Six-Day War

The Six-Day War (Hebrew: ‫מלחמת ששת הימים‬, Milhemet

Six-Day War
Sheshet Ha Yamim; Arabic: ‫اﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ‬, an-Naksah, "The Setback"
or ۱۹٦۷ ‫ﺣﺮب‬, Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967"), also known as the Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict
June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli
War, was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 by Israel and the
neighboring states Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab
Republic), Jordan, and Syria.

Relations between Israel and its neighbours were not fully

normalised after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1956 Israel
invaded the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives
being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran that Egypt had
blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950. Israel was eventually
forced to withdraw, but was guaranteed that the Straits of Tiran
would remain open. While the United Nations Emergency Force
was deployed along the border, there was no demilitarisation
agreement.[23]

In the months prior to June 1967, tensions became dangerously

heightened. Israel reiterated its post-1956 position that the
Territory held by Israel before and after the Six-Day
closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping would be a
War. The Straits of Tiran are circled, between the
cause for war (a casus belli). In May Egyptian President Gamal
Gulf of Aqaba to the north and the Red Sea to the
Abdel Nasser announced that the straits would be closed to
south.
Israeli vessels and then mobilised its Egyptian forces along its
border with Israel. On 5 June, Israel launched what it claimed Date 5–10 June 1967 (6 days)
were a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields. Location Middle East
Which side caused the war is one of a number of controversies Result Israeli victory
relating to the conflict.
Territorial Israel captures and occupies the Gaza
The Egyptians were caught by surprise, and nearly the entire changes Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from
Egyptian air force was destroyed with few Israeli losses, giving Egypt, the West Bank (including East
the Israelis air supremacy. Simultaneously, the Israelis launched Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the
a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip and the Sinai, which again Golan Heights from Syria[3][4]
caught the Egyptians by surprise. After some initial resistance, Belligerents
Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the evacuation of
Israel Egypt
the Sinai. Israeli forces rushed westward in pursuit of the
Syria
Egyptians, inflicted heavy losses, and conquered the Sinai.
Jordan
Nasser induced Syria and Jordan to begin attacks on Israel by Iraq[1]
using the initially confused situation to claim that Egypt had
repelled the Israeli air strike. Israeli counterattacks resulted in
Supported by:
the capture and occupation of the West Bank, including East Commanders and leaders
Jerusalem, from the Jordanians and the Golan Heights from Levi Eshkol Gamal Abdel Nasser
Syria. Moshe Dayan Abdel Hakim Amer
Yitzhak Rabin Abdul Munim Riad
Egypt and Jordan agreed to a ceasefire on 8 June, and Syria Uzi Narkiss Hussein
agreed on 9 June; a ceasefire was signed with Israel on 11 June. Motta Gur Zaid ibn Shaker
In the aftermath of the war, Israel had crippled the Egyptian, Israel Tal Asad Ghanma
Syrian and Jordanian militaries, having killed over 20,000 troops Mordechai Hod Salah Jadid
while only losing fewer than 1,000 of its own. The Israeli Yeshayahu Gavish Nureddin al-Atassi
success was the result of a well-prepared and enacted strategy, Ariel Sharon Abdul Rahman Arif
the poor leadership of the Arab states, and their poor military Ezer Weizman
leadership and strategy. Israel seized the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Shlomo Erell
Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, David Elazar
from Jordan and the Golan Heights from Syria. Israel's Strength
international standing greatly improved in the following years.
Its victory humiliated Egypt, Jordan and Syria, leading Nasser to 50,000 troops Egypt: 240,000

resign in shame; he was later reinstated after protests in Egypt 214,000 reserves Syria, Jordan, and Iraq:

against his resignation. The speed and ease of Israel's victory 300 combat aircraft 307,000

would later lead to a dangerous overconfidence within the ranks 800 tanks[5] 957 combat aircraft

of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), contributing to initial Arab 2,504 tanks[5]
Total troops: 264,000 Lebanon: 2 combat
successes in the subsequent 1973 Yom Kippur War, although
100,000 deployed aircraft[6]
ultimately Israeli forces were successful and defeated the Arab
militaries. The displacement of civilian populations resulting
Total troops: 547,000
from the war would have long-term consequences, as 300,000
240,000 deployed
Palestinians fled the West Bank and about 100,000 Syrians left
Casualties and losses
the Golan Heights to become refugees. Across the Arab world,
Jewish minority communities fled or were expelled, with 776–983[7][8] killed Egypt: 10,000–15,000
refugees going mainly to Israel or Europe. 4,517 wounded killed or missing[10][11]
15 captured[8] 4,338 captured[12]
Jordan: 696 killed or
400 tanks destroyed[9] missing[13][14][15]
Contents
46 aircraft destroyed 533 captured[12]
Background Syria: 2,500 killed[16][17][18]
Military preparation
591 captured
Armies and weapons Iraq: 10 killed
Armies
30 wounded
Weapons
Lebanon: One aircraft
Fighting fronts lost[6]
Air attack
Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula
Northern (El Arish) Israeli division Hundreds of tanks
Advance on Arish destroyed
Mid-front (Abu-Ageila) Israeli division 452+ aircraft destroyed
Other Israeli forces 20 Israeli civilians killed[19]
The Egyptian Army
34 US Navy, Marine, and NSA personnel killed[20][21]
Next fighting days
17 Soviet Marines killed (allegedly)[22]
West Bank
Israeli cabinet meets
Initial response
Jordanian battalion at Government House
Israeli invasion
The West Bank
Golan Heights
Syrian front 5–8 June
Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights
should be attacked
 Israeli attack: first day (9 June)
Israeli attack: the next day (10 June)

Conclusion
Casualties
Controversies
Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack
Allegations of atrocities committed against
Egyptian soldiers
Allegations of military support from the US, UK
and Soviet Union
USS Liberty incident
Aftermath
Israel and Zionism
Jews in Arab countries
Antisemitism against Jews in Communist
countries
Peace and diplomacy
Occupied territories and Arab displaced
populations
Long term
See also
Notes
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links

Background
After the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations
Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the
1949 Armistice Agreements.[25] In the following years there were numerous minor
border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors, particularly Syria. In early
November 1966, Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt.[26] Soon
after this, in response to Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) guerilla
activity,[27][28] including a mine attack that left three dead,[29] the Israeli Defence
Force (IDF) attacked the village of as-Samu in the Jordanian-occupied West On 22 May 1967, President Nasser
Bank.[30] Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back.[31] addressed his pilots atBir Gifgafa
Airfield in Sinai: "The Jews are
King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for
threatening war – we say to them
[32][33][34]
failing to come to Jordan's aid, and "hiding behind UNEF skirts".
ahlan wa-sahlan (welcome)!"[24]

In May 1967, Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was
massing on the Syrian border.[35] Nasser began massing his troops in two defensive
lines[36] in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel's border (16 May), expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai (19 May) and took over
UNEF positions at Sharm el-Sheikh, overlooking the Straits of Tiran.[37][38] Israel repeated declarations it had made in 1957 that any
closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war, or justification for war,[39][40] but Nasser closed the Straits to Israeli
shipping on 22–23 May.[41][42][43] After the war, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson commented:[44]
 If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other, it was the arbitrary and dangerous
announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed. The right of innocent, maritime passage must be
preserved for all nations.

On 30 May, Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact. The following day, at Jordan's invitation, the Iraqi army began deploying troops
and armoured units in Jordan.[45] They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent. On 1 June, Israel formed a National Unity
Government by widening its cabinet, and on 4 June the decision was made to go to war. The next morning, Israel launched Operation
Focus, a large-scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six-Day War.

Military preparation
Before the war, Israeli pilots and ground crews had trained extensively in rapid refitting of aircraft returning from sorties, enabling a
single aircraft to sortie up to four times a day (as opposed to the norm in Arab air forces of one or two sorties per day). This enabled
the Israeli Air Force (IAF) to send several attack waves against Egyptian airfields on the first day of the war, overwhelming the
Egyptian Air Force, and allowed it to knock out other Arab air forces on the same day. This has contributed to the Arab belief that the
IAF was helped by foreign air forces (see Controversies relating to the Six-Day War). Pilots were extensively schooled about their
targets, and were forced to memorize every single detail, and rehearsed the operation multiple times on dummy runways in total
secrecy.

The Egyptians had constructed fortified defenses in the Sinai. These designs were based on the assumption that an attack would come
along the few roads leading through the desert, rather than through the difficult desert terrain. The Israelis chose not to risk attacking
the Egyptian defenses head-on, and instead surprised them from an unexpected direction.

