At All Costs

The Consequences of Rising Court
Fines and Fees in North Carolina
At All Costs
Contents
Glossary.....................................................................................................2
Executive Summary..................................................................................5
Methodology..............................................................................................6
Key Findings..............................................................................................8
North Carolina Increasingly Relies Upon Court Fines and Fees
as Revenue Source................................................................................10
North Carolina Pushes the Judiciary into Debt Collecting...................12
Beyond Debtors’ Prisons: The Collateral Consequences
of Court Debt........................................................................................16
Probation and Associated Consequences..............................................16
Driver’s Licenses...................................................................................18
Who Pays the Price?..............................................................................18
North Carolina’s Poor...........................................................................19
North Carolina’s People of Color..........................................................20
North Carolina’s Counties ...................................................................22
The Four Counties...................................................................................23
Robeson County....................................................................................23
Edgecombe County................................................................................28
Avery County......................................................................................... 31
Mecklenburg County.............................................................................33
Conclusion and Recommendations for Reform.......................................37
What the Legislature Can Do................................................................38
What Administrative Agencies Can Do................................................39
What Judges Can Do............................................................................40
Acknowledgments................................................................................... 41
Appendix A...............................................................................................42
Appendix B...............................................................................................44
Appendix C...............................................................................................45
Cover photo: Steven Edwards, fiancée Courtney Ransome, and their daughter, Paris
All photos by Emily Baxter
Glossary
Ability-to-Pay Hearing: a hearing on a defendant’s financial circum-

stances before or after the imposition of court fines and fees. This
hearing is required under the Constitution after a conviction if the
defendant faces jail time.
Appointed List: a list of private attorneys available to provide court-or-

dered representation to indigent North Carolinians, a common means
for indigent defendants to obtain representation in counties without a
public defender office.
Court Fees: costs charged to those coming into contact with the criminal
justice system, ranging from making defendants pay for their own pros-
ecution, e.g., costs associated with blood tests and incarceration, to their
court-appointed counsel, to general across-the-board user fees imposed
regardless of the severity of the offense.
Court Fines: financial punishments directly correlated to the crime or

infraction for which a person is responsible.
Criminal Contempt: sanction imposed for violating a court order and

frequently the charge serving as the basis for a person to be locked up
for inability to pay court debt.
District Attorney (DA): prosecuting attorney in local judicial district.
Indigent Defendant: pursuant to North Carolina General Statute

7A-450(a), a person who is financially unable to secure legal
representation.
North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC): state agency

providing centralized administrative, budgeting, and legal support ser-
vices for the state’s courts.
2 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

North Carolina Department of Public Safety (DPS): state agency housing
state law enforcement agencies, e.g., State Bureau of Investigation, as
well as overseeing adult corrections, e.g., state prisons, probation ser-
vices, and juvenile justice.
North Carolina Office of Indigent Defense Services (IDS): state agency

overseeing the provision of legal representation to indigent persons and
developing training, qualification, and performance standards to gov-
ern the provision of legal services to indigent persons.
Public Defender: attorney appointed by the court to represent indigent

defendants who is a member of an established public defender office
solely dedicated to indigent representation.
Restitution: court-ordered financial compensation to a victim of crime.
Suspended Sentence: an imposed sentence of confinement that is only

activated if the defendant does not satisfy the court’s sentencing or pro-
bationary requirements.
3
Executive Summary
The United States formally abolished “debtors’ prisons” — the incar-

ceration of people who fail to pay off debts — nearly two centuries ago.
But today in North Carolina, thousands of low-income people are in jail,
trapped in a cycle of debt, or both, because they cannot afford the uncon-
stitutional fines and fees that courts order them to pay when convicted
of any crime, even as minor as a speeding ticket.
The cost and number of fines and fees have skyrocketed across North
Carolina in recent years, thanks to a series of legislative changes en-
acted by the North Carolina General Assembly and the day-to-day
decisions of judges who have too often bent to the legislative desire to
turn the judiciary to debt collection.
In courtrooms across the state, there is no consistent standard for
when and how fines and fees are imposed, and too many judges do not
fulfill their constitutional obligation to inquire about an individual’s fi-
nancial status before ordering them to pay fines and fees, as required by
law. As a result, judges routinely order low-income North Carolinians
— a disproportionate number of them people of color — to pay fines and
fees that they cannot afford. Failure to pay will result in more fines,
fueling a cycle of debt that forces people to forgo the basic necessities of
life in order to avoid jail and collateral consequences.
In this racially-skewed, two-tiered system, the rich and the poor can
commit the exact same offense, but the poor will receive harsher and
longer punishments simply because they are poor. While some actors,
from public defenders to state legislators to reform-minded judges, have
fought for fairer processes and outcomes, too many North Carolina
judges nevertheless routinely violate the rights of low-income people
who appear in their courtrooms.
This report examines the history of those court costs, how North
Carolina has sought to turn the judiciary from its role as a neutral
arbiter of justice toward service as a state debt collector, and how the
resulting unjust system criminalizes poverty, violates people’s rights,
and preys on many of our state’s most vulnerable residents.
5
Brandon Sutton
Methodology
In September 2016, the ACLU of North Carolina (ACLU-NC) launched

an investigation into how court fines and fees operate in our state.
Specifically, we sought to understand how frequently North Carolinians
are incarcerated and/or trapped in poverty due to the imposition of
court fines and fees.
Given that there is no comprehensive state or county data on the
interplay of poverty and court fines and fees, the ACLU-NC submitted
public record requests on the number of people arrested for nonpay-
ment of court fines and fees for the previous six months and the daily
cost of incarceration. These 400 requests went to the county managers,
county finance managers, sheriff’s offices, and court clerks in all 100 of
North Carolina’s counties.1 The ACLU-NC reviewed the responses and
sent another round of public record requests to the counties that did not
respond. Ultimately, the ACLU-NC received responses as follows:
● 89 counties responded at least to acknowledge that they had re-
ceived the requests
● 57 counties responded with some data responsive to the particular
requests made
● 11 counties reported booking data for people arrested for unpaid
court debt (296 total arrests)
● 34 counties reported data on budget costs of the county jail
● 40 counties reported data on fines and fees revenue
On the next page is a graphic representation of county responses. As
seen on the map, the reporting counties represent a cross-section of
rural, urban, and mid-sized counties in North Carolina.
The ACLU-NC also conducted court observations to document how
court fines and fees were meted out in our state as well as the impact
this form of punishment had on North Carolinians. The observa-
tions occurred in four counties spanning the state’s geography and
demographics:
Robeson County, a county on the South Carolina border in the east-
ern portion of the state with a large Native American population;
1 ACLU-NC also sent public record requests to AOC and DPS seeking information including the number of
North Carolinians incarcerated for fines and fees. AOC and DPS responded but did not produce responsive
data on point.

Alleghany Currituck
Ashe Surry Stokes Rockingham Person Northampton Gates Camden
Caswell Vance Warren Hertford Pasquotank
Watauga Granville Halifax Perquimans
Wilkes Yadkin Forsyth Orange
Avery Guilford Franklin Bertie Chowan
Mitchell Caldwell Alamance Durham Nash
Alexander Davie
Madison Yancey Edgecombe
Burke Iredell Davidson
Martin WashingtonTyrrell Dare
Wake
Buncombe McDowell Catawba Randolph Chatham Wilson
Rowan
Haywood Pitt Beaufort
Swain Lincoln Lee Johnston Greene Hyde
Rutherford Cabarrus
Graham Henderson Stanly Moore Harnett Wayne Lenoir
Jackson Polk Gaston
Cleveland Mecklenburg Montgomery Craven
Macon Transylvania
Cherokee Pamlico
Clay Richmond Cumberland Sampson Jones
Union Anson Hoke Duplin
Scotland Onslow Carteret
Robeson Bladen
Pender
Columbus
Counties Reporting Jail Data & Fee Data
NewHanover
Brunswick
Counties Reporting Fee Data Only
Counties Reporting Jail Data Only
Counties Not Reporting Jail or Fee Data
Edgecombe County, an agrarian county in northeastern North

Carolina with a majority Black population;
Avery County, a rural, overwhelmingly white Appalachian county
on the Tennessee border in the northwestern corner of the state;
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina’s most populous county and
home to the state’s largest city by population, Charlotte.
Between January 2017 and May 2018, the ACLU-NC’s staff and
volunteer law students observed and documented how courts in these
four counties imposed and enforced the collection of fines and fees. We
conducted at least 100 court observations in each county and docu-
mented the experiences of 412 North Carolinians who appeared in court
as defendants.
Each observation collected 26 data points, including the person’s de-
mographic information, the type and date of their hearing, the charges
they faced, if they had legal counsel present, and whether or not the
court asked about their financial circumstances. These court observa-
tions were supplemented by interviews of public defenders and people
personally ordered to pay excessive fines and fees to amplify on patterns
and practices in the observed counties.
7
Key Findings
The data collected through public record requests, in-person court observations,
and associated research revealed these key trends:
1. Criminal court fines and fees in North Carolina have risen exponentially over the
last 20 years. These costs are not proportional to the crimes charged, and they do not
necessarily relate to any expense the state accrued in a particular case.
2. Court fines and fees disproportionately harm communities of color and low-wealth
North Carolinians.
3. A large portion of the fees courts collect go directly to the state’s general fund.
Fines and fees revenue streams have helped replace funds that were lost due to cuts
to the state’s income, estate, and corporate tax rates. The increased state reliance on
court fines and fees constitute a huge step toward regressive taxation given that low-
wealth North Carolinians are overrepresented in court.
4. The North Carolina General Assembly has adopted laws that make it more difficult
for judges to waive court fines and fees. These efforts have largely succeeded, reduc-
ing the already low number of waivers granted.
5. Court fines and fees harm the lives of hundreds of thousands of North Carolinians
through incarceration or other civil penalties, such as losing the right to vote, losing
access to public benefits, or losing driver’s licenses.
6. On average, a county spends more money incarcerating a North Carolinian for court
debt than that individual owes in court debt.
7. Courts often do not appoint legal counsel for people who face incarceration for
nonpayment of fines and fees. Many people are unconstitutionally sentenced to jail
without being provided a lawyer or a meaningful process to voluntarily waive counsel.
8. State district court judges often do not conduct constitutionally-mandated inqui-

ries into a person’s financial situation before imposing court fines and fees. Even when
appointed, defense attorneys often do not sufficiently advocate for the waiver of court
fines and fees.

9. When judges inquire about a defendant’s financial circumstances, the assessment
is often not tethered to objective criteria such as the federal poverty level. This leads
to arbitrary decisions regarding the imposition of fines and fees and results in many
North Carolinians being ordered to pay despite their inability to do so.
10. Instead of waiving court fines and fees for people who are unable to pay, judges
often keep defendants under court supervision. If this includes continuing proba-
tion, then North Carolinians can lose everything from the right to vote to the ability to
drive. If someone’s fines are not waived, they also have to repeatedly return to court,
imperiling everything from educational opportunities to job security to childcare while
spending their limited financial resources on court debt rather than life’s necessities.
11. Court practices ensuring adequate legal representation and meaningful inquiries

into a defendant’s ability to pay can mitigate the harms caused by North Carolina’s sys-
tem of court fines and fees.
9
North Carolina Increasingly
Relies Upon Court Fines and
Fees as Revenue Source
The breadth and punitive nature of court fines and fees have increased
In 1999, a North exponentially in recent decades. Further, these funds do not all stay in
Carolinian the court system but instead fund wide-ranging, non-judicial responsi-
charged with a bilities as well.
First, the breadth of court fees the state asks North Carolinians
felony would face to shoulder has increased dramatically. Over the course of the past
a total of $106 in 20 years, the number of fees has ballooned from four to 45 in North
court fines and Carolina district court.2
As this staggering increase suggests, there are now fees associated
fees. Today $106
with nearly every part of a criminal case. Someone who is detained
would barely before her trial can be charged $10 for every day they are incarcerated
cover two-thirds if she is convicted of an offense.3 If a blood test is necessary as part of
of the General a criminal case, the criminal defendant can be charged $600.4 If a lab
technician comes to court to testify, the defendant is subject to another
Court of Justice $600 fee.5 If an indigent individual seeks a court-appointed attorney
fee in district and is convicted, she is charged an initial $60 and also can be charged
court and less hourly attorney fees.6 She could also be charged $40 a day to be held
in North Carolina state prison.7 Even efforts to avoid serving jail time
than half of the
come with potential costs. For example, community service that is im-
fines and fees posed for an offense comes with a fee of $250.8
associated with
a typical traffic
citation. 2 Compare N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Basic Court Costs and Fees (Feb. 1, 1999), https://
www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/court_cost_chart-1999final.pdf?JKjPSx-
11mWG.6RmafTi93Zd6RBjATk_o with N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Court Costs
and Fees Chart 1–2 (Dec. 1, 2018), https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publica-
tions/2018-court-costs-chart-criminal.pdf?mQXpZcjc21PxkMh9gyq8_JfYmaZZ0rjX; see also
Joseph Neff, No Mercy for Judges Who Show Mercy, The Marshall Project (Nov. 29, 2017 10:00
PM), https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/11/29/no-mercy-for-judges-who-show-mercy
(noting that, including superior court fees, there are now 52 fees associated with the state
criminal justice system).
3 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Court Costs and Fees Chart 2 (Dec. 1, 2018), https://www.
nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/2018-court-costs-chart-criminal.pdf?mQXpZc-
jc21PxkMh9gyq8_JfYmaZZ0rjX (included herein as Appendix A).
4 Id.
5 Id.
6 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455.1(a)–(b) (2017).
7 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Court Costs and Fees Chart 2 (Dec. 1, 2018), https://www.
nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/2018-court-costs-chart-criminal.pdf?mQXpZc-
jc21PxkMh9gyq8_JfYmaZZ0rjX (included herein as Appendix A).
8 Id.

