GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

A Report on Electrical Power Generation Presentation

(Batch B: Lab Session-6: 25 March 2019)

PRACTICAL 6

Aim: To study about the renewable energy resources.

GROUP TOPIC
NO.
1 NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, SOURCES AND FEATURES.
2 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND DISPERSED GENERATION (DG).
3 INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY, BASIS PRINCIPLES OF WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION, FORCES ON THE BLADE.
4 BASIC COMPONENTS OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM.
5 CLASSIFICATION OF WECS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
6 SCHEMES OF ELECTRIC GENERATION: SCIG, WRIG.
7 SCHEMES OF ELECTRIC GENERATION: DFIG, WRSG, PMSG.
 NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, SOURCES
AND FEATURES

What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or
processes that are constantly replenished. For example, sunlight or wind keep shining and
blowing, even if their availability depends on time and weather.
Need of Renewable Energy
 There is a current global need for clean and renewable energy sources.
 Fossil fuels are non-renewable and require finite resources, which are dwindling
because of high cost and environmentally damaging retrieval techniques.
 So, the need for cheap and obtainable resources is greatly needed. An efficient and
more feasible alternative option is solar energy.

RE Sources
 Future of Renewable Energy:
Hydrogen Fuel Nuclear Fusion Solar Energy
Cell
P  Portable.  Creates large amounts  Portable.
r  Power Efficient. of energy.  Zero Emissions
only  Can use seawater as a  Wide range of
o  Produces
water as a waste fuel supply. uses.
s
product.
C  Expensive.  Very difficult to create  Initial cost still
o  ObtainingPure  Only in early stages of too high
development  Solar panels
n hydrogen gas is
problematic. are still not
s very power
efficiency
 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND
DISPERSED GENERATION (DG).
Distributed Energy Resource (DER) System:
 Large scale power generating stations based on coal, gas or nuclear power and as
wellhydro-power are either located nearer to the availability of their resources or
otherwise they may be located far from populated areas due to pollution problems and
climate change.
 The power so generated is connected to a centralized grid (National grid) and the power
is transmitted over long distance. This process is uneconomical due to transmission cost
is more than generation cost. So as the solution, power is being generated both in public
and private sectors. So it generates intense competition for economical power supply.
 This is compelling the power generating companies to generate or store power by a
variety of small and grid connected small generating power plants close to the customers.
Such a system of decentralized power generation is called distributed energy resource
system (DER) or Distributed Power Generation (DG) System.
 DER generation is more economical for customers in remote areas as compared to
increasing the power generation capacity of existing centralized power station.

Advantages of distributed energy resource (DER):

 Reduces green house gases (GHG's) emissions
 Reduces other pollutants like SO,, H2S, NO,, soot and suspended particle matters.
 Does not need construction of new transmission lines.
 It is cost effective
 It provides improved power quality e.g. improvement in voltage profile and reliability
 Use of various types of energy sources improves energy security of the nation.
 Failure of one plant does not affect the energy supply to all consumers
 Reduces the dependence on fossil fuels.

Dispersed Generation (DG):

Dispersed generation is related to decentralized power generation feeding into distribution
level power grid. The size of dispersed generation plant typically lies between 10 MW and
150 MW, In D.G. system, the smaller but highly efficient plants are built along the existing
grid close to the end user customer.

Advantages of DG system:
 Dispersed generation is more efficient since these are usually based on natural gas
orrenewable energy resources
 Power generation is highly flexible and it can provide power when needed
 Generators are less polluting and quite in nature as compared to turbo alternators oflarge
capacity power stations.
 These are suitable for installation nearer to the customer
 Overall cost of power generation is less.

How do you convert wind into electricity?

 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
 This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping
water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
 A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like
a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin
a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.
 The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor
is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity.
 Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30
meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.
 Wind Turbines
Specific components:

Description:
2. This is rotor. The rotor provides the blades to rotate
4. This is brake. It’s very important to have a brake in a wind turbine, if something is wrong or it is going
to fast. Then it will brake and stop the wind turbine.
5. This is a low-speed shaft, it goes into a big cog wheel and this goes into a smaller cog wheel. The small
cog wheel rotates faster than the big cog wheel.
7. This is the generator. It’s almost like a generator in a car.
13. It’s a yaw draw, it makes the wind turbine rotate in the wind direction.
15. This is the tower. The entrance is placed in the bottom of the tower.
How the does a wind turbine works?
 Wind turbines operate on a simple principle:
 The energy in the wind turns the propeller-like blades around a rotor. The pitch of the
blades makes optimum use of the wind direction.
 The rotor is connected to the main drive shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity.
 Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 30 metres or more
above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.
 Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they
can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity distribution.
 Types of wind turbine

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

 Horizontal axis
 Upwind turbine
 Complex yaw control system.
 Keep blade facing wind.
 Operate more smoothly.
 Deliver more power.
 Downwind turbine
 Let the wind control left-right motion (the yaw).
 Orient itself correctly to wind direction.
 Wind shadowing effect by the tower, cause the blade to flex.
 Increase noise and reduce power output.

