Radar Project

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belgavi – 590018
A PROJECT REPORT ON
"MARINE RADAR SYSTEM AND MAIN MAST"
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MARINE ENGINEERING
Submitted by
AJAY 4MR15MR001
RAJAKUMAR GURAPPA PAREET 4MR15MR017
SACHIN RAMAPPA MAIGUR 4MR15MR019
YASEEN MOULA KALAWANT 4MR15MR029
Under the guidance of

Mr. M.S.VIGNESH
Assistant Professor
Department of Marine Engineering

MANGALORE MARINE COLLEGE AND TECHNOLOGY,
KUPPEPADAV, MANGALORE–574144
2017-18
Department of Marine Engineering
MANGALORE MARINE COLLEGE AND TECHNOLOGY,
KUPPEPADAV, MANGALORE–574144
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled "MARINE RADAR
SYSTEM AND MAIN MAST" is a bonafide work carried out by Ajay
(4MR15MR001), Rajkumar Gurappa Pareet(4MR15MR017), Sachin
Ramappa Maigur(4MR15MR019), Yaseen Moula Kalawant(4MR15MR029)
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Marine Engineering
of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, during the year 2018-2019. It
is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for
the said degree.
_________________ ________________ ___________________

Mr. M.S. Vignesh Mr. Pratap Rai Dr. Rajkiran Ballal
Guide H.O.D Principal
External Viva
Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance
received from several people in preparation of this report. It would not have been
possible to prepare this report in this form without their valuable help, cooperation
and guidance.
First and foremost, I wish to record my sincere gratitude to the Management
Mangalore Marine College & Technology and to our beloved Principal, Dr.
Rajkiran Ballal, Principal, Mangalore Marine College & Technology, Mangalore for
his constant support and encouragement in preparation of this report and for making
available library and laboratory facilities needed to prepare this report.
My sincere thanks to Asst. pro C/E Mr. Pratap Rai, Head of Department,
Marine Engineering, MMCT, Mangalore for his valuable suggestions and guidance
throughout the period of this report.
I express my sincere gratitude to my guide, Asst. Prof
Mr.M.S.Vignesh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MMCT, Mangalore for
guiding me in investigations for this seminar. The numerous discussions with him
were extremely helpful. I hold him in esteem for guidance, encouragement and
inspiration received from him.
Last but not the least, I wish to thank my parents for financing my studies in
this college as well as for constantly encouraging me to learn engineering. Their
personal sacrifice in providing this opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully
acknowledged.
Ajay
Rajakumar Gurappa Pareet
Sachin Ramappa Maigur
Yaseen Moula Kalawant
DECLARATION
We, VIII semester B.E Marine Engineering students of Mangalore Marine

College and Technology, Mangalore, hereby declare that the project work entitled
"MARINE RADAR SYSTEM AND MAIN MAST ", is an authentic
record of the work that has been carried out under the guidance of Mr. M.S.Vignesh,
Asst. Professor, Department Marine Engineering, Mangalore Marine College and
Technology, Mangalore.
The work contained in the report has not been submitted in part or full to any
other university or institution or professional body for the award of any degree or
diploma or any fellowship.
Ajay
Rajakumar Gurappa Pareet
Sachin Ramappa Maigur
Yaseen Moula Kalawant
ABSTRACT
The nineteenth century was the century of longitude,
factory-produced high quality instruments, charting,
and oceanography for navigation. The twentieth was
the age of electronic navigation, which has
made celestial navigation almost obsolete. Radio was
developed in the early 1900s. By the mid20th century,
radio direction finding using beacons was common.
In 1920s, developments during World War II
in sonar and radar made these available to large
vessels and then to anyone, in the late 20th century,
due to electronic miniaturization. Nowadays the
marine radar is equipment that is perhaps used the
most on the ship’s bridge by the OOW in carrying out a
safe navigational watch. A mandatory aid to
navigation, the radar is used in identifying, tracking
(with integrated ARPA) and positioning of vessels.
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Fundamental Principle of Radar
4. Marine Radar Component
5. Characteristics of Radar Sets and Factors Affecting
Performances
6. Operation of the Marine Radars
7. Uses of the Marine Radar