James Reston, writing in The New York Times on 23 May 1967, noted, "In discipline, training, morale, equipment and general
competence his [Nasser's] army and the other Arab forces, without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union, are no match for the
Israelis. ... Even with 50,000 troops and the best of his generals and air force in Yemen, he has not been able to work his way in that
small and primitive country, and even his effort to help the Congo rebels was a flop."[46]

On the eve of the war, Israel believed it could win a war in 3–4 days. The United States estimated Israel would need 7–10 days to
.[47]
win, with British estimates supporting the U.S. view

Armies and weapons

Armies
The Israeli army had a total strength, including reservists, of 264,000, though this number could not be sustained, as the reservists
were vital to civilian life.[48]

Against Jordan's forces on the West Bank, Israel deployed about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks (eight brigades).[49] Israeli Central
Command forces consisted of five brigades. The first two were permanently stationed near
Jerusalem and were the Jerusalem Brigade
and the mechanized Harel Brigade. Mordechai Gur's 55th Paratroopers Brigade was summoned from the Sinai front. The 10th
Armored Brigade was stationed north of theWest Bank. The Israeli Northern Command comprised a division of three brigades led by
Major General Elad Peled which was stationed in theJezreel Valley to the north of the West Bank.

On the eve of the war, Egypt massed approximately 100,000 of its 160,000 troops in the Sinai, including all seven of its divisions
(four infantry, two armoured and one mechanized), four independent infantry brigades and four independent armoured brigades. Over
a third of these soldiers were veterans of Egypt's continuing intervention into the North Yemen Civil War and another third were
[50]
reservists. These forces had 950 tanks, 1,100 APCs, and more than 1,000 artillery pieces.
Syria's army had a total strength of 75,000 and was deployed along the border with Israel.[51] Professor David W. Lesch wrote that
"One would be hard-pressed to find a military less prepared for war with a clearly superior foe", since Syria’s army had been
decimated in the months and years prior through coups and attempted coups that had resulted in a series of purges, fracturings and
uprisings within the armed forces.[52]

The Jordanian Armed Forcesincluded 11 brigades, totalling 55,000 troops.[53] Nine brigades (45,000 troops, 270 tanks, 200 artillery
pieces) were deployed in the West Bank, including the elite armoured 40th, and two in the Jordan Valley. They possessed sizable
numbers of M113 APCs and were equipped with some 300 modern Western tanks, 250 of which were U.S. M48 Pattons. They also
had 12 battalions of artillery, six batteries of 81 mm and 120 mm mortars,[54] a paratrooper battalion trained in the new U.S.-built
school and a new battalion of mechanized infantry. The Jordanian Army, then known as the Arab Legion, was a long-term-service,
professional army, relatively well-equipped and well-trained. Israeli post-war briefings said that the Jordanian staff acted
professionally, but was always left "half a step" behind by the Israeli moves. The small Royal Jordanian Air Force consisted of only
24 British-made Hawker Hunter fighters, six transports, and two helicopters. According to the Israelis, the Hawker Hunter was
essentially on par with the French-builtDassault Mirage III – the IAF's best plane.[55]

100 Iraqi tanks and an infantry division were readied near the Jordanian border. Two squadrons of Iraqi fighter-aircraft, Hawker
.[54]
Hunters and MiG 21s, were rebased adjacent to the Jordanian border

The Arab air forces were reinforced by some aircraft from Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia to make up for the
massive losses suffered on the first day of the war. They were also aided by volunteer pilots from the Pakistan Air Force acting in an
independent capacity. PAF pilots shot down several Israeli planes.[56][57]

Weapons
With the exception of Jordan, the Arabs relied principally on Soviet weaponry
. Jordan's army was equipped with American weaponry,
and its air force was composed of British aircraft.

Egypt had by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces, consisting of about 420 combat aircraft,[58] all of them
Soviet-built and with a heavy quota of top-of-the-line MiG-21s. Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 Tu-16 "Badger"
[59]
medium bombers, capable of inflicting heavy damage on Israeli military and civilian centers.

Israeli weapons were mainly of Western origin. Its air force was composed principally of French aircraft, while its armoured units
were mostly of British and American design and manufacture. Some infantry weapons, including the ubiquitous Uzi, were of Israeli
origin.
 Type Arab armies IDF
M50 and M51 Shermans, M48A3 Patton,
Egypt, Syria and Iraq usedT-34/85, T-54, T-55, Centurion, AMX-13. The Centurion was
PT-76, and SU-100/152 World War II-vintage upgraded with the British105 mm L7 gun prior to
self-propelled guns. Jordan usedM-47, M-48, the war. The Sherman also underwent extensive
AFVs
and M-48A1 Patton tanks.Panzer IV (used by modifications including a larger 105 mm medium
velocity, French gun, redesigned turret, wider
Syria)[60][61]
tracks, more armour, and upgraded engine and
suspension.
APCs/IFVs BTR-40, BTR-152, BTR-50, BTR-60 APCs M2, / M3 Half-track, Panhard AML
M50 self-propelled howitzerand Makmat 160 mm
M1937 Howitzer, BM-21, D-30 (2A18) Howitzer,
self-propelled mortar, Obusier de 155 mm
Artillery M1954 field gun, M-52 105 mm self-propelled
Modèle 50, AMX 105 mm Self-Propelled
howitzer (used by Jordan)
Howitzer
Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Super Mystère, Sud
MiG-21, MiG-19, MiG-17, Su-7B, Tu-16, Il-28, Il-
Aviation Vautour, Mystere IV, Dassault Ouragan,
Aircraft 18, Il-14, An-12, Hawker Hunter used by Jordan
Fouga Magister trainer outfitted for attack
and Iraq
missions, Nord 2501IS military cargo plane
Helicopters Mi-6, Mi-4 Super Frelon, Sikorsky S-58
SA-2 Guideline, ZSU-57-2 mobile anti-aircraft
AAW MIM-23 Hawk, Bofors 40 mm
cannon
Uzi, FN FAL, FN MAG, AK-47, M2 Browning,
Infantry Port Said submachine gun, AK-47, RPK, RPD, Cobra, Nord SS.10, RL-83 Blindicide anti-tank
weapons DShK HMG, B-10 and B-11 recoilless rifles infantry weapon, Jeep-mounted 106 mm
recoilless rifle

Fighting fronts

Air attack
The first and most critical move of the conflict was a surprise Israeli attack on the
Egyptian Air Force. Initially, both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been
attacked by the other country.

On 5 June at 7:45 Israeli time, ascivil defense sirens sounded all over Israel, the IAF
launched Operation Focus (Moked). All but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets[62]
launched a mass attack against Egypt's airfields.[63] The Egyptian defensive
infrastructure was extremely poor, and no airfields were yet equipped with hardened
Israeli troops examine destroyed
aircraft shelters capable of protecting Egypt's warplanes. Most of the Israeli
Egyptian aircraft.
warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean Sea, flying low to avoid radar
detection, before turning toward Egypt. Others flew over theRed Sea.[64]

Meanwhile, the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire air defense system: they were worried
that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and Lt-Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud, who
were en route from al Maza to Bir Tamada in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there. In any event, it did not
make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which its
[65]
SA-2 surface-to-air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft.

Although the powerful Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun detected waves of aircraft approaching Egypt and reported the code word
for "war" up the Egyptian command chain, Egyptian command and communications problems prevented the warning from reaching
the targeted airfields.[64] The Israelis employed a mixed-attack strategy: bombing and strafing runs against planes parked on the
ground, and bombing to disable runways with special tarmac-shredding penetration bombs developed jointly with France, leaving
surviving aircraft unable to take off. The runway at the Arish airfield was spared, as the Israelis expected to turn it into a military
airport for their transports after the war. Surviving aircraft were taken out by later
attack waves. The operation was more successful than expected, catching the
Egyptians by surprise and destroying virtually all of the Egyptian Air Force on the
ground, with few Israeli losses. Only four unarmed Egyptian training flights were in
the air when the strike began.[66] A total of 338 Egyptian aircraft were destroyed and
100 pilots were killed,[67] although the number of aircraft lost by the Egyptians is
disputed.[68]

Among the Egyptian planes lost were all 30 Tu-16 bombers, 27 out of 40 Il-28
bombers, 12 Su-7 fighter-bombers, over 90 MiG-21s, 20 MiG-19s, 25 MiG-17 Dassault Mirage at theIsraeli Air
fighters, and around 32 assorted transport planes and helicopters. In addition, Force Museum. Operation Focus
was mainly conducted using French
Egyptian radars and SAM missiles were also attacked and destroyed. The Israelis
built aircraft.
lost 19 planes, including two destroyed in air-to-air combat and 13 downed by anti-
aircraft artillery.[69] One Israeli plane, which was damaged and unable to break radio
silence, was shot down by Israeli Hawk missiles after it strayed over the Negev Nuclear Research Center.[70] Another was destroyed
by an exploding Egyptian bomber.[71]

The attack guaranteed Israeli air supremacy for the rest of the war. Attacks on other Arab air forces by Israel took place later in the
day as hostilities broke out on other fronts.

