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Z39 19

Z39.19

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107 views

Z39 19

Z39.19

Uploaded by

Sofia D'Alessandro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review of Content Standard

ANSI/NISO Z39.19 - 2005 Guidelines for the Construction,


Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled
Vocabularies

January, 2006
This review is intended to assess the potential utility of content standards for use and
potentially for inclusion in an ISO 11179-based metadata registry. The review is directed
primarily toward the utility of the standard itself, rather than to matching the standard
with specific agency programs. The review covers issues such as the subject area,
currency, quality, authority, and acceptance of the standards. These are factors that need
to be taken into account no matter what the programmatic application of the standard may
be.
1. Summary
This Standard presents guidelines and conventions for the contents,
display, construction, testing, maintenance, and management of monolingual
controlled vocabularies. This Standard focuses on controlled vocabularies that are
used for the representation of content objects in knowledge organization systems
including lists, synonym rings, taxonomies, and thesauri. This Standard should be
regarded as a set of recommendations based on preferred techniques and
procedures. Optional procedures are, however, sometimes described, e.g., for the
display of terms in a controlled vocabulary. The primary purpose of vocabulary
control is to achieve consistency in the description of content objects and to facilitate
retrieval. Vocabulary control is accomplished by three principal methods: defining the
scope, or meaning, of terms; using the equivalence relationship to link synonymous
and nearly synonymous terms; and distinguishing among homographs.

2. Identification of Standard
2.1. Title
ANSI/NISO Z39.19 - 2005 Guidelines for the Construction, Format,
and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies

2.2. Acronym

None.
2.3. Web page(s), Identifier, or Contact Information:
2.3.1 Web page(s)
http://www.niso.org/standards/index.html
2.3.2 Identifier
ANSI/NISO Z39.19 – 2005
ISBN: 1-880124-65-3
2.3.3 Contact Information
4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300
Bethesda, MD 20814
www.niso.org

2.4 Authority
2.4.1 Creator
NISO Z39.19 Committee
2.4.2. Acceptance as authoritative
NISO standards are developed by the Standards Committees of the National Information
Standards Organization. The development process is a strenuous one that includes a
rigorous peer review of proposed standards open to each NISO Voting Member and any
other interested party. Final approval of the standard involves verification by the
American National Standards Institute that its requirements for due process, consensus,
and other approval criteria have been met by NISO. Once verified and approved, NISO
Standards also become American National Standards.

2.5 Publisher
NISO Press
4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300
Bethesda, MD 20814
www.niso.org

2.6 Language(s)
English, although it addresses multilingual thesaurus terms.

3. Content description
3.1 Subject area of content and area of application
This Standard presents guidelines and conventions for the contents, display, construction,
testing, maintenance, and management of controlled vocabularies. It covers all aspects of
constructing controlled vocabularies including extensive rules and guidelines for term
selection and format, the use of compound terms, and establishing and displaying various
types of relationships among terms.
This Standard focuses on controlled vocabularies that are used for the representation of
content objects. Controlled vocabularies covered by this Standard include lists of
controlled terms, synonym rings, taxonomies, and thesauri. The guidelines apply to all
four types unless noted otherwise.

This Standard should be regarded as a set of recommendations based on preferred


techniques and procedures. Optional procedures are, however, sometimes described, e.g.,
for the display of terms in a controlled vocabulary.

Vocabulary control is used to improve the effectiveness of information storage and


retrieval systems, Web navigation systems, and other environments that seek to both
identify and locate desired content via some sort of description using language. The
primary purpose of vocabulary control is to achieve consistency in the description of
content objects and to facilitate retrieval.