8. Marine Radar Performance Specification
9. Relative Radar Plotting Symbols
Introduction
The marine radar is equipment that is perhaps used

the most on the ship’s bridge by the OOW in carrying out a safe
navigational watch. A mandatory aid to navigation, the radar is used in
identifying, tracking (with integrated ARPA) and positioning of vessels
(including one’s own vessel) among other things in order to adhere to
the COLREGs so as to safely navigate a ship from one point to another.
The marine radar is classified under the x-band (10 GHz) or S-
band (3GHz) frequencies. The x-band, being of higher frequency is used
for a sharper image and better resolution whereas the S-band is used
especially when in rain or fog as well as for identification and tracking.
Tracking ship devices are compulsory as per COLREGS (International

Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea). SOLAS Chapter 5,
Regulation 19 states that “All ships of 3000 gross tonnages and
upwards shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of paragraph 2.5,
have a 3 GHz radar or where considered appropriate by the
Administration a second 9 GHz radar, or other means to determine and
display the range and bearing of other surface craft, obstructions,
buoys, shorelines and navigational marks to assist in navigation and in
collision avoidance, which are functionally independent of those referred
to in paragraph.”
The entire SOLAS Chapter 5, Regulation 19 can be read here.

Additionally, the Annex 16 dealing with specific information with regard
to the marine radar onboard can be read here. With the help of ship
radar, accidents can be prevented at sea with the use of the various
inherent functionalities of the radar (determining the CPA and the TCPA,
EBL, VRM etc). However, even while the ships are docked in the port,
with the help of these radars, the coast guard, VTS and the other
authorities can use them to monitor the traffic in the small radar range.
The ship radar has a screen (referred to as the Plan Position Indicator)
that displays all the targets that are present within the radar range. Since
all the objects are clearly visible on the screen, navigating and
monitoring the position of the ship becomes really feasible, hence the
term ‘aid to navigation’.
Objectives
 The objective of this project is to detect other ships and
land obstacles, to provide bearing and distance for
collision avoidance and navigation at sea.
Fundamental Principle of Radar
RADAR - derived from the phrase RADIO

DETECTION AND RANGING. A short burst of
electromagnetic energy transmitted and hit to an object
and then return, since the velocity of the propagation is
known it would be easy to calculate because the distance
to the object as long as it can measure time from which
the transmission started until the echo return.

On Board Ship the RADAR has two main tasks: To
function as an aid to prevent collision, as with the help of
RADAR one can “SEE” in fog and darkness.

On Board Ship the RADAR has two main tasks: To
assist in navigation, particularly at landfalls and when
navigating in coastal waters.
Marine Radar Component
RADAR ANTENNA : Transmit and receive in an concentrated beam
and a motor turns the antenna in rotation, the signal, which are
amplified the signal becomes visible to the operator in form of a
radar picture.
Two types of RADAR ANTENNA:

1. SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE TYPE
2. PARABOLIC TYPE
RECEIVER : The incoming signal is fed to a series of amplifier and
further to detect or demodulator for which smoothes the signal, the
main task of the receiver is to amplify the reflected (incoming
echoes) weak echoes and make them suitable for transmission to the
indicator.
TRANSMITTER : It is the trigger pulses to the modulator and

converted the inputs into a high frequency oscillation thru
magnetron. High frequency oscillations are fed via wave guide or into
a coaxial cable to the transmitter/receiver switch.
DISPLAY : A radar echoes are display in a cathode ray tube (CRT).

Several types of CRT are utilized like A-SCAN or Short Persistent Tube,
Plan Position Indicator or PPI, Raster Scan Display. A-SCAN or short
persistent tube, the strength of an echo derived from its amplitude.
The most important point about marine radars is that the screens
used to view the position of the objects are either LED screens or
monochrome screens. With such perfect screens, the clarity of the
objects is highlighted even further. Also since these screens are
waterproof there is no threat of interruption to the ship radar system
in times of rough weather.
Characteristics of Radar Sets and Factors
Affecting Performances :
RADIO WAVES are Electromagnetic Waves motion consist of crest
and trough
 Wavelength - is a distance between a successive crest of
waves, electromagnetic waves of a length between 0.1-30000
mm are known as radio waves.
 Frequency- are other way of measure of waves motion,

which indicates the number of crest that pass a fix of initial
time.
 Frequency and Wavelength are two terms closely
associated.