The large numbers of Arab aircraft claimed destroyed by Israel on that day were at first regarded as "greatly exaggerated" by the
Western press. However, the fact that the Egyptian Air Force, along with other Arab air forces attacked by Israel, made practically no
appearance for the remaining days of the conflict proved that the numbers were most likely authentic. Throughout the war, Israeli
aircraft continued strafing Arab airfield runways to prevent their return to usability. Meanwhile, Egyptian state-run radio had reported
[72]
an Egyptian victory, falsely claiming that 70 Israeli planes had been downed on the first day of fighting.

Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula

The Egyptian forces consisted of seven divisions: four armoured, two infantry, and one mechanized infantry. Overall, Egypt had
around 100,000 troops and 900–950 tanks in the Sinai, backed by 1,100 APCs and 1,000 artillery pieces.[50] This arrangement was
thought to be based on the Soviet doctrine, where mobile armour units at strategic depth provide a dynamic defense while infantry
units engage in defensive battles.

Israeli forces concentrated on the border with Egypt included six armoured brigades, one infantry brigade, one mechanized infantry
brigade, three paratrooper brigades, giving a total of around 70,000 men and 700 tanks, who were organized in three armoured
divisions. They had massed on the border the night before the war
, camouflaging themselves and observing radio silence before being
ordered to advance.

The Israeli plan was to surprise the Egyptian forces in both timing (the attack exactly coinciding with the IAF strike on Egyptian
airfields), location (attacking via northern and central Sinai routes, as opposed to the Egyptian expectations of a repeat of the 1956
war, when the IDF attacked via the central and southern routes) and method (using a combined-force flanking approach, rather than
direct tank assaults).

Northern (El Arish) Israeli division

On 5 June, at 7:50 a.m., the northernmost Israeli division, consisting of three brigades and commanded by Major General Israel Tal,
one of Israel's most prominent armour commanders, crossed the border at two points, opposite Nahal Oz and south of Khan Yunis.
They advanced swiftly, holding fire to prolong the element of surprise. Tal's forces assaulted the "Rafah Gap", a seven-mile stretch
containing the shortest of three main routes through the Sinai towards El-Qantarah el-Sharqiyya and the Suez Canal. The Egyptians
had four divisions in the area, backed by minefields, pillboxes, underground bunkers, hidden gun emplacements and trenches. The
terrain on either side of the route was impassable. The Israeli plan was to hit the Egyptians at selected key points with concentrated
armour.[70]
Tal's advance was led by the 7th Armored Brigade under
Colonel Shmuel Gonen. The Israeli plan called for the 7th
Brigade to outflank Khan Yunis from the north and the 60th
Armored Brigade under Colonel Menachem Aviram would
advance from the south. The two brigades would link up
and surround Khan Yunis, while the paratroopers would
take Rafah. Gonen entrusted the breakthrough to a single
battalion of his brigade.[73]

Initially, the advance was met with light resistance, as

Egyptian intelligence had concluded that it was a diversion
for the main attack. However, as Gonen's lead battalion
advanced, it suddenly came under intense fire and took
heavy losses. A second battalion was brought up, but was
also pinned down. Meanwhile, the 60th Brigade became
bogged down in the sand, while the paratroopers had
trouble navigating through the dunes. The Israelis
continued to press their attack, and despite heavy losses,
cleared the Egyptian positions and reached the Khan Yunis
railway junction in little over four hours.[73]

Gonen's brigade then advanced nine miles to Rafah in twin

columns. Rafah itself was circumvented, and the Israelis Conquest of Sinai. 5–6 June 1967
attacked Sheikh Zuweid, eight miles to the southwest,
which was defended by two brigades. Though inferior in
numbers and equipment, the Egyptians were deeply entrenched and camouflaged.
The Israelis were pinned down by fierce Egyptian resistance, and called in air and
artillery support to enable their lead elements to advance. Many Egyptians
abandoned their positions after their commander and several of his staff were
killed.[73]

The Israelis broke through with tank-led assaults. However, Aviram's forces
misjudged the Egyptians' flank, and were pinned between strongholds before they
were extracted after several hours. By nightfall, the Israelis had finished mopping up People in a bomb shelter atKfar
Maimon
resistance. Israeli forces had taken significant losses, with Colonel Gonen later
telling reporters that "we left many of our dead soldiers in Rafah, and many burnt-
out tanks." The Egyptians suffered some 2,000 casualties and lost 40 tanks.[73]

Advance on Arish
On 5 June, with the road open, Israeli forces continued advancing towards Arish.
Already by late afternoon, elements of the 79th Armored Battalion had charged
through the seven-mile long Jiradi defile, a narrow pass defended by well-emplaced
troops of the Egyptian 112th Infantry Brigade. In fierce fighting, which saw the pass
change hands several times, the Israelis charged through the position. The Egyptians
suffered heavy casualties and tank losses, while Israeli losses stood at 66 dead, 93
wounded and 28 tanks. Emerging at the western end, Israeli forces advanced to the
outskirts of Arish.[74] As it reached the outskirts of Arish, Tal's division also Israeli reconnaissance forces from
consolidated its hold on Rafah and Khan Y
unis. the "Shaked" unit in Sinai during the
war.
The following day, 6 June, the Israeli forces on the outskirts of Arish were reinforced by the 7th Brigade, which fought its way
through the Jiradi pass. After receiving supplies via an airdrop, the Israelis entered the city and captured the airport at 7:50 am. The
Israelis entered the city at 8:00 am. Company commander Yossi Peled recounted that "Al-Arish was totally quiet, desolate. Suddenly,
the city turned into a madhouse. Shots came at us from every alley, every corner, every window and house." An IDF record stated
that "clearing the city was hard fighting. The Egyptians fired from the rooftops, from balconies and windows. They dropped grenades
into our half-tracks and blocked the streets with trucks. Our men threw the grenades back and crushed the trucks with their
tanks."[75][76] Gonen sent additional units to Arish, and the city was eventually taken.

Brigadier-General Avraham Yoffe's assignment was to penetrate Sinai south of Tal's forces and north or Sharon's. Yoffe's attack
allowed Tal to complete the capture of the Jiradi defile, Khan Yunis. All of them were taken after fierce fighting. Gonen subsequently
dispatched a force of tanks, infantry and engineers under Colonel Yisrael Granit to continue down the Mediterranean coast towards
the Suez Canal, while a second force led by Gonen himself turned south and captured Bir Lahfan and Jabal Libni.

Mid-front (Abu-Ageila) Israeli division

Further south, on 6 June, the Israeli 38th Armored Division under Major
-General Ariel Sharon
assaulted Um-Katef, a heavily fortified area defended by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division
under Major-General Sa'adi Nagib, and consisting of some 16,000 troops. The Egyptians also
had a battalion of tank destroyers and a tank regiment, formed of Soviet World War II armour,
which included 90 T-34-85 tanks, 22 SU-100 tank destroyers, and about 16,000 men. The
Israelis had about 14,000 men and 150 post-World War II tanks including the AMX-13,
Centurions, and M50 Super Shermans (modified M-4 Sherman tanks).

Two armoured brigades in the meantime, under Avraham Yoffe, slipped across the border
through sandy wastes that Egypt had left undefended because they were considered
impassable. Simultaneously, Sharon's tanks from the west were to engage Egyptian forces on
Um-Katef ridge and block any reinforcements. Israeli infantry would clear the three trenches,
Major-General Ariel Sharon
during the Battle of Abu- while heliborne paratroopers would land behind Egyptian lines and silence their artillery. An
Ageila armoured thrust would be made at al-Qusmaya to unnerve and isolate its garrison.