Further, court fines and fees do not necessarily relate to any expense
the state accrued in a particular case. For example, a North Carolinian
convicted of any criminal offense can be charged a DNA fee whether or
not any DNA analysis was done in her case.9
Second, the cost of fees has risen over the same time period. For in-
stance, anyone held responsible for a criminal offense is subject to the
General Court of Justice Fee.10 Twenty years ago that fee was $61.00 for
cases in district court.11 Today it is $147.50.12 Additional automatic fees
drive the initial court costs up to $173.00.13
In 1999, a North Carolinian charged with a felony would face a total of
$106 in court fines and fees.14 Today $106 would barely cover two-thirds
of the General Court of Justice fee in district court15 and less than half
of the fines and fees associated with a typical traffic citation.16
These exploding fines and fees are symptomatic of a move toward
regressive taxation in the state. Fines and fees are not simply used to
fund the court system. Instead, they are often allocated to fund a range
of completely unrelated government programs. In fiscal year 2016-17,
the North Carolina judicial branch remitted nearly $263 million to the
state’s General Fund.17 North Carolina taps that unrestricted pool of
money to fund its general expenditures.18 While costs and fees have
risen, North Carolina has repealed the state estate tax, created a mod-
ified flat income tax,19 and reduced the corporate income tax rate from
6.9 percent to 2.5 percent.20
9 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a)(9) (2017).

10 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a) (2017).
11 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Basic Court Costs and Fees (Feb. 1, 1999), https://
www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/court_cost_chart-1999final.
pdf?JKjPSx11mWG.6RmafTi93Zd6RBjATk_o.
12 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Court Costs and Fees Chart 1 (Dec. 1, 2018), https://
www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/2018-court-costs-chart-criminal.
pdf?mQXpZcjc21PxkMh9gyq8_JfYmaZZ0rjX.
13 Id. (showing that statutorily appended fees—such as the Facilities Fee, Telecommunications
and Data Connectivity Fee, and LEO Retirement/Insurance fee—increase initial court costs to
$173.00).
14 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Basic Court Costs and Fees (Feb. 1, 1999), https://
www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/court_cost_chart-1999final.
pdf?JKjPSx11mWG.6RmafTi93Zd6RBjATk_o.
15 See N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Court Costs and Fees Chart 1 (Dec. 1, 2018), https://
www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/2018-court-costs-chart-criminal.pdf?mQX-
pZcjc21PxkMh9gyq8_JfYmaZZ0rjX (included herein as Appendix A).
16 Heather Hunt & Gene Nichol, N.C. Poverty Research Fund, Court Fines and Fees:
Criminalizing Poverty in North Carolina 7 (Winter 2017), http://www.law.unc.edu/documents/
poverty/publications/court_fines_and_fees.pdf (“Between January and October 2017, the aver-
age amount paid online for non-contested traffic citations was $226.”).
17 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Statistical and Operational Report of the Budget
Management and Financial Services 5 (2016-2017), https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/doc-
uments/publications/2016-17_budget_and_financial_statistical_and_operational_report.
pdf?7bLMhqhE9_d_d5zs_YvvxOcW2ZZNKlVz.
18 Hunt & Nichol, supra note 16 at 21.
19 Mark Binker, Breaking down the 2013 tax package, WRAL (July 19, 2013), https://www.wral.
com/breaking-down-the-2013-tax-package/12678653/.
20 N.C. Justice Ctr., Corporate tax cuts are a boon to shareholders, not
state economies (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.ncjustice.org/budget-and-tax/
11
North Carolina Pushes
the Judiciary into Debt Collecting
Fines and fees are rising despite clear federal and state constitutional
dictates that courts must consider whether a person can afford to pay
court costs before ordering them to do so.
The United States Supreme Court held in 1983 in Bearden v. Georgia
that judges “must inquire into the reasons for the failure to pay” court
costs.21 Further, the Bearden Court held that the due process and equal
protection guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibit “punish-
ing a person for his poverty.”22
Similarly, the North Carolina Constitution plainly states that “[t]here
shall be no imprisonment for debt in this State.”23
In March 2016, the U.S. Department of Justice wrote to state Chief
Justices and state court administrators reminding them that incarcer-
ating individuals for nonpayment of court debt without determining
their ability to pay was unconstitutional.24
And just this year the United States Supreme Court unanimously
lamented ongoing state and local reliance “on fines and fees as a source
of general revenue.”25 Canvassing history from the 1215 signing of the
Magna Carta, to the racist Black Codes of the Jim Crow South, to the
present day, the Court reminded policymakers that “the protection
against excessive fees has been a constant shield throughout Anglo-
American history[.]”26 Such protection is necessary to prevent “
[e]xorbinant tolls” from “undermin[ing] . . . constitutional liberties.”27
Unfortunately, North Carolina has instead adopted measure after
measure that is at odds with these constitutional mandates and
warnings.
corporate-tax-cuts-are-boon-shareholders-not-state-economies.
21 461 U.S. 660, 672 (1983).
22 Id. at 671. The due process and equal protection guarantees of the state constitution overlap
vparallel nature of state and federal equal protection guarantees); Patmore v. Town of Chapel
Hill, 757 S.E.2d 302, 304 (N.C. Ct. App. 2014) (noting parallel nature of federal due process
guarantee and state “law of the land” clause).
23 N.C. Const. art. I, § 28.
24 U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Dear Colleague Letter on Fines and Fees (Mar. 14, 2016), https://www.
courts.wa.gov/subsite/mjc/docs/DOJDearColleague.pdf.
25 Timbs v. Indiana, No. 17-1091, slip op. at 7 (S. Ct. Feb. 20, 2019) (quoting Brief of ACLU et al.
as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioner at 7).
26 Id. at 4-6.
27 Id. at 6.

First, as noted above, the state has exponentially increased the
breadth and harshness of court fines and fees. As a consequence, more
low-wealth North Carolinians face the prospect of greater court debt
even for modest offenses such as minor traffic infractions.
Second, in 2013, North Carolina lawmakers passed a law that made
a substantial portion of people charged with Class 3 misdemeanors,
such as speeding more than 15 miles per hour over the posted limit28
or possession of less than a half ounce of marijuana,29 ineligible for
court-appointed attorneys.30 But even these minor offenses come with
substantial court fines and fees. Now North Carolinians must navigate
these charges and their attendant fines and fees without the benefit of a
lawyer to advise them of their rights.
Third, state legislators have taken steps to deter judges from granting
waivers to people who are unable to pay court debt. In 2015, the General
Assembly approved legislation requiring the AOC to track the number
of times individual judges waive court costs.31 This data is then publicly
released in an annual report.32
Many judges interpret this as a method of public shaming that seeks
to end the waiver of court fines and fees entirely. “What purpose does
it serve? To embarrass people, I guess,” said Richard Boner, a retired
Mecklenburg County Superior Court judge and registered Republican.33
Similarly, former Durham County District Court Judge and current
Democratic state Representative Marcia Morey underscored the per-
versity in shaming judges for following the Constitution as part of
an exercise in drawing blood from a stone: “Evidently the legislators
wanted to know who the ‘soft’ judges were that allowed people not to
fork over money they did not have.”34
Fourth, the state has sought to make it more administratively difficult
for judges to waive fines and fees faced by indigent North Carolinians.
28 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-141(j1) (2017).

29 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(d)(4) (2017).
30 Current Operations and Capital Improvements Appropriations Act of 2013, § 18B.13(a),
2013 N.C. Sess. Laws 2013-360 (codified at N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.23(d) (2017)) (“Unless
otherwise provided for a specific offense, the judgment for a person convicted of a Class 3 mis-
demeanor who has no more than three prior convictions shall consist only of a fine”); see also
John Rubin, Appointment of Counsel for Class 3 Misdemeanors, UNC Sch. of Gov’t (Nov. 2013),
https://www.sog.unc.edu/resources/faq-collections/appointment-counsel-class-3-misdemeanors
(discussing the ramifications of the Class 3 Misdemeanor legislation).
31 Current Operations and Capital Improvements Appropriations Act of 2015, § 18A.3(a), 2015
N.C. Sess. Laws 2015-241 (codified at N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-350 (2017)).
32 See, e.g., N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 2018 Report on Criminal Cost Waivers:
G.S. 7A-350 (Feb. 1, 2018), https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/wp-content/up-
loads/2018/02/20180201-NCAOC-Report-on-Criminal-Cost-Waivers.z.pdf. In contrast, the
AOC issues no annual report on how court fines and fees impact North Carolinians, nor were
they able to provide meaningful data in response to ACLU-NC public record requests on point.
33 Michael Gordon, His Sentence Carried No Jail Time. So Why Did He Keep Ending Up There?,
Charlotte Observer (Nov. 11, 2017), https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-govern-
ment/article183866506.html.
34 Marcia Morey, When Traffic Court Becomes Debtors’ Prison, News & Observer (Apr. 24,
2016), https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/community/durham-news/dn-opinion/arti-
cle72612127.html.
13
A provision adopted in 2017 requires a judge to give 15 days’ notice to
all governmental entities affected by fee waivers and allow them an
opportunity to be heard in court.35 If agencies exercise this new right
After the North to contest fee waivers, huge inefficiencies will result. Having agencies
travel across the state to seek what for them is a pittance and obligating
Carolina General an individual facing what to him or her is consequential debt to return
Assembly began to court will strain court calendars. According to Mecklenburg County
tracking which Chief District Court Judge Regan Miller, “[i]t’s clear that [this] provi-
sion is designed to make the process so cumbersome that judges will
judges were
elect not to waive costs[.]”36
waiving fees, the AOC sought to comply with this requirement while alleviating these
number of fee burdens by sending monthly notices to impacted agencies.37 It remains
waivers granted unclear whether all judges consider this notice legally sufficient to
satisfy the new requirement. Regrettably, one way a judge can avoid
fell by nearly concerns about complying with this notice obligation is to simply not
half, from 87,006 consider waiving fees.
in 2016 to 45,882 While it is too soon to weigh the full effect of these new rules, it is
already plain that they have succeeded at pushing the judiciary further
in 2017. And
into serving as North Carolina’s debt collector. Most notably, after the
over the course North Carolina General Assembly began tracking which judges were
of the following waiving fees, the number of fee waivers granted fell by nearly half, from
year, the number 87,006 in 2016 to 45,882 in 2017.38 And over the course of the following
year, the number of fee waivers again fell by nearly half, to 28,036 in
of fee waivers 2018.39
again fell by Notably, even before this precipitous drop in waivers, just eight per-
nearly half, to cent of total fines and fees were waived.40 Only judges in Mecklenburg
and Cumberland counties waived more than 20 percent of fines and fees
28,036 in 2018.
in 2016.41 Judges in Camden, Perquimans, Cabarrus, and Moore coun-
ties waived less than 1 percent of fines and fees in 2017.42
35 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a) (2017).

