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    Orbit Analysis-2019-2561

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    Zaheer Ahmad Raza
    Orbits are plots that show the path of a rotating component during vibration. They are created from two simultaneous measurements and can be direct, 1X filtered, or filtered for other frequencies. Orbits indicate vibration frequencies and whether precession is forward or reverse. Their shape and features like loops and phase reference provide insight into machine condition issues like imbalance, misalignment, or physical restraints. Pedestal orbits measure housing vibration. Proper data collection is important for accurate orbit analysis.

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    Orbit Analysis-2019-2561

    Uploaded by

    Zaheer Ahmad Raza
    328 views23 pages
    Orbits are plots that show the path of a rotating component during vibration. They are created from two simultaneous measurements and can be direct, 1X filtered, or filtered for other frequencies. Orbits indicate vibration frequencies and whether precession is forward or reverse. Their shape and features like loops and phase reference provide insight into machine condition issues like imbalance, misalignment, or physical restraints. Pedestal orbits measure housing vibration. Proper data collection is important for accurate orbit analysis.

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    orbit analysis

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    Orbits are plots that show the path of a rotating component during vibration. They are created from two simultaneous measurements and can be direct, 1X filtered, or filtered for other frequencies. Orbits indicate vibration frequencies and whether precession is forward or reverse. Their shape and features like loops and phase reference provide insight into machine condition issues like imbalance, misalignment, or physical restraints. Pedestal orbits measure housing vibration. Proper data collection is important for accurate orbit analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    328 views23 pages

    Orbit Analysis-2019-2561

    Uploaded by

    Zaheer Ahmad Raza
    Orbits are plots that show the path of a rotating component during vibration. They are created from two simultaneous measurements and can be direct, 1X filtered, or filtered for other frequencies. Orbits indicate vibration frequencies and whether precession is forward or reverse. Their shape and features like loops and phase reference provide insight into machine condition issues like imbalance, misalignment, or physical restraints. Pedestal orbits measure housing vibration. Proper data collection is important for accurate orbit analysis.

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    ORBIT ANALYSIS

    Ray Kelm, P.E. Dustin Pavelek, P.E.


    President/Chief Engineer Senior Engineer
    Kelm Engineering, LLC Kelm Engineering, LLC
    PLANETARY ORBITS
    The Concept of Orbits
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Overview
    • Orbit Description
    • Orbital Construction
    • 1X Orbits
    • Phase Reference in Orbits
    • Compensation
    • Frequency Analysis using Orbits
    • Precession in Orbits
    • Orbit Shapes
    • Pedestal orbits
    • Field Data Collection
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbits
    • Orbit Plots show the path a rotor takes as at vibrates during operation
    • Orbits are created from the data from two orthogonal (perpendicular)
    measurements taken simultaneously
    • A phase reference on the rotor is used for filtering an orbit to a specific
    frequency and identifying frequency content from orbit plots
    • Orbits may be Direct (unfiltered), 1X or nX
    • Like Bode’ or Polar Plots, Orbits may be compensated or un-compensated
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Construction

    Up
    5 Rotation
    1 Direction
    Probe
    Up
    2 Locations
    4
    Y Y
    5
    Rotation 3

    Direction Down 1

    Right
    2
    X
    5
    1 X

    Left
    2 4
    4

    3
    Right

    4 4

    KΦ Down
    3
    5
    1

    *Reproduced from Fundamentals of Rotating Machinery Diagnostics by Donald E. Bently and Charles Hatch
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Sample Orbits

    Direct Orbit

    1x Orbit
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    The 1X Orbit Due to Imbalance
    • Well below the critical speed, the high spot is in phase with the heavy spot
    and both are on the “outside” of the orbit path
    • Above the first critical speed, the heavy spot is on the “inside” of the orbit
    path. The high spot, by definition, remains on the “outside”
    Below 1st Critical Above 1st Critical

    Heavy Spot
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Phase Reference
    • The location of the rotor when the phase reference trigger fires is
    indicated by the blank-bright mark on the orbit plot

    Blank-Bright
    trigger indicating
    forward
    precession

    • The blank-bright orientation is the standard convention based on the use


    of the z-axis input for the trigger on an oscilloscope and a negative
    trigger pulse
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Vector Compensation
    • Compensation allows us to remove any unwanted information from an
    orbit plot mathematically.
    • Filtered 1X orbits can be vector compensated to subtract out the slow roll
    runout vectors from each probe

