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ISBN: 978-0-07-288021-7
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 021 13 12 11 10 09 08
Lesson 1 • Your Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Explore Activity: How are faces alike and different? . . .3
History of Science: Discovering X-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Lesson 2 • Bones and Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Explore Activity: How can you pick up things? . . . . . . 13

Lesson 3 • Heart and Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Explore Activity: What is your pulse? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Lesson 4 • Your Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Explore Activity: How does your mouth change
the food you eat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Animal Bodies: The Cow Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Lesson 5 • Your Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Explore Activity: What is in the bag? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Science, Technology, and Society: Hearing Aids . . . . 46

Lesson 6 • Growing and Changing . . . . . . . . 48

Explore Activity: How have you changed? . . . . . . . . . 49
Animal Bodies: Long Lives, Short Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Lesson 7 • Eating Healthful Foods . . . . . . . . .58

Explore Activity: What makes a healthful meal? . . . . 59
Careers: Nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Lesson 8 • Staying Healthy and Safe . . . . . . 68

Explore Activity: What things help keep you healthy
or safe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

iii
Lesson 1

Your Body

How are all these

children alike? How are
they different?

2
ENGAGE
How are faces alike and You need
different?
What to Do
Observe. Work with two
classmates. Look closely
at their faces.
crayons
Record Data. Draw a
picture of their faces.
Compare. Share your
drawings with the group.
Discuss how their faces
are alike and different. paper

Explore More Step

Communicate. Find
photographs of people
in books or magazines.
How do their faces
compare with yours?

3
EXPLORE
 What parts make up
the body?
The body needs many things
Vocabulary to stay alive. It needs food,
system water, and air.

The body also must get rid of

wastes. Wastes are things the
body makes but does not
need.

Many parts make up the body.

There are parts on the outside
and the inside. All body parts
work together to keep you
alive and healthy. They help
the body get what it needs.

▲ The body and a toy

What body parts are you using
clock are made of right now?
parts that work
together.

4
EXPLAIN
 Body Parts

head brain

chest lung
heart

stomach
arm intestine
bone
hand

finger

leg
muscle

foot

Read a Diagram
What body parts
are in the chest?

5
EXPLAIN
Body Systems
Each body part does a
different job. Some parts
work only when they are
needed. Other parts work all
the time.
A system is a group of parts
that work together. The
body uses many systems to
meet its needs.
moving

keeping warm eating and

drinking
6
EXPLAIN
The nose and lungs work in a
body system that takes in air.
The teeth and stomach work Classify. List three
in a system that takes in food. things you did
Bones and muscles work in today. Which body
systems too. parts helped you
do them?
What do body systems do?

You use many body

systems every day. ▼

breathing

7
EXPLAIN
One of a Kind
Everyone uses the same kinds of
body systems and the same kinds of
parts. But people are different from
one another too.

Everyone is one of a kind! Bodies

come in different colors, sizes, and
shapes. People also think, act, and
feel in many ways.

How are you one of a kind?

▼ Everyone is one of a kind.

8
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence. parts
1. Your body is made of many system
.

2. A group of body parts that

works together is a .

Answer the questions below.

3. What is one way that body
parts work together?

4. What is one way that all

people are alike? What is
one way they can be
different?

Think of three ways that you

used your body today. Draw
pictures to show each way.

9
EVALUATE
Discovering X-rays
In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen hands
discovered the X-ray. The
ray passed through skin
and other soft things. It
did not pass through bone.

spine

Today doctors know how

to read an X-ray picture of
the human body. X-rays
can show damage to
bones, lungs, and other
inside body parts.

10
EXTEND
 History of Science

In 1974 the MRI camera

was invented. It can show
better pictures of your
heart, brain, and lungs.
An MRI took this picture
of a human brain.

MRI picture
ultrasound picture

One tool uses sounds

to take pictures.
Sounds made this
picture of a baby
inside the mother.

*6A@j 7DJIjI
How do X-rays help
doctors?