36 Melissa Boughton, House and Senate Differ Over Budget Provisions
Making It Harder for Judges to Waive Fees for Poor Defendants, N.C.
Policy Watch (June 1, 2017), http://www.ncpolicywatch.com/2017/06/01/
house-senate-differ-budget-provision-making-harder-judges-waive-fees-poor-defendants/.
37 See N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Memorandum: New Fee Waiver Provision in the 2017
Appropriations Act (Nov. 13, 2017), https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/publications/
Fee_Waiver_Memo_w_attachments.pdf?nxKvQXSILwVJYRYbiGnnCo2gzDydbr7s.
38 Compare N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 2017 Report on Criminal Cost Waivers:
G.S. 7A-350 Table 1 (Feb. 1, 2017), https://www.ncleg.gov/documentsites/committees/
JLOCJPS/Reports/FY%202016-17/AOC_Report_on_Criminal_Cost_Waivers_2017-01-31.
pdf with N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 2018 Report on Criminal Cost Waivers:
G.S. 7A-350 Table 1 (Feb. 1, 2018), https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/wp-content/
uploads/2018/02/20180201-NCAOC-Report-on-Criminal-Cost-Waivers.z.pdf
39 Jamie Markham, 2019 Cost Waiver Report Available, UNC Sch. of Gov’t: N.C. Criminal Law,
(Feb. 7, 2019, 6:45 PM), https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/2019-cost-waiver-report-available/.
40 His Sentence Carried No Jail Time. So Why Did He Keep Ending Up There?, supra note 33.
41 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 2017 Report on Criminal Cost Waivers
Table 1 (Feb. 1, 2017), https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/wp-content/
uploads/2017/02/20170201-NCAOC-Report-on-Criminal-Cost-Waivers.z.pdf.
42 Id.

Judicial Orders and Waivers of Costs
100% 100,000 902,900
889,714
848,375
80% 80,000
60% 60,000
40% 40,000
20% 20,000
87,006
45,882 28,036
0% 0
2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
Ordered Waived
As discussed below in greater detail, the ACLU-NC’s more than 400

court observations reinforce this conclusion. Defendants facing court
fines and fees in our observations rarely had counsel with them in
court. A person’s ability to pay these fines and fees was rarely raised
by defense counsel (when they were present) or by the presiding judge.
While the ACLU-NC observed some judges scrupulously conducting
ability-to-pay hearings as constitutionally required, far more fre-
quently observers saw judges imposing court fines and fees without
doing so.43 In fact, the ACLU-NC observed judges who plainly regarded
debt collecting as central to their judicial role. For example, upon
the retirement of one of the judges the ACLU-NC observed, the local
district attorney paid him a dispiriting compliment: “[Judge Herbert
Richardson, Sr.] was the best money collector I’ve ever seen.”44
43 In ACLU-NC’s courts observations in Robeson, Edgecombe and Avery counties, a defendant’s
ability to pay court fines and fees was weighed in 24 percent, 5 percent, and 25 percent of cases,
respectively. Infra, pp. 17, 20, 22.
44 Annick Joseph, Richardson Putting Down Gavel at End of Year, Robesonian (Mar. 24, 2018),
https://www.robesonian.com/news/109225/richardson-putting-down-gavel-at-end-of-year.
15
Beyond Debtors’ Prisons:
The Collateral Consequences
of Court Debt
The quintessential and most commonly understood symbol of court debt

is the debtors’ prison. Since Charles Dickens sent Wilkins Micawber
to the King’s Bench Prison in David Copperfield and Mr. Pickwick to
the Fleet in The Pickwick Papers, incarcerating the poor for their pov-
erty has been broadly reviled. Unfortunately, and as discussed below
in greater detail, North Carolina has not yet fully extinguished these
ghosts of Dickens.
Less commonly understood, and far more pervasive than incarcera-
tion for debt, are the other collateral consequences of court fines and
fees. For some people, fines and fees can be worse than a conviction as,
for example, a person can keep her job with a criminal record but sub-
sequently lose her housing as a result of fees.45 As the brief snapshots
below illustrate, these collateral consequences can not only trap North
Carolinians in a cycle of poverty but also diminish their status as citi-
zens of their state and country. And, as fewer and fewer court fines and
fees are waived in North Carolina, more and more people are ensnared
by these collateral consequences.
Probation and Associated Consequences

Probation is a form of court-ordered supervision short of incarcera-
tion for individuals convicted of a crime. It can range from largely an
admonition to avoid further legal trouble in the case of unsupervised
probation,46 to far more intrusive in the case of supervised probation.
Among other things, an individual on supervised probation reports to a
probation officer, is subject to warrantless searches by said officer and
law enforcement, and, of course, pays a $40 per month supervision fee.47
Payment of fines and fees is a condition of probation in North Carolina.48
In other words, an individual is not free from some manner of court su-
pervision until she can pay off her court debt or have it waived.

46 Jamie Markham, Unsupervised Probation, UNC Sch. of Gov’t: N.C. Criminal Law, (Mar. 5,
2014, 5:24 PM), https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/unsupervised-probation/.
47 Id.
48 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1344 (2017).

This impacts both individuals who have never been incarcerated as
well as individuals who have just been released. In fact, an estimated
80 to 85 percent of Americans who have been incarcerated leave prison
carrying court debt.49
Research as well as data obtained by the ACLU-NC via public record
requests and in-court observations makes plain the myriad conse-
quences of remaining on probation due to court debt. They include:
● Potential incarceration as “[d]efaulting on court debt represents
a violation of [probation] terms, even if the defendant is in complete
compliance otherwise”50;
● Prolongation of probation51 and consequent loss of liberty includ-
ing, but not limited to, being subject to warrantless searches52;
● Continued imposition of court costs, ranging from monthly fees
associated with supervised probation53 to the 8 percent interest rate
charged on outstanding court debt;54
● Loss of the right to vote,55 ability to seek elected office,56 or
serve on a jury57 for North Carolinians on felony probation;58
● Loss of access to anti-poverty programs including Temporary
Assistance to Needy Families (TANF),59 the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),60 housing assistance,61 and
Supplemental Security Income (SSI);62 and
● Day-to-day challenges ranging from missing work and arranging
for child care because of repeat court appearances or meetings with
probation officers to having to choose between court debt and the
necessities of life.
Tying court debt to probation potentially transforms “punishment from
a temporally limited experience to a long-term status”63 with dire conse-
quences for those seeking to move forward with their lives.
49 Joseph Shapiro, As Court Fees Rise, the Poor are Paying the Price, NPR (May 19, 2014),
https://www.npr.org/2014/05/19/312158516/increasing-court-fees-punish-the-poor.
51 See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1344 (2017).
52 Markham, supra note 46.
53 Id.
54 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 24-1 (2017) (stating that the legal rate of interest applicable to court debt
“shall be eight percent”).
55 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163A-841(a)(2) (2017).
56 N.C. Const. art. VI, § 8.
57 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 9-3 (2017).
58 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 13-1 (2017).
59 42 U.S.C. § 608(a)(9)(A)(ii) (2012).
60 7 U.S.C. § 2015(k)(1)(B) (2012).
61 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(d)(1)(B)(v)(II) (2012).
62 42 U.S.C. § 1382(e)(4)(A)(ii) (2012).
63 Alexes Harris, Heather Evans & Katherine Beckett, Drawing Blood from Stones: Legal Debt
and Social Inequality in the Contemporary United States, 115 Am. J. Soc. 1753, 1755 (2010).
17
Driver’s Licenses
There is only one traffic-related offense that automatically results in a
North Carolinian having her driver’s license revoked for more than 30
days: failure to pay traffic fines and associated court fees. While other,
There is only one more serious traffic offenses bring no such long-term, categorical depri-
vation, North Carolina automatically, and without sufficient notice of
traffic-related
potential recourse, revokes an individual’s driver’s license for an unpaid
offense that traffic ticket 40 days after a court judgment.64 As of May 30, 2018, the
automatically North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) had revoked approx-
results in a imately 264,000 driver’s licenses for nonpayment of court debt.65 And
when someone does come up with the money to pay off his or her traffic
North Carolinian fines, there is a $65 fee to restore a revoked license.66
having her More than 91 percent of North Carolinians depend on a car to get to
driver’s license and from work.67 In three of the four counties in which the ACLU-NC
conducted court observations — Robeson, Edgecombe, and Avery —
revoked for more
public transportation is not a meaningful option: respectively, 0.1
than 30 days: percent,68 0.6 percent,69 and 0.5 percent70 of these counties’ residents
failure to pay use public transportation to commute to work. Even “in metropolitan
traffic fines and regions with public transit, the typical resident without a car can reach
only 30 percent or so of jobs in 90 minutes.”71
associated court In short, potential incarceration is just the tip of the iceberg of ways
fees. that court debt can ruin the lives of low-wealth North Carolinians. And
many of these collateral consequences — such as excluding people from
anti-poverty programs and revoking driver’s licenses — actively frus-
trate the state’s efforts to collect outstanding court debt, as they further
push people into a cycle of poverty.
Who Pays the Price?

There is currently no way to comprehensively assess the toll of court
fines and fees on North Carolinians. Each county that responded to the
64 ACLU, Civil Rights Groups Sue North Carolina DMV for Revoking Drivers’ Licenses of People
Who Cannot Pay Traffic Tickets (May 31, 2018), https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-rights-groups-
sue-north-carolina-dmv-revoking-drivers-licenses-people-who-cannot-pay. In May 2018,
ACLU-NC and other groups challenged this license revocation regime as violating the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution’s guarantee of due process of equal protection.
Id.
65 Stipulated Joint Statement of Facts at 4, Johnson v. Jessup, No. 1:18-cv-00467 (M.D.N.C. Jan.
23, 2019).
66 N.C. Div. of Motor Vehicles, Driver License Restoration, https://www.ncdot.gov/dmv/li-
cense-id/license-suspension/Pages/driver-license-restoration.aspx (last visited Dec. 20, 2018).
67 U.S. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Transp. Statistics, North Carolina: Transportation by the
Numbers (Jan. 2016), https://www.bts.gov/sites/bts.dot.gov/files/legacy/north_carolina.pdf.
68 N.C. Dep’t. of Commerce, County Profile: Robeson County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://accessnc.
nccommerce.com/DemoGraphicsReports/pdfs/countyProfile/NC/37155.pdf.
69 N.C. Dep’t. of Commerce, County Profile: Edgecombe County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://ac-
cessnc.nccommerce.com/DemoGraphicsReports/pdfs/countyProfile/NC/37065.pdf.
70 N.C. Dep’t. of Commerce, County Profile: Avery County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://accessnc.

ACLU-NC’s public record requests had different methods of 1) docu-
menting people who are arrested for unpaid court debt, 2) reporting
the amount of money the county spends to house people per day, and 3)
reporting data on fines and fees revenue.
As detailed above, many counties either did not have or did not pro-
vide information on their court debt practices.72 In fact, only three
counties were fully responsive to the ACLU-NC’s public record requests
on point.
In addition, the comprehensiveness of the data supplied by respon-
sive counties is suspect. For example, the 11 counties who responded
reported only 296 arrests stemming from unpaid court debt in the six
months prior to the response date. By contrast, the ACLU-NC observed
41 people jailed for outstanding court debt in just 412 court observa-
tions. This dissonance suggests counties are not capturing the full scope
of this problem.
From the data received and the observations conducted, however, it is
plain that court fines and fees fall most heavily on the poor and people
of color and that counties lose money by locking people up for failure to
pay court debts.
North Carolina’s Poor

Nationally, 80 to 90 percent of people charged with a crime are indi-
gent.73 One outcome of this reality is plain: those least able to afford
court fines and fees are most likely to face them. In the ACLU-NC’s
court observations, lack of legal representation corresponded with neg-
ative outcomes pertaining to court fines and fees.
For example, the vast majority of people incarcerated for failure to
pay court fines and fees observed by the ACLU-NC occurred in the two
poorest counties, which were also the counties in which people were
least likely to have legal representation. Robeson County has a poverty
rate of 30.8 percent74; Edgecombe County’s rate is 25.7 percent.75 The
poverty rates in Avery and Mecklenburg counties are, respectively,
more modest: 16.7 percent76 and 12.1 percent.77 Defendants in Robeson
and Edgecombe counties, respectively, had legal representation in 25
72 See supra Methodology.