Characteristics of Radar Sets and Factors Affecting
Performances :
 LOW FREQUENCY :
 HIGH FREQUENCY :
Each type has their advantages and disadvantages. For example

a short wave length is preferred in shipboard radar system
because there Is a relationship between the size of the antenna
and the Horizontal Beam width, the larger width of the scanner
the smaller is the angular beam width for the same wavelength.
Most marine radar transmit is :
 X Band (3 cm) - 9000 MHZ

 C Band (5 cm) - 5000 MHZ
 S Band (10 cm) - 3000 MHZ
Operation of the Marine Radars
The operation of the marine radars can be explained as

follows:
 The parabolic radar antenna transmits and receives

electromagnetic waves; as far as a target being displayed
is concerned, that is basically the wave that bounced off a
certain object that paints itself on the PPI (Plan Position
Indicator).
 The frequency and the time taken by the flashes to return

(reflections) to the radar receiver of the ship helps to find
out whether the route of the boat can be continued with or
not. The transmission and receiving of the pulse travels
twice the distance in going and hitting the target and back;
therefore, the target displayed on the PPI is basically
halved with regard to its range.
 On the PPI, the reflections can be seen so that identifying

the actual distance of the objects can be even easier. The
same paint on the PPI can be also be checked for
determination of the bearing of the target.
Uses of the Marine Radar
 To calculate range and bearing of a target and

thereafter use the information to determine speed,
course etc
 Integration with other shipboard equipment (such as

ECDIS) to derive precise data
 Navigating own vessel and her course with regard to

collision avoidance
 Fixing the ship’s position using terrestrial objects such

as lighthouses, buoys etc
 Differentiating between targets in high traffic density

areas
 Determination of the weather, to an extent
 Use by VTS in controlling coastal traffic
 Usage of features such as parallel indexing to ensure

safe navigation
 Alleviating workload on the OOW on the bridge
 Used extensively in pilotage that covers the above

aspects
Conclusion
The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall spar, or
arrangement of spars, erected more or less
vertically on the centre-line of a ship or boat.
Its purposes include carrying sail, spars, and
derricks, and giving necessary height to a
navigation light, look-out position, signal
yard, control position, radio aerial or signal
lamp.[1] Large ships have several masts, with
the size and configuration depending on the
style of ship. Nearly all sailing masts are
guyed



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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belgavi – 590018

Under the guidance of

Department of Marine Engineering

_________________ ________________ ___________________

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

We, VIII semester B.E Marine Engineering students of Mangalore Marine

6. Operation of the Marine Radars

7. Uses of the Marine Radar

The marine radar is equipment that is perhaps used

Tracking ship devices are compulsory as per COLREGS (International

The entire SOLAS Chapter 5, Regulation 19 can be read here.

RADAR - derived from the phrase RADIO

Fundamental Principle of Radar

Fundamental Principle of Radar

Two types of RADAR ANTENNA:

TRANSMITTER : It is the trigger pulses to the modulator and

DISPLAY : A radar echoes are display in a cathode ray tube (CRT).

 Frequency- are other way of measure of waves motion,

Each type has their advantages and disadvantages. For example

 X Band (3 cm) - 9000 MHZ

The operation of the marine radars can be explained as

 The parabolic radar antenna transmits and receives

 The frequency and the time taken by the flashes to return

 On the PPI, the reflections can be seen so that identifying

 To calculate range and bearing of a target and

 Integration with other shipboard equipment (such as

 Navigating own vessel and her course with regard to

 Fixing the ship’s position using terrestrial objects such

 Differentiating between targets in high traffic density

 Determination of the weather, to an extent

 Use by VTS in controlling coastal traffic

 Usage of features such as parallel indexing to ensure

 Alleviating workload on the OOW on the bridge

 Used extensively in pilotage that covers the above

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