Federal Aviation

Administration
Southern Region
Airports Division

A Quick Reference to

Airfield Standards

This January 2018 edition supersedes all previous editions

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings .................................................................................................................. 1
Removal of Markings ............................................................................................................................. 1
Use of Glass Beads ............................................................................................................................... 4
Use of Black Borders ............................................................................................................................. 4
General Guidelines for Determining Light-Colored Pavements ................................................................ 5
Runway Marking Elements .................................................................................................................... 6
Groupings of Touchdown Zone Markings Required When Installed From One Threshold ........................ 7
Groupings of Touchdown Zone Markings Required When Installed From Both Thresholds ...................... 8
Runway Threshold Stripes for Standard Runway Widths ......................................................................... 9
Runway Marking Dimensions ............................................................................................................... 10
Precision Instrument ........................................................................................................................ 10
Non-Precision Instrument ................................................................................................................. 11
Visual .............................................................................................................................................. 12
Displaced Threshold Markings ............................................................................................................. 13
Taxiway Aligned with a Runway ........................................................................................................... 14
Blast Pad Markings.............................................................................................................................. 15
Aligned Taxiway Preceding a Displaced Threshold ............................................................................... 16
Blast Pad Preceding a Displaced Threshold ......................................................................................... 17
Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Marking ................................................................................................. 18
Dashed Lines at Converging Taxiway Centerlines ................................................................................ 19
Enhanced Taxiway Centerlines Intersecting with Holding Position Marking ............................................ 20
Surface Painted Holding Position Signs for Taxiway Widths Greater Than Thirty Five Feet.................... 24
Surface Painted Holding Position Sign for Taxiway Widths Equal to or Less Than 35 Feet .................... 25
Narrow Taxiway Stacked Surface Painted Holding Position Signs ......................................................... 26
Holding Position Marking Details .......................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 2 – Airfield Lighting ................................................................................................................. 28
Legend and General Notes .................................................................................................................. 28
Runway Edge Light Spacing for High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRLs) .................................................. 29
Runway Edge Light Spacing for Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRLs) ............................................ 30
Threshold / Runway End Lights Installed with MIRLs ............................................................................ 31
Threshold / Runway End Lights installed with HIRLs ............................................................................. 32
Runway with a Taxiway at the End ....................................................................................................... 33
Runway with a Blast Pad ..................................................................................................................... 34

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 Lighting for Runway with a Displaced Threshold ................................................................................... 35
Normal Runway with Taxiway .............................................................................................................. 36
Lighting for Runway with Displaced Threshold Greater than 700’........................................................... 37
Lighting for Runway with Displaced Threshold Less than 700’ .............................................................. 38
Lighting for Runway with Stopway ........................................................................................................ 39
Lighting for Runway with Displaced Threshold and Stopway ................................................................. 40
Runway with End Taxiway ................................................................................................................... 41
Lighting for Runway with End Taxiway and Displaced Threshold ........................................................... 42
Color-coding of Exit Taxiway Centerline Lights ..................................................................................... 43
Taxiway Centerline Lighting Configuration for Acute - Angled Exits........................................................ 44
Typical Layout for Runway End Identifier Lights (REILs) ....................................................................... 45
Chapter 3 – Construction Safety ........................................................................................................... 46
Safety Areas and Work Limits .............................................................................................................. 46
Construction Reminders ...................................................................................................................... 47
Construction Barricades....................................................................................................................... 48
Temporary Signs ................................................................................................................................. 49
Temporarily Closed Runways .............................................................................................................. 50
Partially Closed Runway ...................................................................................................................... 51
Partially Closed Runway ...................................................................................................................... 52
Temporary Displaced Threshold .......................................................................................................... 53
Lighting Temporarily Relocated or Displaced Runway Thresholds ......................................................... 54
Temporary Taxiway Closure ................................................................................................................ 55
Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety................................................................................................................... 56
Fueling Supervisor and Personnel Training .......................................................................................... 57
Fuel Training Certificates ................................................................................................................. 57
Sample Fueling Supervisor Training Certificate ................................................................................. 57
Sample Checklist- Fuel Vehicles .......................................................................................................... 58
Sample Checklist- Fuel Farm ............................................................................................................... 59
Sample Checklist- Self-Serve.............................................................................................................. 60
Chapter 5 - Wildlife ................................................................................................................................ 61
Chapter 6 - Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) .......................................................................... 62
ARFF Vehicles .................................................................................................................................... 62
ARFF Training..................................................................................................................................... 63
Chapter 7 - Pedestrians and Ground Vehicles ...................................................................................... 64
Chapter 8 – References......................................................................................................................... 65

A Quick Reference to Airfield Standards Updated January 2018 iii

PURPOSE
This publication provides a quick reference to several FAA standards as detailed in current FAA Advisory
Circulars (ACs) as of the date of this publication. This guide is not all-inclusive and the applicable ACs should
be consulted for information that is more comprehensive.

Cover photo – Nashville International Airport (BNA)

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Reference: AC 150/5340-1L

Removal of Markings
Physically remove pavement markings that are no longer needed. Do not just paint over them. This prevents a
continued visual appearance of the removed markings.

Markings to be removed Marking removal pattern

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Chevron markings to be physically removed

Patterns for physically removing the chevron markings

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Markings to be physically removed

Patterns for physically removed markings plus relocated runway holding position and surfaced painted holding
position markings

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Use of Glass Beads

Where Required Where Recommended

 Runway designation  Runway edge markings

 Runway and taxiway  Taxiway edge markings
centerline  Displaced threshold markings
 Threshold markings and bar  Demarcation bar
 Aiming point marking
 Touchdown zone
 All holding position markings
 Geographic position markings
 Surface painted signs
 Non-movement area boundary
markings

Note: Glass beads are not to be used in black paint.

