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Hookup Culture on College Campuses

Emily Barnes

Kennesaw State University

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Abstract

This paper follows the research on the hookup culture on college campuses. Several methods

were used during this research such as online surveys, data analysis, qualitative, and quantitative

research. This paper examines previous surveys, interviews, and test already conducted by an

array of researches at other colleges and universities as well as an original online survey to better

understand peers thoughts and experiences when it come to the hook up culture. Some key

themes that influenced the research for this topic were demographics such as gender and sexual

orientation, location, motives for participating in the hookup culture, monogamist relationship

opinions and how the hookup culture affects those beliefs, and beliefs on whether safety plays a

role when hooking up on college campuses. The research and surveys were able to determine

how genders view the hookup culture on college campuses and reflect on the ratio of each

genders participation and why. Overall, the research was able to better understand how hooking

up on college campuses affect students in regards to their sexual pleasure, relationship views,

and their safety.

Keywords: Hooking up, Relationships, Gender, College Campuses, Safety, Sexual Orientation,

Survey, Online Survey, Qualitative, Quantitative, Data analysis

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Vertical Model

Hookup Culture on college Campuses

Demographics Experiences Relationships Safety Social Acceptance

Gender Positive Views Change? Contraception Origin

Sexual Orientation Negative Emotions Alcohol Sexist

Sexual Assault
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Horizontal Model

Demographics

Experiences

Hookup Cultures Relationships

on College Campuses

Safety

Social Acceptance
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ONLINE SURVEY CONSENT FORM

Title of Research Study: Hookup Culture on College Campuses

Researcher's Contact Information: Emily Barnes, 678-448-6406,

ebarne14@students.kennesaw.edu; Dr. Williamson, 678-797-2639, kwill254@kennesaw.edu

Introduction

You are being invited to take part in a research study conducted by Emily Barnes of Kennesaw
State University. Before you decide to participate in this study, you should read this form and
ask questions about anything that you do not understand.

Description of Project

The purpose of the study is presented to examine different opinions and experiences, if any, of
the hookup culture by college students.

Explanation of Procedures

Participants will be asked to answer a few questions regarding their opinions on the hookup
culture and provide insight to the topic if applicable.

Time Required

The task should take about 10-20 minutes.

Risks or Discomforts

Participants may feel uncomfortable answering some questions and if that is the case they are
welcome to answer them.

Benefits

Although there will be no direct benefits to you for taking part in the study, the researcher may
learn more about understanding how college students participate or perceive the hookup culture.

Compensation

There is no compensation for this study.

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Confidentiality

The results of this participation will be confidential. I will ask for participants’ gender and sexual
orientation for the study. Confidentiality will only be used and possibly presented in the study.
No further information should be asked about personal information such as name, address, etc.

Inclusion Criteria for Participation

You must be 18 years of age or older to participate in this study.

Use of Online Survey

IP addresses will not be collected.

Research at Kennesaw State University that involves human participants is carried out under the
oversight of an Institutional Review Board. Questions or problems regarding these activities
should be addressed to the Institutional Review Board, Kennesaw State University, 585 Cobb
Avenue, KH3403, Kennesaw, GA 30144-5591, (470) 578-2268.

PLEASE PRINT A COPY OF THIS CONSENT DOCUMENT FOR YOUR RECORDS, OR IF

YOU DO NOT HAVE PRINT CAPABILITIES, YOU MAY CONTACT THE RESEARCHER
TO OBTAIN A COPY

☐ I agree and give my consent to participate in this research project. I understand that
participation is voluntary and that I may withdraw my consent at any time without penalty.

☐ I do not agree to participate and will be excluded from the remainder of the questions.
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Interview Schedule
Online Survey Questions

Hookup Culture on College Campuses

Researcher: Emily Barnes

1. What is your gender?

Female Male Other

2. What is your sexual orientation?

Straight Gay Bisexual Other

3. Do you know what the hookup culture is?

Yes No

4. In your own words, define the hookup culture:

5. Do you have experience in partaking in the hookup culture?

Yes No

6. If you answered ‘yes’ to question three, were those experiences positive, negative, or neutral?

Positive Negative Neutral

7. Circle all that apply if applicable- I partake in the hookup culture because:

Fun No commitments Only form of dating today

Sexual liberation Convenience Connections

Educational I do not partake in the hookup culture

8. Do you think the hookup culture has an effect on your opinions of others’ relationships?

Yes No Neutral

9. Do you feel the hookup culture is sexist?

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Yes No Neutral

10. Circle all that apply- Where do you think the hookup culture started?

Dating apps College campuses High schools Work place

Geographical locations Social media Other

11. Do you feel people are smart in regards to their health and safety when partaking in the
hookup culture?

Yes No Neutral

12. Do you feel the hookup culture changes views on relationships as a whole and emotions
involving relationships?

Yes No Neutral

13. Do you feel alcohol plays a role in the hookup culture?

Yes No
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Field Notes
I noticed during my survey a huge difference in my data records. I noticed some struggles