73 See generally Caroline Wolf Harlow, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Defense
Counsel in Criminal Cases, U.S. Dep’t of Justice (Nov. 2000), https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/
pdf/dccc.pdf (discussing how publicly financed attorneys represent most criminal defendants).
74 Data USA, Robeson County, NC, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/robeson-county-nc/ (last visited
Dec. 17, 2018).
75 Data USA, Edgecombe County, NC, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/edgecombe-county-nc/ (last
visited Dec. 17, 2018).
76 Data USA, Avery County, NC, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/avery-county-nc/ (last visited Dec.
17, 2018).
77 Data USA, Mecklenburg, NC, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/mecklenburg-county-nc/ (last
visited Dec. 17, 2018).
19
percent78 and 15 percent79 of cases observed by the ACLU-NC. Robeson
County jailed 32 people for failure to pay court fines and fees,80 while
Edgecombe County jailed six.81 By contrast, a much higher percentage
of individuals had legal representation in Mecklenburg − 88 percent −82
and Avery − 77 percent −83 counties. In 200 ACLU-NC court observa-
tions in these two counties, only three people total were locked up for
failure to pay court fines and fees.84
Though it was generally associated with better outcomes, the pres-
ence of an attorney alone was not enough to ensure the vindication of
constitutional rights. Though more than three in four individuals had
legal representation in Avery County, in approximately nine of ten
cases observed by the ACLU-NC, neither the party’s counsel nor the
presiding judge raised the issue of ability to pay fines and fees.85
These observations point to a broader reality: court culture impacts
how fines and fees are meted out. While discussions of the constitu-
tional rights of the impoverished vis-à-vis court fines and fees were
almost nonexistent in Avery County, they were front and center in
Mecklenburg County, which has recently focused on addressing finan-
cial burdens associated with the criminal justice system. Information on
ability to pay court fines and fees was sought by Mecklenburg County
judges and/or offered by counsel in nearly 80 percent of cases observed
by the ACLU-NC.86
North Carolina’s People of Color

It is well documented that people of color are disproportionately en-
snared by the criminal justice system. Racial bias, both explicit and
implicit, has fueled widespread disparities in which people of color are
subjected to street stops, traffic stops, vehicle searches, arrests, and in-
carceration at alarming rates.87 In North Carolina, for instance, though
78 Robeson County Courtroom Observations 1-8 (Jan. 23, 2017–Nov. 27, 2017) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
79 Edgecombe County Courtroom Observations 1-5 (May 31, 2017–June 6, 2018) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
ACLU-NC).
81 Edgecombe County Courtroom Observations 1-5 (May 31, 2017–June 6, 2018) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
82 Mecklenburg County Courtroom Observations 1-21 (Jan. 17, 2017–Dec. 6, 2017) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
83 Avery County Courtroom Observations 1-9 (June 28, 2017–May 22, 2018) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
84 Id.; Mecklenburg County Courtroom Observations 1-21 (Jan. 17, 2017–Dec. 6, 2017) (on file
with ACLU-NC).
ACLU-NC).
86 Mecklenburg County Courtroom Observations 1-21 (Jan. 17, 2017–Dec. 6, 2017) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
87 See, e.g, Radley Balko, There’s Overwhelming Evidence that the Criminal-Justice System
is Racist. Here’s the Proof., Wash. Post (Sept. 18, 2018), https://www.washingtonpost.com/

Black people constitute only 22 percent of the general population,88 they
represent 47 percent of people incarcerated in state prisons.89
A similar dynamic was apparent in the data provided to and the court
observations conducted by the ACLU-NC.
First, in each county with a significant minority population,90 people
In North of color were overrepresented in the ACLU-NC’s court observations. For
Carolina, for example, though only 32.8 percent of Mecklenburg County is Black,91
68 of 100 defendants were Black in court observations conducted by the
instance, though
ACLU-NC.92
Black people Given their disproportionate exposure to the criminal justice sys-
constitute only tem, it is unsurprising that people of color were also disproportionately
22 percent of impacted by court fines and fees. Of the 11 counties reporting booking
data, 296 individuals were locked up for failure to pay court fines and
the general fees over a six-month period. However, even the data provided by the
population, they responsive counties was not comprehensive. For example, the race of
represent 47 those incarcerated was apparent in only 217 of the 296 reports. But, of
the 217 individuals for whom racial and ethnicity data was provided,
percent of people
the disparate impact jumps off the page: 118 of these individuals, or
incarcerated in more than 54 percent, were Black.93 Black people make up only 11.8
state prisons. percent of the population of these eleven counties.94
Though smaller in sample size, the ACLU-NC’s court observations
paint a similar picture. In the three focus counties with significant
communities of color, at least95 29 of 39 individuals, or 74 percent, incar-
cerated for failure to pay court fines and fees were people of color. These
figures again outstrip the minority population of each county.96
news/opinions/wp/2018/09/18/theres-overwhelming-evidence-that-the-criminal-justice-sys-
tem-is-racist-heres-the-proof/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.5ad14ab15d4e.
88 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.census.gov/
quickfacts/nc.
89 N.C. Dep’t Pub. Safety, Fiscal Year 2016–2017 Annual Statistical Report 11, https://randp.doc.
state.nc.us/pubdocs/0007081.PDF.
90 Avery County does not have a significant minority population as it is nearly 95 percent white,
U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Avery County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/averycountynorthcarolina, a fact reflected in ACLU-NC’s court observa-
tions. Avery County Courtroom Observations 1-9 (June 28, 2017–May 22, 2018) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
91 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/mecklenburgcountynorthcarolina.
92 Mecklenburg County Courtroom Observations 1-21 (Jan. 17, 2017-Dec. 6, 2017) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
93 Delvin Davis, ACLU Fines and Fees Public Record Data Report (July 13, 2018) (included, in
part, herein as Appendix C).
94 The counties in question are Brunswick, Dare, Davie, Haywood, Henderson, New Hanover,
Person, Rutherford, Union, Vance, and Wilkes counties. See Appendix B included herein for a
breakdown of each county’s racial composition.
95 This “at least” qualifier reflects the fact that the race of some defendants was not plain in
court observations.
96 Mecklenburg County is approximately 42 percent non-white. U.S. Census Bureau,
QuickFacts: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.census.gov/
quickfacts/mecklenburgcountynorthcarolina. Edgecombe county is approximately 60 percent
non-white. U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Edgecombe County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017),
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/edgecombecountynorthcarolina. And Robeson County is
21
North Carolina’s Counties
Finally, the ACLU-NC found that these practices result in a net fi-
nancial loss for county governments. According to 144 arrest records
produced with responsive data, the average jail stay for someone ar-
rested for failure to pay court debt is 20.5 days. For the 34 counties that
provided responsive data, the daily amount counties pay to incarcerate
a person ranges from $18.00 per person in Person County to $188.19 per
person in Mecklenburg County. The median daily cost to jail someone
for court debt was $56.52 per person. Meanwhile, the data from 132
arrest records with responsive data on point indicate the average mon-
etary balance owed to the court is $525.48 per arrested person. In sum,
and excluding administrative costs for court hearings, counties spend
on average $1,158.66 to jail someone for an average outstanding court
debt of $525.48.97
These findings from the ACLU-NC’s public record requests comport
with other data on point. For example, records from 2009 show that
Mecklenburg County jailed 246 defendants for failure to pay court
debts. The cost of the jail terms alone totaled more than $40,000, yet the
county collected only $33,746.”98 The reason so little money is collected?
In the words of a former AOC director, defendants are “among the very
poorest and most destitute in the state.”99
Even incomplete data makes clear that court debt exacts a terrible toll
on vulnerable North Carolinians and, when it results in incarceration,
further harms their counties’ bottom lines.
approximately 69 percent non-white. U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Robeson County, North
Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/robesoncountynorthcarolina.
97 Davis, supra note 93.
99 Letter from John W. Smith, Director, N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, to Beth Wood, State
Auditor, N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts (May 26, 2011), in Beth A. Wood, Performance Audit:
Judicial Department: Court-Ordered Fines, Fees, and Restitution, N.C. Admin. Office of the
Courts 20 (June 2011), http://www.ncauditor.net/EPSWeb/Reports/Performance/PER-2011-7251.
pdf.

The Four Counties
Robeson County
“That’s not even enough to buy you a man in jail.”
Robeson is a rural county located in the southeast portion of the state,
bordering South Carolina. Its racial composition is unique for North
Carolina: approximately a quarter Black, one-third white, and two-
fifths Native American, with a small population of other races and
ethnicities.100 In 2017 the county’s median household income was
$32,407, 35 percent lower than the state median. Twenty-nine percent
of the county lives in poverty,101 and its unemployment rate in 2017 was
6.6 percent.102
100 Compare U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Robeson County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017),
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/robesoncountynorthcarolina/PST045217 with
U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: North Carolina (July 1, 2017) https://www.census.gov/
quickfacts/nc.
101 Id. (showing a countywide median income of $32,407 in comparison to a statewide median
income of $50,320).
102 N.C. Dep’t. of Commerce, County Profile: Robeson County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://accessnc.
nccommerce.com/DemoGraphicsReports/pdfs/countyProfile/NC/37155.pdf
23
The county’s Native American population predominantly comprises
members of the Lumbee tribe.103 The Lumbee have fought for federal
recognition and protections since 1888, but the tribe continues to con-
front a series of onerous legislative hurdles and stringent processes that
prevent them from obtaining full and meaningful federal recognition.104
While the tribe received state recognition from North Carolina in
1953,105 the United States government has yet to fully recognize them.106
Currently, about 33 percent of Native Americans live in poverty in
Robeson County.107
“Despite the racial balance being similar, that is not what you see
in court,” says Deanna Glickman, an Assistant Public Defender in
Robeson County. “You see a lot of American Indians and Black clients.
There is a small amount of Hispanic clients. White clients are few and
far between.”108
The ACLU-NC’s court observations at the Robeson County courthouse
in Lumberton support Glickman’s statements. Out of 110 court obser-
vations conducted from January to December 2017, only 19 defendants
were white. By contrast, at least 46 defendants were Native American
and 39 were Black. Only 28 defendants had legal representation.109
Of the four counties observed by the ACLU-NC, Robeson County
presented the direst snapshot of the harms done by court fines and fees.
Despite the county’s pervasive poverty, in 84 out of 110 cases observed
by the ACLU-NC, the defendant’s ability to pay court fines and fees was
raised neither by counsel (when present) nor by the presiding judge.
A staggering 32 observations ended in an individual incarcerated for
failure to pay fines and fees, 23 of whom did not have legal counsel. And
103 See Glenn Ellen Starr Stilling, Lumbee Indians: The Fight for Federal Recognition, in
Encyclopedia of North Carolina 699, 699 (William S. Powell ed., 2006).
104 Id. at 702–03 (discussing the Lumbee tribe’s several attempts to become fully federally
recognized and detailing the federal government’s response that the 1956 Lumbee Act “forbade
a relationship between the Lumbee and the federal government through [the Bureau of Indian
Affairs]”).
105 Id. at 702.
106 Congress passed the 1956 Lumbee Act designating the Indians living in and around Robeson
County as the “Lumbee Indians of North Carolina.” Id. That same act, however, withheld the
federal benefits that come with full federal recognition and declared that federal laws affecting
Indians would not apply to the Lumbee. Id. That feature of the legislation effectively meant
that the federal government continued not to recognize the tribe. Id.; Lumbee Tribe of North
Carolina, History & Culture: Recognition, http://www.lumbeetribe.com/history--culture (last
visited Dec. 23, 2018); see also Lisa Rab, What Makes Someone Native American? One tribe’s
long struggle for full recognition, Wash. Post (Aug. 20, 2018), https://www.washingtonpost.com/
news/style/wp/2018/08/20/feature/what-makes-someone-native-american-one-tribes-long-
struggle-for-full-recognition/?utm_term=.e69f3e4e26d7 (noting that this lack of full recognition
means that the Lumbee tribe does not qualify for important federal Bureau of Indian Affairs
benefits).
107 Sarah Willets, Report: Poverty Entrenched, Robesonian (Apr. 15, 2016), https://www.robeso-
nian.com/news/86584/report-poverty-entrenched.
108 Interview with Deanna Glickman, Assistant Public Defender, Robeson County Public
Defender’s Office, in Lumberton, N.C. (Apr. 23, 2018).
ACLU-NC).