11
EXTEND
Lesson 2

Bones and
Muscles

What can you do with

your arms and hands?

12
ENGAGE
How can you pick up You need
things?
What to Do
Choose places along your
arm. Try to pick up a ball
at each place. Do not use tennis ball
other body parts.
Communicate. Draw a
picture of your arm. Step

Label the places that

could pick up the ball.
Compare. How are
the places that could Step
pick up the ball alike?
Explore More
Make a model. How
could you build a model
of your arm? Discuss
your ideas.

13
EXPLORE
 How does the body move?
Bones are hard parts inside
the body. All together bones
Vocabulary make up the skeleton. The
skeleton skeleton allows the body to
joint stand and move.
muscle

skull

jaw

ribs

arm
bones
Bones come in
different shapes spine
and sizes. When
children grow, their
bones grow longer
and wider. ▶

leg bones

14
EXPLAIN
Bones also protect the soft parts
of the body. Rib bones in the chest
protect the heart and lungs. The
skull protects the brain.

Bones meet at joints. Joints allow

body parts to bend, turn, or twist.
Together the joints let the body
move in many ways.

How do bones help the body?

Two Joints of the Arm

shoulder joint

elbow joint Read a Diagram

How are joints alike?
How are they different?
15
EXPLAIN
Muscles
Bones do not move by themselves.
Muscles move the skeleton and
other body parts.

A muscle can tighten or relax. Many

muscles pull on bones to make them
move. Muscles inside the face pull
on skin.

You use more

muscles to
frown than you
use to smile! ▶

16
EXPLAIN
Muscles can pull, but they can
not push. Most muscles work
in pairs. If one muscle pulls a Compare. How is
bone up, a second muscle the thumb different
pulls it back down. from other fingers?
Compare how they
How do muscles move bones? bend and move.

◀ Two muscles work

together to move
the elbow. One
muscle tightens,
or pulls. The other
muscle relaxes.

17
EXPLAIN
Types of Muscle
The body uses three types of
muscle. They are skeletal,
heart, and smooth muscle.

You can control only skeletal

muscle. Other muscles work
▲ Exercising every day
without you ever thinking helps keep all of your
about them. bones and muscles
strong.
What are the three types of
muscle? What do they do?

Three Types of Muscle

Skeletal muscle Heart muscle Smooth muscle

moves bones. pumps blood moves the stomach
through the and other soft
heart. body parts.

18
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence. joint
1. All of the bones inside the muscles
body make up the .
skeleton

2. Body parts that move bones

are called .

3. Two bones meet at a

.

Answer the question below.

4. Name three places in the
body where you can find
muscles.

Choose a joint in the body.

Draw a picture that shows
how it moves.

19
EVALUATE
Lesson 3

Heart and Lungs

What body parts work

harder when you play?

20
ENGAGE
What is your pulse? You need
What to Do
Use one finger to feel the
side of your neck. Feel for
a beating just below the
skin. This beating is called
stop
the pulse. watch
Press the clay on this spot.
Carefully push one end of
the straw into the clay. clay
The other end should stick
out straight. thin straw
Measure. Have your
Step
partner count the number
of times the straw moves
in one minute.
Explore More
Compare. Run in place for
30 seconds. Then repeat
the activity. How did your
pulse change?

21
EXPLORE
 What do your heart and
lungs do?
Blood brings food, water, and
Vocabulary oxygen to every body part. It
heart also carries away wastes. The
artery heart and lungs work together
vein
to help blood do this.
lungs
diaphragm
The heart pumps blood
through the body. Its walls
are made of thick muscle.
Pumping Blood
to body
from body

to lungs
from lungs

The heart pumps from lungs

blood in a cycle
called a heart
beat. The arrows
show the direction
that blood flows. ▶

from body to body

22
EXPLAIN
The heart contracts, or
squeezes, blood out through
tubes called arteries. Blood
returns to the heart through
tubes called veins.
heart
An artery moves or beats
when blood rushes through it.
This beating is called the
pulse. The pulse tells how fast
or slow the heart is beating.