Type III beads shall not be applied to red or pink paint

Use of Black Borders

Black borders are required on all “light” colored pavements (including fading asphalt). The table on the next
page has guidelines for determining light-colored pavements.

Where Required Where Recommended

 All holding position marking  Taxiway centerlines

 Enhanced Twy centerlines  Taxiway edge markings
 Non-movement area boundary  Chevrons
markings  Shoulder markings
 SMGCS Twy centerlines
 Surface painted holding signs
 Intermediate holding position
 Geographic position marking
(see AC150/5340-1L, 4.11(d))
 All runway markings except edge
markings

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

General Guidelines for Determining Light-Colored Pavements

Paint a Black Border

Age of Pavement Surface

Pavement Surface Type
New Up to 2 years old Over 2 years old

Portland Cement Concrete Yes Yes Yes

Asphalt Concrete No No Yes

Asphalt Treated No No Yes

This table serves only as a general guide since an existing asphalt pavement at one airport location
may not experience the same rate of surface color deterioration as at another airport location.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Runway Marking Elements

Threshold Approach Category

Non-precision
Runway Surface Marking Precision Approach
Scheme Approach
(Approaches with
(Approaches with
Visual Approach vertical guidance
vertical guidance not
lower than 0.75
lower than 0.75
statute mile visibility)
statute mile visibility)

Runway diagram

Landing Designator Required Required Required

Centerline Required Required Required

Threshold Note 1 Required Required

Aiming Point Note 2 Note 3 Required

Touchdown Zone (not applicable) (not applicable) Required

Edge Markings Note 4 Note 4 Required

Notes:
1. Required on runways serving approach categories C and D airplanes and for runways used, or
intended to be used by international commercial air transport.
2. Required on 4,200 foot or longer runways serving approach categories C and D airplanes.
3. Required on 4,200 foot or longer instrumented runways.
4. Used when the full runway pavement width may not be available for use as a runway.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Groupings of Touchdown Zone Markings

Required When Installed From One Threshold

Distance Between Thresholds Markings for Precision

Other Runway End
(or displaced thresholds) Approach End (includes
Visual or Non-precision
(Feet) displaced threshold)

6,065 or greater
Full set of markings Aiming point markings
(Note 1)

Less one grouping of rectangular

5,565 - 6,064 Aiming point marking
bar markings (Note 2)

Less two groupings of rectangular

5,065 - 5,564 Aiming point marking
bar markings

Less three groupings of

4,565 - 5,064 Aiming point marking
rectangular bar markings

Notes:

1. Derive the value of 6,065 feet as follows:

a. For the non-precision or visual runway end, the table assumes the 900 foot “no marking zone”
criterion plus the length of a preferred aiming point marking, which starts 1,020 feet from the
start of the threshold to obtain a length of 1,920 feet.
b. Add to this the length of the aiming point marking. The length of the aiming point marking is
either 150 or 100 feet. This table uses a length of 150 feet because all the entries in column 1
are greater than 4,200 feet. Therefore, adding 150 feet to 1,920 feet obtains a length of 2,070
feet. For the precision end, which equals 3,995 feet, it assumes the 900 foot “no marking zone”
followed by the standard 75-foot long rectangular bar for a total length of 975 feet.
c. Add to this value the full 3,000-foot touchdown zone marking scheme and the 20-foot
separation between the actual starting point of the runway threshold (or displaced threshold)
and the bottom edge of the threshold marking to obtain 3,995 feet.
d. Summing the values 3,995 and 2,070 yields 6,065 feet.
2. Each reduction in a pair of rectangular bar markings from the precision end equates to a 500-foot
reduction between the thresholds.

The painting rationale for this table is to ignore the midpoint between the thresholds so the precision
instrumented landing is favored over non-precision or visual landings.

The length of the non-precision or visual side of the runways always remains at 2,070 feet in length to promote
the painting a full set of touchdown zone markings.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Groupings of Touchdown Zone Markings

Required When Installed From Both Thresholds

Distance Between Thresholds

Markings for Each Threshold
(or displaced thresholds)
(or displaced threshold)
(Feet)

7,990 or greater (Note 1) Full set of markings

Less one grouping of rectangular bars from each

6,990 - 7989
side nearest to the runway midpoint (Note 2)

Less two groupings of rectangular bars from each

5,990 - 6,989
side nearest to the runway midpoint (Note 2)

Less three groupings of rectangular bars from each

4,990 - 5,989
side nearest to the runway midpoint (Note 2)

Notes:
1. The value of 7,990 feet is derived as follows:
a. Proceed from the runway midpoint in one direction and you will have the 900-foot “no marking
zone” criterion followed by the standard 75-foot long rectangular bar for a total length of 975
feet.
b. Add to this value the full 3000-foot touchdown zone marking scheme plus the 20-foot
separation between the actual starting point of the runway threshold (or displaced threshold)
and the edge of the threshold marking to obtain 3,995 feet.
c. Double this value for both directions to obtain 7,990 feet.
2. Each reduction in a pair of rectangular bar markings from both sides equates to a 1,000-foot reduction
between the thresholds.
The painting rationale for this table is to preserve the midpoint between the thresholds, thereby promoting an
equal treatment of painting pairs of rectangular bar markings for both sides.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Runway Threshold Stripes for Standard Runway Widths