at least 24 of those locked up for failure to pay were Black or Native
American.110
Arrests for court debt alternatively took place because failure to pay
court debt activated a suspended sentence or was considered either a
probation violation or criminal contempt.111 Though law requires that
an individual be afforded the opportunity to show cause for why he
should not be held in contempt,112 the ACLU-NC never observed such
a hearing before an individual was jailed for contempt due to failure to
pay in Robeson County.113
Glickman understands well the underpinnings of debtors’ prisons in
Robeson County. Before she started working at the Robeson County
Public Defender’s Office, the county created a monthly noncompliance
court for those who failed to comply with their sentences. According to
Glickman, the noncompliance matters were overwhelmingly for crimi-
nal contempt for nonpayment of court costs.114
Observing the revolving door of defendants going to jail for being poor,
Glickman wondered how to stop the cycle. She noticed there was rarely
an attorney present to defend the approximately 150 people facing jail
time for nonpayment of fines and fees. “I was often in another court-
room, but I would get back just in time to see people escorted in chains,”
she said. Glickman became the first public defender to regularly sit in
noncompliance court and represent any person in need of counsel.115
During the course of its observations, the ACLU-NC saw the harsh
manner in which noncompliance court operated. For instance, the
ACLU-NC observed Judge William Jeffrey Moore preside over 47 cases
in noncompliance court on February 27, 2017, and March 27, 2017.
Judge Moore never waived court fines and fees during the course of
these observations,116 telling one defendant that he thought it was “un-
conscionable” not to impose any costs.117
A case observed on February 27, 2017, is sadly representative of how
Judge Moore ran noncompliance court during the course of the ACLU-
NC’s observations. M.D.,118 a single mother, appeared before him due
to $250 in outstanding court debt. In response to M.D. telling him she
did not have the $250, Judge Moore told her to get the money by the
end of the court session or she would go to jail. Fearing jail and losing
110 Id.
111 Id.
112 N.C. Gen Stat. § 5A-15 (2017).
ACLU-NC).
114 Interview with Deanna Glickman, Assistant Public Defender, Robeson County Public
Defender’s Office, in Lumberton, N.C. (Apr. 23, 2018).
115 Id.
116 Robeson County Courtroom Observation 2 (Feb. 27, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC); Robeson
County Courtroom Observation 4 (Mar. 27, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC).
117 Robeson County Courtroom Observation 4 (Mar. 27, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC).
118 ACLU-NC observed this interaction in open court but did not have the opportunity to inter-
view M.D. ACLU-NC is thus using M.D.’s initials in the interests of preserving her privacy.
25
Gregory Patterson
her children, M.D. paid her court debt out of her monthly rent. When
she told Judge Moore that she had paid using her rent money and was
unsure what she was going to tell her landlord, he said, “See, I told you
you had the money.” The woman left the courtroom crying.119
The problems in the Robeson County courthouse are not limited
to Judge Moore’s courtroom or noncompliance court more generally,
however.
On August 23, 2017, 23-year old Gregory Patterson walked into the
courtroom of the aforementioned “best [judicial] money collector” in
Robeson County, Judge Richardson.120 Patterson faced traffic charges
for speeding as well as operating a car without valid registration and
inspection, and with a revoked license.121 Minutes after he walked into
traffic court, Judge Richardson announced, “The first person to make
me mad is going to jail.”122
Soon after, Patterson’s name was called and he nervously approached
the judge. “Why are you in my county, boy?” Judge Richardson asked.
Patterson explained that he was a student at Shaw University and
was visiting his relatives who live in a nearby town. Patterson told the
119 Robeson County Courtroom Observation 2 (Feb. 27, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC).
120 Robeson County Courtroom Observation 6 (Aug. 23, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC).
121 Motion for Appropriate Relief at 2, State v. Patterson, No. 16CR709802-03 (Sup. Ct. Robeson
Cty. Oct. 20, 2017).

ACLU-NC that he had worked all summer as a cashier at an Italian
ice shop to earn money to pay for his impending traffic fines.123 Judge
Richardson told him that he was a “disgrace” to his university and not
Judge to come back to his county.124
Richardson Judge Richardson asked how much money Patterson had in his
asked how pocket. He replied he had around $200. “That’s not even enough to buy
you a man in jail,” the judge said. “And that’s where you’re going to end
much money up. In jail. Boy, do you know what they will do to you in jail? They will
Patterson had have fun with you in jail.” The judge tallied the court costs and asked
in his pocket. He Patterson if he could pay around $600 that day. Patterson said he could
replied he had not and asked for more time. The judge said that it would be handled
“today” and entered a conviction for Patterson, who neither pled guilty
around $200. nor was afforded a hearing.125 The judge sentenced him to $561 in fines
“That’s not even and 30 days in jail if he failed to pay, even though his charge was not
enough to buy eligible for jail time.126
Patterson said that he remembers telling the judge “thank you” be-
you a man in fore he walked out of the courtroom. “I wish I could take that back,” he
jail,” the judge said. “He dehumanized everyone, including treating the people in jail
said. “And that’s like animals.” Patterson said he wished that someone had taught him to
where you’re deal with police and the courts. He knew the judge’s actions were wrong,
but he was thinking, “Damn, I don’t want to call my mom and dad from
going to end up. jail.”127 With the help of the ACLU-NC, Patterson subsequently ob-
In jail. Boy, do tained pro bono counsel, who filed a motion128 and succeeded in having
you know what the conviction overturned as the suspended sentence was illegally
imposed given that the charges were only subject to a monetary pun-
they will do to ishment.129 The charges were ultimately reduced to speeding 64 miles
you in jail? They per hour in a 55 miles per hour zone and the fines and fees reduced to
will have fun $258.00.130
with you in jail.” That was not the only time the ACLU-NC witnessed Judge
Richardson joke about jail rape in his courtroom. Just three months
after Patterson’s case, on November 27, 2017, Judge Richardson ad-
dressed a line of Black and brown men waiting to resolve their court
matters in noncompliance court. “I can’t send you to jail, they would
throw you back. They need fresh meat. This is the worst crop of men…”
Here Judge Richardson paused for effect. “…wussy and wimpy. How
can you even find a woman?” One of the men standing in line made a
123 Interview with Gregory Patterson, in Durham, N.C. (May 28, 2018).
125 Id.
126 Motion for Appropriate Relief at 1-2, State v. Patterson, No. 16 CR 709802-03 (Sup. Ct.
Robeson Cty. Oct. 20, 2017).
128 Motion for Appropriate Relief, State v. Patterson, No. 16CR709802-03 (Sup. Ct. Robeson Cty.
Oct. 20, 2017).
130 N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, Case Details for Court Case No. Robeson 16CR709802 (Jan.
9, 2019) (Automated Criminal/Infraction System (ACIS) record on file with ACLU-NC).
27
face in response. A sheriff’s deputy approached the defendant and said,
“If you don’t like what the judge is saying, you can step outside.”131
At the time of that exchange, Judge Richardson was the longest-serv-
ing judge in North Carolina, having spent nearly 40 years on the bench.
He retired at the end of 2018.132
Edgecombe County
Squeezing blood from a stone
Edgecombe is an agricultural, predominately African American county
located in the northeastern part of the state. Over a quarter of its
52,000 inhabitants live in poverty.133 In the last 10 years, the county has
experienced a large decline in its agricultural industry, creating finan-
cial struggles for many families.134 The county’s 2017 unemployment
rate was 7.8 percent and its median household income was $34,612 in
2016.135
During the course of the ACLU-NC’s January to December 2017 court
observations, the defendants in the Tarboro courthouse were dispro-
portionately Black. While nearly 58 percent of Edgecombe County’s
population is Black,136 71 percent of those facing charges during the
ACLU-NC’s observations were Black.137
And, despite persistent poverty in Edgecombe County, people’s ability
to pay court fines and fees was rarely discussed. Out of 102 court obser-
vations conducted, only 15 people had attorneys. Edgecombe County
does not have a public defender’s office, and as in Robeson County,
judges failed to properly appoint counsel from the appointed list, and
people frequently faced jail time without the benefit of legal representa-
tion. An individual’s ability to pay court fines and fees was only raised
by counsel or the presiding judge in five out of 102 cases. In total, the
ACLU-NC observed six people incarcerated for nonpayment, four of
whom were without counsel. Four of those incarcerated were Black and
only one of those four individuals had legal representation.138
131 Robeson County Courtroom Observation 8 (Nov. 27, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC).
132 Richardson Putting Down Gavel at End of Year, supra note 44.
133 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Edgecombe County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/edgecombecountynorthcarolina.
134 See Edgecombe Cty. Gov’t, Economic Development: Industry, http://www.edgecombecoun-
tync.gov/departments/economic_development/industry.php (last visited Dec. 19, 2018).
135 N.C. Dep’t of Commerce, County Profile: Edgecombe County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://ac-
136 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Edgecombe County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/edgecombecountynorthcarolina. Edgecombe County is less than
five percent Latinx. Id. Latinx individuals were not significantly represented in ACLU-NC
court observations. Edgecombe County Courtroom Observations 1-5 (May 31, 2017-June 6,
2018) (on file with ACLU-NC).
137 Edgecombe County Courtroom Observations 1-5 (May 31, 2017-June 6, 2018) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
138 Id.

Steven Edwards and daughter, Paris
Steven Edwards is one local resident who has fallen into the court
debt trap. A 42-year-old Black man born and raised in Edgecombe
County, Edwards lost one of his legs in a 2003 car accident that also
killed his brother.139
Devastated, Edwards fell on hard times and eventually found himself
tangled in the criminal justice system. In 2012, Edwards was convicted
of drug charges for which he was incarcerated until 2014.140 He left
prison owing $1,354.50 in court debt and was also placed on supervised
probation,141 which comes with a $40 per month supervisory fee.142
Edwards has since completed all of his probationary requirements,
including not receiving any new charges, but he remains on probation
because he has not been able to pay off the court fines and fees that he
incurred while in prison.143
After the loss of his leg and criminal conviction, Edwards struggled
to find work so he could take care of his family and pay his outstand-
ing court debt. It took Edwards 10 years after his accident to receive
139 Interview with Steven Edwards, in Pinetops, N.C. (July 16, 2018).
140 Id.
141 Criminal Bill of Costs, State v. Edwards, No. 12CRS053764 (Sup. Ct. Edgecombe Cty. Feb. 4,
2014).
142 Markham, supra note 46.
143 Order on Violation of Probation or on Motion to Modify, State v. Edwards, No. 12CRS053764
(Sup. Ct. Edgecombe Cty. Dec. 1, 2015).
29
a disability check from the state. Today his $725 disability check
barely pays rent and utilities for him, his fiancé, and their 5-year-old
daughter.144
Edwards has now spent more than four years in and out of jail and
courtrooms because of his outstanding court debt.
On August 31, 2015, the year after he was originally released,
Edwards was sent to jail for 90 days for a probation violation stemming
from his failure to pay his court costs. He did not have counsel when
sentenced to jail for failure to pay.145
On June 6, 2018, a week after his mother died, Edwards returned to
court again for a probation violation hearing due to his outstanding
“There simply court debt, which had by that point been reduced to $1,189.50. Still
isn’t anything I unrepresented, he explained that he could not feed his family, bury his
could do or could mother, and pay the outstanding fines and fees. The assistant district
attorney agreed and signaled that the state was amenable to waiving
not do that is his outstanding court debt. Judge Walter Godwin, Jr., however, re-
legal that would fused to waive all of this debt. Judge Godwin concluded that Edwards’s
make it possible failure to pay was purposeful because he spent too much of his disability
check on rent and electricity. Judge Godwin cited no authority for his
for me to pay all determination, but reduced his costs to $539.50.146
my court cost The ACLU-NC represented Edwards at his next probation hearing
and fees and on December 3, 2018, at least the seventh time he had returned to
take care of my court due to his debt. Judge Godwin concluded that Edwards’ financial
circumstances did not “leave him destitute” despite evidence demon-
family.” strating that his expenses exceeded his income. While Judge Godwin
again reduced his costs to $145, he also told Edwards that he must pay
by the next hearing date.147
When asked if he ever saw himself being able to pay the remaining
court cost, Edwards replied, “There simply isn’t anything I could do or
could not do that is legal that would make it possible for me to pay all
my court cost and fees and take care of my family.”
Edwards now must stretch his $725 monthly disability check to cover
$300 per month in rent, $200 in average monthly electrical expenses,
$83 per month to a local funeral home for the costs associated with
cremating his mother, and his outstanding court debt, or he will poten-
tially return to jail.148
(Sup. Ct. Edgecombe Cty. Aug. 31, 2015).
146 Edgecombe County Courtroom Observation 5 (June 6, 2018) (on file with ACLU-NC).
(Sup. Ct. Edgecombe Cty. Dec. 3, 2018).