with questions and formatting that influenced in valid answers. However, the demographics of

gender and sexual orientation for starters were unbalanced. Therefore, this caused the data to be

restricted. I believe that if I open the survey to another forum of people or area that the data

might be different. This also makes me think maybe geographical location affects the data

recorded. I wonder if age also has a role in the result of the data. For instance, I wonder if

freshmen versus seniors might answer the questions differently. I wonder if freshmen are more

active in the hookup culture while seniors are more mature and are now looking for a

relationship that values commitment. The data results allowed me to question my survey and the

demographics as a whole.

For my first couple of question I had asked for the participants’ gender and sexual

orientation. I was surprised that more females completed the survey versus males and

transgender. I was also surprised by the data collected for the sexual orientation question.

Everyone put that they were straight. I would have thought that people would be honest since it

is anonymous, but maybe only straight people in fact filled out the survey. This makes me

believe that I should post the survey so other demographics will fill it out.

The next couple of questions were definitions and explanations of what the hookup

culture is. It seemed some people had trouble defining it. For instance, a couple of people

answered the question with “I do not know”. I think this was difficult, because it limited their

answers for the rest of the survey since they did not know what the majority of the questions

were asking.
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I also got a mixture of people who have partaken in the hookup culture. I also got an

equal amount of people to answer the question regarding their experience with “some positive/

negative [experiences]”. When asked why they partake in the hookup culture, I was surprised by

how similar the answers were. A lot of people answered it along the lines of not wanting a

commit and enjoyed the thrill of hooking up.

When asked about how the participants view relationships will partaking in the hookup

culture, a lot of the answers were different. Some people said their views and emotions change

when they partake in the hookup culture while others say they felt neutral about other people’s

relationships. Some people also had mixed opinions about how emotions play a role in the

hookup culture and their views on their personal relationships. Again, some people said they

were neutral while others mentioned they in fact saw a difference in how they view emotions in

relationships.

Pretty much everybody agreed that the hookup culture is sexist. They also had the same

ideas as far as where the hookup culture originated from. Almost everyone answered that college

campuses are the most prevalent place for hookup cultures. People also agreed that alcohol plays

a role in the hookup culture. That category showed that 100% of the people who took the survey

believed alcohol did in fact play a role in the hookup culture on college campuses.

All in all, the survey demonstrated a lot of data. I was surprised by the results. I had

expectations for a few of the questions and was surprised by the answers. On the other hand,

some questions did not surprise me such as where the hookup culture originated form and where

it is most popular as well as how alcohol plays a role in the hookup culture. All in all, the survey

was a success, and I know what improvements must be made in order to have a fair and equal

amount of data.
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Research Methods Report

I feel my progress on my survey is going well. I used Google Forms for my survey. This

program allowed me to post more than 10 questions for free. I have 13 questions, and Google

Forms gave me several options for my answers. For instance, I was able to include large, open

ended questions as well as multiple choices. I was even allowed to include the option of

checkboxes for my subjects to “check all that apply”. The program has also been helpful in

organizing my information. It collects all my data and presents it through pie charts with precise

percentages as well as illustrates my open ended questions so I can see exactly what people say. I

think this option is helpful, because if answers are not clear it may be because my questions are

not clearly constructed. For instance, I had a lot of strange answers in regards to my question for

the participants to define the hookup culture in their own words. I know they know what the

hookup culture is I just feel when they are asked to define it they get hesitant like it should mean

something more than the answers they end up putting. So, I am able to now edit any confusing

questions.