What job does the heart do?

veins

arteries

Arteries carry blood with

oxygen to every body part.
Then veins carry away
blood with wastes. ▶

23
EXPLAIN
Breathing
Breathing brings air into the body.
Then blood gets oxygen from air.
Breathing also removes a waste gas
called carbon dioxide.

When you breathe, air enters the

body through the nose or mouth.
Tubes carry air from the throat to
the lungs. The lungs are where air
enters the blood.

A System for Breathing

nose
mouth
air tubes

lungs

Read a Diagram
How does air enter
and leave the lungs?

24
EXPLAIN
The lungs can not move by
themselves. A muscle called
the diaphragm works to fill Observe. Hold a
and empty them. piece of paper in
front of your mouth.
What do the lungs do? Observe the paper as
you breathe in and
breathe out.

The Diaphragm at Work

Air moves into

your lungs through
your nose or mouth.

The ribs move

up and out.

The chest
and lungs
get larger.

The diaphragm moves

down and flattens.
Air rushes into the lungs.
25
EXPLAIN
Working Hard
Your heart and lungs work all the
time. They work even when you are
sleeping.

You breathe faster when you

exercise. Your heart beats faster too.
This helps bring more food and
oxygen to the muscles.

When do the heart and lungs work

their hardest?
When you exercise, your
body needs more oxygen.▼

26
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence. arteries
1. A muscle called the heart
pumps blood through the
lungs
body.

2. Tubes called carry

blood with oxygen to body
parts.

3. Air meets blood in the

.

Answer the question below.

4. How is the heart different
from other muscles of the
body?

Draw a picture of yourself

when your heart and lungs are
working very hard.

27
EVALUATE
Lesson 4

Your Stomach

What happens to the

food you eat?

28
ENGAGE
How does your mouth You need
change the food you eat?
What to Do
Put one cracker in a cup.
Break the other cracker
into pieces. two saltine
Place the pieces in the crackers
second cup. Add water
and mash the pieces
with a spoon.
Compare. How are the
crackers in the cups the two small
same? How are they cups
different?
Infer. How does your
mouth change the food
you eat?
water
Explore More
Wet and mash other
foods. Try a slice of
apple or cheese. spoon

29
EXPLORE
 How does the body digest
food?
Food is fuel for the body. The
Vocabulary body must digest food to get
digest energy from it.
saliva
esophagus To digest is to break apart
stomach food into tiny pieces that the
intestines
body can use. The stomach
and other parts work together
to digest food.

◀ As soon as you
bite your food,
the body begins
to digest it.

30
EXPLAIN
Together these parts are connected
like a tube through the body. The
tube is wider in some places than
others. Different parts do different
things to digest food.

Why must the body digest food?

Digesting Food

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

Read a Diagram
Which part carries food
through a curvy path?
31
EXPLAIN
The Mouth and Stomach
The mouth begins digesting
food. Teeth cut, tear, and Observe. Look at
grind food as you chew. your teeth in a
mirror. What kinds
The mouth also mixes food of teeth do you see?
with saliva. Saliva is a liquid
that wets food and helps
break it apart.

for biting

for tearing

for grinding

◀ Teeth are different sizes

and shapes.
32
EXPLAIN
 How the Stomach Works

stomach mixing
and churning food
food entering
the stomach

When you swallow, food

enters a thin tube called the
esophagus. The esophagus
pushes food down from the
mouth to the stomach.

The stomach mixes and churns

food. Food stays there for six
to eight hours. When it leaves,
it is like thick soup.

What does the stomach do?

33
EXPLAIN
The Intestines
The intestines finish digesting food.
The small intestine breaks down
food even more. Then blood carries
away the tiny pieces of food and
brings them to all the body parts.

The food pieces leftover move to

the large intestine. The large
intestine soaks up water. Then the
waste food left leaves the body.

What happens to food in the small

intestine?