As Sharon's division advanced into the Sinai, Egyptian forces staged successful
delaying actions at Tarat Umm, Umm Tarfa, and Hill 181. An Israeli jet was downed
by anti-aircraft fire, and Sharon's forces came under heavy shelling as they advanced
from the north and west. The Israeli advance, which had to cope with extensive
minefields, took a large number of casualties. A column of Israeli tanks managed to
penetrate the northern flank of Abu Ageila, and by dusk, all units were in position.
The Israelis then brought up ninety 105 mm and 155 mm artillery guns for a
preparatory barrage, while civilian buses brought reserve infantrymen under Colonel
Yekutiel Adam and helicopters arrived to ferry the paratroopers. These movements
Israeli Armor of the Six Day War:
were unobserved by the Egyptians, who were preoccupied with Israeli probes
pictured here the AMX 13
against their perimeter.[77]

As night fell, the Israeli assault troops lit flashlights, each battalion a different color,
to prevent friendly fire incidents. At 10:00 pm, Israeli artillery began a barrage on Um-Katef, firing some 6,000 shells in less than
twenty minutes, the most concentrated artillery barrage in Israel's history.[78][79] Israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost Egyptian
defenses and were largely successful, though an entire armoured brigade was stalled by mines, and had only one mine-clearance tank.
Israeli infantrymen assaulted the triple line of trenches in the east. To the west, paratroopers commanded by Colonel Danny Matt
landed behind Egyptian lines, though half the helicopters got lost and never found the battlefield, while others were unable to land
due to mortar fire.[80][81] Those that successfully landed on target destroyed Egyptian artillery and ammunition dumps and separated
gun crews from their batteries, sowing enough confusion to significantly reduce Egyptian artillery fire. Egyptian reinforcements from
Jabal Libni advanced towards Um-Katef to counterattack, but failed to reach their objective, being subjected to heavy air attacks and
encountering Israeli lodgements on the roads. Egyptian commanders then called in artillery attacks on their own positions. The
Israelis accomplished and sometimes exceeded their overall plan, and had largely succeeded by the following day. The Egyptians
[80][81]
took heavy casualties, while the Israelis lost 40 dead and 140 wounded.

Yoffe's attack allowed Sharon to complete the capture of the Um-Katef, after fierce fighting. The main thrust at Um-Katef was stalled
due to mines and craters. After IDF engineers had cleared a path by 4:00 pm, Israeli and Egyptian tanks engaged in fierce combat,
often at ranges as close as ten yards. The battle ended in an Israeli victory, with 40 Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed.
Meanwhile, Israeli infantry finished clearing out the Egyptian trenches, with Israeli casualties standing at 14 dead and 41 wounded
.[82]
and Egyptian casualties at 300 dead and 100 taken prisoner

Other Israeli forces

Further south, on 5 June, the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler, initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian
forces from the real invasion routes, attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla, a strategically valuable position whose capture would
enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching Um-Katef and to join Sharon's upcoming attack on Nakhl. The defending
Egyptian battalion, outnumbered and outgunned, fiercely resisted the attack, hitting a number of Israeli tanks. However, most of the
defenders were killed, and only three Egyptian tanks, one of them damaged, survived. By nightfall, Mendler's forces had taken
Kuntilla.[75]

With the exceptions of Rafah and Khan Yunis, Israeli forces had initially avoided entering the Gaza Strip. Israeli Defense Minister
Moshe Dayan had expressly forbidden entry into the area. After Palestinian positions in Gaza opened fire on the Negev settlements of
Nirim and Kissufim, IDF Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin overrode Dayan's instructions and ordered the 11th Mechanized Brigade under
Colonel Yehuda Reshef to enter the Strip. The force was immediately met with heavy artillery fire and fierce resistance from
Palestinian forces and remnants of the Egyptian forces from Rafah.

By sunset, the Israelis had taken the strategically vital Ali Muntar ridge, overlooking Gaza City, but were beaten back from the city
itself. Some 70 Israelis were killed, along with Israeli journalist Ben Oyserman and American journalist Paul Schutzer. Twelve
members of UNEF were also killed. On the war's second day, 6 June, the Israelis were bolstered by the 35th Paratroopers Brigade
under Colonel Rafael Eitan, and took Gaza City along with the entire Strip. The fighting was fierce, and accounted for nearly half of
all Israeli casualties on the southern front. However
, Gaza rapidly fell to the Israelis.

Meanwhile, on 6 June, two Israeli reserve brigades under Yoffe, each equipped with 100 tanks, penetrated the Sinai south of Tal's
division and north of Sharon's, capturing the road junctions of Abu Ageila, Bir Lahfan, and Arish, taking all of them before midnight.
Two Egyptian armoured brigades counterattacked, and a fierce battle took place until the following morning. The Egyptians were
[83]
beaten back by fierce resistance coupled with airstrikes, sustaining heavy tank losses. They fled west towards Jabal Libni.

The Egyptian Army

During the ground fighting, remnants of the Egyptian Air Force attacked Israeli ground forces, but took losses from the Israeli Air
Force and from Israeli anti-aircraft units. Throughout the last four days, Egyptian aircraft flew 150 sorties against Israeli units in the
Sinai.

Many of the Egyptian units remained intact and could have tried to prevent the Israelis from reaching the Suez Canal, or engaged in
combat in the attempt to reach the canal. However
, when the Egyptian Field MarshalAbdel Hakim Amer heard about the fall of Abu-
Ageila, he panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat. This order ef
fectively meant the defeat of Egypt.

Meanwhile, President Nasser, having learned of the results of the Israeli air strikes, decided together with Field Marshal Amer to
order a general retreat from the Sinai within 24 hours. No detailed instructions were given concerning the manner and sequence of
withdrawal.[84]

Next fighting days

As Egyptian columns retreated, Israeli aircraft and artillery
attacked them. Israeli jets used napalm bombs during their
sorties. The attacks destroyed hundreds of vehicles and
caused heavy casualties. At Jabal Libni, retreating Egyptian
soldiers were fired upon by their own artillery. At Bir
Gafgafa, the Egyptians fiercely resisted advancing Israeli
forces, knocking out three tanks and eight half-tracks, and
killing 20 soldiers. Due to the Egyptians' retreat, the Israeli
High Command decided not to pursue the Egyptian units
but rather to bypass and destroy them in the mountainous
passes of West Sinai.

Therefore, in the following two days ( 6 and 7 June), all

three Israeli divisions (Sharon and Tal were reinforced by
an armoured brigade each) rushed westwards and reached
the passes. Sharon's division first went southward then
westward, via An-Nakhl, to Mitla Pass with air support. It
was joined there by parts of Yoffe's division, while its other
units blocked the Gidi Pass. These passes became killing
grounds for the Egyptians, who ran right into waiting
Israeli positions and suffered heavy losses. According to
Egyptian diplomat Mahmoud Riad, 10,000 men were killed
in one day alone, and many others died from hunger and Conquest of Sinai. 7–8 June 1967

thirst. Tal's units stopped at various points to the length of

the Suez Canal.

Israel's blocking action was partially successful. Only the Gidi pass was captured
before the Egyptians approached it, but at other places, Egyptian units managed to
pass through and cross the canal to safety. Due to the haste of the Egyptian retreat,
soldiers often abandoned weapons, military equipment, and hundreds of vehicles.
Many Egyptian soldiers were cut off from their units had to walk about 200
kilometers on foot before reaching the Suez Canal with limited supplies of food and
water and were exposed to intense heat. Thousands of soldiers died as a result. Many
Egyptian soldiers chose instead to surrender to the Israelis. However, the Israelis Play media
Newsreel from 6 June about the first
eventually exceeded their capabilities to provide for prisoners. As a result, they
Israeli-Egyptian fighting.
began directing soldiers towards the Suez Canal and only taking prisoner high-
ranking officers, who were expected to be exchanged for captured Israeli pilots.

According to some accounts, during the Egyptian retreat from the Sinai, a unit of
Soviet Marines based on a Soviet warship in Port Said at the time came ashore and
attempted to cross the Suez Canal eastward. The Soviet force was reportedly
decimated by an Israeli air attack and lost 17 dead and 34 wounded. Among the
wounded was the commander, Lt. Col. Victor Shevchenko.[22]

During the offensive, the Israeli Navy landed six combat divers from the Shayetet 13
naval commando unit to infiltrate Alexandria harbour. The divers sank an Egyptian An Israeli gunboat passes through
minesweeper before being taken prisoner. Shayetet 13 commandos also infiltrated the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El
into Port Said harbour, but found no ships there. A planned commando raid against Sheikh.
the Syrian Navy never materialized. Both Egyptian and Israeli warships made
movements at sea to intimidate the other side throughout the war, but did not engage
each other. However, Israeli warships and aircraftdid hunt for Egyptian submarines throughout the war
.
On 7 June, Israel began the conquest of Sharm el-Sheikh. The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval
defenses. An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought. At about 4:30 am, three
Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries, while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord
Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al-Tur, as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in
Sharm el-Sheikh.[85] However, the city had been largely abandoned the day before, and reports from air and naval forces finally
convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el-Sheikh. There, the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took
the city, killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking 8 prisoner. At 12:15 pm, Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran
[85]
constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction.