The need for vocabulary control arises from two basic features of natural language,
namely:

• Two or more words or terms can be used to represent a single concept

Example: salinity/saltiness
VHF/Very High Frequency

• Two or more words that have the same spelling can represent different concepts

Example: Mercury (planet)


Mercury (metal)
Mercury (automobile)
Mercury (mythical being)

Vocabulary control is achieved by three principal methods:

• Defining the scope, or meaning, of terms;


• Using the equivalence relationship to link synonymous and nearly synonymous terms;
and
• Distinguishing among homographs

3.2 Kind of content


Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Need for Vocabulary Control
How Vocabulary Control is Achieved
Applying the Standard
Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies
Types of Terms Covered by the Standard
Interoperability
Maintenance
Testing and Evaluation
Referenced Standards
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
Definitions
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Controlled Vocabularies – Purpose, Concepts, Principles, and Structure
Purpose
Concepts
Terms
Content Objects
Indexing
Principles
Ambiguity
Synonymy
Semantic Relationships
Facet Analysis
Using Warrant to Select Terms
Controlled Vocabulary Impact on Information Retrieval
Structure
List
Synonym Ring
Taxonomy
Thesaurus
Controlled Vocabulary Metadata and Metadata Schemas
Term Choice, Scope, and Form
Choice of Terms
Scope of Terms
Homographs
Scope Notes
History Notes
Term Form
Single-Word vs. Multiword Terms
Types of Concepts
Unique Entities
Grammatical Forms of Terms
Nouns and Noun Phrases
Adverbs
Initial Articles
Nouns
Count Nouns
Mass Nouns
Other Types of Singular Nouns
Coexistence of Singular and Plural Forms
Selecting the Preferred Form
Usage
Spelling
Abbreviations, Initialisms, and Acronyms
Neologisms, Slang, and Jargon
Popular and Scientific Names
Loanwords, Translations of Loanwords, and Foreign-Language Equivalents
Proper Names
Capitalization and Non-alphabetic Characters
Capitalization
Non-alphabetic Characters
Romanization
Compound Terms
General
Purpose of Guidelines on Compound Terms
Precoordinated Terms
Retrieval Considerations
Factors to be Considered When Establishing Compound Terms
Elements of Compound Terms
Criteria for Establishing Compound Terms
Criteria for Determining When Compound Terms Should be Split
Factors to be Considered
Hierarchical Structure
Node Labels
Order of Words in Compound Terms
Cross-references from Inversions
Relationships
Semantic Linking
Indicating Relationships Among Terms
Equivalence Relationships
Synonyms
Lexical Variants
Near-Synonyms
Generic Posting
Cross-references to Elements of Compound Terms
Hierarchical Relationships
Generic Relationships
Instance Relationships
Whole-Part Relationships
Polyhierarchical Relationships
Node Labels in Hierarchies
Associative Relationships
Relationships Between Terms Belonging to the Same Hierarchy
Relationships Between Terms Belonging to Different Hierarchies
Node Labels for Related Terms
Specifying Types of Related Term References
Displaying Controlled Vocabularies
General Considerations
Elements to Address
User Categories
Presentation
Displaying the Equivalence Relationship
Displaying Hierarchical and Associative Relationships
Indentation
Typography
Capitals and Lowercase Letters
Filing and Sorting
Types of Displays
Alphabetical Displays
Permuted Displays
Term Detail Displays
Hierarchical Displays
Graphic Displays
Display Formats – Physical Form
Print Format – Special Considerations
Screen Format – Special Considerations
Web Format – Special Considerations
Documentation
Interoperability
The Need for Interoperability
Factors Affecting Interoperability
Multilingual Controlled Vocabularies
Searching
Indexing
Merging Databases
Merging Controlled Vocabularies
Achieving Interoperability
Storage and Maintenance of Relationships among Terms in Multiple Controlled
Vocabularies
Authority Records
Vocabulary Mapping
Semantic Network
Lexical Database
Construction, Testing, Maintenance, and Management Systems
Construction
Avoid Duplicating Existing Vocabularies
Determine the Structure and Display Formats
Construction Methods
Term Records
Term Verification
Candidate Terms
Levels of Specificity
Unassigned Terms
Testing and Evaluation of Controlled Vocabularies
Testing Methods
Evaluation Criteria
Maintenance
Updating the Vocabulary
Vocabulary Updates and Database Records
Hyperlink Maintenance
Management Systems
General System Considerations
Term Records and Displays
Cross-References
Term Deletion
Candidate Terms
Error Checking
Searching and Browsing
Reports
Testing and Evaluating Systems for Use with Controlled Vocabularies
Appendix A Summary of Standard Requirements / Recommendations
Appendix B Comparison of Vocabulary Types
Appendix C Characteristics and Uses of Controlled Vocabulary Display Options
Appendix D Methods for Achieving Interoperability
Appendix E Sample Candidate Term Forms
Appendix F References
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
Figures
Figure 1: Content objects
Figure 2: Ambiguity caused by homographs and polysemes
Figure 3: Information scatter caused by synonyms
Figure 4: Facet analysis applied to content objects and controlled vocabularies
Figure 5: Increasing structural complexity among controlled vocabularies
Figure 6: All and some relationship – passes test
Figure 7: All and some relationship – does not pass test
Figure 8: Derivation modeling
Figure 9: Translation / Adaptation
Figure 10: Satellite vocabularies
Figure 11: Node or leaf linking
Figure 12: Direct mapping
Figure 13: Co-occurrence mapping
Figure 14: Switching
Figure 15: Temporary union list linking
Figure 16: Server linking
Figure 17: DTIC Posting Term Request Form
Figure 18: Art & Architecture Thesaurus Candidate Term Form
Tables
Table 1: Selected semantic relationships among terms
Table 2: Interoperability needs
Table 3: Controlled vocabulary properties.

