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Chapter3 Diode

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Teferi Lemma
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65 views

Chapter3 Diode

lecture note

Uploaded by

Teferi Lemma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lec (03)

Diodes and Applications


Diode Models

Diodes and Applications


• Diode Operation
• V-I Characteristics of a Diode
• Diode Models
• Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers
• Power Supply Filters and
Regulators
• Diode Limiters and Clampers
• Voltage Multipliers
2
Forward bias

In electronics, diode modelling


refers to the mathematical models
used to approximate the actual
behavior of real diodes to enable
calculations and circuit analysis.
A diode's I-V curve is nonlinear (it
is well described by the Shockley
diode law).
This nonlinearity complicates
calculations in circuits involving
diodes so simpler models are often
required. 3
Reverse bias

Shockley diode model


The Shockley diode equation relates the
diode current (ID) of a p-n junction diode
to the diode voltage (VD). This relationship
is the diode I-V characteristic:

Is = reverse saturation current


k = 11,600/η
η = 1 for Ge and η = 2 for Si for below the
knee of the curve,
η = 1 for both Ge and Si above the knee.
TK = TC + 273o
4
The Ideal Diode Model

Diode Approximations The Practical Diode Model

The Complete Diode Model

Barrier potential Reverse current Dynamic resistance


5

• The ideal model of a diode is the least accurate approximation and can
be represented by a simple switch.
• When the diode is forward-biased, it ideally acts like a closed (on) switch
• When the diode is reverse-biased, it ideally acts like an open (off) switch.

Forward bias Reverse bias 6


The diode is assumed to have a zero voltage
across it when forward-biased, as indicated
by the portion of the curve on the positive
vertical axis.
VF = 0 V
The forward current is determined by the
bias voltage and the limiting resistor using
Ohm’s law.

The reverse current is neglected


IR = 0 A
Ideal V-I characteristic curve
The reverse voltage equals the bias voltage.
VR = VBIAS
7

• The practical model includes the barrier potential.


• When the diode is forward-biased, it is equivalent
to a closed switch in series with a small equivalent
voltage source (VF) equal to the barrier potential
(0.7 V) with the positive side toward the anode.
Note: This equivalent voltage source represents the
barrier potential that must be exceeded by the bias Forward bias
voltage before the diode will conduct and is not an
active source of voltage.
• When conducting, a voltage drop of 0.7 V appears
across the diode.
• When the diode is reverse-biased, it is equivalent
to an open switch just as in the ideal model.
8
Reverse bias
Since the barrier potential is included, the diode
is assumed to have a voltage across it when
forward-biased, as indicated by the portion of the Characteristic curve
curve to the right of the origin.
VF = 0.7V

The forward current is determined as follows by


first applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law

The diode is assumed to have zero reverse


current, as indicated by the portion of the curve
on the negative horizontal axis.
IR = 0 A
VR = VBIAS 9

• When the diode is forward-biased, it acts as a


closed switch in series with the equivalent
barrier potential voltage (VB) and the small
forward dynamic resistance (r’d).
• When the diode is reverse-biased, it acts as an
open switch in parallel with the large internal
reverse resistance (r’R).
• The barrier potential does not affect reverse
bias, so it is not a factor.

10
The curve slopes because the voltage
drop due to dynamic resistance
increases as the current increases.

The characteristic curve for the


complete diode model

11

Example
(a) Determine the forward voltage and forward current for the diode in Figure
(a) for each of the diode models. Also find the voltage across the limiting
resistor in each case. Assume r’d = 10 ohm at the determined value of forward
current.
(b) Determine the reverse voltage and reverse current for the diode in Figure
(b) for each of the diode models. Also find the voltage across the limiting
resistor in each case. Assume IR = 1 uA.

12
Solution (a)
• Ideal model:

• Practical model:

13

Solution (a)
• Complete model:

14
Solution (b)
• Ideal model: • Practical model:

• Complete model:

15

Exercise
1. Determine whether each silicon
diode in Figure is forward-
biased or reverse-biased.
2. Determine the voltage across
each diode in Figure, assuming
the practical model.
3. Determine the voltage across
each diode in Figure, assuming
an ideal diode.
4. Determine the voltage across
each diode in Figure, using the
complete diode model with
r’d = 10 ohm, r’R = 100 Mohm. 16

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