On 8 June, Israel completed the capture of the Sinai by sending infantry units to
Ras Sudar on the western coast of the peninsula.

Several tactical elements made the swift Israeli advance possible: first, the surprise attack that quickly gave the Israeli Air Force
complete air superiority over the Egyptian Air Force; second, the determined implementation of an innovative battle plan; third, the
lack of coordination among Egyptian troops. These factors would prove to be decisive elements on Israel's other fronts as well.

West Bank
Jordan was reluctant to enter the war. Nasser used
the confusion of the first hours of the conflict to
convince King Hussein that he was victorious; he
claimed as evidence a radar sighting of a
squadron of Israeli aircraft returning from
bombing raids in Egypt, which he said was an
Egyptian aircraft en route to attack Israel.[86] One
of the Jordanian brigades stationed in the West
Bank was sent to the Hebron area in order to link
with the Egyptians. Hussein decided to attack.

The IDF's strategic plan was to remain on the

defensive along the Jordanian front, to enable
focus in the expected campaign against Egypt.

Intermittent machine-gun exchanges began taking

place in Jerusalem at 9:30 am, and the fighting
gradually escalated as the Jordanians introduced
mortar and recoilless rifle fire. Under the orders
from General Narkis, the Israelis responded only
with small-arms fire, firing in a flat trajectory to The Jordan salient, 5–7 June.
avoid hitting civilians, holy sites or the Old City.
At 10:00 am on 5 June, theJordanian Army began
shelling Israel. Two batteries of 155 mm Long Tom cannons opened fire on the suburbs of Tel Aviv and Ramat David Airbase. The
commanders of these batteries were instructed to lay a two-hour barrage against military and civilian settlements in central Israel.
Some shells hit the outskirts ofTel Aviv.[87]

By 10:30 am, Eshkol had sent a message via Odd Bull to King Hussein promising not to initiate any action against Jordan if it stayed
out of the war.[88] King Hussein replied that it was too late, "the die was cast".[89] At 11:15 am, Jordanian howitzers began a 6,000-
shell barrage at Israeli Jerusalem. The Jordanians initially targeted kibbutz Ramat Rachel in the south and Mount Scopus in the north,
then ranged into the city center and outlying neighborhoods. Military installations, the Prime Minister's Residence, and the Knesset
compound were also targeted. Israeli civilian casualties totalled 20 dead and about 1,000 wounded. Some 900 buildings were
damaged, including Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital.[19]
At 11:50 am, sixteen Jordanian Hawker Hunters attacked Netanya, Kfar Sirkin and Kfar Saba, killing one civilian, wounding seven
and destroying a transport plane. Three Iraqi Hawker Hunters strafed civilian settlements in the Jezreel Valley, and an Iraqi Tupolev
Tu-16 attacked Afula, and was shot down near the Megiddo airfield. The attack caused minimal material damage, hitting only a
senior citizens' home and several chicken coops, but sixteen Israeli soldiers were killed, most of them when theupolev
T crashed.[19]

Israeli cabinet meets

When the Israeli cabinet convened to decide what to do, Yigal Allon and Menahem Begin argued that this was an opportunity to take
the Old City of Jerusalem, but Eshkol decided to defer any decision until Moshe Dayan and Yitzhak Rabin could be consulted.[90]
Uzi Narkiss made a number of proposals for military action, including the capture of Latrun, but the cabinet turned him down. Dayan
rejected multiple requests from Narkiss for permission to mount an infantry assault towards Mount Scopus. However, Dayan
[91]
sanctioned a number of more limited retaliatory actions.

Initial response
Shortly before 12:30 pm, the Israeli Air Force attacked Jordan's two airbases. The Hawker Hunters were refueling at the time of the
attack. The Israeli aircraft attacked in two waves, the first of which cratered the runways and knocked out the control towers, and the
second wave destroyed all 21 of Jordan's Hawker Hunter fighters, along with six transport aircraft and two helicopters. One Israeli jet
was shot down by ground fire.[91]

Israeli aircraft also attacked H-3, an Iraqi Air Force base in western Iraq. During the attack, 12 MiG-21s, 2 MiG-17s, 5 Hunter F6s,
and 3 Il-28 bombers were destroyed or shot down. A Pakistani pilot stationed at the base shot down an Israeli fighter and a bomber
during the raid. The Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike. Israeli Fouga Magister jets attacked the
Jordanian 40th Brigade with rockets as it moved south from the Damiya Bridge. Dozens of tanks were knocked out, and a convoy of
26 trucks carrying ammunition was destroyed. In Jerusalem, Israel responded to Jordanian shelling with a missile strike that
devastated Jordanian positions. The Israelis used the L missile, a surface-to-surface missile developed jointly with France in
secret.[91]

Jordanian battalion at Government House

A Jordanian battalion advanced up Government House ridge and dug in at the perimeter of Government House, the headquarters of
the United Nations observers,[92][93][94] and opened fire on Ramat Rachel, the Allenby Barracks and the Jewish section of Abu Tor
with mortars and recoilless rifles. UN observers fiercely protested the incursion into the neutral zone, and several manhandled a
Jordanian machine gun out of Government House after the crew had set it up in a second-floor window. After the Jordanians
occupied Jabel Mukaber, an advance patrol was sent out and approached Ramat Rachel, where they came under fire from four
civilians, including the wife of the director, who were armed with old Czech-made weapons.[95][96]

The immediate Israeli response was an offensive to retake Government House and its ridge. The Jerusalem Brigade's Reserve
Battalion 161, under Lieutenant-Colonel Asher Dreizin, was given the task. Dreizin had two infantry companies and eight tanks
under his command, several of which broke down or became stuck in the mud at Ramat Rachel, leaving three for the assault. The
[97]
Jordanians mounted fierce resistance, knocking out two tanks.

The Israelis broke through the compound's western gate and began clearing the building with grenades, before General Odd Bull,
commander of the UN observers, compelled the Israelis to hold their fire, telling them that the Jordanians had already fled. The
Israelis proceeded to take the Antenna Hill, directly behind Government House, and clear out a series of bunkers to the west and
south. The fighting, often conducted hand-to-hand, continued for nearly four hours before the surviving Jordanians fell back to
trenches held by the Hittin Brigade, which were steadily overwhelmed. By 6:30 pm, the Jordanians had retreated to Bethlehem,
having suffered about 100 casualties. All but ten of Dreizin's soldiers were casualties, and Dreizin himself was wounded three
times.[97]

Israeli invasion
During the late afternoon of 5 June, the Israelis launched an offensive to encircle
Jerusalem, which lasted into the following day. During the night, they were
supported by intense tank, artillery and mortar fire to soften up Jordanian positions.
Searchlights placed atop the Labor Federation building, then the tallest in Israeli
Jerusalem, exposed and blinded the Jordanians. The Jerusalem Brigade moved south
of Jerusalem, while the mechanized Harel Brigade and 55th Paratroopers Brigade
under Mordechai Gur encircled it from the north.[98]

A combined force of tanks and paratroopers crossed no-man's land near the
Mandelbaum Gate. One of Gur's paratroop battalions approached the fortified Police
Academy. The Israelis used bangalore torpedoes to blast their way through barbed
wire leading up to the position while exposed and under heavy fire. With the aid of
two tanks borrowed from the Jerusalem Brigade, they captured the Police Academy.
After receiving reinforcements, they moved up to attackAmmunition Hill.[98][99]

The Jordanian defenders, who were heavily dug-in, fiercely resisted the attack. All
Israeli paratroopers flush out
of the Israeli officers except for two company commanders were killed, and the Jordanian soldiers from trenches
fighting was mostly led by individual soldiers. The fighting was conducted at close during the Battle of Ammunition Hill.
quarters in trenches and bunkers, and was often hand-to-hand. The Israelis captured
the position after four hours of heavy fighting. During the battle, 36 Israeli and 71
Jordanian soldiers were killed.[98][99]

The battalion subsequently drove east, and linked up with the Israeli enclave on
Mount Scopus and its Hebrew University campus. Gur's other battalions captured
the other Jordanian positions around the American Colony, despite being short on
men and equipment and having come under a Jordanian mortar bombardment while
waiting for the signal to advance.[98][99]

At the same time, the mechanized Harel Brigade attacked the fortress at Latrun,
which the Jordanians had abandoned due to heavy Israeli tank fire. The brigade
attacked Har Adar, but seven tanks were knocked out by mines, forcing the infantry
to mount an assault without armoured cover. The Israeli soldiers advanced under
heavy fire, jumping between stones to avoid mines. The fighting was conducted at Silhouette of Israeli paratroops
close-quarters, often with knives and bayonets. advancing on Ammunition Hill.