Runway width Number of stripes

60 feet 4

75 feet 6

100 feet 8

150 feet 12

200 feet 16

150-foot-wide runway

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Runway Marking Dimensions

Precision Instrument
Runway marking 100’ Wide 150’ Wide 200’ Wide

Designation 60’L 60’L 60’L

Centerline (note 1) 120’Lx36”W 120’Lx36”W 120’Lx36”W

Edge 36” wide 36” wide 36” wide

Threshold Bar 10’ wide 10’ wide 10’ wide

Threshold Markings 150’Lx5.75’W 150’Lx5.75’W 150’Lx5.75’W

Aiming Point 150’Lx20’W 150’Lx30’W 150’Lx30’W

Touchdown Zone 75’Lx4’W 75’Lx6’W 75’Lx6’W

Demarcation (note 2) 3’ wide 3’ wide 3’ wide

Notes:
1. Gaps are 80 feet in length. Adjustments to the length of the stripes and gaps, where necessary to
accommodate the runway length, are made near the runway midpoint.
2. A demarcation bar delineates a runway with a displaced threshold from a blast pad, stopway, or
taxiway that precedes the runway and is not usable pavement. A demarcation bar is yellow in color.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Non-Precision Instrument

Runway marking 100’ Wide 150’ Wide 200’ Wide

Designation 60’L 60’L 60’L

Centerline (note 1) 120’Lx18”W 120’Lx18”W 120’Lx18”W

Edge (optional) (note 2) 36” wide 36” wide 36” wide

Threshold Bar 10’ wide 10’ wide 10’ wide

Threshold Markings 150’Lx5.75’W 150’Lx5.75’W 150’Lx5.75’W

Aiming Point (note 3) 150’Lx20’W 150’Lx30’W 150’Lx30’W

Demarcation (note 4) 3’ wide 3’ wide 3’ wide

Notes:
1. Gaps are 80 feet in length. Adjustments to the length of the stripes and gaps, where necessary to
accommodate the runway length, are made near the runway midpoint.
2. Used when the full pavement width may not be available as a runway.
3. Required on 4,200 feet or longer instrumented runways.
Note: Aiming Point markings may be reduced to 100 feet in length for runways under 4200 feet.
4. A demarcation bar delineates a runway with a displaced threshold from a blast pad, stopway, or
taxiway that precedes the runway and is not usable pavement. A demarcation bar is yellow in color.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Visual

Runway 100’ Wide 150’ Wide 200’ Wide

Designation 60’L 60’L 60’L

Centerline (note 1) 120’Lx12”W 120’Lx12”W 120’Lx12”W

Edge (optional) (note 2) 36” wide 36” wide 36” wide

Threshold Bar 10’ wide 10’ wide 10’ wide

Threshold Markings (note 3) 150’Lx5.75’W 150’Lx5.75’W 150’Lx5.75’W

Aiming Point (note 4) 150’Lx20’W 150’Lx30’W 150’Lx30’W

Demarcation (note 5) 3’ wide 3’ wide 3’ wide

Notes:
1. Gaps are 80 feet in length. Adjustments to the length of the stripes and gaps, where necessary to
accommodate the runway length, are made near the runway midpoint.
2. Used when the full pavement width may not be available as a runway.
3. Required on runways serving approach category C and D airplanes or on runways used by
international commercial transport.
4. Required on runways 4,200 feet or longer used by approach category C and D aircraft. Note: Aiming
Point markings may be reduced to 100 feet in length for runways under 4200 feet.
5. A demarcation bar delineates a runway with a displaced threshold from a blast pad, stopway, or
taxiway that precedes the runway and is not usable pavement. A demarcation bar is yellow in color.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Displaced Threshold Markings

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Taxiway Aligned with a Runway

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Blast Pad Markings

Notes:
 Dimensions are expressed in feet (meters).
 The widths of the stopways and blast pads are not the same. Stopways equal runway width. Blast
pads equal runway width plus runway shoulders.
 50-foot spacing may be used when length of area is less than 250 feet in which case the first full
chevron starts at the index point (intersection of runway centerline and runway threshold).
 Chevrons are painted yellow and at an angle of 45 degrees to the runway centerline.
 Chevron spacing may be doubled if length of area exceeds 1000 feet.
 For stopways of less than 250 feet in length, only full chevrons are required.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Aligned Taxiway Preceding a Displaced Threshold

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Blast Pad Preceding a Displaced Threshold

Note: Demarcation bars are 3 feet wide and NOT part of the useable pavement. Stopway width
equals runway width. Blast pad width equals runway width plus runway shoulders.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Marking

Notes:
 Dashed lines for the enhanced taxiway centerline marking are 6 inches in width and separated by 6
inches from the taxiway centerline. This applies to both 6 inch and 12-inch taxiway centerline markings
 The taxiway centerline markings may be shifted left or right to avoid interference with the taxiway
centerline lights or lights and their housing can be covered up temporarily during the painting process.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Dashed Lines at Converging Taxiway Centerlines

Notes:
 As shown in this case, the V-shaped inner dashes start and stop with the outside 9-foot dashes.
However, this may not always be the case for the inner dashes. If the V-shaped are less than 5 feet,
they may be omitted.
 Measurements are taken along the center of the centerline stripe.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Enhanced Taxiway Centerlines Intersecting with Holding Position Marking

Note: All measurements are taken along the center of the centerline.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Notes:
1. Enhancement is tangent to merging curve.
2. Enhancement terminates 5 feet (1.5 m) from intersection.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Notes:
 Enhancements less than 150 feet merge (tangent) to the curve
 End enhancement with the last set of full dashes

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Note: The enhancement terminates 5 feet from the taxiway/taxiway intersection.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Surface Painted Holding Position Signs for Taxiway Widths

Greater Than Thirty Five Feet

Notes: Dimensions are expressed in feet.

