JEE-Mathematics

FUNDA MENTAL S OF M ATHEM ATICS

1. NUMBER SYSTEM :
Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3....}

Whole Numbers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}

Integers : (I) = {–,........–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}

Positive Integers : (I + ) = {1, 2, 3 ... }

Negative Integers : (I – ) = {–, .... –3, –2, –1}

Non-negative Integers : {0, 1, 2, 3........}

Non-positive Integers : {–, .... –3, –2, –1, 0}

Even Integers = {....–6, –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6 ...}
Odd Integers = {–5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5 ......}
Note :
(i) Zero is neither positive nor negative. (ii) Zero is even number.
(ii) Positive means > 0. (iv) Non-negative means  0.

p
2. FRACTION   :
q

3 5
(a) Proper Fraction = : Nr < Dr (b) Improper Fraction  : Nr  Dr
5 3
2
3
(c) Mixed Fraction : 2  (d) Compound Fraction : 3
5 5
6
1 2
(e) Complex Fraction : 2 (f) Continued Fraction : 2 
3 2
2
.....
This is usually written in the more compact
1 1
form 2  ........
2 2
3. RATIONAL NUMBERS (Q) :
All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q  0, are called
rational numbers. Integers, Fractions, Terminating decimal numbers, Non-terminating but repeating decimal
p 
numbers are all rational numbers. Q =  :p, q  I and q  0 
 q 

Note :
(i) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true.
(ii) A rational number always exists between two distinct rational numbers, hence infinite rational numbers
exist between two rational numbers.

4. IRR ATIONAL NUMBERS (Q C ) :

There are real numbers which can not be expressed in p/q form. Non-Terminating non repeating decimal

numbers are irrational number e.g. 2, 5, 3, 3 10 ; e,  .

e  2.71 is called Napier's constant and   3.14
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Note :
(i) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number e.g. 2 + 3
(ii) If a  Q and b  Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0.
(iii) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an irrational number
or we can say, result may be a rational number also.

5. REAL NUMBERS (R) :

The complete set of rational and irrational number is the set of real numbers, R = Q  QC . The real numbers
can be represented as a position of a point on the real number line.
6. COMPLEX NUMBERS. (C) :
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b  R and i = 1 is called a complex number. Complex number
is usually denoted by z and the set of all complex numbers is represented by
C = {(x + iy) : x, y  R, i = 1 }

⊂ W
N ⊂ ⊂ ⊂ R
I Q ⊂ C

7. EVEN NUMBERS :
Numbers divisible by 2, last digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & represented by 2n.

8. ODD NUMBERS :
Not divisible by 2, last digit 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represented by (2n ± 1)
(a) even ± even = even
(b) even ± odd = odd
(c) odd ± odd = even
(d) even × any number = even number
(e) odd × odd = odd

9. PRIME NUMBERS :
Let 'p' be a natural number, 'p' is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral factors, namely
1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 .....

10. COMPOSITE NUMBERS :

A number that has more than two divisors
Note :
(i) '1' is neither prime nor composite.
(ii) '2' is the only even prime number.
(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.
(iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)

11. CO-PRIME NUMBERS/ REL ATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS :

Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4) (5, 6) etc.
Note :
(i) Two prime number(s) are always co-prime but converse need not be true.
(ii) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers.

12. TWIN PRIME NUMBERS :

If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are twin prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13} etc.

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13. NUMBERS TO REMEMBER :
N u m b er 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
Cube 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 3375 4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
S q . R o o t 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16

Note :
(i) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x 2  0)
(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 4 = 2

(iii) x 2  ± x but x 2 = |x|

14. DIVISIBILITY RULES :

Divisible by Remark.
2 Last digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
3 Sum of digits divisible by 3 (Remainder will be same when number is divided by
3 or sum of digits is divided by 3.)
4 Last two digits divisible by 4 (Remainder will be same whether we divide the number or
its last two digits)
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3 simultaneously.
8 Last three digits is divisible by 8 (Remainder will be same whether we divide the number
or its last three digits)
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9. (Remainder will be same when number is divided by 9 or
sum of digit is divided by 9)
10 Last digits 0
11 (Sum of digits at even places) – (sum of digits at odd places) = 0 or divisible by 11

15. LCM AND HCF :

(a) HCF is the highest common factor between any two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
When dealing only with numbers, it is also called "Greatest common divisor" (GCD).
(b) LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
(c) The product of HCF and LCM of two numbers (or expressions) is equal to the product of the numbers.
a p l  L.C.M. of (a, p, l)
(d) LCM of  , ,  
 b q m  H.C.F. of (b, q, m)