The Jordanians fell back after a battle that left two Israeli and eight Jordanian
soldiers dead, and Israeli forces advanced through Beit Horon towards Ramallah, taking four fortified villages along the way. By the
evening, the brigade arrived in Ramallah. Meanwhile, the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured Abu Tor following a fierce battle,
severing the Old City from Bethlehem and Hebron.

Meanwhile, 600 Egyptian commandos stationed in the West Bank moved to attack Israeli airfields. Led by Jordanian intelligence
scouts, they crossed the border and began infiltrating through Israeli settlements towards Ramla and Hatzor. They were soon detected
and sought shelter in nearby fields, which the Israelis set on fire. Some 450 commandos were killed, and the remainder escaped to
Jordan.[100]

From the American Colony, the paratroopers moved towards the Old City. Their plan was to approach it via the lightly defended
Salah al-Din Street. However, they made a wrong turn onto the heavily defended Nablus Road. The Israelis ran into fierce resistance.
Their tanks fired at point-blank range down the street, while the paratroopers mounted repeated charges. Despite repelling repeated
Israeli charges, the Jordanians gradually gave way to Israeli firepower and momentum. The Israelis suffered some 30 casualties – half
[101]
the original force – while the Jordanians lost 45 dead and 142 wounded.
Meanwhile, the Israeli 71st Battalion breached barbed wire and minefields and emerged near Wadi Joz, near the base of Mount
Scopus, from where the Old City could be cut off from Jericho and East Jerusalem from Ramallah. Israeli artillery targeted the one
remaining route from Jerusalem to the West Bank, and shellfire deterred the Jordanians from counterattacking from their positions at
Augusta-Victoria. An Israeli detachment then captured the Rockefeller Museum after a brief skirmish.[101]

Afterwards, the Israelis broke through to the Jerusalem-Ramallah road. At Tel al-Ful, the Israelis fought a running battle with up to
thirty Jordanian tanks. The Jordanians stalled the advance and destroyed a number of half-tracks, but the Israelis launched air attacks
and exploited the vulnerability of the external fuel tanks mounted on the Jordanian tanks. The Jordanians lost half their tanks, and
retreated towards Jericho. Joining up with the 4th Brigade, the Israelis then descended through Shuafat and the site of what is now
French Hill, through Jordanian defenses at Mivtar, emerging at Ammunition Hill.[102]

With Jordanian defenses in Jerusalem crumbling, elements of the Jordanian 60th

Brigade and an infantry battalion were sent from Jericho to reinforce Jerusalem. Its
original orders were to repel the Israelis from the Latrun corridor, but due to the
worsening situation in Jerusalem, the brigade was ordered to proceed to Jerusalem's
Arab suburbs and attack Mount Scopus. Parallel to the brigade were infantrymen
from the Imam Ali Brigade, who were approaching Issawiya. The brigades were
spotted by Israeli aircraft and decimated by rocket and cannon fire. Other Jordanian
attempts to reinforce Jerusalem were beaten back, either by armoured ambushes or
An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta-
airstrikes. Victoria Hospital

Fearing damage to holy sites and the prospect of having to fight in built-up areas,
Dayan ordered his troops not to enter the Old City.[90] He also feared that Israel would be subjected to a fierce international backlash
and the outrage of Christians worldwide if it forced its way into the Old City. Privately, he told David Ben-Gurion that he was also
concerned over the prospect of Israel capturing Jerusalem's holy sites, only to be forced to give them up under the threat of
international sanctions.

The West Bank

Israel was to gain almost total control of the West Bank by the evening of 7 June,[103] and began its military occupation of the West
Bank on that day, issuing a military order, the "Proclamation Regarding Law and Administration (The West Bank Area) (No. 2)—
1967", which established the military government in the West Bank and granted the commander of the area full legislative, executive,
and judicial power.[104][4] Jordan had realised that it had no hope of defence as early as the morning of 6 June, just a day after the
conflict had begun.[105] At Nasser’s request, Egypt’s Abdul Munim Riad sent a situation update at midday on 6 June:[103]

The situation on the West Bank is rapidly deteriorating. A concentrated attack has been launched on all axes, together
with heavy fire, day and night. Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces in position H3 have been virtually destroyed.
Upon consultation with King Hussein I have been asked to convey to you the following choices:

1. A political decision to cease fighting to be imposed by a third party (the USA,

the Soviet Union or the Security Council).
2. To vacate the West Bank tonight.
3. To go on fighting for one more day, resulting in the isolation and destruction of
the entire Jordanian Army.

King Hussein has asked me to refer this matter to you for an immediate reply
."

An Egyptian order for Jordanian forces to withdraw across the Jordan River was issued at 10am on June 6; however that afternoon
King Hussein learned of the impending United Nations Security Council Resolution 233 and decided instead to hold out in the hope
that a ceasefire would be implemented soon. It was already too late, as the counter-order caused confusion and in may cases it was
[106]
not possible to regain positions which had previously been left.
On 7 June, Dayan had ordered his troops not to enter the Old City; however, upon hearing that the UN was about to declare a
ceasefire, he changed his mind, and without cabinet clearance, decided to capture it.[90] Two paratroop battalions attacked Augusta-
Victoria Hill, high ground overlooking the Old City from the east. One battalion attacked from Mount Scopus, and another attacked
from the valley between it and the Old City. Another paratroop battalion, personally led by Gur, broke into the Old City, and was
joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete. The paratroopers met little resistance. The fighting was
conducted solely by the paratroopers; the Israelis did not use armour during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the Old City
.

In the north, one battalion from Peled's division was sent to check Jordanian defenses in the Jordan Valley. A brigade belonging to
Peled's division captured the western part of the West Bank. One brigade attacked Jordanian artillery positions around Jenin, which
were shelling Ramat David Airbase. The Jordanian 12th Armored Battalion, which outnumbered the Israelis, held off repeated
attempts to capture Jenin. However, Israeli air attacks took their toll, and the Jordanian M48 Pattons, with their external fuel tanks,
proved vulnerable at short distances, even to the Israeli-modified Shermans. Twelve Jordanian tanks were destroyed, and only six
remained operational.[100]

Just after dusk, Israeli reinforcements arrived. The Jordanians continued to fiercely resist, and
the Israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support. One Israeli jet attacked
the Jordanian commander's tank, wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence
officer. The surviving Jordanian forces then withdrew to Jenin, where they were reinforced by
fectively surrounded in Jenin.[100]
the 25th Infantry Brigade. The Jordanians were ef

Jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the Israelis until
4:00 am, when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon. The Jordanian tanks
charged, and knocked out multiple Israeli vehicles, and the tide began to shift. After sunrise,
Israeli jets and artillery conducted a two-hour bombardment against the Jordanians. The
Jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded, and had only seven tanks left, including two
without gas, and sixteen APCs. The Israelis then fought their way into Jenin, and captured the
city after fierce fighting.[107]
David Rubinger's famed
After the Old City fell, the Jerusalem Brigade reinforced the paratroopers, and continued to
photograph of IDF
paratroopers at Jerusalem's the south, capturing Judea and Gush Etzion. Hebron was taken without any resistance. Fearful
Western Wall shortly after its that Israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city's Jewish
capture. From left to right: community, Hebron's residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops, and
Zion Karasenti, Yitzhak Yifat, voluntarily gave up their weapons. The Harel Brigade proceeded eastward, descending to the
and Haim Oshri.[a] Jordan River.

On 7 June, Israeli forces seized Bethlehem, taking the city after a brief battle that left some 40
Jordanian soldiers dead, with the remainder fleeing. On the same day, one of Peled's brigades seized Nablus; then it joined one of
Central Command's armoured brigades to fight the Jordanian forces; as the Jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and
were equal in numbers to the Israelis.

Again, the air superiority of the IAF proved paramount as it immobilized the Jordanians, leading to their defeat. One of Peled's
brigades joined with its Central Command counterparts coming from Ramallah, and the remaining two blocked the Jordan river
crossings together with the Central Command's 10th. Engineering Corps sappers blew up the Abdullah and Hussein bridges with
captured Jordanian mortar shells, while elements of the Harel Brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to
cover them, but quickly pulled back due to American pressure. The Jordanians, anticipating an Israeli offensive deep into Jordan,
assembled the remnants of their army and Iraqi units in Jordan to protect the western approaches to Amman and the southern slopes
of the Golan Heights.