◀ Food goes through the

small intestine in a long,
curving path. Food pieces
enter the blood through
its folded wall.

34
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence.
esophagus
1. Food leaves the stomach and
intestines
enters the .
saliva

2. The is a tube that

connects the mouth and
stomach.

3. A liquid called wets

food and helps break it
apart.

Answer the question below.

4. Why should you chew food
well before you swallow it?

Draw a picture to show what

happens to your favorite food
when you eat it.

35
EVALUATE
The Cow Stomach
A cow has a stomach with four
parts. The parts break down
grass and other plants that a
A stomach with
cow eats.
four parts helps a
cow eat grass. ▼

2
1 3

36
EXTEND
 Animal Bodies

The first part mashes grass

into soft food. The soft food
is called cud. The cud then
goes back up to the mouth.
The cow chews the cud.
Then it moves through the
other stomach parts.

Lengths of Digestive Systems

50
length (meters)

40
30
20
10
0
cow sheep horse human

Write About It
Cows, sheep, horses and
humans have different
body paths for food. What
does the graph show about
their bodies?
37
EXTEND
Lesson 5

Your Senses

Even if you do not see a

fire truck, how can you
tell when one is nearby?

38
ENGAGE
What is in the bag? You need
What to Do
Ask a partner to hide
something inside a
brown bag.
Predict. Guess what is in brown
the bag. You may tap bag
the bag, feel it, smell it,
and listen to it. But do
not tear the bag or look
inside it.
Open the bag. Was your small
guess correct? objects

Communicate. What
Step
clues helped you guess
the hidden objects?
Explore More
Try the activity many
times. Hide different
things in the bag. Take
turns with your partner.

39
EXPLORE
 What are senses?
You see with your eyes. You
hear with your ears and smell
Vocabulary with your nose. These parts
sense give senses to the body.
taste buds
A sense is a way that the body
learns about the world. The
body uses five senses.

▲ Which senses are these people using?

40
EXPLAIN
Eyes give the sense of sight.
This sense lets you see the
sizes, shapes, and colors
of things.

Ears give the sense of

hearing. This sense lets you
hear sounds.

How are you using your eyes

and ears right now? sight

hearing

41
EXPLAIN
More Senses
The nose gives the sense of
smell. Many flowers smell
good. The spray from a
skunk smells bad!

The sense of taste comes

from taste buds. Taste buds
are tiny bumps on the
tongue. smell

taste

taste buds
42
EXPLAIN
Most senses come from special
parts of the head. But the
sense of touch comes from Compare. Find five
skin all over the body. things that feel very
different from one
Touching tells how something another. Describe
feels. Things may feel hard or the feel of each.
soft, smooth or rough, and hot
or cold.

How is touch different from the

other senses?

touch

43
EXPLAIN
How do you use your senses?
You use all of your senses every day.
They may show things you need or
dangers to avoid. They also help you
enjoy the world around you.

Using Senses

Read a Photo
How are these people using their senses?
44
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence.
senses
1. You learn about the world
taste buds
by using .

2. You taste with bumps on the

tongue called .

Answer the questions below.

3. How can you use your senses
to describe a peach?
4. Write about when you have
used two senses at the
same time.

Make a poster to show

how the body uses each
of the five senses.

45
EVALUATE
Hearing Aids
Some people hear poorly.
Hearing aids can help them.

▲ Can you see the hearing aid?

46
EXTEND
 Science, Technology, and Society

Hearing aids are tools that

make sounds louder. People
may wear them in one ear or
both ears.
*6A@j 7DJIjI
How do hearing aids
help people?

hearing aids

Deaf people can not hear.

They use sign language
to communicate. ▼

47
EXTEND
Lesson 6

Growing and
Changing

What do you think life is

like for a baby?
48
ENGAGE
How have you changed? You need
What to Do
Fold two sheets of paper
in half. Have your
teacher staple the sheets
to make a book. Draw
your picture for the paper
cover.
Communicate. On each
left page, draw or write pencil
about things that babies
can or can not do.
On each right page,
draw or write about
crayons
things you can or can
Step
not do.
Explore More
Predict. What new
things will you do
when you are older?

