TEST METHOD TECHNOTE

PLASTICS
ASTM D638 Tensile Properties of Plastics
T E S T ME T H O D SUMMARY
Tensile testing of plastics per ASTM D638 is a widely used and extremely important test method. By simply
measuring the force required to pull a test specimen to its breaking point, several material properties can be
determined. This data enables both product design engineers and quality managers to accurately predict the
performance of their products in end-use applications. This information is critical for developing new products,
ensuring compliance to industry or government standards, improving manufacturing and reducing production costs.

Sometimes referred to as pull testing, these tests require “dumbbell” or “dogbone” shaped test specimens to be
placed in the grips of a universal testing machine and subjected to controlled tension until they fail. Test speed
is determined by the material specification and an extensometer is used to measure specimen parameters. The
resulting tensile test data reveals essential material properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength,
elongation and reduction in area. This information also allows calculations of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s
ratio. ASTM D638 is very similar to ISO 527-2, with one key exception being analysis of the non-linear
portion of a material’s stress-strain curve. For materials which have little or no linear region, the variation
between ASTM and ISO can be significant. Due to the viscoelastic nature of plastics, these tests are often
performed with temperature chambers to simulate end-use environments.

Solutions for ASTM D638 typically include these types of components;

L O A D FR A ME OPTION S*
Both the premium MTS Criterion® and the economical MTS Exceed® universal testing machines are ideal for
tensile testing of plastics per ASTM D638. These test systems come in a variety of force capacities and frame
styles, ranging from 1-column tabletops to larger 2-column floor-standing models. The 30kN and 100kN models
also have dual-zone test spaces to reduce set-up times if you frequently change test requirements. And as an
alternative to a new load frame, you can modernize the software and controls of your old test system with an
MTS ReNew™ Upgrade.

G R IP O P T IO N S *

MTS Criterion®
Electromechanical Universal Test Systems

Pneumatic Vise Grips Manual Wedge Grips Screw Action Grips Manual Vise Grips
» Most commonly used to reduce » Excellent for thick rigid and » Economical manual grip » Economical manual grip
test set-up time semi-rigid plastic samples » Many faces, sizes and profiles » Best for thin specimens
» Many different faces and » Versatile grip for many » Large specimen opening is » Fewer grip face options
larger specimen opening for materials good for a variety of tests available
universal testing needs » Interchangable faces available
» Fast and easy operation
» Low effort grips

G R IP FA C E O P T ION S*
ASTM D638
Gripping Guidance
The grips must secure the
specimen to prevent slipping, but
at the same time not induce
Serrated Grip Faces Diamond Tip Faces Flat Rubber Faces stresses that can lead to
misleading failures. The grip faces
» Versatile and the most » good for thicker, more durable » Used for thinner, more should be wider than the
MTS Exceed® common specimens fragile specimens specimen under test.
Electromechanical Universal Test Systems
 E X T E NS O ME T R Y OPTION S*
The stress strain curves for plastics most often contain a linear elastic region, as well as a non-linear plastic
region. Modulus needs to be measured within the linear elastic portion, where very little strain exists. This is
why accuracy is an important factor in determining the right extensometry for your test. Extensometers with
high accuracy typically have limited travel and must be removed from the specimen during the test.

Video Auto High Elongation Clip-on

MTS Advantage™ Video The MTS MF Automatic MTS Advantage AHX850 High MTS Model 634 Series Clip-On
Extensometer (AVX) delivers the Extensometer allows release Elongation Extensometer has an Extensometers are good for
highest quality in non-contact prior to break and also has an adjustable, low-impact specimen measuring modulus.
strain measurement. automated gage length set-up. contact force that is especially
good for fragile materials.

S O F T WA R E O P TION S*

ASTM D638 Tensile Properties of Plastics About TestSuite™ TW

Test Template
To simplify testing to ASTM D638, MTS has developed a TestSuite™ This flexible and versatile software application comes in three versions
TW test template that will set up and run the recommended tensile so that you can choose exactly which one best fits your requirements.
tests. After the test data has been collected, reports can display all of Lab managers and test creators like TW Elite since it includes all the
the required calculations including tensile strength, elongation at yield, test definition capacity and flexibility needed to create and edit custom
elongation at break, nominal strain at break, modulus of elasticity, test sequences while accommodating the specific runtime needs of lab
secant modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and more. personnel. Test operators prefer the simplicity and intuitive nature of
TW Express. This software allows operators to easily execute tests and
MTS consultants are also available to support any of your plastics monitor data or calculated values in runtime views. For QA/QC labs that
applications, test method set-up, and data collection and integration prefer the MTS Exceed universal test machine, TW Essential will
requirements. provide both the test creation and test operation capabilities, combining
efficiency and productivity in one software application.

*NOTE: This technical note is intended to show some of the popular and more common solutions used for this particular application. Most of
the time, additional options are available and necessary to accomplish your more comprehensive test objectives.

A P P E N D IX - T EST SPECIMEN DETAIL

Specimen Shape** for Specimen Shape** for Type IV

Types I, II, III & V
Rigid and Semi-Rigid Plastics. Type I is the preferred where sufficient Rigid and Semi-Rigid Plastics. Type IV specimen is generally used
material having a thickness of 7 mm (0.28 in) or less. Type II specimen is when direct comparisons are required between materials in different
recommended when a material does not break in the narrow section with rigidity cases.
the Type I. Type V specimen shall be used for limited availability material
having a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in) or less, or where many specimens are Nonrigid Plastics. Type IV specimen shall be used for testing
to be exposed in a limited space like a chamber. Type III specimen must be nonrigid plastics with a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in) or less.
used for all materials with a thickness of greater than 7 mm (0.28 in) but
not more than 14 mm (0.55 in).

Nonrigid Plastics. Type III specimen must be used for all materials with
a thickness greater than 7 mm (0.28 in) but not more than 14 mm (0.55 in).

Reinforced Composites. ALL reinforced composites, including

MTS Systems Corporation highly orthotropic laminates, shall use Type I specimens.
14000 Technology Drive
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-2290 USA *NOTE: Consult ASTM D638 for more detailed Type I, II, III, IV and V dimensions.
Telephone: 1-952-937-4000
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and TestSuite and ReNew are a trademarks of MTS Systems
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ISO 9001 Certified QMS 100-332-955 MTND638 Printed in U.S.A. 04/16