 Vertical axis
• Advantages :
 Always turn into the wind direction à no control
 The generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground à easy maintenance.
• Disadvantages:
 Self-starting is impossible
 The pulsating torque generated by the rotor à Mechanical problem.

Sizes & their applications:

• Small (<10 kW) – (Homes, Farms, Remote Applications)
• Intermediate(10-250 kW) – (Village Power, Hybrid Systems, Distributed Power)
• Large (660 kW - 2+MW) – (Central Station Wind Farms, Distributed Power, Community
Wind)
Advantages:
• No pollution.
• Lowest prices renewable resources
• Don’t produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rains and green house effects.

Disadvantages:
• Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm may or may not be cost
competitive.
• Wind energy cannot be stored (unless batteries are used).
• Good wind sites are often located in remote locations Wind resource development may
compete with other highly valued than electricity generation.
• Sometimes birds have been killed by flying into the Rotors.

Onshore or offshore?

Onshore – advantages:
• A regular onshore turbine last for around 20 years Normally it takes about 2-3 months
before the wind turbine has paid itself back. This also includes the energy, which were
used to produce, install, maintain and remove the wind turbine. Cheaper foundation
Cheaper integration with } electrical-grid network
• A offshore wind turbine is stronger than a onshore turbine. It lasts around 25-30 years,
and produces about 50 % more energy than a onshore turbine.
• When a strong wind blows, it produces around 3-5 MW per hour.
• Higher and more constant wind speed
Offshore – advantages:
• Wind turbines are noisy Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car
 • travelling 70 mph Some people thinks that the large towers of wind turbines destroys the
view of the landscape.
• More expensive to built.
• More difficult to maintain and access.

General advantages
 Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt to
generate electricity from wind energy
 Wind turbines requires less space than average power stations.
 When combined with solar electricity, this energy source is great for developed and
developing countries to provide a steady, reliable supply of electricity.
General disadvantages
 The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor. In
many areas, the winds strength is not enough to support a wind turbine
 Wind turbines generally produce allot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled
power station, which means that multiple wind turbines are needed to make an impact.

Wind around the world

Worlds generation capacity

Wind Energy Conversion System
 Major components of a commercial wind turbine are:-
1. Tower.
2. Rotor.
3. High speed and low speed shafts.
4. Gear box.
5. Generator.
6. Sensors and yaw drive.
7. Power regulation and controlling units.
8. Safety systems.

1. Nacelle:-
 The nacelle is the hosing that protects the main frame and the components attached to it.
 This enclosure is particularly important for wind electric systems, but does not exist in
water pumping machines.

2. Rotor:-
 Rotor converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy.
 Wind turbines are made form a few kw to 5 mw rating.
 There are two or three blades in rotor.
  Blades are made of glass reinforced plastic or steel or aluminum.
 Blades are fitted to the hub.
 Blade control arrangement is provided in hub.
 Brake is kept with rotor.
 Aerodynamic and mechanical brakes are used.
 Aerodynamic braking includes active pitch control, braking and blade tip pitching.
 Mechanical braking is used for parking i.e. to keep the blades stationary when the turbine
is not in use.

3.Hub assembly & main shaft:-

 The blades are attached by a hub assembly to a main shaft.
 The main shaft rotates in bearing support in main frame.
 If the blades are designed for pitch control, the hub can be fairly indicate.
 With fixed pitch, attachment is relatively simple.
4. Transmission system:-
 A transmission assembly consisting of a gear box or chain drive is required to properly
match the rotational speed to the desired speed of the electric generator, or air compressor
because the rotational speed of rotor does not match that of the pump or electric generator
to which it is to be connected. It works to transmit mechanical power produced by blades
to the generator.
 The speed of turbine is less of the order of 20 to 50 rpm, while the speed of generator has
to be kept to 1000 rpm or 1500 rpm, for this step up gear system is employed.
5.Yaw system:-
 Horizontal axis machines must be oriented to face the wind by process called by yawing.
 In horizontal axis wind turbine, the axis of the turbine should remain parallel to the
direction of the wind flow so that the swept area of the rotor remains perpendicular to the
wind flow. This is achieved by yaw control system.
 In this, servo mechanism is used. When the direction changes, it is sensed by the sensor.
The control system starts the electric motor starts, which adjusts the axis of the turbine
parallel to the direction of the wind flow. The motor then stops.