A = 2-4 feet
B = 3-10 feet
C = 9-12 feet
Inscriptions must have a height of 12 feet; however, the height may be reduced as necessary, to
the minimum height of 9 feet. In special situations, the surface painted marking may be reduced
to less than 9 feet in order to fit the marking appropriately. Examples of special situations
include taxiways with widths narrower than 75 feet or taiways tha need to display multiple
runway designations with arrows. In all cases, inscriptions follow the Advisory Circular,
Appendix A, inscription criteria. All other taxiway entrances to the same runway not needing the
reduction are to maintain the 12 foot height dimension. For practicality, the lowest height
reduction is 6 feet. In all cases the dimension D is not reduced.
D = 15 inches
E = 9 feet
F = 3 feet

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Surface Painted Holding Position Sign for Taxiway Widths

Equal to or Less Than 35 Feet

Dimension letter Dimension Notes

(in image above) (feet)

A 2-3 (none)

B 6 Inscriptions follow the Advisory Circular, Appendix A, inscription

criteria. The size of the sign inscription is scaled to fit taxiways 35 feet
or less in width for Airplane Design Group I and II. Reference AC
150/5300-13.
In special situations the surface marking may be reduced to less than
6 feet in order to fit the marking appropriately. Examples of special
situations include taxiways that need to display multiple runway
designations with arrows. In all cases, the inscriptions follow the
Advisory Circular, Appendix A, inscription criteria. All other taxiway
entrances to the same runway not needing the reduction are to
maintain the 6-foot height dimension.
For practicality, the lowest height reduction is 3 feet.

C 7.5 inches (none)

Note: The dimensions for the enhanced taxiway centerline are in Figure D-1 of the Advisory Circular. The
spacing between the enhanced taxiway centerline and the surface painted holding position sign is 6-12 inches.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Narrow Taxiway Stacked Surface Painted Holding Position Signs

Notes:
1. Stacked surface painted holding position signs for narrow taxiways.
2. The recommended order of appearance is as follows:
a. If the “stacked” surface painted holding position signs are for a taxiway that clearly accesses
one runway (for example, Runway 14L-32R) before another runway (Runway 18-36), then the
order of appearance is from “bottom up” as shown above.
b. If the “stacked” surface painted holding position signs are for a taxiway that equally offers
access to two or more runways, then follow a “clockwise” order of appearance as viewed for the
holding position. Hence, the bottorm surface painted holding position sign is the first runway as
viewed from the holding position. This practice follows the signage convention.
c. A black border should be painted around all surface painted holding position signs.

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Chapter 1 - Airfield Markings

Holding Position Marking Details

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Chapter 2 – Airfield Lighting

Legend and General Notes

Reference: AC 150/5340-30H

The table below shows the lighting color symbols and associated letters that are used in images in the rest of
this chapter.

Symbol and Description

color letters

Runway threshold / End lights

Green (G) / Red (R)

Runway edge light (see note 3)

Yellow (Y) / White (W)
Runway edge light
White (W)
Runway edge light (in-pavement)
White (W)
Runway threshold / End light
Red (R)
Taxiway edge light
Blue (B)
Runway edge light at displaced threshold
Yellow (Y) / Red (R)
Threshold / Runway edge lights at displaced threshold
Green (G) / Yellow (Y)
Runway threshold light with a unidirectional green
(G UNI)
Notes:
 Light fixtures for the lights identified in the color code chart are specified in AC 150/5345-46.
 White lights are shown as black.
 For an instrument runway, install yellow runway edge lights on the last 2000 ft. or one-half the runway
length, whichever is less.
 Pavement markings shown on the drawing in AC 150/5340-30H are for reference only.
AC 150/5340-1 describes the detailed marking specifications.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Runway Edge Light Spacing for High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRLs)

2’ minimum – 10’ maximum from the runway edge (full strength pavement).

Longitudinal Spacing: 200’ maximum

At taxiway and runway intersections:

For HIRLs when the gap exceeds 400 feet install an in-pavement fixture to maintain uniform spacing.

CAT III operations require uniform spacing from threshold to threshold, not to exceed 200’. Install in-pavement
lights at intersections, as needed.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Runway Edge Light Spacing for Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRLs)

2’ minimum – 10’ maximum from the runway edge (full strength pavement).
Gaps between lights on a single side of the runway must not exceed 400 feet.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Threshold / Runway End Lights Installed with MIRLs

Legend: ctr = center

Note: Install six threshold lights on visual runways.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Threshold / Runway End Lights installed with HIRLs

Legend: ctr = center

Note: Install eight threshold lights on instrument runways.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Runway with a Taxiway at the End

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Runway with a Blast Pad

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Lighting for Runway with a Displaced Threshold

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Normal Runway with Taxiway

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Lighting for Runway with Displaced Threshold

Greater than 700’

Note: The centerline lights in the displaced area should be circuited separately from the non-displaced area to
permit turning-off during landing operations (not required if approach lights are high intensity).