16. FACTORIZATION :
Formulae :
(a) (a ± b) 2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2 = (a  b) 2 ± 4ab
(b) a 2 – b 2 = (a+b) (a–b);
1
• If a 2 – b 2 = 1 then a + b 
ab
1 1
For example : sec   tan   or 3 2 
sec   tan  3 2
3 3 3
(c) (a+b) = a + b + 3ab(a+b)
3
(d) (a–b) = a 3–b 3 – 3ab (a–b)
(e) a 3 + b 3 = (a +b) (a 2 –ab + b 2 ) = (a + b) 3 – 3ab(a+b)
(f) a 3 – b 3 = (a–b) (a 2 + ab + b 2) = (a – b) 3 + 3ab(a–b)
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(g) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c){(a – b) 2 + (b – c) 2 + (c – a) 2 }
2
(h) (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(i) (a + b + c) 3 = a 3 +b 3 +c 3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(j) a 4 + a 2 + 1 = (a 2 + 1) 2 – a 2 = (1 + a + a 2 ) (1 – a + a 2 )

17. CYCLIC FACTORS :

If an expression remain same after replacing a by b, b by c & c by a, then it is called cyclic expression
and its factors are called cyclic factors. e.g. a(b – c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b)

18. REMAINDER THEOREM :

If a polynomial a 1x n + a 2x n–1 + a 3x n–2 +.....+a n is divided by x–p, then the remainder is obtained by putting
x = p in the polynomial.

19. FACTOR THEOREM :

A polynomial a 1x n + a 2x n–1 + a 3x n–2 +....+a n is divisible by x–p, if the remainder is zero
i.e. if a 1 p n +a 2 p n–1 +...+a n = 0 then x – p will be a factor of polynomial.

20. RATIO AND PROPORTION :

a c ab cd
(a) If  , then : a  b  c  d (componendo);  (dividendo);
b d b d b d
ab cd a b b d
 (componendo and dividendo);  (alternendo);  (invertendo)
a b cd c d a c
1
a c e  an  cn  en  n
(b) If    ......, then each ratio =  n
b d f  b  d n  f n 

a c a2  c2 a c a c
Example :    
b d 2
b d 2 bd bd

21. INTERVAL S :

Intervals are basically subsets of R. If there are two numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four
types of intervals as follows :
(a) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
(b) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also included.
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x  b} ; [a, b) = {x : a  x < b}
(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (–, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (–, ) = R
Note :
(i) For some particular values of x, we use symbol { } e.g. If x = 1, 2 we can write it as x {1, 2}
(ii) If their is no values of x, then we say x      (null set)

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2 2 . BASIC CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY :
(A) BASIC THEOREMS & RESULTS OF TRIANGLES :
(a) Two polygons are similar if (i) their corresponding angles are equal, (ii) the length of their corresponding
sides are proportional. (Both conditions are independent & necessary)
In case of a triangle, any one of the conditions is sufficient, other satisfies automatically.
(b) Thales Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem) : In a triangle, a line drawn parallel to one side,
to intersect the other sides in distinct points, divides the two sides in the same ratio.
Converse : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then the line must be parallel to
the third side.
(c) Similarity Theorem :
(i) AAA similarity : If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal i.e. two triangles are equiangular,
then the triangles are similar.
(ii) SSS similarity : If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then they are
similar.
(iii) SAS similarity : If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are proportional and the
included angles are equal then the two triangles are similar.
(iv) If two triangles are similar then
(1) They are equiangular
(2) The ratio of the corresponding (I) Sides (all), (II) Perimeters, (III) Medians,
(IV) Angle bisector segments, (V) Altitudes are same (converse also true)
(3) The ratio of the areas is equal to the ratio of the squares of corresponding
(I) Sides (all), (II) Perimeters, (III) Medians, (IV) Angle bisector segments,
(V) Altitudes (converse also true)
(d) Pythagoras theorem :
(i) In a right triangle the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of square of the other two sides.
Converse : In a triangle if square of one side is equal to sum of the squares of the other two sides.
then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
A

(ii) In obtuse  AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC . BD

D B C

(iii) In Acute  AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC . BD

B D C

(e) The internal/external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the A

opposite side internally/externally in the ratio of sides containing the
AB BD BE
angle (converse is also true) i.e.  
AC DC CE B D C E

(f) The line joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is parallel & half of the third side. (It's converse is
also true)
D C
(g) (i) The diagonals of a trapezium divided each other
G F
E
AE BE
proportionally. (converse is also true) i.e. 
EC ED A B
(ii) Any line parallel to the parallel sides of a trapezium divides the non parallel sides
DG CF
proportionally i.e. 
GA FB
(iii) If three or more parallel lines are intersected by two transversals, then intercepts made by them on
transversals are proportional.

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