49
EXPLORE
 What is the human life
cycle?
You once were a baby. Now
Vocabulary you are older. You will grow
life cycle to be an adult.

Everyone grows and changes.

These changes make up the
human life cycle. We start
growing and changing as soon
People in this family are as we are born.
in different stages of the
human life cycle. ▼

50
EXPLAIN
A baby is born after about nine
months inside the mother. New
babies need a lot of help. They can
not take care of themselves.

Babies learn to crawl and then walk.

They also learn how to talk and to
feed themselves.

Are people in your family in different

stages of the life cycle? Explain.

A Baby Grows and Changes

age 2 weeks

before birth age 2 years

Read a Photo
How do babies change as
they get older?
51
EXPLAIN
Children
Young humans are called
children from about ages 2
to 12. The bodies of children
grow taller and stronger
each year.

Children make friends, learn

new things, and play games
and sports. They also learn
what they like and what
they do not like.

What do these photos

show about the lives of
children?

52
EXPLAIN
Teenagers
The body grows and changes
even more during the teenage Use numbers.
years. It becomes more like When will you be
a teenager?
the body of an adult man or
woman.

Like children, teens study at

school and spend time with
friends. They also do many
things on their own. They may
plan for their lives as adults.

How are teens different from children?

Teens look
more like
adults than
children. ▶

53
EXPLAIN
 ▲ Your body looks
Adults different than an
adult’s body.
The adult stage of life lasts the
longest. Adults work at jobs. They
may choose to marry and raise
children of their own.

As adults age, their bodies begin to

slow down. Older adults may have
gray hair and wrinkled skin.

What is life like for an adult?

54
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence.
life cycle
1. A child grows to become a
teenager
, then an adult.

2. People grow and change

through the stages of the
human .

Answer the questions below.

3. List three things that babies
learn as they grow older.

4. What can adults do that

children can not do?

Draw what you think you

will look like as a teen or
an adult.

55
EVALUATE
 Long Lives,
Short Lives
Some people have lived for over
100 years. Most animals live much
shorter lives. Many live for a few
years, a few months, or an even
shorter time.
Length of Life
80

70

60

50
Years

40

30

20

10

0
Ant Koala Giraffe Box Elephant Crocodile
(queen) turtle

56
EXTEND
 Animal Bodies

Turtles may live

for 100 years or
longer. ▶

▼ Most ants live for only

a few months. Queen
ants live longer.
Write About It
How do you
think turtles can
live so long?

57
EXTEND
Lesson 7

Eating Healthful
Foods

Which fruits and vegetables

do you like to eat?

58
ENGAGE
What makes a healthful You need
meal?
What to Do
Work in a small group.
Discuss the foods you
like to eat.
pencil or
Record data. Choose crayons
five foods that would
make a healthful dinner.
Draw a picture or write
the name of each food.
Communicate. Share
your list with the class. paper
Explain your choices.
Explore More
Find out who chooses Step

the foods served at your

school. Ask them about
the choices they make.

59
EXPLORE
 What foods should we eat?
You need to eat food for
many reasons. One reason is
Vocabulary you need energy. Bread,
protein potatoes, and pasta are full of
vitamin the kind of energy that the
mineral body needs.
food pyramid
Proteins in food help the body
grow. Meat, fish, and beans
A healthful
breakfast gives have a lot of protein.
you energy to
start your day. ▼

60
EXPLAIN
Vitamins and minerals in
food help body parts do
their jobs. The body uses
many kinds of vitamins
and minerals. Only small
amounts of each kind are
needed.

How does the body use

food?

▲ Proteins in meat and beans

help the body grow.