As Israel continued its offensive on 7 June, taking no account of the UN ceasefire resolution, the Egyptian-Jordanian command
ordered a full Jordanian withdrawal for the second time, in order to avoid an annihilation of the Jordanian army.[108] This was
complete by nightfall on 7 June.[108]
After the Old City was captured, Dayan told his troops to "dig in" to hold it. When an armoured brigade commander entered the West
Bank on his own initiative, and stated that he could see Jericho, Dayan ordered him back. It was only after intelligence reports
indicated that Hussein had withdrawn his forces across the Jordan River that Dayan ordered his troops to capture the West Bank.[94]
According to Narkis:

First, the Israeli government had no intention of capturing the West Bank. On the contrary, it was opposed to it.
Second, there was not any provocation on the part of the IDF. Third, the rein was only loosened when a real threat to
Jerusalem's security emerged. This is truly how things happened on June 5, although it is difficult to believe. The end
result was something that no one had planned.[109]

Golan Heights
In May–June 1967, in preparation for conflict, the
Israeli government planned to confine the
confrontation to the Egyptian front, whilst taking
into account the possibility of some fighting on
the Syrian front.[89]

Syrian front 5–8 June

Syria largely stayed out of the conflict for the first
four days.[110][111]

False Egyptian reports of a crushing victory

against the Israeli army[72] and forecasts that
Egyptian forces would soon be attacking Tel Aviv
influenced Syria's decision to enter the war – in a
sporadic manner – during this period.[110] Syrian
artillery began shelling northern Israel, and twelve
Syrian jets attacked Israeli settlements in the
Galilee. Israeli fighter jets intercepted the Syrian
aircraft, shooting down three and driving off the
rest.[112] In addition, two Lebanese Hawker The Battle of Golan Heights, 9–10 June.
Hunter jets, two of the twelve Lebanon had,
crossed into Israeli airspace and began strafing
[2][6]
Israeli positions in the Galilee. They were intercepted by Israeli fighter jets, and one was shot down.

On the evening of 5 June, the Israeli Air Force attacked Syrian airfields. The Syrian Air Force lost some 32 MiG 21s, 23 MiG-15 and
MiG-17 fighters, and two Ilyushin Il-28 bombers, two-thirds of its fighting strength. The Syrian aircraft that survived the attack
retreated to distant bases and played no further role in the war. Following the attack, Syria realised that the news it had received from
Egypt of the near-total destruction of the Israeli military could not have been true.[112]

On June 6, a minor Syrian force tried to capture the water plants at Tel Dan (the subject of a fierce escalation two years earlier), Dan,
and She'ar Yashuv. These attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks. An Israeli officer was also killed.
But a broader Syrian offensive quickly failed. Syrian reserve units were broken up by Israeli air attacks, and several tanks were
reported to have sunk in the Jordan River.[112]

Other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges, lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry, and units
ignoring orders to advance. A post-war Syrian army report concluded:
 Our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not
arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find
shelter from the enemy's planes. The reserves could not withstand
[113]
the air attacks; they dispersed after their morale plummeted.

The Syrians bombarded Israeli civilian settlements in the Galilee Panhandle, by two
battalions of M-46 130mm guns, four companies of heavy mortars, and dug-in
Panzer IV tanks. The Syrian bombardment killed two civilians, hit 205 houses as
People in a bomb shelter atKibbutz
well as farming installations. An inaccurate report from a Syrian officer, however,
Dan
said that as a result of the bombardment that "the enemy appears to have suffered
heavy losses and is retreating".[114]

Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked

On 7 and 8 June, the Israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the Golan Heights as well. Syria had supported pre-war raids
that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled Israel from the Heights, so some Israeli leaders wanted to see Syria
punished.[115] Military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly, since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly
fortified enemy. The western side of the Golan Heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters (1,700 ft) from the Sea of
Galilee and the Jordan River, and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau. Dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first, believing
such an undertaking would result in losses of 30,000 and might trigger Soviet intervention. Prime Minister Eshkol, on the other hand,
was more open to the possibility, as was the head of the Northern Command, David Elazar, whose unbridled enthusiasm for and
confidence in the operation may have eroded Dayan's reluctance.

Eventually, the situation on the Southern and Central fronts cleared up, intelligence estimated that the likelihood of Soviet
intervention had been reduced,reconnaissance showed some Syrian defenses in the Golan region collapsing, and an intercepted cable
revealed that Nasser was urging the President of Syria to immediately accept a cease-fire. At 3 am on 9 June, Syria announced its
acceptance of the cease-fire. Despite this announcement, Dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and four hours later at 7 am,
"gave the order to go into action against Syria"[i][115] without consultation or government authorisation.
[116]

The Syrian army consisted of about 75,000 men grouped in nine brigades, supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armour.
Israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades (the 8th Armored Brigade and the Golani Brigade) in the northern part of the
front at Givat HaEm, and another two (infantry and one of Peled's brigades summoned from Jenin) in the center. The Golan Heights'
unique terrain (mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west), and the general lack of
roads in the area channeled both forces along east-west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either
flank. Thus the Syrians could move north-south on the plateau itself, and the Israelis could move north-south at the base of the Golan
escarpment. An advantage Israel possessed was the excellent intelligence collected by Mossad operative Eli Cohen (who was
captured and executed in Syria in 1965) regarding the Syrian battle positions. Syria had built extensive defensive fortifications in
depths up to 15 kilometers,[117] comparable to the Maginot Line.

As opposed to all the other campaigns, IAF was only partially effective in the Golan because the fixed fortifications were so
effective. However, the Syrian forces proved unable to put up effective defense largely because the officers were poor leaders and
treated their soldiers badly; often officers would retreat from danger, leaving their men confused and ineffective. The Israelis also had
the upper hand during close combat that took place in the numerous Syrian bunkers along the Golan Heights, as they were armed
with the Uzi, a submachine gun designed for close combat, while Syrian soldiers were armed with the heavier AK-47 assault rifle,
designed for combat in more open areas.

Israeli attack: first day (9 June)

On the morning of 9 June, Israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against Syrian positions from Mount Hermon to Tawfiq,
using rockets salvaged from captured Egyptian stocks. The airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced
transport columns off the roads. The Syrians suffered heavy casualties and a drop in morale, with a number of senior officers and
troops deserting. The attacks also provided time as Israeli forces cleared paths
through Syrian minefields. However, the airstrikes did not seriously damage the
Syrians' bunkers and trench systems, and the bulk of Syrian forces on the Golan
remained in their positions.[118]

About two hours after the airstrikes began, the 8th Armored Brigade, led by Colonel
Albert Mandler, advanced into the Golan Heights from Givat HaEm. Its advance
was spearheaded by Engineering Corps sappers and eight bulldozers, which cleared
away barbed wire and mines. As they advanced, the force came under fire, and five Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan
bulldozers were immediately hit. The Israeli tanks, with their maneuverability Heights. June 1967
sharply reduced by the terrain, advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified
village of Sir al-Dib, with their ultimate objective being the fortress at Qala. Israeli
casualties steadily mounted. Part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite Za'ura, a redoubt manned by Syrian
reservists. With the situation critical, Colonel Mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on Za'ura and Qala. Heavy and confused
fighting followed, with Israeli and Syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges. Mandler recalled
that "the Syrians fought well and bloodied us. We beat them only by crushing them under our treads and by blasting them with our
cannons at very short range, from 100 to 500 meters." The first three Israeli tanks to enter Qala were stopped by a Syrian bazooka
team, and a relief column of seven Syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers. The Israelis took heavy fire from the houses, but could
not turn back, as other forces were advancing behind them, and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side. The Israelis
continued pressing forward, and called for air support. A pair of Israeli jets destroyed two of the Syrian tanks, and the remainder
withdrew. The surviving defenders of Qala retreated after their commander was killed. Meanwhile, Za'ura fell in an Israeli assault,
and the Israelis also captured the 'Ein Fit fortress.[119]

In the central sector, the Israeli 181st Battalion captured the strongholds of Dardara and Tel Hillal after fierce fighting. Desperate
fighting also broke out along the operation's northern axis, where Golani Brigade attacked thirteen Syrian positions, including the
formidable Tel Fakhr position. Navigational errors placed the Israelis directly under the Syrians' guns. In the fighting that followed,
both sides took heavy casualties, with the Israelis losing all nineteen of their tanks and half-tracks.[120] The Israeli battalion
commander then ordered his twenty-five remaining men to dismount, divide into two groups, and charge the northern and southern
flanks of Tel Fakhr. The first Israelis to reach the perimeter of the southern approach laid bodily down on the barbed wire, allowing
their comrades to vault over them. From there, they assaulted the fortified Syrian positions. The fighting was waged at extremely
close quarters, often hand-to-hand.[120]

On the northern flank, the Israelis broke through within minutes and cleared out the trenches and bunkers. During the seven-hour
battle, the Israelis lost 31 dead and 82 wounded, while the Syrians lost 62 dead and 20 captured. Among the dead was the Israeli
battalion commander. The Golani Brigade's 51st Battalion took Tel 'Azzaziat, and Darbashiya alsofell to Israeli forces.[120]

By the evening of 9 June, the four Israeli brigades had all broken through to the
plateau, where they could be reinforced and replaced. Thousands of reinforcements
began reaching the front, those tanks and half-tracks that had survived the previous
day's fighting were refueled and replenished with ammunition, and the wounded
were evacuated. By dawn, the Israelis had eight brigades in the sector
.