6. Generator:-
 Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 Generators are of synchronous type, which are wound rotor or permanent magnet
type rotor or of induction generator type.
 The induction generator may be squirrel cage type or wound rotor type or doubly fed
wound rotor type.
 Electric generator in wind system is attached to the main supports frame and the
coupled with high speed end of the transmission shaft.

7. Overspeed protection:-
 Wind machines must be protected from wind guts.
 In some machines, the blades can be turned around their long axis or pitch control and
aligned so that they do not produce any lift, hence no Power.
 Stall control of the blades is also used to reduce the lift on the blades.
 Blades with fixed pitch often use brakes to slow the machine.
 The brakes are either aerodynamic such as tip brakes, or mechanical such as disc brakes
on the main shaft.
 Other machines use various mechanical means to turn the rotor out of the wind.
8. Tower:-

 A structural tower is needed to get the wind machine up into the air, away from the
slower and more turbulent winds near the ground.
 The nacelle accommodates brake, transmission system, generator etc.
 The nacelle is kept on the top of the tower.
 The wind power increases with increase in height.
 The cost also increases with increase in height of tower.
 A wind machine should be at least 10m higher than any obstructions in the surroundings
such a trees.
 Small wind machines towers are typically of truss design or poles supported by guy
wires.
 Guy wires are cables attached to the tower and anchored in the ground so that tower will
not move or shake from the force of the wind.
 Towers used for large wind turbines are hollow so that nacelle can be reached through the
tower for maintenance etc.
 Classification of WECS
(1) Based on axis:-
(a) Horizontal axis machines
(b) Vertical axis machines
(2) According to size:-
(a) Small size machines (upto 2k W)
(b) Medium size machines (2 to 100k W)
(c) Large size machines (100k W and above)
(d) Single generator at single site
(e) Multiple generators.
(3) Based on type of output:-
(a) DC output
- DC generator
- Alternator rectifier
(b) AC output
- Variable frequency, variable or constant voltage AC.
- Constant frequency, variable or constant voltage AC.
(c) Thermal potential
(d) Inter convention with conventional electric utility guides.
(4) According to the rotational speed of the area turbines:-
(a) Constant speed and variable pitch blades
(b) Nearly constant speed with fixed pitch blades
(c) Variable speed with fixed pitch blades
- Field modulated system
- Double output indication generator
- AC-DC-AC link
- AC commentator generator
(d) As per utilization of output
- Battery storage
- Direct conversion to an electro magnetic energy converter
 Advantages of WECS:-
1) Wind Energy is an inexhaustible source of energy and is virtually a limitless resource.
2) Energy is generated without polluting environment.
3) This source of energy has tremendous potential to generate energy on large scale.
4) Like solar energy and hydropower, wind power taps a natural physical resource.
5) Windmill generators don’t emit any emissions that can lead to acid rain or greenhouse
effect.
6) Wind Energy can be used directly as mechanical energy.
7) In remote areas, wind turbines can be used as great resource to generate energy.

Disadvantages of WECS:-
1) Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak production time.
2) It is unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and unpredictable.
3) There is visual and aesthetic impact on region.
4) Requires large open areas for setting up wind farms.
5) Noise pollution problem is usually associated with wind mills.

Induction Motor Characteristics:

At standstill, s = +1.
At synchronous speed, s = 0.
If the speed of the generator is driven above this synchronous speed by external means, s = -1, and the
induction machine generates current at a leading power factor back into the mains utility grid.
The power transferred as an electromagnetic force from the rotor to the stator can be increased by
simply rotating the rotor faster which will then result in an increase in the amount of electricity
generated. The torque characteristics of an induction generator ( s = 0 to -1 ) is a reflection of the
induction motor characteristics ( s = +1 to 0 ).
Different Schemes of Electric Generation

1. Squirrel-Cage Rotor Induction Generator (SCIG)

 If the Stator of an induction machine is connected to power grid and if the rotor is
given above the synchronous speed Ns [120f/p] the machine becomes induction
generator.
 The SCIG speed changes by only a few percent because of generator slip caused by
changes in wind speed that for this generator is used for constant speed wind.
 The generator and the wind turbine rotor a couple through gearbox.
 Wind turbine based on SCIG are equipped with a soft starter mechanism.
 The function of the soft starter unit is to build up the magnetic flux slowly and so
minimise transient current during energizing of the generator.
 Advantages Disadvantages
Robust in construction. Draw reacitve power from the grid.

Mechanical Simplicity. Constant Speed Operation reduces overall wind

energy system efficiency.

Low Cost
Low Weight
Less Maintenance
High Reliability

2. Wound-Rotor Induction Generator (WRIG).

 The status of the generator is connected directly to the grid.
 A variable external load resistance is connected to the rotor winding.
 The slip of generator is generated by changing the total rotor resistance.
 Advantages Disadvantages
A Simple Circuit Topology. The Speed range is typically limited to 0-10%,
it is dependent on the size of the variable rotor
resistance

An improved operating speed range Only poor control of active and reactive power
component with SCIG. is achieved.