▲ The vitamin C in oranges

helps scrapes and cuts
to heal.
▲ A mineral in milk
helps bones and
teeth stay strong.
61
EXPLAIN
What is the food pyramid?
The food pyramid is a guide
for eating. It shows how you Classify. List five
can eat healthful meals. foods you like.
What groups in the
Each color of the food food pyramid are
pyramid stands for a food they from?
group. To get everything your
body needs, choose foods
from each group every day.

What are the food pyramid groups?

Grains have the

energy your body
needs.
• bread and cereal
• pasta
• rice

Fruits are great for

desserts or snacks.
▲ The food pyramid • apples
helps you choose • bananas
healthful foods to eat. • oranges

62
EXPLAIN
The Food Pyramid

Vegetables have
color and lots of Meat and beans have
vitamins. the proteins you need
• broccoli to grow strong.
• carrots • meat and beans
• peas • eggs and nuts
• fish

Milk group foods help

you grow strong
teeth and bones.
Read a Diagram • milk
How does the food pyramid help • yogurt
• cheese
you choose foods for a meal?
63
EXPLAIN
How is food important?
Food is an important part of
many cultures. A culture is a
way people live.

Have you ever eaten the foods

shown here? If not, try them!
You might find a new favorite.

What foods would you like to

try next? tropical fruits

Asian meal

grilled fish

64
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence.
food pyramid
1. Colors show the food groups
proteins
in the .
vitamins

2. Body parts need to

work at their best.

3. Meat and beans have

that help the body
grow.

Answer the question below.

4. Why do you think people
should try new foods?

Draw a picture of a healthful

meal that you would like to
eat. Choose a food from each
food group.

65
EVALUATE
Nurses
Nurses have many jobs.
They work in many
places. Some nurses
work in hospitals. They
help sick people get
well. Other nurses help
people in homes,
schools, or businesses.

at home

at school
66
EXTEND
 Careers

Teaching children is
another job that nurses do.
You can ask a nurse about
ways to stay healthy.

at the hospital

*6A@j 7DJIjI
How do nurses help people?

67
EXTEND
Lesson 8

Staying Healthy
and Safe

Why are these children

wearing helmets?

68
ENGAGE
What things help keep
you healthy or safe?
What to Do
Observe. Look at the
soap
pictures. Describe how
these things help keep
you healthy or safe.
Classify. Which things
can you use by yourself? stop sign
Which must an adult
give you?
Infer. Why is it
important to know helmet
about health and safety?
Explore More
Classify. List other things
that help keep you safe
or healthy. How are they medicine
alike? How are they
different?

bandage

69
EXPLORE
 How can people
stay healthy?
Colds, the flu, and other
Vocabulary illnesses are caused by germs.
germs Germs are very tiny things
vaccine that sometimes harm the
body. Many germs are alive.

Germs are everywhere. They

can be in the air, in food, or
even on a doorknob. Most
germs are harmless. They can
even be helpful. Some germs
Germs are too can make you sick.
small to see with
just your eyes. ▼

70
EXPLAIN
Most illnesses last only a few days.
They go away because the body has
a system that fights germs.

Medicines and vaccines fight germs

too. A vaccine helps your body stop
germs before they cause harm.

What can germs do?

▲ Most vaccines are ▲ Medicine must be taken

given with a needle. the right way. Only adults
They help your body should give it.
stop harmful germs.

71
EXPLAIN
Stopping Germs
You can stop germs by
washing your hands with soap
and warm water. Be sure to
scrub well!

Sneezing and coughing can

spread germs. Using tissues
and covering your mouth can
stop germs from spreading.

Wash your hands

before eating, after
playing with pets,
and after using the
bathroom. ▼

72
EXPLAIN
Food can carry germs too.
Never eat spoiled food.
Some foods can be eaten
raw, but others must be
cooked.

What can you do to keep

germs from spreading?

▲ This meat must be cooked

to be safe to eat.

Compare. Look at the

two apples. Which is
better to eat? Why?

73
EXPLAIN
Keeping Safe
Safety is important everywhere!

What can you do to stay safe?