Avery County
Defense counsel bad practices leave defendants
vulnerable
Avery is a rural county nestled in the Appalachian Mountains near
the Tennessee border. More than 90 percent of its 17,689 residents are
white, and around 20 percent of those residents struggle with poverty.149
The unemployment rate in Avery County was 4.4 percent in 2017 and
the median household income was $38,098 in 2016.150
The Avery County courthouse in Newland reflects the overall popula-
tion of the county. Out of the 100 defendants observed between January
and May 2018, 97 were white.151 Avery County does not have a public
defender’s office so indigent defendants often rely upon attorneys from
the appointed list.
The ACLU-NC’s court observations presented a nuanced picture in
which ability to pay was rarely considered and fines and fees never
waived, but defendants were rarely locked up for failing to pay. In the
vast majority of cases observed by the ACLU-NC − 77 percent − defen-
dants had counsel. Yet, despite the substantial level of poverty in the
community, the ACLU-NC never saw a defense attorney seek to have
her clients’ costs waived due to inability to pay. Relatedly, the presiding
judges did not inquire into a person’s ability to pay court fines and fees
in 75 percent of these cases. Judges in Avery County locked up two peo-
ple for failure to pay; both were represented by counsel.152
Though defendants the ACLU-NC observed were less likely to be
incarcerated for failure to pay court fines and fees in Avery County than
Robeson or Edgecombe, the system still takes its toll.
Brandon Sutton is an 18-year-old resident of Avery County. According
to his mother, Sherry Sutton, Brandon has cognitive disabilities and
suffers from severe social anxiety. He dropped out of school after the 8th
grade. When the ACLU-NC met Sutton, he did not have any source of
income and was living in a two-bedroom trailer with his mother, his fa-
ther, his uncle, his sister, and three young children belonging to family
friends. The family subsisted on his father’s $738 disability check.153
Sutton does not have a driver’s license or own a car. There is no public
transit system in Avery County so for trips like the 20 minute-drive
from his parents’ trailer to the courthouse, he relies upon others for
transportation.154
149 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Avery County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/averycountynorthcarolina/PST045217.
150 N.C. Dep’t of Commerce, County Profile: Avery County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://accessnc.
ACLU-NC).
152 Id.
153 Interview with Sherry & Brandon Sutton, in Boone, N.C. (June 12, 2018).
154 Id.
31
Brandon Sutton
Sutton was convicted of possession of less than half an ounce of

marijuana on July 17, 2017. As a result, he was placed on supervised
probation and ordered to perform community service, take a substance
abuse class, and pay court costs.155
On May 22, 2018, Sutton’s grandfather gave him a ride to court in
Newland156 to face an allegation that he had violated his probation due,
in part, to failure to pay outstanding court debt.157 In court that day, his
attorney did not tell Judge Theodore McEntire that Sutton had only an
8th grade education or that his family barely made ends meet. Judge
McEntire did not inquire about Sutton’s ability to pay.158 After his
court-appointed attorney submitted fees for his representation, Sutton
owed more than $1,311.50 in court fines and fees, or almost twice the
amount of his father’s monthly disability check.159
155 Conditional Discharge Under G.S. 90-96(a1), State v. Sutton, No. 17CR50299 (Dist. Ct.
Avery Cty. July 17, 2017).
156 Interview with Sherry & Brandon Sutton, in Newland, N.C. (May 22, 2018).
157 Disposition/Modification of Conditional Discharge, State v. Sutton, No. 17CR50299 (Dist. Ct.
Avery Cty. May 22, 2018).
158 Avery County Courtroom Observation 9 (May 22, 2018) (on file with ACLU-NC).
159 Disposition/Modification of Conditional Discharge, State v. Sutton, No. 17CR50299 (Dist. Ct.
Avery Cty. May 22, 2018).

Since Sutton’s last court date, he has moved into his great grand-
mother’s trailer, where he shares a room with his cousin. His financial
struggles continue. His great grandmother, Doyle Sutton, told the
ACLU-NC that, unknown to her great grandson, she and Brandon’s
grandmother, Sherry Sutton, pooled money to pay for his court costs.
Fearing that Sutton would otherwise be sent to jail, Doyle tapped her
winter kerosene savings, and Sherry took out a small loan to cover the
court costs and fees.160
Though these steps saved Brandon from jail, the family does not now
know how they will pay for heat this winter.
Mecklenburg County
Promising steps but challenges remain
Mecklenburg County is located in the southwestern part of North

Carolina. Its county seat is Charlotte, the largest city in the state. With
more than a million people, Mecklenburg is the most populous county in
the state and one of the fastest-growing in the nation.161 The unemploy-
ment rate in Mecklenburg County was 4.3 percent in 2017; its median
household income was $63,197 in 2016.162
Though by far the wealthiest county studied by the ACLU-NC for this
report, Mecklenburg County is still deeply divided along racial lines
on everything from wage growth163 to neighborhood segregation.164 As
the ACLU-NC’s courtroom observations made plain, interactions with
the criminal justice system are also racially skewed and reflect the
dismal overrepresentation of people of color also seen in Robeson and
Edgecombe counties. Of the 100 court observations conducted during
the course of 2017 and 2018, 68 of the defendants were Black. Just
under a third of Mecklenburg County is Black.165
160 Interview with Doyle & Brandon Sutton, in Cranberry, N.C. (July 22, 2018).
161 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017),
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/mecklenburgcountynorthcarolina/PST045217;
Mecklenburg Cty. Gov’t, Mecklenburg County Community: Pulse Report 2, 8 (2017), https://
www.mecknc.gov/CountyManagersOffice/Documents/2017%20Mecklenburg%20County%20
Community%20Pulse%20Report.pdf.
162 N.C. Dep’t. of Commerce, County Profile: Mecklenburg County (NC) (Nov. 2018), https://ac-
163 Mecklenburg Cty. Gov’t, Mecklenburg County Community: Pulse Report 2, 8 (2017), https://
www.mecknc.gov/CountyManagersOffice/Documents/2017%20Mecklenburg%20County%20
Community%20Pulse%20Report.pdf (last visited July 21, 2018).
164 David A. Graham, Shattering Charlotte’s Myth of Racial Harmony, Atlantic (Sept. 22, 2016),
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/charlotte-race-history/501221/.
165 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017),
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/mecklenburgcountynorthcarolina/PST045217.
Though comprising nearly 20% of Mecklenburg County’s population, id., Latinax and Asian
individuals were not significantly represented in ACLU-NC’s court observations. Mecklenburg
County Courtroom Observations 1-21 (Jan. 17, 2017-Dec. 6, 2017) (on file with ACLU-NC).
33
However, courtroom observations in Mecklenburg County did provide
glimmers of hope. The vast majority − 88 percent − of criminal defen-
dants had legal representation, often from the office of the Mecklenburg
County Public Defender. In 82 out of 100 observations, judges con-
ducted a financial inquiry before imposing court costs. The ACLU-NC
observed only one individual locked up for court debt.166
Elizabeth Gerber has seen the good and the bad over the course of
her years as a Mecklenburg County assistant public defender. Though
Gerber said she rarely sees people locked up for nonpayment, she added
that she does see judges continue cases in the hopes that defendants
Elizabeth Gerber will come up with money. Though better than being locked up, return
trips to court can imperil jobs and child care for her low wealth clients,
Gerber said.167
Recent legislative changes have made it even harder for these individ-
uals to get relief from court fines and fees. As noted previously, in 2013,
the North Carolina General Assembly passed and then Governor Pat
McCrory signed legislation making those charged with Class 3 mis-
demeanors ineligible for court-appointed attorneys.168 Gerber quickly
saw the effects: “When those people had public defenders, many times
we were able to get those cases resolved without the imposition of
cost.” Now that the law changed “they don’t know how to ask to have
the money waived. Even when they have public defenders, Indigent
Defense Services forces their attorneys to close their cases after sen-
tencing, resulting in defendants having to fend for themselves during
money reviews.”169
The silver lining is that Mecklenburg County has begun acknowledg-
ing the damage done by court debt and started deploying resources to
lessen the harm it imposes on low-income residents.
In response to a legal challenge by Gerber and pressure from the
public, including from local members of the clergy, Mecklenburg County
District Attorney Spencer Merriweather recently ended a requirement
that non-violent, first-time defendants pay down their court ordered
restitution to $1,000 in order to be eligible for deferred prosecution.170
Gerber estimated hundreds are admitted to this program annu-
ally. Merriweather’s office said the move “will enable more first-time
166 Mecklenburg County Courtroom Observations 1-21 (Jan. 17, 2017-Dec. 6, 2017) (on file with
ACLU-NC).
167 Interview with Elizabeth Gerber, Assistant Public Defender, Mecklenburg County Public
Defender’s Office, in Charlotte, N.C. (Apr. 30, 2018).
168 See supra note 30.
Defender’s Office (Apr. 30, 2018).
170 See Michael Gordon, DA Drops ‘Pay to Play’ Requirement for Program that Helps Defendants
Avoid Trial, Charlotte Observer (Feb. 16, 2018), https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/
local/crime/article200492979.html; Nancy Ellett Allison, et al, Rahman Bethea’s Case Raises
Question: Is Justice a Privilege or a Right? Charlotte Observer (Oct. 10, 2017), https://www.
charlotteobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article178125101.html.

offenders to have a chance of keeping their records clean, instead of
excluding some merely because of a lack of financial resources.”171
In 2017, with the help of Harvard’s National Criminal Justice Debt
Initiative and the Arnold Foundation, Mecklenburg County judges
undertook a fundamental re-evaluation of their criminal debt prac-
“They can put tices. As the ACLU-NC’s court observations bear out, this resulted in
simple yet substantial change: “the county’s 21 members of the District
my name on a
Court bench” began “holding formal hearings to determine a defen-
list if they want dant’s economic status before levying penalties.”172 To aid in this effort,
to, but I wasn’t Mecklenburg County judges committed to consulting a “bench card”
going to send that provides guidance on whether and, if so, how much in fines and
fees should be imposed given an individual’s fiscal circumstances.173
people to jail “There’s nothing renegade about it. It’s black-letter law,” District
if they were Court Judge Becky Tin told the Charlotte Observer. “What we see far
doing the best too often is a defendant who has been arrested for not paying court costs.
And you’re sitting on the bench, and you see them after they’ve been
they could, and
in jail for seven days because they do not have the money. This should
for bad health never happen. It is our intent in Mecklenburg County that this will no
or some other longer happen.”174
reason they Referring to state monitoring of court debt waivers, the aforemen-
tioned retired Mecklenburg County Superior Court Judge Boner is even
couldn’t afford more blunt: “They can put my name on a list if they want to, but I wasn’t
the payments. going to send people to jail if they were doing the best they could, and
That’s no better for bad health or some other reason they couldn’t afford the payments.
That’s no better than a debtor’s prison.”175
than a debtor’s
Mecklenburg County courts, of course, are not perfect. Communities
prison.” of color are overrepresented on the docket and not everyone who needs
an attorney gets one. Gerber sounds a note of caution even when it
comes to progress on costs and fees: “I hope what we see is movement
[to] not charg[e] people more than they can afford,” she said. “When I
say ‘afford’ I mean something different than what the judges mean. I
mean can you meet your expenses and have money to live on and is
there any left over for fines and fees? I don’t think that it is right or in
171 DA Drops ‘Pay to Play’ Requirement for Program that Helps Defendants Avoid Trial, supra
note 170.
173 Maura Ewing, The Presence of Justice: A Judicial Pact to Cut Court Costs for the Poor,
Atlantic (Dec. 25, 2017), https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/12/court-fines-
north-carolina/548960/. The UNC School of Government has also created a statewide bench
card to “bring greater precision to matters related to money in criminal court[,]” including the
waiver of court fines and fees. Jamie Markham, Criminal Monetary Obligations Bench Card
Available, UNC Sch. of Gov’t: N.C. Criminal Law, (Aug. 16, 2018, 5:35 PM), https://nccriminal-
law.sog.unc.edu/criminal-monetary-obligations-bench-card-available/.
175 Id.
35
the interest of public safety to have people . . . defer their light bill or
rent payment.”176
Determined judges, a strong public defender’s office, the wise de-
ployment of internal and external resources, and public pressure has
changed the culture in Mecklenburg County courts. That cultural shift
is evident in the ACLU-NC’s court observations: 82 percent saw a judge
ask whether the defendant was able to pay, more than three times the
rate in any other county observed.
Defender’s Office, in Charlotte, N.C. (Apr. 30, 2018).