The setup process was very easy. However, I did have trouble attaching my consent form

to my survey. I first tried a link option for it. However, Google Forms will not allow links unless

you download another program which I did not feel comfortable doing. I ended up just having

people sit in person and take my survey as opposed to posting it on a public forum. It was not the

approach I had intended for, but it was the only option so that people could agree to my consent

from before they take the survey. However, this approach allowed me to watch people take the

survey, and they were able to ask questions if they were confused which allowed me to edit some

of my questions if they were too unclear. I discussed this obstacle with a few classmates and was

able to decide to just copy and paste my consent form in one of the sections Google Forms offers
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before my survey starts. I will then have my first question ask for my subjects to check yes or no

if they consent. This challenge was an easy fix after some discussion and communication with

classmates.

I thought the process of uploading my survey was very simple. Google Forms allows

your survey to become a link. When I am ready to post my survey publically, I will post it on a

public page I am associated with on Facebook. My only concern is the demographics of people

on the page. I already know from several people on the page that they more than likely have

participated in the hookup culture so retrieving answers will be easy. However, I feel majority of

people on the page are limited to being either straight or gay. I was hoping for a more diverse

group regarding their sexuality. I also wanted some opinions from transgender people. I am still

trying to find another forum where I can post my survey in order to get more diverse responses.

All in all, I think my process is coming along well. I am definitely happy I used Google

Forms as opposed to Survey Monkey. I like how many questions I can add to my survey. The

restriction on other sites can be annoying as well as costly. I like how there are different options

for my answers and questions. I think it adds diversity to my survey and makes it less boring. I

also like how Google Forms takes my answers and breaks them down into specific charts and

data percentages. This will definitely make my research portion in my paper easy. I am also glad

I talked with my classmates about the consent form problem. I am confident know that I can

paste the consent form before people take my survey and ensuring the consent. My only

predicament now is just trying to find a diverse forum to post my survey. I may even go into the

LGBT office to see if they have any ideas or just see if any of the students want to fill the survey

out. Either way, I am sure it will work out in the need and I will have enough data collected to

further my research.
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Interpretation of Data and Research

I researched how prevalent the hookup culture is on college campuses. I examined

different demographics and factors that I will explain in my presentation and pulled from

different types of research such as data analysis, surveys, and even my original online survey.

To begin with I wanted to define the hookup culture as “…any sexual encounter from

kissing to sex with a stranger, acquaintance, or friend in which a commitment is not expected”

(Snapp et al. 43). I wanted to clearly define this concept as several people describe it as

something else. For instance, pulling from my online survey I conducted, students defined the

hookup culture as “Random people hooking up without the intentions of being in a relationship”,

“The act of participating in sexual activity (hooking up) with individuals and not expecting a

relationship to occur. ‘Just sex no strings attached’”, and even “Getting laid with hopes of not

getting herpes”.

I first examined what type of questions I would be constructing for my online survey.

Based on research I came up with demographics such as gender and sexual orientation. I also

examined peers’ experiences and whether they were positive or negative or both when or if they

participated in the hookup culture. I also wanted to examine people’s thought on whether

participating in the hookup culture (if they did) had any influence on changing their previous

views on monogamous relationships. Furthermore, I also examined how emotion can play a part

in the hookup culture, whether it is positive and mutual emotions or negative and sovereign

emotions. I thought it was also important and relevant to examine people’s thoughts on safety

when it comes to the hookup culture. I wondered if contraceptives were in use on college

campuses and how likely they were involved in the interactions. I also questioned how alcohol

and other substance abusers play a role in hooking up and how they can particular lead to cases
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of sexual assault. Lastly, I examined how society accepts or rejects the hookup culture and how

those perceptions affect people who have participated in the hookup culture on college

campuses.

In total, I had 112 responses on my online survey I conducted. Of those 112 responses

88% were female and 12% were male. I was surprised by this development as more women

completed the survey as men as well as no transgendered people completed the survey. I also had

58% participants who were straight and 42% who were bisexual. Again, I was a little surprised

by this as I thought people who identify with being gay would participate as I included that as a

demographic on my survey. Through my research, though, I found a scholarly article explaining

the hookup culture and how gay men participate in it. For instance, they emphasized the

importance of online dating and specifically hookup devices such as apps. There is also a stigma

when referring to gay men hooking up or finding a sexual partner such as the phasing of “meat

market” or “business transaction” which not only objectifies the men but stigmatizes sexual

encounters as nothing more than a onetime occurrence (Race, 500). They also explain that online

hookup-devices are made for the purpose of framing sexual experiences as no strings attached.

When a researcher asked the men their motives for having an online hookup-device account, the

men replied with “…a reason to delete this profile” (Race, 500). This suggests that the men were

merely looking for something temporarily until they found someone who was compatible both

sexually and emotionally.

