EEE-281

Introduction to Power
Engineering
Fahd Ali Shifa
Lecturer, Office no. G-02, ECE Department,
COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus.
Email: fahd.shifa@comsats.edu.pk

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  Energy is defined as the ability to perform work
 Comes in many forms e.g. heat, light, height, etc.
 Close relationship exists between energy used per-capita and the
Importance of standard of living
Energy  Countries with greater per capita energy consumption have higher
standard of living
 Greater per capita energy consumption comes only with higher
degree of industrialization & commercialization

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 1. Easily convertible to other forms thanks to recent
advancements in science and technology
 Induction cookers, inverter air conditioners, electric cars, fans, etc.
Why
2. Ease of control – starting, running and stopping
“Electrical”
3. Easily transported from one place to other
Energy? 4. Much cheaper and cleaner than other forms of energy
5. Highest efficiency among other forms

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  Problem: Cannot be stored as it is uneconomical to use batteries
for large-scale electricity storage
 Must be generated, supplied and consumed simultaneously
Generation –  Generation cannot be less than consumption for obvious reasons,
but it can also not be more than consumption for financial reasons
Conversion to  Energy available as pressure head of water, chemical energy in
Electrical fuels, nuclear energy in radioactive substances etc. is converted to
electrical energy by prime-mover and generator
Energy  Prime-mover maybe anything like steam/hydraulic turbine,
diesel/petrol engine, gas turbine, etc.
 Generator maybe of induction or synchronous type depending on
type of energy being converted

[1

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Energy Sources
Sun, Wind, Water, Fuels, Nuclear

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  Sun is the primary source of energy in our solar system since
without sun there can be no wind or water
 Solar energy may be converted directly into electricity via solar PV
panels
 May also be focused via reflectors over small area to produce
enough heat to convert water into steam which can in-turn run a
Solar Energy steam turbine coupled to a generator
 Limitations: Requires large area, Doesn’t work at night or when
cloudy, Expensive
 Although available everywhere it has very low energy density
(amount of energy available per cubic meter of volume)
 Remote locations with regular & plentiful sunlight and low mineral
fuel resource and suitable for solar power plants

[1] steam runs steam turbine coupled to alternator

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32 MW Solar Power Plant in Egypt

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40 MW Floating Solar Power Plant in China

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Mohammad Bin Rashid Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Dubai

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  Energy in air-flow also called wind
 Wind incident on blades of a wind turbine rotates it
 Generator (synchronous or induction type) coupled to turbine
shaft produces electricity

Wind Energy  Used where wind flows for considerable length of time e.g. coastal
and offshore areas, wind corridors, etc.
 Continuous power requirement demands use of batteries for
energy storage during off-peak times
 Although maintenance and generation costs are low, but wind is a
variable and unreliable energy source

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50 MW Wind Power Plant in Jhimpir, Pakistan Commissioned Under Hawa Wind
Power Project

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496 MW Offshore Wind Farm in Brittany, France

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92 kW Wind Power Plant in Texas, USA Employing 11 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
(VAWT)

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  Energy contained in water stored at height
 Converted to kinetic energy when water is allowed to flow by
opening of gates/sluices
 Water runs hydraulic turbines coupled to alternators
Hydro Energy
 Low generation and maintenance costs but high capital cost since
generation of electricity is secondary objective of a dam
 Huge water quantities need to be stored for irrigation, flood
prevention, etc. which are the primary purposes of building a dam

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3478 MW Tarbela Hydroelectric Power Plant in Pakistan

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1450 MW Ghazi Barotha Hydroelectric Power Plant in Pakistan

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2080 MW Hoover Hydroelectric Power Station in USA

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22500 MW Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant in China

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  Energy released from nuclei of radioactive elements when they
undergo the processes of fission or fusion
 Fission happens when nuclei of specific radioactive isotopes are
bombarded by neutrons
 Neutrons get absorbed into the target nucleus making it unstable
leading to it breaking apart into smaller nuclei while releasing 931
Nuclear MeV of energy per fission as heat
Energy  Heat produced by 1 kg of nuclear fuel equal to that produced by
4500 tons of coal
 Can be used to produce steam via suitable arrangements which
can run steam turbine coupled to alternator
 Limitations: High cost, Disposal of radioactive waste, Lack of
trained plant operators