Conclusion and
Recommendations for Reform
Over the last 10 years, states as ideologically diverse as Washington,

Ohio, California, and Alabama have implemented large-scale reforms
so that they no longer jail individuals due to their poverty or make court
debt an inescapable maze.177 States reformed their fines and fees struc-
tures by reducing costs, codifying procedures that prevent unlawful
detentions, and in some cases, agreeing to pay financial settlements to
impacted people.178
North Carolina, on the other hand, has moved in the opposite direc-
tion by increasing the breadth and harshness of court fines and fees and
making it more difficult for judges to waive them. Taken together, these
laws signal that the state’s leadership views judges as debt collectors
rather than arbiters of justice. Unfortunately, the message has too often
had the desired effect, cementing a system that punishes people for
being poor and traps them in a cycle of poverty.179
North Carolina must follow the lead of other states and work to end
this two-tiered system of unequal justice in which the poor receive
harsher, longer punishments for committing the same crimes as the
rich, simply because they are poor. Lawmakers, administrative officials,
and the courts should develop a more robust, rational, and equitable in-
frastructure that better documents these problems, accurately assesses
people’s financial situation, provides indigent North Carolinians with
an attorney at every step of the process, encourages judges to waive fees
177 See Nat’l Ctr. for State Courts, National Task Force on Fines, Fees and Bail Practices,
https://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Financial/Fines-Costs-and-Fees/Fines-and-Fees-Resource-Guide.
aspx; Matt Sledge, Poor New Orleans defendants land victory in ‘debtors’ prison’ lawsuit
against criminal court, New Orleans Advocate (Dec. 13, 2017), https://www.theadvocate.com/
new_orleans/news/courts/article_02f9cfde-e068-11e7-b7e0-2b9351df9f15.html; Joseph Shapiro,
Lawsuits Target ‘Debtors’ Prisons’ Across the County, NPR (Oct. 21, 2015), https://www.npr.
org/2015/10/21/450546542/lawsuits-target-debtors-prisons-across-the-country; ACLU Wash.,
Benton County Debtors’ Prison Lawsuit: Frequently Asked Questions, https://www.aclu-wa.
org/benton-county-debtors-prison-lawsuit-frequently-asked-questions (last visited Dec. 19,
2018); ACLU, ACLU Challenges Unconstitutional Debtors’ Prison Practices in South Carolina
County (June 1, 2017), https://www.aclu.org/news/aclu-challenges-unconstitutional-debt-
ors-prison-practices-south-carolina-county; see also John Herskovitz, Arkansas town reaches
settlement in ‘debtors’ prison’ lawsuit, Reuters (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.reuters.com/
article/us-arkansas-civilliberties/arkansas-town-reaches-settlement-in-debtors-prison-law-
suit-idUSKBN1DE31Q (showing a similar movement to end debtors’ prisons in Arkansas).
178 See supra note 177.
179 See supra notes 38-39 and accompanying text.
37
when appropriate, and ensures that no one in our state is sent to jail or
prison simply because they are poor.
What the Legislature Can Do

1. Eliminate, or greatly reduce, court fines and fees. The North
Carolina General Assembly should eliminate many of the newly adopted
court fines and fees and trim remaining fines and fees back to more
manageable levels. The legislature, for example, should repeal the impo-
sition of attorneys’ fees on indigent defendants through North Carolina
General Statute 7A-455.1. The North Carolina General Assembly should
also reduce the ever-ballooning General Court of Justice Fee, applicable
to all criminal offenses, by a minimum of 50 percent.
2. Repeal judicial waiver tracking. The North Carolina General
Assembly should repeal North Carolina General Statute 7A-350, which
tracks how frequently individual judges waive court costs and fees.
This provision has served only to intimidate judges and encroach upon
judicial independence, leading to a clear drop in the number of waivers
granted. The perversity of this requirement is amplified by the fact
that the state does not require data collection regarding how court
debt impacts North Carolinians. To the extent data on court waivers is
necessary, it should be tracked at a county level to ensure compliance
with constitutional guarantees, while providing data less susceptible to
serving as a tool of intimidation.
3. Repeal provision requiring additional hearing and notice be-
fore waiver of fines and fees. The North Carolina General Assembly
should repeal the provision of North Carolina General Statute
7A-304(a) that requires judges to give any impacted government entity
notice and an opportunity to be heard before the waiver, reduction or
modification of any court fine or fee. Judicial decisions about fines and
fees should focus exclusively on an individual’s ability to pay, not how
the state has chosen to fund services.
4. Repeal provision depriving indigent defendants of court-ap-
pointed attorneys. The North Carolina General Assembly should
adopt legislation making all those charged with Class 3 misdemeanors
eligible for court-appointed attorneys. North Carolina General Statute
15A-1340.23(d) currently makes a Class 3 misdemeanor only punish-
able by fines if an individual has fewer than three convictions. However,
these fines can result in incarceration. Providing these individuals with
counsel would help to ensure court fines and fees are waived appropri-
ately and curb debtors’ prisons.
5. Expand and improve state public defender system. The North
Carolina General Assembly should pass legislation that requires public
defender offices to serve every county in the state and funds all offices

such that they can provide meaningful representation.180 Only 33 of North
Carolina’s 100 counties currently have public defender systems.181 At the
very least, “IDS should establish uniform standards for performance of
counsel for all cases in which it provides services” and provide “training
and . . . resources for new counsel.”182 Again, providing indigent North
Carolinians with attorneys experienced in advocating for the waiver of
fines and fees law will reduce the number of people incarcerated because
of their inability to pay and help them to avoid the court debt cycle.
6. Mandate ability to pay hearings. The state and federal consti-
tutions require ability-to-pay hearings before the imposition of court
fines and fees. Our state statutes present them merely as an option,183
instead of accurately reflecting them as obligatory. To make plain that
they are required, the North Carolina General Assembly should amend
North Carolina General Statute 15A-1364 to make ability-to-pay hear-
ings mandatory.
What Administrative Agencies Can Do

1. Standardize data collection. Currently every county in North
Carolina collects data pertaining to court fines and fees differently. The
Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) should annually seek the
following information from counties on each case in their district and
superior court system: race, indigency status, criminal charges, the
types and amount of fines and fees imposed or waived, judicial findings
on waiver, administration of ability-to-pay hearings, sentencing condi-
tions, and jail time related to fines and fees. The AOC should make this
data publicly available. It should further analyze the data to ensure
counties are not punishing defendants for their poverty. AOC can then
provide guidance and training to court systems failing to live up to con-
stitutional requirements.
2. Create and promulgate resources to aid court personnel in
appropriately waiving court debt. The AOC should develop, pro-
mulgate, and train court personnel with tools that ensure fines and fees
are waived where constitutionally obligatory. These should include tools
to appropriately conduct ability-to-pay hearings. Mecklenburg County
180 A recent report from the Research Division of the National Center for State Courts “shows
a need for 497 attorneys to effectively handle current public defender office caseloads, an
increase of 73 percent over current staffing levels.” Cynthia G. Lee, Lydia E. Hamblin &
Brittney Via, Nat’l Ctr. for State Courts, North Carolina Office of Indigent Defense Services
Workload Assessment, at ii (2019).
181 Indigent Defense Services, N.C. Public Defender Directory, Nov. 27, 2018, http://www.
ncids.org/State%20Defender%20Offices/Directory%20Pages/Public%20Defender%20Directory.
pdf?c=Defender%20Offices%20%20and%20%20Depts,%20Statewide%20Defender%20
Directory.
182 N.C. Comm’n on the Admin. of Law and Justice, Criminal Investigation & Adjudication
Committee Report at 28 (Oct. 2016), https://nccalj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/pdf/nccalj_
criminal_investigation_and_adjudication_committee_report.pdf.
183 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1364 (2017).
39
provides an example AOC could seek to emulate. In 2017, its judges
began using a bench card to provide guidance “on how to determine a
person’s economic means, like asking about their monthly income, ex-
isting debts, and any limitations on their driving privileges that would
inhibit their ability to earn.”184 The AOC should then randomly observe
court proceedings throughout the state to ensure these tools are being
properly utilized, providing follow up training where necessary.
3. Create clearer standards for indigency assessments. IDS
should adopt a definition of indigency to guide judges on everything from
when to appoint counsel to an indigent defendant to when to waive court
fines and fees. This indigency definition should meaningfully consider
an individual’s basic needs, e.g., food, shelter, health care, childcare, and
transportation. Further, a finding of indigency should trigger court-ap-
pointed counsel as well as the waiver of any court fines and fees.
4. Require mandatory training of attorneys on appointed list
before assigning them cases. Before an attorney is assigned cases
off of the appointed list, they should be required to complete mandatory
training by IDS focusing on the issues particular to indigent clients.
This training should touch upon how to advocate for the waiver of court
fines and fees when appropriate.
What Judges Can Do

1. Ensure right to counsel. Judges need to appoint attorneys when
defendants are eligible for court-appointed counsel. This includes both
before and after conviction. Providing indigent North Carolinians with
counsel knowledgeable of their case will reduce the number of people
incarcerated due to poverty and help them avoid the court debt cycle.
2. Judges must stop issuing warrants for criminal contempt
charges due to outstanding court debt in general and, more
particularly, must cease doing so without a show cause hearing.
Charging North Carolinians with criminal contempt due to outstanding
court debt both perverts this charge’s purpose and obscures how many
people are locked up due to inability to pay. This practice must stop. At
the very least, judges must adhere to the requirement in North Carolina
General Statute 5A-15 of holding a hearing to ensure non-payment was
purposeful before locking up an individual.
3. Judges must waive court fines and fees for those incapable
of paying. In the course of ability-to-pay hearings, judges must mean-
ingfully consider an individual’s financial circumstances and waive
court fines and fees for those incapable of paying without compromising
basic necessities including food, shelter, health care, childcare, and
transportation.
184 A Judicial Pact to Cut Court Costs for the Poor, supra note 173.

Acknowledgements
This report was principally researched and written by Cristina Becker,

Staff Attorney at the ACLU of North Carolina. The data section was
co-authored by Habekah Cannon, Legal Research Assistant at the
ACLU of North Carolina. This report was edited by Mike Meno, Molly
Rivera, and Chris Brook, respectively, Communications Director,
Communications Associate, and Legal Director at the ACLU of North
Carolina. Delvin Davis was the lead data analyst, and Emily Baxter
was the photographer for the report.
Thanks also to Farrah Yaghi, who volunteered her time to analyze the
court observation data, and to Charlie Johnson, Audrey Koncsol, Josh Silver,
Graham Whittington, and Rachel Geissler, law student interns and volun-
teers who assisted with court observations and the writing of this report.
Special thanks to Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and ACLU of North
Carolina Executive Director Karen Anderson for their support through-
out the course of writing and researching this report.
Thanks also to the Court Costs and Fees Working Group, a coalition of
legal practitioners, academics, social scientists, and community advo-
cates committed to addressing the impact of court fines and fees in the
state, all of whom greatly supported this effort. A particular thanks to
former Orange and Chatham County Public Defender James Williams
for convening this working group and also to UNC-Chapel Hill School
of Law Professor Emeritus Rich Rosen for working with the group to get
this project off of the ground. Thanks also to our allies in the working
group from the North Carolina Justice Center, Southern Coalition for
Social Justice, the Center for Responsible Lending, the North Carolina
Poverty Research Fund, Forward Justice, Reinvestment Partners, and
the Guilford Public Defender’s office.
Finally, thanks to all who told us their stories: Deanna Glickman
and Erin Swinney from the Robeson County Public Defenders’ Office,
Elizabeth Gerber from the Mecklenburg County Public Defenders’
Office, and, most importantly, those directly impacted by our state’s un-
duly punitive system of court fines and fees: Gregory Patterson, Steven
Edwards, Brandon Sutton, and Abdul-Qawi Crews. Not all of these
individuals’ stories ended up in the final report, but each of these North
Carolinians contributed immensely to the ACLU-NC’s understanding of
how court fines and fees impact people across the state.
41
Appendix A
Criminal Court Costs and Fees Chart
The chart below shows court costs in effect as of December1, 20181and

applies to all costs assessed or collected on or after that date, except
where otherwise noted, and unless subject to the “waiver exception” of
G.S. 7A-304(g).
Criminal Court Costs
Amount
G.S. 7A-304, unless otherwise specified
An additionalsummary chart of criminal costs has been attached to this cost chart as “Appendix -Criminal Costs Summary.” The
appendix summarizes the basic costs common to alldispositions in a particular trial division. It does notinclude additional cost items
that must be assessed depending on individual factors for each case (e.g.,FTA fees, supervision fees, jail fees, etc.) or for specific
offenses of conviction (e.g.improper equipment or impaired driving); those costs are assessed separately. Neither does it apply to
offenses for which the relevant statute assesses specific costs or prohibits the imposition of costs.
District Court (including criminal cases before magistrates)
General Court of Justice Fee. General Fund 146.55
147.50
G.S. 7A-304(a)(4) State Bar Legal Aid Account (LAA) .95
Facilities Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(2). 12.00
Telecommunications and Data Connectivity Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(2a). 4.00
LEO Retirement/Insurance.G.S. 7A-304(a)(3) & (3a). 7.50
LEO Training and Certification Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(3b). 2.00
Total 173.00
Chapter 20 Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(4a) (for conviction of any Chapter 20 offense). +10.00
DNA Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(9) (criminal offenses, only; does not apply to infractions). +2.00
Plus $5.00 service fee for each arrest or service of criminal process, including citations and subpoenas.G.S.
+5.00
7A-304(a)(1).
Superior Court
General Court of Justice Fee. General Fund 153.55
154.50
G.S. 7A-304(a)(4) State Bar Legal Aid Account (LAA) .95
Facilities Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(2). 30.00
Telecommunications and Data Connectivity Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(2a). 4.00
LEO Retirement/Insurance.G.S. 7A-304(a)(3) & (3a). 7.50
LEO Training and Certification Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(3b). 2.00
Total 198.00
Chapter 20 Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(4a) (for conviction of any Chapter 20 offense). +10.00
DNA Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(9) (criminal offenses, only; does not apply to infractions). +2.00
Plus $5.00 service fee for each arrest or service of criminal process, including citations and subpoenas.G.S.
+5.00
7A-304(a)(1).