3.3 Audience(s)
The International library science and taxonomic community.
3.4 Related Standards/3.5 Standards Dependencies
See the CMAP “Thesaurus Standards Relationships.”

3.6 Content Quality


High.

4. Currency of Content
4.1 Date
20050725
4.2 Versions, Updates/4.3 Currency
ANSI/NISO Z39.19 is now in its fourth edition. The first edition of ANSI/NISO Z39.19,
published in 1974, was prepared by Subcommittee 25 on Thesaurus Rules and
Conventions of the American National Standards Committee Z39 on Standardization in
the Field of Library Work, Documentation, and Related Publishing Practices—the
forerunner to NISO. The authors of that first standard drew heavily on standards of
practice developed by experts in the field including the Engineers Joint Council, the
Committee on Scientific and Technical Information of the Federal Council for Science
and Technology, and UNESCO. In the late 1970’s the standard was revised and a new
edition was released in 1980.

In 1988 work began to revise Z39.19 and a significantly expanded standard, taking into
account variations in approach, was released in 1993.

In 1998 the standard was reviewed by the NISO Members during its regular five-year
review cycle. The NISO members supported reaffirming the standard, however, many
members advised that there soon would be a need to reexamine the standard in light of
the rapidly evolving electronic information environment. In response, NISO organized a
national Workshop on Electronic Thesauri, held November 4-5, 1999, to investigate the
desirability and feasibility of developing a standard for electronic thesauri. This revision
of Z39.19 grew out of the recommendations developed by consensus at that Workshop.

Similar revision work is underway internationally on ISO 2788, Guidelines for the
establishment and development of monolingual thesauri. In the UK, work is under way to
revise and extend BS 5723, which is equivalent to ISO 2788. The new edition of BS 8723
Parts 1 and 2, which cover similar ground as Z39.19, was published in 2005. Parts 3, 4,
and 5, expected during 2006, will deal respectively with other vocabularies such as
taxonomies and classification schemes; interoperability between vocabularies; and
protocols and formats for exchange of thesaurus data.
5. Acceptance
The International library science and taxonomic community has accepted this standard as
the most current statement of practice.

6. Content details
6.1 Size statistics (estimated)
172 pages

6.2 Format / Schemas(s)/6.3 Media / Download


Available for download in pdf at:
http://www.niso.org/standards/index.html

6.4 Licensing Issues


Price: $59
Copyright © 2005 by the National Information Standards Organization
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. For
noncommercial purposes only, this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the publisher, provided it
is reproduced accurately, the source of the material is identified, and the NISO copyright
status is acknowledged. All inquires regarding translations into other languages or
commercial reproduction or distribution should be addressed to:
NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814.

6.5 Documentation
Documentation available at:
http://www.niso.org/standards/index.html

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