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Lighting for Runway with Displaced Threshold

Less than 700’

Note: The centerline lights in the displaced threshold are blanked out in the approach direction.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Lighting for Runway with Stopway

Note: Stopways look like blast pads but are considered full-strength pavement and are suitable to support
aircraft during an aborted take-off. If needed, to provide visual guidance, 360 degree red fixtures may be
installed on edge lights in the stopway area.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Lighting for Runway with Displaced Threshold and Stopway

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Runway with End Taxiway

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Lighting for Runway with End Taxiway and Displaced Threshold

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Color-coding of Exit Taxiway Centerline Lights

Notes:
 The first light on the runway is green. If there is an odd number of color-coded lights, the first two lights
should be green.
 The fixture used prior to the runway hold or ILS hold position must always be bidirectional; green when
approached from the taxiway direction and yellow when approached from the runway direction
(bidirectional).
 If there is an ILS critical area present beyond the runway holding position, the color-coded lights
continue to the ILS critical area holding position with the last yellow light similarly located beyond the
critical area holding position.

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Taxiway Centerline Lighting Configuration for Acute - Angled Exits

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Chapter 2 - Airfield Lighting

Typical Layout for Runway End Identifier Lights (REILs)

Notes:
 The optimum location for each light unit is in line with the runway threshold at 40 ft. from the runway
edge.
 A 100 ft. upwind and a 30 ft. downwind longitudinal tolerance are permitted from the runway threshold
in locating the light units.
 The light units shall be equally spaced from the runway centerline. When adjustments are necessary
the difference in the distance of the units from the runway centerline shall not exceed10 ft.
 The beam centerline (aiming angle) of each light unit is aimed 15 degrees outward from a line parallel
to the runway centerline and inclined at an angle 10 degrees above the horizontal. If angle adjustments
are necessary, provide an optical baffle and change the angles to 10 degrees horizontal and 20
degrees vertical.
 If REILS are used with VASI, install REILS at 75 ft. from the runway edge. When installed with other
glideslope indicators REILS shall be installed at 40 ft. from the runway edge unless there are concerns
with jet blast and wing vortices.
 The elevation of both units shall be within 3 ft. of the horizontal plane through the runway centerline.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Chapter 3 – Construction Safety

Reference: AC 150/5370-2G
Safety Areas and Work Limits

 Construction activities are prohibited in safety areas while the associated runway or taxiway is open to
ANY aircraft. In the past, this prohibition applied only to air carriers.
 Only the airport operator may initiate or cancel NOTAMs on airport conditions, and is the only entity that
can close or open a runway.
 Stockpiled materials and equipment storage are not permitted within the runway safety area and object
free zone, and if possible should not be permitted within the object free area of an operational runway.
 Stockpiling material in the object free area requires submittal of a 7460-1.
 Open trenches or excavations are not permitted in the Taxiway Safety Area while the taxiway is open.
In rare circumstances where the section of taxiway is indispensable for aircraft movement, open
trenches or excavations may be permitted in the Taxiway Safety Area subject to the following
restrictions:
a. Taxiing speed is limited to 10 mph.
b. Appropriate NOTAMs are issued.
c. Marking and lighting standards which meet the provisions of paragraphs 2.18 and 2.20 of
AC 150/5370-2G are implemented.
d. Low mass, low-profile lighted barricades are installed.
e. Appropriate temporary orange construction signs are installed.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Construction Reminders
 Establish procedures for the immediate notification of users and the FAA of any condition adversely
affecting safety.
 Develop a good, specific Construction Safety and Phasing Plan. Update during the project, as needed.
 Conduct periodic safety meetings with contractors and tenants.
 Continually review NOTAMs.
 Don’t forget to include the aircraft rescue and firefighting department in all construction planning,
updates, and NOTAM notification.
 Penalties for non-compliance established in construction contracts are useful in ensuring contractor
compliance with safety procedures.
 Remember to use sweepers to control FOD from construction vehicles at movement area crossings.
 Inspect construction areas completely before opening/re-opening any airport surfaces.
 Use a “start-up/shut-down” checklist.
 Train, train, train, all employees and contractors who move around the Airport Operations Area.
 Continuously check construction barricades and other lighting during the night inspection.
 Coordinate all construction at the planning stage with the Air Traffic Control Tower to determine if a
Safety Risk Management Document (SRMD) is needed.
 Outbound destination signs are to be covered for closed runways.
 Any time a sign does not serve its normal function or would provide conflicting information, it must be
covered or removed to prevent misdirecting pilots.
 Information signs identifying a crossing taxiway continue to perform their normal function even if the
crossing taxiway is closed.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Construction Barricades

In Movement Areas

YES NO
 low mass and height  railroad ties
 weighted (if exposed to jet blast)  cement blocks
 easily collapsible  tall barrels or metal drums
 retro-reflective orange and white in  Jersey (cement) barriers
color
 amber (yellow) lights
 frangible (if attached)
 wooden saw horses
 weighted traffic cones
 heavy, metal A-frames
 orange/white flags attached
 concrete filled buckets
 red lights
(flashing or steady burning)

ALL closed areas must be appropriately barricaded, especially taxiways and closed runway entrances.
 The spacing of barricades must be such that a breach is physically prevented barring a deliberate act.
For example, if barricades are intended to exclude vehicles, gaps between barricades must be smaller
than the width of the excluded vehicles; generally, 4 ft. Provision must be made for ARFF access if
necessary. If barricades are intended to exclude pedestrians, they must be continuously linked.
Continuous linking may be accomplished using ropes, securely attached to prevent FOD.
 Supplement barricades with signs; “No Entry" "No Vehicles" (optional)
 Barricades are not permitted in any active safety area.
 Even for closures of relatively short duration, close all taxiway/runway intersections with barricades.
The use of traffic cones is appropriate for short duration closures.
 All barricades adjacent to any open runway or taxiway, taxilane, safety area, or apron must be as low
as possible to the ground, and no more than 18 inches high, exclusive of supplementary lights and
flags.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Temporary Signs

The airport operator may choose to introduce temporary construction signs with a black message on an orange
background.
 Signs that need to be located in a runway or taxiway safety area must be mounted on frangible
supports.
 Temporary signs must meet FAA Engineering Brief 93, Guidance for the Assembly and Installation of
Temporary Orange Construction Signs.
 Temporary signs must be included in the Construction Safety Phasing Plan.
 Signs must withstand 100 mph winds and jet blast without bending or changing shape.
 The background color of the signs must be fluorescent orange meeting the requirements of ASTM D
4956, Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, for Type III and Type IV sheeting.

