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    Imperfections

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    Freddie Koo
    This document discusses how to account for frame and member imperfections as required by Eurocode 2 and 3 in ETABS and SAP2000. There are several methods: 1) modeling imperfections directly, 2) applying horizontal loads, 3) using equivalent horizontal forces, or 4) modifying the geometry based on buckling modes. The preferred methods are using equivalent horizontal forces in analysis or considering imperfections as eccentricities in design. The software allows imperfections to be included through preferences, load patterns, and load combinations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Imperfections

    Uploaded by

    Freddie Koo
    218 views10 pages
    This document discusses how to account for frame and member imperfections as required by Eurocode 2 and 3 in ETABS and SAP2000. There are several methods: 1) modeling imperfections directly, 2) applying horizontal loads, 3) using equivalent horizontal forces, or 4) modifying the geometry based on buckling modes. The preferred methods are using equivalent horizontal forces in analysis or considering imperfections as eccentricities in design. The software allows imperfections to be included through preferences, load patterns, and load combinations.

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    Imperfections

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    This document discusses how to account for frame and member imperfections as required by Eurocode 2 and 3 in ETABS and SAP2000. There are several methods: 1) modeling imperfections directly, 2) applying horizontal loads, 3) using equivalent horizontal forces, or 4) modifying the geometry based on buckling modes. The preferred methods are using equivalent horizontal forces in analysis or considering imperfections as eccentricities in design. The software allows imperfections to be included through preferences, load patterns, and load combinations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    218 views10 pages

    Imperfections

    Uploaded by

    Freddie Koo
    This document discusses how to account for frame and member imperfections as required by Eurocode 2 and 3 in ETABS and SAP2000. There are several methods: 1) modeling imperfections directly, 2) applying horizontal loads, 3) using equivalent horizontal forces, or 4) modifying the geometry based on buckling modes. The preferred methods are using equivalent horizontal forces in analysis or considering imperfections as eccentricities in design. The software allows imperfections to be included through preferences, load patterns, and load combinations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Otte

    ACCOUNTING FOR IMPERFECTIONS AS


    PER EUROCODE 2 AND EUROCODE 3 IN
    ETABS 2016 AND SAP2000 V19
    I. Overview

    Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 3 requires frame and member imperfections (global and local) be accounted
    for either in the analysis stage or in the design stage.

    Accounting global and local imperfections in the analysis stage of a numerical model can be done by
    either:

    - Modeling the global and/or local imperfections explicitly in the model


    - Applying horizontal UDL along vertical member length for local imperfection (applicable for
    EC3 only)
    - Applying Equivalent Horizontal Force (EHF) at each stories for global imperfection.
    - Using the buckling mode shapes as initial geometry (applicable for EC3 only)

    Accounting global and/or local imperfections in the analysis stage by modelling the frames and
    members unstraight or crooked, although can be done, will be impractical and time consuming.
    Similarly, applying horizontal UDL on vertical members to account for local imperfection is only
    practical when checking the effect on a single vertical element. These methods will not be discussed
    here.

    In EC2 and EC3, global imperfections can be accounted for in the design stage as ECC (eccentricity) on
    isolated vertical members. Local imperfections in EC3 are accounted for in the design stage by using
    the relevant buckling shape factors in member buckling check.

    This technical note discusses on how to account for imperfections in ETABS 2016 and SAP2000 v19
    models.

    II. Accounting for Global Imperfection in Design Stage as ECC

    The most convenient way to account for global imperfections is to consider it as an ECC in design of
    isolated vertical members. This method is available in ETABS 2016 and SAP200o v19 for EC2 design,
    but not currently available for EC3 design. This will be included for EC3 design in the future software
    release/updates.

    The inclination value will be calculated as:

    θi = θ0 αh αm

    where

    θ0 = is the basic value given as 0.005 (= 1/200) ; [Please check your NDP value]
    αm = 1
    αh = 2÷√l ; 2/3 ≤ αh ≤ 1

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 1


    Otte
    l = actual length of the vertical member

    The eccentricity due to imperfection will be calculated as:

    ei = θi l0/2

    The eccentricity ei shall be equal or bigger than code specified minimum eccentricity:

    emin = h/30 ≥ 20 mm

    The resulting geometric imperfection moments, Mi2 and Mi3, will be added to analysis first order
    moments in a single direction at a time:

    Mi2 = ei2 NEd

    Mi3 = ei3 NEd

    Setting Concrete Frame Design Preference to account for global imperfection in ETABS 2016 and
    SAP2000 v19 for EC2 column design:

    Go to Design>Concrete Frame Design>View/Revise Preferences… and specify Theta0 value.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 2


    Otte
    Setting Shear Wall Design Preference to account for global imperfection in ETABS 2016 and SAP2000
    v19 for EC2 wall design:

    Go to Design>Shear Wall Design>View/Revise Preferences… and specify Theta0 value.

    III. Accounting for Global Imperfection in Analysis Stage as EHF

    Global imperfection can be accounted for in analysis stage as EHF defined as notional loads in ETABS
    2016 and SAP2000 v19.

    This is done by defining notional load patterns for all dead load and live load pattern in both x and y
    directions.

    Click on Define>Load Patterns…

    Add a new notional load pattern for each dead and live load patterns for x and y directions. Specify
    the Load Ratio as the value of calculated θi, or conservatively use 0.0005.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 3


    Otte

    The value of Load Ratio to be used in defining the EHFs is equal to inclination θi from equation below:

    θi = θ0 αh αm

    where

    θ0 = is the basic value given as 0.005 (= 1/200) ; [Please check your NDP value]
    αm = number of vertical members contributing to the horizontal force
    αh = 2÷√l ; 2/3 ≤ αh ≤ 1
    l = height of building

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 4


    Otte
    If designing for EC2, set the Theta0 value in the concrete frame and shear wall design preferences with
    very small value (i.e., 0.000001). This is done so that the effect of global imperfection will not be
    accounted twice. This step is not required if designing for EC3.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 5


    Otte
    The design load combinations should also be updated to include these effects.

    Click on Define>Load Combinations… and modify/create design load combinations to include the
    generated EHF load cases with the appropriate load factors. Use positive and negative values for
    opposing directions.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 6


    Otte
    IV. Accounting for Local Imperfection in Design Stage

    ETABS 2016 and SAP2000 v19 automatically accounted for local imperfection effect by the relevant
    buckling and imperfection factors as per EC3 in the design for buckling resistance of vertical steel
    members. This is done automatically and no additional input is required.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 7


    Otte

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 8


    Otte

    V. Using Buckling Mode Shape as Modified Geometry to Account for Global and/or
    Local Imperfection in Analysis Stage

    As per EC3, the assumed shape of global imperfections and local imperfections may also be derived
    from the elastic buckling mode of a structure in the plane of buckling considered.

    The deformed geometry of any Buckling Analysis load case can then be used as modified geometry of
    the structure to account for global and/or local imperfections.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 9


    Otte
    This method is useful for modelling non-building structures (e.g., domes, etc.) wherein modelling
    global imperfection as EHF may not be applicable anymore.

    This method requires engineering judgment and experience in selecting which buckling load case
    and mode to use. This may also mean that a single structure will have to be saved in multiple
    models with different deformed geometry for analysis and design.

    After running the buckling analysis load cases, click on Analyze>Modify Undeformed Geometry…

    Select the buckling load case and one of its mode shape to be used to modify the initial geometry.

    Otte Technical Note No.: TN-S01 Rev. 0 10

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