    1X Orbit – 1X Slow Roll Vector Orbit = 1X Compensated Orbit


    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Waveform Compensation
    Waveform compensation
    can be used to eliminate
    “glitch” in orbit data
    caused by surface defects
    on probe target areas Unfiltered
    Waveforms
    A slow-roll waveform is
    digitally subtracted from
    vibration waveform data
    -
    using the trigger as a
    Slow-roll
    reference Waveforms

    The resulting waveform


    includes actual shaft
    vibration and any noise in
    =
    the signal Resulting
    Waveforms
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Plots – Loop Rules
    • Loop rules can be used to determine vibration frequency when only one
    timing mark is present.

    3X Vibration 4X Vibration

    # of Loops ± 1
    Vibration Frequency =
    Number Rotations
    No. Rotations = No. Timing Marks
    11
    Internal:Add External: Subtract
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Analysis – Frequency Content
    • Multiple timing marks indicate sub-synchronous vibration
    • Frequency ratio can be determined by inspection

    Loop 1

    Loop 2 Loop 5

    Loop 3 Loop 4

    1/4X Vibration
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Loops
    • Loops indicate the presence of non-synchronous vibration
    • External loops are caused by dominant forward precession of the non-
    synchronous components
    • Internal loops are caused by dominant reverse precession of the non-
    synchronous components
    1X and 1/2X 1X and 1/2X
    Forward Precession Reverse Precession
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Forward and Reverse Precession
    • Forward precession is the most common vibration observed. The shaft is whirling
    in the same direction as rotation.
    • Reverse precession happens with the shaft is whirling in the opposite direction
    from rotation. This can happen during rubs or between split critical speeds.

    Whirl Direction Whirl Direction

    Rotation Rotation

    Forward Precession Reverse Precession

    Phase Reference
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Precession from Phase Reference
    • The normal “Blank-Bright” convention indicates forward precession
    • “Bright-Blank” phase marks indicate reverse precession
    • Always check probe orientation and rotation direction!

    Rotation Rotation

    Forward Precession Reverse Precession


    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Analysis – Non-integer Components
    • Shapes of orbits with non-integer multiples or sub-multiple components
    will be similar to exact integers but will be “skewed”
    • The location of the phase reference mark will “rotate” along the orbit path

    1X and 1/2X 1X and 0.48X


    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Shapes
    • The shape of the orbit can be used to evaluate any restrictions to motion
    that influence machine vibration.

    Misalignment

    Increasing Severity
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Orbit Shapes
    • Physical restraints internal to the machine can restrict shaft motion in the
    bearings. This can be identified using unfiltered orbits.
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Pedestal Orbits
    • Orbits can be generated from pedestal measurements when
    accelerometers are installed on a bearing housing.
    • Pedestal orbits often contain frequency content associated with housing
    vibration that may or may not be present if measuring shaft
    vibration directly.
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Field Data Collection
    • Avoid pitfalls during data collection:
    • Verify collection parameters are adequate for the application (Fmax,
    No. of lines, etc.)
    • Verify probe orientation. Does your collector setup match physical
    location of probes? Are your cables crossed?
    • Check for the correct rotation direction.
    • Is your phase reference a positive or negative trigger?
    • A proximity probe looking at a keyway will produce a negative
    trigger.
    • A key will produce a positive trigger.
    • Most laser tachometers are selectable.
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Field Data
    • Many software packages will allow the analyst to view orbits to identify
    times, speeds, or loads where significant events occur.
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Field Data – Operating Deflection Shapes
    • 1X orbits can be used to estimate a rotor operating deflection shape when
    X-Y measurements are available at multiple axial locations
    ORBIT ANALYSIS
    Closing
    • Orbit analysis is another useful tool to keep in your Analyst Toolbox
    • Use both Direct and Filtered (1X) orbits
    • Evaluate affect of vector or waveform compensation on orbit plots
    • Review frequency content apparent in orbits
    • Evaluate the shape of the orbit and what may be influencing this
    • Look for changes in orbit plots caused by time/speed/load changes

    • Like any other analysis method, good conclusions can only be made from
    good data

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