Four Safety Tips

In the sunshine wear sunscreen. At the beach swim with a buddy and
with an adult watching.

In the car wear a seat belt. On a busy street let an adult help
you cross.
Read a Photo
How are these safety tips useful?

74
EXPLAIN
Complete each sentence.
germs
1. Sneezing and coughing can
vaccine
spread .

2. A can help your

body stop an illness before
it starts.

Answer the questions below.

3. When is it important to
wash your hands?

4. Should everyone know the

rules for staying healthy and
safe? Explain.

Make a poster that shows a

rule about health or safety.
Show the rule being followed.

75
EVALUATE
 artery A tube that carries blood from the
heart to the body. (p. 23) The pulse can be
felt by touching the skin over an artery.

arteries (red)

diaphragm A muscle that helps move air in

and out of the lungs. (p. 25) The diaphragm
moves up and down when you breathe.

digest To break food into tiny pieces that

the body can use. (p. 30) The stomach
helps the body digest food.

esophagus The thin tube that brings food

to the stomach. (p. 33) When you swallow
food it moves into the esophagus.

76
GLOSSARY
food pyramid A chart that shows the food
groups and helps people eat healthful meals.
(p. 62) You should eat foods from each
group in the food pyramid.

germs Tiny living things that may cause

illness. (p. 70) Washing with soap helps
stop germs from spreading.

hearing The sense that allows the ears to

receive sounds. (p. 41) The sense of hearing
lets people enjoy music.

heart The muscle that pumps blood through

the body. (p. 22) The heart keeps working
even when the body is sleeping.

77
GLOSSARY
intestines Long tubes that are part of
the digestive system. (p. 34) The intestines break
down food.

joint Where two bones meet. (p. 15)

Joints allow body parts to bend, turn,
or twist.

life cycle The stages of growth and

change. (p. 50) A child and an adult
are at different stages of the human
life cycle.

lungs The body parts where air meets the

blood. (p. 24) When you breathe, air
goes in and out of the lungs.

78
GLOSSARY
minerals Food parts from nonliving sources
that help the body work properly. (p. 61)
Milk has minerals that the body needs.

muscle A body part that moves bones

and other body parts. (p. 16) A muscle
in the leg can bend the knee.

proteins Food parts that help the body

grow. (p. 60) Meat, fish, and beans have
a lot of proteins.

pulse The movement or beat of an artery as

blood moves through it. (p. 23) The pulse tells
how fast or slow the heart is beating.

79
GLOSSARY
saliva A liquid that wets food and helps
break it apart. (p. 32) The mouth makes
saliva when you eat food.

sense A way that the body learns about

the world. (p. 40) The body uses the
senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch,
and smell.

sight The sense from the eyes that lets you

see the sizes, shapes, and colors of things.
(p. 41) We use the sense of sight to look at
objects around us.

skeleton Bones that allow the body to stand

and move. (p. 14) The skeleton includes
bones of many shapes and sizes.

80
GLOSSARY
smell The sense from the nose that tells
about smells. (p. 42) We can smell
many flowers.

stomach The body part that mixes and

churns food. (p. 33) The stomach fills
with food during a meal.

system A group of parts that work

together. (p. 6) Body parts work in
systems to meet many needs.

taste The sense that tells what kind of

food is in the mouth (p. 42) Food can
taste sweet, salty, sour, or bitter.

81
GLOSSARY
taste buds Tiny bumps that give the sense
of taste. (p. 42) Taste buds are tiny bumps on the
tongue.

touch The sense from the skin that tells

how things feel. (p. 43) The sense of touch
tells you that fur is soft and smooth.

vaccine A medicine that stops germs

from causing harm. (p. 71) Vaccines
help protect you from disease.

82
GLOSSARY
vein A tube that carries blood from the
body back to the heart. (p. 23) Blood
travels to the heart through the veins.

veins (blue)

vitamins Food parts from a living source

that help the body work properly. (p. 61)
Orange juice has vitamin C.