Of the 112 responses, 80% have participated in the hookup culture. However, 46% of the

participants said they had negative experiences and 28% said they had some positive and some

negative experiences. These were the most percentages in regards to describing their experiences

when partaking in the hookup culture. Through further research I came across a similar study
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from Canada of 200 people. The participants were asked whether they felt any regret after

hooking up. Of the 200 participants, 78% were women who felt regret after having uncommitted

sex and 72% were men who felt regret after having uncommitted sex. However, these negative

effects and regrets were not necessarily from the lack of commitment or expectation of gaining a

serious relationship from the encounters; some reasons for negative experiences were merely

compared to previous positive experiences such as better environment or partner and the idea of

sexual self-concept which is the conclusion of how one sees themselves sexually and their level

of comfort when it comes to their sexuality and sexual experiences. Furthermore, the Canadian

study concluded the results by stating that “On average, both men and women appear to have

higher positive affect than negative affect following a hookup” (Garcia, 170).

As far as examining the motives of the participants for my online survey, there were

several different responses. For instance, some people responded to participating in the hookup

culture because they “felt lonely” or “wanted”. Other responders said they liked how “fun” and

“exciting” is was to experience casual sexual relationships. Some participants admitted to not

being “…ready for a serious relationship” or they had “just got out of a serious relationship”.

However, some participants said they “enjoy casual relationships over a committed relationship”

while others said they participate to “gain more sexual experience” which again correlates to the

theory of sexual self-concept which is the understanding a person has about his/her self as a

sexual being, leads to sexual motives and behaviors, correlates to sexual openness. I then asked if

people believe the hookup culture affects views on a relationship and emotions involving

relationships. Participants answered with “No, sex and love are two totally different things, and

having casual sex does not devalue my views on relationships” while others admitted to “Yes

because individuals are not taking love and what it means to have sex personally anymore. It is
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all about what makes them feel good in the moment”. One participant explained their answer

well by stating that “…the hookup culture causes anxiety in the dating world - there's always

concern when you meet someone that you won't be on the same page when it comes to hooking

up or getting to know each other”.

I really wanted to incorporate how health and contraceptives play a role in the hookup

culture on campus. I wanted to gain a perspective from the participants. However, I also wanted

to include it on my online survey so that the participants who do not use health and safety

precaution when hooking up could think about how harmful and dangerous it is to ignore. In a

study conducted to see how college students use contraceptives when hooking up throughout

their four years in college, if they do at all, a researcher revealed that the “..analysis shows

substantially lower condom use among sophomores, juniors, and seniors than among freshmen

when they have intercourse in the uncommitted context of a hookup, male or female” (Bearak,

507). The researcher explained that this could be because the students are coming right out of

high school where they were taught about having safe sex as well as believing that “…sexually

transmitted infection as someone else’s worry” (Bearak, 507). It was also stated in the study that

lower condom use for juniors and seniors in college could be related to the fact that by that point

most students are in long term, committed relationships where they feel they can trust their

sexual partner or significant other. As far as my online survey goes, I asked if they feel that

people are smart in regards to their health and safety when partaking in the hookup culture.

Participants revealed that, in their experiences, “…yes. Men generally carry condoms, and most

girls take some form of prescription birth control” while others believed “No. When people are

caught in the moment they do things like not use condoms or any kind of safety precaution that

protects them from STDs and pregnancies”. Similarly to the previous research study, another
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participant said “No. People have the idea that ‘it'll never happen to me’”. Another person

admitted that “No. I'm not even smart about it.”

Another dangerous approach to the hookup culture on college campuses is the risk of

being a victim to sexual assault case. There was previous study done on another college campus

asking to describe their best and worst casual sex encounter by using a qualitative approach. The

studies revealed that “…‘forced sexual behavior against [their] own will’ was given as a reason

for the worst experiences by approximately four times as many women as men” (Flack, 414). A

shocking revelation of 78% of those incidents took place during a hookup (Flack, 414). While

these occurrences do in fact happen to college students there are factors that play a role in such

disastrous experiences.

A study to revel how alcohol and other substances are involved in the hookup scene on

college campuses found some interesting data. The study included 35 participants and 30 of

those involved admitted that “…first encounter hookups alcohol was involved, but often in

moderate amounts and seldom to oblivion. In 2 cases students didn’t drink, but used other

substances (marijuana and XTC). Solely 3 hookups of a total of 35 occurred in a sober state.