Note: For 9-inch characters, reduce top and bottom borders by ¾-inch so the height of the sign face equals 30
inches.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Temporarily Closed Runways

When temporarily closing runways:

 Turn off runway lights and approach lights.
 Turn off PAPIs or VASIs.
 Issue NOTAMs.
 Place an X at each end of the runway directly on or as near as practical to runway numbers. X’s can
be painted, double-layered snow fence, plywood, yellow-colored plastic, or other materials.
 If available, use lighted X’s, both at night and during the day. Lighted X’s are required at night if runway
lights are to remain on.
 If a lighted X is used, it MUST be illuminated at all times that it is on the runway.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Partially Closed Runway

 Closed portions of the runway, not suitable for take-off or landing, must be marked with yellow chevrons.
These can be painted, double-layered snow fence, plywood, yellow-colored plastic or other materials.
 Runway numeral, in the closed portion, should be covered or removed.
 A temporary runway threshold bar should be provided. This can be painted at the new runway end or use
the elevated or flush type, mounted outboard of the pavement edge.
 Full runway safety area must be maintained for the relocated threshold or aircraft type should be restricted
as appropriate.
 Runway numeral should be painted at new threshold; Existing touchdown zone markings may remain.
 Issue appropriate NOTAMs regarding any nonstandard markings.

Detail of Yellow Arrowhead

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Partially Closed Runway

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Temporary Displaced Threshold

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Lighting Temporarily Relocated or Displaced Runway Thresholds

 Lighting in a closed area should be shut-off or covered.

 Removal of lamps from the fixture is not recommended since it may damage regulators.
 Temporary threshold light wires may run above ground with lamps weighted with sandbags or mounted on
frangible couplings.
 Temporary runway threshold/end light bases are to be installed at grade. The standard height above
ground for the fixtures is 14 inches.
 Amber lights on instrument runways must be adjusted.
 Runway End Identifier Lights or relocated VASI/PAPI may be used.
 Distance Remaining Signs must be adjusted or covered.
 At towered, Part 139 airports, holding position signs are required to be illuminated on open taxiways
crossing to closed or inactive runways. If the holding position sign is installed on the runway circuit for the
closed runway, install a jumper to the taxiway circuit to provide power to the holding position sign for
nighttime operations. Where it is not possible to maintain power to signs that would normally be
operational, install barricades to exclude aircraft.

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Chapter 3 - Construction Safety

Temporary Taxiway Closure

 Taxiway lighting should be shut-off or covered.

 Taxiway centerlines that lead into closed areas should be removed if the project has a long duration.
 Place barricades outside the safety area of intersecting taxiways or runways.
 For runway/taxiway intersections, place an X at the entrance to the closed taxiway from the runway.
 Runway exit signs are to be covered for closed runway exits.
 If the centerline marking will be reused upon reopening the taxiway, it is preferable to paint over the
marking.
 Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) must be issued.
CAUTION: Removal of lamps from the taxiway edge light fixtures is not recommended. This may cause
damage to the regulators. Shut off or cover them, instead.

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Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety

Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety

References:
 AC 150/5230-4B
 Addendum for AC 150/5230-4B, Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training, and Dispensing on Airports
 NFPA 407 - Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing- 2017 Edition
National Fire Protection Association
1 Batterymarch Park
P.O. Box 9101
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
1-800-344-3555
http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/

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Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety

Fueling Supervisor and Personnel Training

Reference:
AC 150/5230-4B
 Part 139.321 requires that at least one supervisor with each fueling agent must complete an aviation fuel
training course in fire safety that is authorized by the administrator prior to initial performance of duties or
enrolled in an authorized aviation fuel training course that will be completed within 90 days of initiating duties
and receive recurrent instruction at least every 24 consecutive calendar months.
 All employees who fuel aircraft, accept fuel shipments, or otherwise handle fuel must receive at least initial
on-the-job training and recurrent instruction every 24 consecutive calendar months from the trained
supervisor.
 The fueling supervisor must receive hands-on, hand-held fire extinguisher training within 60 days of
completion of the supervisory training course in fire safety, if not provided concurrently with the course.
 Records of supervisory and line service personnel training must be maintained by the fueling agent for 24
consecutive calendar months.
Fuel Training Certificates
 Certificates must differentiate between supervisor training and line service training
 Supervisor certificates must have the following wording: Name of the company doing the training, Name of
individual who completed “fuel safety supervisor” training, “Has successfully completed all classroom
and practical application for the requirements of 14 CFR part 139.321(b)(1) through (b)(6) and
139.321(e)(1)”, date of completion.
 Line training certificates must have the following wording: Name of the company doing the training, Name
of individual who completed “line fuel service” training, “Has successfully completed all classroom and
practical application for the requirements of 14 CFR part 139.321(b)(1) through (b)(7) and
139.321(e)(2)”, date of completion.
 Certificates of completion for courses that do not include hand held fire extinguisher training must include a
statement indicating “excluding hands-on fire extinguisher training”.