83
GLOSSARY
Credits
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating this program: Argosy
and Four Lakes Colorgraphics.

Photography Credits: Front Cover (l)Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies, (r)3D4Medical.com; 2-3 IT Stock/PunchStock; 3 (tr cr)Macmillan/The
McGraw-Hill Companies, (br)Comstock/PictureQuest; 4 CORBIS; 5 (l r)Joe Polillio/Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 6 (tr)Purestock/PunchStock,
(bl)Geoff Manasse/Getty Images, (br)BananaStock/Punchstock; 7 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 8 Comstock/PictureQuest; 9 (cr)BananaStock/Punchstock,
(br)CORBIS; 10 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Nick Rowe/Getty Images; 11 (t)Jim Wehtje/Getty Images, (b)Jim Craigmyle; 12-13 Radius Images/Alamy Images;
13 (tr)Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies, (cr)Richard Hutchings/Digital Light Source; 14 Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 15 BananaStock/
Alamy Images; 16 MCGraw-Hill Companies/ Ed-Imaging; 17 Stockbyte/PunchStock; 18 Image Source/CORBIS; 19 BananaStock/Alamy Images;
20-21 Blend Images/Alamy Images; 21 (tr)Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies, (cr, br)Richard Hutchings/Digital Light Source; 23 Macmillan/
The McGraw-Hill Companies; 24 Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 25 Image Source/PunchStock; 26 Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies/
Ken Cavanaugh; 28-29 Bryan Mullennix/Alamy Images; 29 Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 30 David Ashley/CORBIS; 31 Macmillan/The McGraw-
Hill Companies; 32 (l)Digital Vision, (r, t to b)Ralph Hutchings/Visuals Unlimited; 34 Dr. Richard Kessel and Dr.Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 35 Macmillan/
The McGraw-Hill Companies; 36-37 Central Stock/Fotosearch; 38-39 Vladimir Pcholkin/Getty Images; 39 (br)Richard Hutchings/Digital Light Source, (tr
cr)Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 40 Thinkstock Images/Jupiterimages; 41 (t)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (b)Sri Maiava Rusden/Jupiterimages;
42 (tr)Image Source/PunchStock, (cr)PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images, (bl) BananaStock/PunchStock, (br)ImageState/PunchStock; 43 Comstock Images/
Alamy Images; 44 (cl)BananaStock/PunchStock, (cr)Jose Luis Pelaez/Getty Images, (bl)Blend Images/Alamy Images, (br)John Lund/Sam Diephuis/Getty
Images; 45 Vladimir Pcholkin/Getty Images; 46 Photofusion Picture Library/Alamy Images; 47 (cl)Steve Hamblin/Alamy Images, (bcr)Robin Sachs/Photo
Edit; 48-49 Taxi/Getty Images; 49 (br)Richard Hutchings/Digital Light Source, (tr cr)Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 50 Jupiterimages/Brand X/
Alamy Images; 51 (bl)Larry Williams/CORBIS, (bc)CORBIS/PictureQuest, (br) Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies/Jill Braaten; 52 (tr)White Packert/
Getty Images, (cr)CORBIS, (bl)Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 53 Arthur Tilley/Getty Images; 54 81A Productions/CORBIS; 55 (cr)CORBIS/PictureQuest,
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(bc)Ingram Publishing/age Fotostock; 57 (t)Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, (b)image100/PunchStock; 58-59 Petr Svarc/Alamy Images; 59 (br)Digital
Vision/Getty Images, (cr bcl)Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 60 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 61 (tr)Jupiterimages/Stock Image/Alamy Images,
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Free/CORBIS, (br)John A. Rizzo/Getty Images; 65 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 66 (cr)Comstock Images/PictureQuest, (bl)David Buffington/Getty Images;
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Carr; 71 (bl) Macmillan/The McGraw-Hill Companies/Jill Braaten, (br)Ant Strack/CORBIS; 72 BananaStock/Punchstock; 73 (t)D. Fisher and P. Lyons/Cole
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84
CREDITS