Parties, alcohol and hookups were intrinsically linked, and thus hookup culture flourished in a

lively and active party scene” (Schuurmans, 10).

Hookup culture is most prevalent on college campuses. However, there are several

factors and forums for its development. I asked on my online survey where people believed the

hookup culture originated. Majority of people said ‘college campuses’ with the option ‘other’

and ‘dating apps’ tied for second most popular belief of origin. A study revealed that the

majority of hookup experiences occurred in a “residential college community” such as a dorm or

student apartment. The researcher explained that hookups normally occur there, because
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“…living at home seemed to hamper students’ ability to hookup” (Schuurmans, 11). However,

online hook-up devices are also prevalent to the origin of the hookup culture, because “…online

hook-up devices typically serve to frame the sexual encounters they enable as ‘no strings’ or

commitment-free” (Race, 501). For instance, most hookup apps include features that allow a

location based searching.

It is debatable to say that the hookup culture is sexist. For starters, a study examined

intimate details about participants’, both male and female, sexual lives and experiences and

determined when it comes to actual sexual acts men feel their needs come before a woman’s in

regards to foreplay and orgasms. When women ask for sexual favors in bed, they are considered

bossy and too forward. When men expect sexual favors in bed, that is just it, it is expected and

implied where women have to ask or take a forward approach. As afar as the idea of women and

men hooking up, there is the notion that men are applauded more to hookup and to hookup is like

an accomplishment he is praised for. On the other hand, women are usually perceived to be the

ones experiencing feelings and wanting more of a committed relationship when participating in a

hookup relationship (which is not necessarily true). During another study that examined a high

school graduation celebration that is popular in the Norwegian culture, students confessed that

the celebration is much more erotic as other parties they experienced while in school. The

“Respondents were familiar with slut discourse, and claimed that if anyone were to transpose

their behavior from the celebration to a regular party; others would label them as a ‘slut’ or a

‘player’” (Fjær, 966). As far as my responses from my online survey, participants believed

“There is a double standard for women, guys can hook up all they want but if it's known that a

girl does, she's easy”. Other people believed the hookup culture was not sexist by stating “... It

takes two to tango” which did not really have another to do with sexism in the form of social
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acceptance. Another respondent really thought about the question and made an excellent point:

“No? Boys rule, girls drool”.

Throughout the process of gathering research and data, I came across a few limitations.

For instance, I specifically had limitations in regards to my online survey. For starters, I wish I

had opened the survey up to a broader group of people; I had only posted the online to a Greek

Life page on Facebook. I did not get enough demographics when it came to gender and sexual

orientation. I also received an array of inappropriate response from participants, because they

had no interest in gender studies. Another limitation I faced was the way I worded the questions

for my online survey. I did get some strange responses that did not fully answer the question at

hand. I felt they were and concise yet several people struggled with grasping my full intention.

As far as limitations on research, I wish there were more articles about thee hookup

culture on college campuses in regards to different types of sexual orientation. I did come across

and article about gay men, but I believe something about gay women, bisexual people, and other

sexual orientation would have been interesting to look into for my research. I also felt the gender

research could have been more fruitful. I did not see any research about transgender or really any

other gender other than male and female in regards to the hookup culture on college campuses. I

believe if I did not have these limitations it could really allow me to study how people react to

the hookup culture on college campuses from the viewpoint of different demographics.

In conclusion, my research allowed me to grasp the ideas and experiences of the hookup

culture on college campuses. I was able to observe how people define the hookup culture and

what it means to them. I was able to study an array of demographics to better understand what

types of people participate in the hookup culture on college campuses. I was able to pull from

participants’’ experiences and gain a perspective on whether they were positive or negative
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experiences and what lead them to believe they were either positive or negative interactions. I

was able to examine participants’ relationship views before and after they partook in the hookup

culture. I was able to see if people’s views changed on relationship such as if they enjoyed

hooking up more than a committed relationship. I was able to see if emotions were ever involved

in the hookup culture and what that looked like for people. I clearly examined safety and its role

in the hookup culture. I focused on factors such as contraceptives and alcohol and other

substances when partaking in the hookup culture. I emphasized the importance of safety and

avoidance measure for sexual assault. Lastly, examined how society feels about the hookup

culture and where it originated from as well as reveal if it is in fact sexist or nt. All in all, my

survey and further research from other studies allowed me to grasp the idea and experiences of

people and their involvement with the hookup culture on college campuses.
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