Curriculum as a
CONTENT or BODY OF
PRODUCT PROCESS
KNOWLEDGE

what actually happens

learning outcomes in the classroom when
to be transmitted
desired of learners the curriculum is
practiced
 B.A.S.I.C. (Principles of
Curriculum Content)
Balance – Scope – content, Continuity –
topics, learning vertical repetition
equitable assignment
experiences and
of contents, time, and recurring
organizing the
experiences and other approaches of
threads of an
elements content
educational plan

Articulation Integration – B.A.S.I.C is an

acronym to state
–curriculum is curriculum is the principles of
arranged vertically integrated and curriculum
or horizontally interconnected content.
(Learning Episode 6)
 RALPH TYLER MODEL:
FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES
Also known as Tyler’s Rationale, the
curriculum development model
emphasizes the planning phase.
1. Purposes of the school
2. Educational experiences related to
purposes
3. Organization of the experiences
4. Evaluation of the experiences
 HILDA TABA MODEL:
GRASSROOTS APPROACH
Hilda Taba improved on Tyler’s model. She believed
that teachers should participate in developing a
curriculum. She presented seven (7) major steps.
1. Diagnosis of learners’ needs
2. Formulation of learning objectives
3. Selection of learning contents
4. Organization of learning contents
5. Selection of learning experiences
6. Determination of what to evaluate and the
means of doing it
 GALEN SAYLOR & WILLIAM
ALEXANDER: CURRICULUM MODEL
Galen Saylor and William Alexander described
curriculum as “a plan for providing sets of
learning opportunities to achieve broad
educational goals and related specific
objectives for an identifiable population
served by a single school center.”
1. Goals, Objectives and Domains
2. Curriculum Designing
3. Curriculum Implementation
4. Evaluation