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Fission Vs Fusion Explained

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[Left] Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster Caused by Inexperienced Staff
[Right] Thick Reinforced Concrete Enclosure Built Around Plant to Prevent Further
Contamination Due to Radiation

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  Energy that is obtained by burning/treating fossil-fuels
 Fossil Fuels: Solid (coal), Liquid (oil), Gaseous (natural gas)
 Heat energy in fuels is converted to mechanical energy by steam
turbines/ engines, IC engines or gas turbines, etc.
 Mechanical energy is converted to electricity via alternators (most
Energy in Fuels commonly Synchronous Generators)
 Chief sources of electricity production albeit with declining
resources
 Present-day trend is to reduce dependency on such fuels for
electricity production or find alternative environment-friendly and
sustainable methods to harness energy from fossil-fuels

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Comparison of Energy Sources

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  Heat – Calorie (cal), British Thermal Unit (Btu), Centigrade Heat
Unit (CHU)

Units of  Mechanical – Newton-meter (N.m) or Joule (J)

 Electrical – Watt-sec (W.s) or Joule, Watt-hour, Kilowatt hour
Energy (kWh)
 1 Wh = 1W x 1h = 1W x 3600s = 3600 W.s = 3600 J
 1 kWh = 1000 Wh = 1000W x 3600s = 3600000 W.s = 36 × 105 J

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  Calorie represents the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water through 1ºC
 Kilocalorie represents the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water through 1ºC
Heat Units  1 kcal = 1 kg x 1ºC = 1000 g x 1ºC = 1000 Cal
Defined  British Thermal Unit represents the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound (lb) of water through 1ºF
 Centigrade Heat Unit represents the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound (lb) of water through 1ºC

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  1 kWh = 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J
 1 cal = 4.18 J (found via experiment)
 1 CHU = 1 lb x 1 oC = 453.6 g x 1 oC = 453.6 x 1 g x 1 oC
⇒ 1 CHU=453.6 cal = 453.6 x 4.18 J = 1896 J

Relationship  1 Btu = 1053 J [1]

 1 Quad = 1015 Btu (used when giving world energy production and
Between Units consumption statistics)
36×105
 1 kWh = 36 × 105 J = Cal = 860 × 103 Cal = 860 kcal
4.18
36×105
 1 kWh = 36 × 105 J = CHU = 1898 CHU
1896
 Similarly, 1 kWh = 3418 Btu

[1] Not proven because Celsius and Fahrenheit conversion done wrongly in book.

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  Some energy is lost when producing electricity from some other
energy form (converted to some form other than electricity)
 Output energy is less than input energy and “Ratio of output
energy to input energy is called energy efficiency or simply
efficiency expressed in percentage
Efficiency 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦(%) =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
× 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
 Power is rate of flow of energy so efficiency can also be
represented in terms of power
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = × 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

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 Statement: Mechanical energy is supplied to a DC generator at the
rate of 4200 J/s. The generator delivers 32·2 A at 120 V.
i. What is the percentage efficiency of the generator ?
ii. How much energy is lost per minute of operation ?
Solution:
Example 1.1 Pi = 4200 J/s = 4200 W; Po = 32.2 x 120 W = 3864 W
𝑃𝑜
Efficiency (%) = × 100% = 𝟗𝟐%
𝑃𝑖

Power lost = 4200 – 3864 W = 336 W = 336 J/s

Energy lost per minute of operation = 336 x 60 J = 20.16 kJ

Solution @ Page 7 of Textbook.

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 Express the energy lost per minute of operation
in Example 1.1 in kWh, kcal and BTU. Show all
Exercise 1 calculations starting from the lost energy per
minute of 20.16 kJ.

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  Amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of unit
weight of fuel known as its calorific value
 Expressed in kcal/kg for solid and liquid fuels
Calorific Value  Expressed in kcal/m3 for gaseous fuels
of Fuels Greater the calorific value of fuel, higher is the
amount of heat produced

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