The slip Power is dissipated in the variable

resistance as losses

3. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

Doubly fed electrical generators are similar to AC electrical generators, but
have additional features which allow them to run at speeds slightly above or
below their natural synchronous speed. This is useful for large variable speed
wind turbines, because wind speed can change suddenly. Instead of the
usual field winding fed with DC, and an armature winding where the generated
electricity comes out, there are two three-phase windings, one stationary and
one rotating, both separately connected to equipment outside the generator.
Thus the term doubly fed.
Advantages
 Supplies power at constant voltage and frequency at variable rotor speed.
 Lower power rating of required power electronic converters.
 Rotor speed can vary according to wind speed in order to improve wind generator
efficiency.
 Mechanical stress is reduced as well as torque oscillators are not transmitted to the grid.
 Independent control of stator side active and reactive power is possible.

Disadvantages
 Voltage dip due to fault will cause high flow of current in the rotor circuit of DFIG.
 Presently the practice is to disconnect the DFIG from the grid in case of a fault and it
takes some time to reconnect the same.
 Disconnection of such a large power in future can severally affect power system
operation during the fault and post-fault conditions.
 In the above situation it will not support the voltage and frequency of the grid and system
stability will be adversely affected.

4. Wound Rotor Synchronous Generator (WRSG)

The stator windings of WRSGs are connected directly to the grid and hence the rotational
speed is strictly fixed by the frequency of the supply grid. The rotor winding is excited with
direct current using slip rings and brushes or with a brushless exciter with a rotating rectifier.
Unlike the induction generator, the synchronous generator does not need any further reactive
power compensation system. The rotor winding, through which direct current flows,
generates the exciter field, which rotates with synchronous speed. The speed of the
synchronous generator is determined by the frequency of he rotating field and by the number
of pole pairs of the rotor.

Advantages
 A simple circuit topology
 An improved operating speed range compared with SCIG.

Disadvantages
 The speed range is typically limited to 0-10%, it is dependent on the size of the variable
rotor resistance.
 Only poor control of active and reactive power is achieved.
 The slip power is dissipated in the variable resistance as losses.

5. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)

In the Permanent Magnet (PM) machine, the efficiency is higher than in the induction
machine, as the excitation is provided without any energy supply. However, the materials
used for producing permanent magnets are expensive, and they are difficult to work during
manufacturing. However, the benefit is that power can be generated at any speed so as to fit
the current conditions. The stator of PMSGs is wound, and the rotor is provided with a
permanent magnet pole system and may have salient poles or may be cylindrical. Salient
poles are more common in slow-speed machines and may be the most useful version for an
application for wind generators.
 Advantages:
 Rigidness. the PMs are not spinning, which tends to make the structure reliable
 High speed operation. there are two reason for this. potentially, structural
rigidness allows this type of machine run at high speed without special method.
second, it's relatively easier to do the flux weakening (very personal)
 Heat dissipation, you can use any applicable method to cool the PM

Disadvantages:
 Torque ripple
 Heat generation. usually more heat is generated in PMs compared to the
traditional distributed winding PM synchronous machine.

References used:
 https://consumers.ul.com/articles/why-we-need-renewable-energy-sources-like-
solar/
 https://www.slideshare.net/FrancesBueno/renewable-energy-presentation-69819994
 http://climatechange-theneweconomy.com/natural-gas-killed-coal-now-renewables-
batteries-taking/
 https://www.nrdc.org/stories/renewable-energy-clean-facts
 http://ourrenewablefuture.org/the-future/#future-technology
 http://mragheb.com/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Components
%20of%20Wind%20Machines.pdf
 http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/wind-energy/wind-energy.html
 https://www.revolvy.com/page/Yaw-drive
 http://www.ftexploring.com/wind-energy/wind-turbine-efficiency.htm
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8jCmLyhYls
 https://www.intechopen.com/books/wind-turbines-design-control-and-
applications/emulation-of-wind-turbines
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 https://www.powershow.com/view/14781d-
MGY1Z/Synchronous_generators_with_permanent_magnets_for_stabilization_the_
output_voltage_of_the_power_wind_powerpoint_ppt_presentation?varnishcache=1
 https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_Advantages_and_disadvantages_
of_having_Permanent_magnets_in_stator_rather_than_rotor_in_PMSM
 https://www.intechopen.com/books/wind-turbines/wind-turbines-with-permanent-
magnet-synchronous-generator-and-full-power-converters-modelling-contro
 http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/wind-energy/synchronous-
generator.html