Other Criminal Fees Amount
Appointment of Counsel Fee for Indigent Defendants. G.S. 7A-455.1. 60.00
Certificate of Relief Fee. G.S. 15A-173.2(h). 50.00
Civil Revocation Fee(impaired driving CVRs, only). G.S. 20-16.5(j). 100.00
Continuous Alcohol Monitoring (CAM) Fee (offenses prior to Dec. 1, 2012).G.S. 20-179. Varies
Continuous Alcohol Monitoring (CAM) Fee (parolees, only). G.S. 15A-1374. Varies
Criminal Record Check Fee. G.S. 7A-308(a)(17). 25.00
60.00 per
Dispute Resolution Fee. G.S. 7A-38.3D and G.S. 7A-38.7.
mediation
Expunction Fee, petitions under G.S. 15A-145, 15A-145.1, 15A-145.2, 15A-145.3, 15A-145.4, and 15A-145.7. 175.00
Expunction Fee, petitions under G.S. 15A-145.5. 175.00
Expunction Fee, petitions under G.S. 15A-146.11 175.00
Failure to Appear Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(6). 200.00
Failure to Comply Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(6). 50.00
House Arrest with Electronic Monitoring (EHA) One-Time Fee.G.S. 15A-1343(c2). 90.00
House Arrest with Electronic Monitoring (EHA) Daily Fee. G.S. 15A-1343(c2). 4.48/day
Impaired Driving Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(10). Note: Applies only to offenses committed on or after December 1, 2011. 100.00
Improper Equipment Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(4b). 50.00
Installment Payments Fee. G.S. 7A-304(f). 20.00
10.00 per
24 hours
Jail Fees (pre-conviction). G.S. 7A-313.
or fraction
thereof
Jail Fees (split sentence served in local facility). G.S. 7A-313 and G.S. 148-29. 40.00 per day
Limited Driving Privilege Fee –Petitions under G.S. 20-20.1. CVD Costs
At petition/Application: If Issued:(G.S.20-20.2). +100.00
Limited Driving Privilege Fee –Other than under G.S. 20-20.1. If Issued: (G.S. 20-20.2).
Note: If there is no underlying conviction in the county, Charge. +100.00
Civil filing fees explained on form AOC-CV-350.
PretrialRelease Service Fee (county). G.S. 7A-304(a)(5). 15.00
Satellite-Based Monitoring Fee for Sex Offenders. G.S. 14-208.45. 90.00
State Crime Lab Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(7). 600.00
Local Government Lab Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(8). 600.00
Private Hospital Lab Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(8a). 600.00
State Lab Analyst Expert Witness Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(11). 600.00
Local Lab Analyst Expert Witness Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(12). 600.00
Private Hospital Analyst Expert Witness Fee.G.S. 7A-304(a)(13). 600.00
State Crime Lab Digital Forensics Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(9a). 600.00
Local Lab Digital Forensics Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(9b). 600.00
25.50 fine
Seat Belt Violations (adult, front seat) and Motorcycle/Moped Helmet Violations.G.S. 20-135.2A and G.S. 20-140.4.
+costs below:
General Court of Justice Fee, G.S. 7A-304(a)(4). 147.50 (Dist.)
154.50 (Sup.)
Telecommunications and Data Connectivity Fee. G.S. 7A-304(a)(2a). 4.00
LEO Training and Certification Fee, G.S. 7A-304(a)(3b). 2.00
179.00 (Dist.)
Total
186.00 (Sup.)
No Costs
Seat Belt Violations (adult, rear seat). G.S. 20-135.2A(e). 10.00 fine
only
40.00 per
Supervision Fee. G.S. 15A-1343, G.S. 15A-1368.4, and G.S. 15A-1374.
month
Worthless Check Program Fee. G.S. 7A-308(c). 60.00
43
Appendix B
Racial Composition of North Carolina
Counties Reporting Booking Data
Native White Total

County Black (%) Latinx (%)
American (%) (non-Latinx) (%) Population185
Brunswick186 10.5 4.8 0.8 81.9 130,897
Dare187
2.7 7.3 0.6 87.6 33,920
Davie 188
6.5 6.9 0.7 84.2 42,456
Haywood 189
1.3 3.9 0.6 92.7 61,084
Henderson 190
3.4 10.3 0.7 83.3 115,708
New Hanover 191
14.0 5.5 0.6 77.2 227,198
Person 192
26.9 4.3 0.9 66.3 39,370
Rutherford 193
9.8 4.4 0.4 83.3 66,551
Union 194
12.3 11.3 0.6 72.1 231,366
Vance 195
51.4 7.7 0.8 39.8 44,211
Wilkes 196
4.6 6.5 0.4 87.3 68,576
Total for All
11.8 7.3 0.6 77.9 1,061,337
11 Counties
185 County population totals reflect the U.S. Census Bureau’s estimates as of July 1, 2017.
Chart does not include percentages for county residents who identified as Asian, Native
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or Two or More Races.
186 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Brunswick County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/brunswickcountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
187 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Dare County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/darecountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
188 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Davie County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/daviecountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
189 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Haywood County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/haywoodcountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
190 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Henderson County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/hendersoncountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
191 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: New Hanover County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017),
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newhanovercountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
192 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Person County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/personcountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
193 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Rutherford County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://
www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/rutherfordcountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
194 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Union County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/unioncountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
195 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Vance County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/vancecountynorthcarolina/PST045218.
196 U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: Wilkes County, North Carolina (July 1, 2017), https://www.
census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/wilkescountynorthcarolina/PST045218.

Appendix C
ACLU-NC Fines and Fees
Public Record Data Report
July 13, 2018
Data Responses
The following is a summary of findings from the ACLU-NC fines and

fees public record requests from North Carolina counties. After issu-
ing record requests to County clerks, sheriffs, managers, and finance
departments of all 100 NC counties, the ACLU-NC received responses
from 89 counties at least indicating that they had received the request.
However, only 57 counties responded with valid data of some form.
Different counties reported varying levels of information that was
available:
● 11 counties reported booking data for people arrested for unpaid
court debt
● 34 counties reported data on budget costs of the county jail
● 40 counties reported data on fines and fees revenue
As indicated by the below graphic, the ACLU-NC received responses
from a cross-section of the state geographically as well as a mix of urban
and rural counties.
Alleghany Currituck
Ashe Surry Stokes Rockingham Person Northampton Gates Camden
Caswell Vance Warren Hertford Pasquotank
Watauga Granville Halifax Perquimans
Wilkes Yadkin Forsyth Orange
Avery Guilford Franklin Bertie Chowan
Mitchell Caldwell Alamance Durham Nash
Alexander Davie
Madison Yancey Edgecombe Tyrrell
Burke Iredell Martin Washington Dare
Davidson Wake
Buncombe McDowell Catawba Randolph Chatham Wilson
Rowan
Haywood Pitt Beaufort
Swain Lincoln Lee Johnston Greene Hyde
Rutherford Cabarrus
Graham Henderson Stanly Moore Harnett Wayne Lenoir
Jackson Polk Gaston
Cleveland Mecklenburg Montgomery Craven
Macon Transylvania
Cherokee Pamlico
Clay Richmond Cumberland Sampson Jones
Union Anson Hoke Duplin
Scotland Onslow Carteret
Robeson Bladen
Pender
Columbus
Counties Reporting Jail Data & Fee Data Brunswick
NewHanover
Counties Reporting Fee Data Only

Counties Reporting Jail Data Only
Counties Not Reporting Jail or Fee Data
45
Data on Arrests and Jail Costs
There are 11 counties that reported some level of arrest data from not
paying fees – 296 arrests in total. Of the 296 arrests, 217 had additional
information on the person’s race and ethnicity, and 219 had information
on the person’s gender.
While the overall sample size is relatively small if trying to represent
the entire state, we do see some clear disparities in what data we have.
The majority of these arrests are African-American (54.4%) and men
(74.9%). We should note that the Latino category is typically underre-
ported in crime statistics, with many Latinos miscoded as “white” or
“Other”.
Percent Arrested for Nonpayment of Court Debt (n=217)
1.8%
25.1%
43.8% 54.4% 74.9%
Black White Latino Male Female
Also in the arrest data, there were 3 counties (132 arrests total) that
reported the monetary balance still owed to the court, which averaged
$525.48 per arrested person. Again, given the small sample size, it may
not be representative of a much larger group. However, compared to
other research this average figure may be conservative.
There were 34 counties reporting enough data to estimate the daily
cost of jailing each person. The median value of these counties was
$56.52 per person per day to incarcerate someone. Daily incarceration
costs ranged from $18.00 per person in Person County to a high of
$188.19 per person in Mecklenburg County. Note that some counties
only reported the overall jail budget from the Sheriff’s office. In these
cases, average county jail population numbers were acquired from
www.measuresforjustice.org, allowing the estimation of a daily cost per
person figure. Also, note that some rural counties reported not having
a county jail facility, but housing arrestees in a neighboring county jail
while paying them a daily usage fee.

Daily Cost of Incarcerating a Person
Mecklenburg County $188.19
Currituck County $174.84
Yadkin County $143.47
Durham County $125.59
Dare County $113.08
New Hanover County $108.17
Chatham County $93.72
Jackson County $92.98
Halifax County $91.77
Pasquotank County $88.86
Watauga County $76.86
Gaston County $75.85
Buncombe County $75.21
Stanly County $73.65
Bladen County $71.65
Haywood County $69.47
Beaufort County $66.79
Swain County $65.24
Richmond County $64.77
Alexander County $64.19
Vance County $59.33
Brunswick County $58.4
Pamlico County $54.63
Cleveland County $54.40
Moore County $50.96
Tyrrell County $50.00
Mitchell County $50.00
Johnston County $50.00
Randolph County $48.00
Carteret County $45.00
Graham County $41.36
McDowell County $41.21
Rockingham County $40.00
Person County $18.00
$0 $50 $100 $150 $200
There were 5 counties reporting the length of jail stay for someone
arrested for fines and fees (144 arrests total), which averaged 20.5 days.
With the small amount of data we have, we would estimate that coun-
ties spend $1158.66 (avg daily jail cost * average jail stay) incarcerating
someone in order to collect $525.48 in fees. In other words, the money
used to chase after fines and fees is more than twice what counties
would even collect.
47
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The Consequences of Rising Court

Fines and Fees in North Carolina

Ability-to-Pay Hearing: a hearing on a defendant’s financial circum-

Appointed List: a list of private attorneys available to provide court-or-

Court Fines: financial punishments directly correlated to the crime or

Criminal Contempt: sanction imposed for violating a court order and

District Attorney (DA): prosecuting attorney in local judicial district.

Indigent Defendant: pursuant to North Carolina General Statute

North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC): state agency

2 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

North Carolina Office of Indigent Defense Services (IDS): state agency

Public Defender: attorney appointed by the court to represent indigent

Restitution: court-ordered financial compensation to a victim of crime.

Suspended Sentence: an imposed sentence of confinement that is only

The United States formally abolished “debtors’ prisons” — the incar-

In September 2016, the ACLU of North Carolina (ACLU-NC) launched

6 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

Edgecombe County, an agrarian county in northeastern North

8. State district court judges often do not conduct constitutionally-mandated inqui-

8 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

11. Court practices ensuring adequate legal representation and meaningful inquiries

10 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

9 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a)(9) (2017).

12 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

28 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-141(j1) (2017).

35 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a) (2017).

14 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

As discussed below in greater detail, the ACLU-NC’s more than 400

The quintessential and most commonly understood symbol of court debt

Probation and Associated Consequences

45 Hunt & Nichol, supra note 16 at 21.

16 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

Who Pays the Price?

18 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

North Carolina’s Poor

72 See supra Methodology.

North Carolina’s People of Color

20 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

22 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

24 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

26 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

28 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

30 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

Sutton was convicted of possession of less than half an ounce of

32 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

Mecklenburg County is located in the southwestern part of North

34 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

36 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

Over the last 10 years, states as ideologically diverse as Washington,

What the Legislature Can Do

38 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

What Administrative Agencies Can Do

What Judges Can Do

40 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

This report was principally researched and written by Cristina Becker,

The chart below shows court costs in effect as of December1, 20181and

42 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs

Native White Total

44 ACLU of North Carolina: At All Costs