Sample Fueling Supervisor Training Certificate

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Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety

Sample Checklist- Fuel Vehicles

Fueling Inspection – Aircraft Fuel Servicing Vehicles

Inspector: Fueling Agent: Date:
In the checklist below, S =Satisfactory, U = Unsatisfactory, R = See remarks below. Check the appropriate boxes.

Rating for Rating for

Rating for
Truck number: Truck number:
Truck number:
Checkpoint Type fuel: Type fuel:
Type fuel:
S U R S U R S U R
Fuel trucks/trailers parked 50’ from buildings and 10’ apart

Fuel trucks marked with operator name on both sides

No Fuel Leaks
Vehicle Exhaust System -Shielded/Leak free/spark
arrestor if required
No Smoking sign-all 4 sides/No evidence of smoking/No
ashtray/lighter
Flammability/Product signs all 4 sides of fuel trucks/carts

Hazmat placards all 4 sides of fuel trucks/carts

Bonding cables provided and clips/plugs functional

Fuel Trucks - Two 40-B:C extinguishers on sides /No ABC
DC Ext.
Hydrant vehicles and carts - One 40-B:C extinguisher

Deadman Control for all nozzles/Not bypassed

Integral system for nozzles to be stowed before moving
fuel vehicle
Brake interlock system for bottom loading coupler/Over-
wing nozzles
Emergency fuel shutoffs operable and properly placard/1
each side
Aircraft fueling hose/No blistering, cracking, saturation,
separation
Dry break couplers and adaptors are installed

Aviation fueling hose used/No Kinks

Explosion proof electrical/Light lens intact

Dome cover seals intact with forward mounted hinge

Truck cabinets have grating type flooring or open flooring

Proper Fueling Procedures Observed N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Remarks:

This Checklist is based on the 2017 NFPA 407 Fire Code for Airport Fueling Operations

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Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety

Sample Checklist- Fuel Farm

Fueling Inspection – Airport Fuel Systems

Inspector: Fueling Agent: Date:
In the checklist below, S =Satisfactory, U = Unsatisfactory, R = See remarks below. Check the appropriate boxes.

Jet A Section 100LL Section

Checkpoint
S U R S U R
Entrances to fueling areas posted with No Smoking signs

No evidence of smoking

All tanks, machinery, piping is bonded or grounded

Areas around tanks are free of weeds, trash or combustible materials

Diamond hazard placards installed on fuel tanks IAW AHJ

Emergency fuel shutoff provided for airport fueling system/Outside spill area

Emergency fuel shutoffs provided for each tank vehicle loading station

Proper EMERGENCY FUEL SHUTTOFF placards /7 ft. above grade

Emergency fuel shutoffs kept clear and tested every 6 months

Fuel servicing equipment properly maintained free of leaks

Procedures for prevention & control of spills and notification to fire department

Bonding connections available for loading stations

Deadman controls available for loading stations/Not bypassing Deadman

Dry break couplers and adaptors installed

Aircraft fuel hose/blistering, cracking, carcass saturation, separation, kinks

Fueling hydrants, pits, cabinets located 50’ from bldg. except loading bridges

40-B:C fire extinguishers at fuel storage area, usually at EFSO

40-B:C rated extinguisher at each fuel vehicle loading station

No A:B:C rated DC extinguishers within 500 ft. of aircraft operating areas

Wheeled extinguishers on aircraft servicing aprons at gates or 200 ft. apart

Explosion proof electrical equipment

Above ground fuel piping on aircraft movement area protected by barrier guard
Remarks:

This checklist is based on the 2017 NFPA 407 Fire Code for Airport Fueling Operations

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Chapter 4 - Fuel Fire Safety

Sample Checklist- Self-Serve

Fueling Inspection – Self-Service Fuel Stations

Inspector: Fueling Agent: Date:

Type Fuel:

In the checklist below, S =Satisfactory, U = Unsatisfactory. Check the appropriate box.

Rating
Checkpoint Remark
S U
Entrances to fueling areas posted with No Smoking signs

Controlled access to dispensing equipment

All tanks, machinery, piping is bonded or grounded

Areas around tanks are free of weeds, trash or combustible materials

Diamond hazard placards installed on fuel tanks IAW AHJ

Emergency fuel shutoff provided/Incorporating a thermally actuated device

Emergency fuel shutoff located more than 20’ but less than 100’ from dispenser

Proper EMERGENCY FUEL SHUTTOFF placards /7 ft. above grade

Dispensing devices located on an island/Protected by pipe bollards/guards

Dispensing equipment properly maintained free of leaks

Instructions provided for notification to fire dept. by emergency fuel shutoff

Bonding connections available for dispensing equipment

Deadman controls available for dispensing equipment

1 40 BC extinguisher at dispenser/1 40 BC at EFSO-No ABC DC

Aircraft fueling hose/No blistering, cracking carcass saturation, separation

Self-Fueling Station located 50’ from any buildings

Emergency Instructions posted in dispensing area

Operating Instructions posted

Explosion proof electrical equipment

Additional Remarks:

This checklist is based on the 2017 NFPA 407 Fire Code for Airport Fueling Operations

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Chapter 5 - Wildlife

Chapter 5 - Wildlife

Reference: AC 150/5200-33B

Each certificate holder must take immediate action to alleviate wildlife hazards whenever they are detected.

