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    Review of Flat, Open and Closed Universe in Matter, Radiation and ΛCDM model of the universe and also considering both positive and negative Cosmological Constant

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    Akash Gupta
    This document summarizes a paper that reviews flat, open and closed universe models as well as the ΛCDM model considering both positive and negative cosmological constants. It introduces Friedmann's equations, which describe the expansion of the universe based on general relativity. It then focuses on deriving Friedmann's equations assuming the universe contains only time-varying dark energy density.

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    Review of Flat, Open and Closed Universe in Matter, Radiation and ΛCDM model of the universe and also considering both positive and negative Cosmological Constant

    Uploaded by

    Akash Gupta
    24 views2 pages
    This document summarizes a paper that reviews flat, open and closed universe models as well as the ΛCDM model considering both positive and negative cosmological constants. It introduces Friedmann's equations, which describe the expansion of the universe based on general relativity. It then focuses on deriving Friedmann's equations assuming the universe contains only time-varying dark energy density.

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    This document summarizes a paper that reviews flat, open and closed universe models as well as the ΛCDM model considering both positive and negative cosmological constants. It introduces Friedmann's equations, which describe the expansion of the universe based on general relativity. It then focuses on deriving Friedmann's equations assuming the universe contains only time-varying dark energy density.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views2 pages

    Review of Flat, Open and Closed Universe in Matter, Radiation and ΛCDM model of the universe and also considering both positive and negative Cosmological Constant

    Uploaded by

    Akash Gupta
    This document summarizes a paper that reviews flat, open and closed universe models as well as the ΛCDM model considering both positive and negative cosmological constants. It introduces Friedmann's equations, which describe the expansion of the universe based on general relativity. It then focuses on deriving Friedmann's equations assuming the universe contains only time-varying dark energy density.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Review of Flat, Open and Closed Universe in Matter,

    Radiation and ΛCDM model of the universe and also


    considering both positive and negative Cosmological
    Constant
    Akash Gupta
    Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai

    Abstract
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    lacus quam. Ut ipsum dolor, euismod aliquam congue sed, lobortis et orci.
    Mauris eget velit id arcu ultricies auctor in eget dolor. Pellentesque suscipit
    adipiscing sem, imperdiet laoreet dolor elementum ut. Mauris condimentum
    est sed velit lacinia placerat. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci
    luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Nullam diam metus, pharetra vitae
    euismod sed, placerat ultrices eros. Aliquam tincidunt dapibus venenatis. In
    interdum tellus nec justo accumsan aliquam. Nulla sit amet massa augue.
    Keywords: Science, Publication, Complicated

    1 1. Introduction
    2 The dynamics of the universe are broadly understood by the Friedmanns
    3 Equations [1], the Friedmanns Equations were derived first by the Einsteins
    4 General Theory of Relativity [2], the Friedmanns Equations are also derived
    5 from the Newtonian Gravity [2]. A cosmological constant, abbreviated by
    6 Greek letter Lambda (Λ) was added by Einstein to his equations of the
    7 Universe in order to prove his claim of the static universe, but his claim
    8 was later proved wrong from the Edwin Hubbles observations through his

    Email address: akashg@iitbhilai.ac.in ()

    Preprint submitted to ArXiv December 24, 2018


    9 telescope [x]. But the cosmological constant has been added eventually to
    10 account for the Dark Energy term, which is considered to be the driving
    11 force for expansion of the universe. This paper tries to explain what would
    12 be Hubble’s Parameter, Scale Factor and Energy Density if the whole energy
    13 of the Universe is assumed to be only Dark Energy. It is fair to assume so
    14 because only 4% of total mass is visible universe. Also, the Cosmological
    15 Constant term (Λ) is not assumed to be constant.

    16 2. Friedmanns Equation
    17 There are two basic Friedmann’s Equations:
    8π.G.ρ
    18 ( ȧa )2 = 3
    − k.c
    a2
    + 13 Λ.c2 ....(1)

    19
    ä
    a
    = − 4π.G.ρ
    3
    + 13 Λ.c2 ....(2)

    20 Where,

    21 a: Scale Factor
    22 G: Universal Gravitational Constant
    23 ρ: Energy Density
    24 k: Curvature for Universe, viz. 0 for Flat, -1 for Open and 1 for Closed
    25 Universe
    26 Λ: Term corresponding to the density of Dark Energy
    27 c: Speed of Light

    28 3. Friedmann’s Equation in our case


    29 Assumptions:
    30 1. The energy density of visible matter would considered to be neglegible.
    31 2. The Dark Energy density or the Cosmological Constant would not be
    32 considered constant, it would be time varying.
    33 3.

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