A Wildlife Hazard Assessment must be conducted by a qualified Wildlife Damage Management

Biologist if:
An air carrier aircraft experiences:
 Multiple wildlife strikes
 Substantial damage from striking wildlife
 Engine ingestion of wildlife
 Wildlife in size, or in numbers, capable of causing one of the above, is observed to have access to
airport flight patterns or movement areas.

An assessment will identify if a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan is needed.

Wildlife Hazard Management Plan:

 Must meet all requirements of 14 CFR part 139
 Must be approved by the FAA and become a part of your Airport Certification Manual.
 Must be reviewed and valuated every 12 consecutive calendar months or following a triggering event
(above).
 A training program conducted by a qualified wildlife damage management biologist must be provided to
all personnel responsible for implementing the plan.

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Chapter 6 - Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)

Chapter 6 - Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)

Reference: 14 CFR Part 139
ARFF Vehicles
The information below is for quick reference only.
Refer to 14 CFR part 139.317 for complete requirements.

ARFF Aircraft Length

Index (feet)
A Less than 90

B At least 90 but less than 126

C At least 126 but less than 159

D At least 159 but less than 200

E At least 200

Index A. One vehicle carrying one of the following:

 500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon 1211, or clean agent; or
 450 pounds of potassium-based dry chemical and water with a commensurate quantity of AFFF to total
100 gallons for simultaneous dry chemical and AFFF application
Index B. Either of the following:
 One vehicle carrying at least 500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon 1211, or clean agent
and 1,500 gallons of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF for foam production
 Two vehicles: One with the extinguishing agents specified for Index A and one vehicle carrying water
and AFFF so the total carried by both vehicles is at least 1,500 gallons.
Index C. Either of the following:
 Two vehicles: One vehicle carrying at least 500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon 1211, or
clean agent and 1,500 gallons of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF for foam production
and one vehicle carrying water and AFFF so the total carried by both vehicles is at least 3,000 gallons.
 Three vehicles: One with the extinguishing agents specified for Index A and two vehicles carrying
water and AFFF so the total carried by all vehicles is at least 3,000 gallons.
Index D. Three vehicles:
 One with the extinguishing agents specified for Index A and two vehicles carrying water and AFFF so
the total carried by all vehicles is at least 4,000 gallons.
Index E. Three vehicles:
 One with the extinguishing agents specified for Index A and two vehicles carrying water and AFFF so
the total carried by all vehicles is at least 6,000 gallons.

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Chapter 6 - Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)

ARFF Training
14 CFR part 139.319(i)(2)
The curriculum for initial and recurrent training must include at least the following areas:
 Airport Familiarization, including airport signs, marking, and lighting
 Aircraft familiarization
 Rescue and firefighting personnel safety
 Emergency communications systems on the airport, including fire alarms
 Use of the fire hoses, nozzles, turrets, and other appliances required for compliance with this part
 Application of the types of extinguishing agents required for compliance with this part
 Emergency aircraft evacuation assistance
 Firefighting operations
 Adapting and using structural rescue firefighting equipment for aircraft rescue and firefighting
 Aircraft cargo hazards, including hazardous materials/dangerous goods incidents
 Familiarization with firefighters’ duties under the airport emergency plan
 Live fire drill

Note: Any other subject area, as assigned in the Airport Certification Manual must be included.
Examples include Airport Safety Self-Inspection, Fuel Fire Safety Inspection, and NOTAM procedures.

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Chapter 7 - Pedestrians and Ground Vehicles

Chapter 7 - Pedestrians and Ground Vehicles

References:
AC 150/5210-5
AC 150/5210-20
 Anyone with unescorted access to the Airport Operations Area must be trained.
 Initial and recurrent training must include airport procedures, safety, work area limits, security, and
radio communications and must be airport-specific.
 This training can be delegated to tenants and contractors but must be acceptable to and reviewed by
the airport operator and records must be kept.
 Construction traffic should use only designated haul routes or roads.
 All vehicles must be appropriately marked and lighted.
 Aircraft always have the right of way!

PARK YOUR CELL PHONE(S) - DON’T TEXT AND DRIVE!

Types of Incidents:
 V/PD - Vehicle or Pedestrian Deviation
 PD - Pilot Deviation
 OE/OD - Operational Error or Deviation

Runway Incursion: Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft,
vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.

Surface Incident: Unauthorized access to the movement area, excluding the runway

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Chapter 8 - References

Chapter 8 – References
FAA Advisory Circulars
Subject AC 150/
Airport Design 5300-13
Construction 5370-2
Design and Installation Details for Airport Visual Aids 5340-30
Foreign Object Debris Management 5210-24
Fuel Storage, Handling, and Dispensing 5230-4
Ground Vehicle Marking/Lighting 5210-5
Ground Vehicle Operations 5210-20
Landfill/ Waste 5200-34
Lighted ‘X’ 5345-55
Maintenance of Airport Visual Aids 5340-26
Markings 5340-1
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) 5200-28
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Systems 5345-28
Retro-reflective Markers 5345-39
Safety Management Systems (SMS) 5200-37
Self-Inspection 5200-18
Signs 5340-18
Specification Portable Runway and Taxiway Lights 5345-50
Wildlife 5200-33
Wildlife Biologist 5200-36
Winter Operations 5200-30

More Advisory Circulars are available online at

http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/

Aircraft Rescue Firefighting information

https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/aircraft_rescue_fire_fighting/

The Airport Certification & Safety Team, FAA Southern Region, prepared this Quick Reference

A Quick Reference to Airfield Standards Updated January 2018 65