Syria's first line of defense had been shattered, but the defenses beyond that
remained largely intact. Mount Hermon and the Banias in the north, and the entire
sector between Tawfiq and Customs House Road in the south remained in Syrian
Play media
hands. In a meeting early on the night of 9 June, Syrian leaders decided to reinforce
Universal Newsreel from 9 June
those positions as quickly as possible, and to maintain a steady barrage on Israeli
about the war and UN reactions.
civilian settlements.

Israeli attack: the next day (10 June)

Throughout the night, the Israelis continued their advance. Though it was slowed by fierce resistance, an anticipated Syrian
counterattack never materialized. At the fortified village of Jalabina, a garrison of Syrian reservists, leveling their anti-aircraft guns,
held off the Israeli 65th Paratroop Battalion for four hours before a small detachment managed to penetrate the village and knock out
the heavy guns.

Meanwhile, the 8th Brigade's tanks moved south from Qala, advancing six miles to Wasit under heavy artillery and tank
bombardment. At the Banias in the north, Syrian mortar batteries opened fire on advancing Israeli forces only after Golani Brigade
sappers cleared a path through a minefield, killing sixteen Israeli soldiers and wounding four
.

On the next day, 10 June, the central and northern groups joined in a pincer movement on the plateau, but that fell mainly on empty
territory as the Syrian forces retreated. At 8:30 am, the Syrians began blowing up their own bunkers, burning documents and
retreating. Several units joined by Elad Peled's troops climbed to the Golan from the south, only to find the positions mostly empty.
When the 8th Brigade reached Mansura, five miles from Wasit, the Israelis met no opposition and found abandoned equipment,
including tanks, in perfect working condition. In the fortified Banias village, Golani Brigade troops found only several Syrian
soldiers chained to their positions.[121]

During the day, the Israeli units stopped after obtaining manoeuvre room between their positions and a line of volcanic hills to the
west. In some locations, Israeli troops advanced after an agreed-upon cease-fire[122] to occupy strategically strong positions.[123] To
the east, the ground terrain is an open gently sloping plain. This position later became the cease-fire line known as the
Purple
" Line".

Time magazine reported: "In an effort to pressure the United Nations into enforcing a ceasefire, Damascus Radio undercut its own
army by broadcasting the fall of the city of Quneitra three hours before it actually capitulated. That premature report of the surrender
[124]
of their headquarters destroyed the morale of the Syrian troops left in the Golan area."

Conclusion
By 10 June, Israel had completed its final
offensive in the Golan Heights, and a ceasefire A week ago, the fateful campaign began. The existence of the State of
Israel hung in the balance, the hopes of generations, and the vision that
was signed the day after. Israel had seized the
was realised in our own time... During the fighting, our forces
Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank destroyed about 450 enemy planes and hundreds of tanks. The enemy
of the Jordan River (including East Jerusalem), forces were decisively defeated in battles. Many fled for their lives or
and the Golan Heights.[126] About one million were captured. For the first time since the establishment of the state,
the threat to our security has been removed at once from the Sinai
Arabs were placed under Israel's direct control
Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, Jerusalem, the West Bank and the northern
in the newly captured territories. Israel's border.
strategic depth grew to at least 300 kilometers in
— Levi Eshkol, 12 June 1967 (Address to Israeli Parliament)[125]
the south, 60 kilometers in the east, and 20
kilometers of extremely rugged terrain in the
north, a security asset that would prove useful in
the Yom Kippur War six years later.

Speaking three weeks after the war ended, as he accepted an honorary degree from
Hebrew University, Yitzhak Rabin gave his reasoning behind the success of Israel:

Our airmen, who struck the enemies' planes so

accurately that no one in the world understands how it
was done and people seek technological explanations or
secret weapons; our armoured troops who beat the
Play media
enemy even when their equipment was inferior to his;
our soldiers in all other branches … who overcame our Universal Newsreel from 13 June
enemies everywhere, despite the latter's superior about the war
numbers and fortifications—all these revealed not only
coolness and courage in the battle but … an
understanding that only their personal stand against the greatest dangers would achieve
 victory for their country and for their families, and that if victory was not theirs the alternative
was annihilation.[127]

In recognition of contributions, Rabin was given the honour of naming the war for the Israelis. From the suggestions proposed,
including the "War of Daring", "War of Salvation", and "War of the Sons of Light", he "chose the least ostentatious, the Six-Day War,
evoking the days of creation".[128]

Dayan's final report on the war to the Israeli general staf

f listed several shortcomings in Israel's actions, including misinterpretation of
Nasser's intentions, overdependence on the United States, and reluctance to act when Egypt closed the Straits. He also credited
several factors for Israel's success: Egypt did not appreciate the advantage of striking first and their adversaries did not accurately
[128]
gauge Israel's strength and its willingness to use it.

In Egypt, according toHeikal, Nasser had admitted his responsibility for the military defeat in June 1967.[129] According to historian
Abd al-Azim Ramadan, Nasser's mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close
[130]
the Straits of Tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with Israel, despite Egypt's lack of military preparedness.

After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war. Issues that were identified included "the
individualistic bureaucratic leadership"; "promotions on the basis of loyalty, not expertise, and the army's fear of telling Nasser the
ganization, and will to fight.[128]
truth"; lack of intelligence; and better Israeli weapons, command, or

Casualties
Between 776[7] and 983 Israelis were killed and 4,517 were wounded. Fifteen Israeli soldiers were captured. Arab casualties were far
greater. Between 9,800[10] and 15,000[11] Egyptian soldiers were listed as killed or missing in action. An additional 4,338 Egyptian
soldiers were captured.[12] Jordanian losses are estimated to be 700 killed in action with another 2,500 wounded.[8][13] The Syrians
were estimated to have sustained between 1,000[131] and 2,500[16][18] killed in action. Between 367[12] and 591[17] Syrians were
captured.

Controversies

Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack

At the commencement of hostilities, both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country.[132] The
Israeli government later abandoned its initial position, acknowledging Israel had struck first, claiming that it was a preemptive strike
in the face of a planned invasion by Egypt.[132][133] On the other hand, the Arab view was that it was unjustified to attack
Egypt.[134][135] Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self-defense.
[136][137]

Allegations of atrocities committed against Egyptian soldiers

It has been alleged that Nasser did not want Egypt to learn of the true extent of his defeat and so ordered the killing of Egyptian army
stragglers making their way back to the Suez canal zone.[138] There have also been allegations from both Israeli and Egyptian
[139][140][141][142][143][144][145]
sources that Israeli troops killed unarmed Egyptian prisoners.

Allegations of military support from the US, UK and Soviet Union

There have been a number of allegations of direct military support of Israel during the war by the US and the UK, including the
supply of equipment (despite an embargo) and the participation of US forces in the conflict.[146][147][148][149][150] Many of these
allegations and conspiracy theories[151] have been disputed and it has been claimed that some were given currency in the Arab world
to explain the Arab defeat.[152] It has also been claimed that the Soviet Union, in support of its Arab allies, used its naval strength in
.[153][154]
the Mediterranean to act as a major restraint on the US Navy
America features prominently in Arab conspiracy theories purporting to explain the June 1967 defeat. Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, a
confidant of Nasser, claims that President Lyndon B. Johnson was obsessed with Nasser and that Johnson conspired with Israel to
bring him down.[155] The reported Israeli troop movements seemed all the more threatening because they were perceived in the
context of a US conspiracy against Egypt. Salah Bassiouny of the Foreign ministry, claims that Foreign Ministry saw the reported
Israeli troop movements as credible because Israel had reached the level at which it could find strategic alliance with the United
States.[156] During the war, Cairo announced that American and British planes were participating in the Israeli attack. Nasser broke
off diplomatic relations following this allegation. Nasser's image of the United States was such that he might well have believed the
worst. However Anwar Sadat implied that Nasser used this deliberate conspiracy in order to accuse the United States as a political
cover-up for domestic consumption.[157] Lutfi Abd al-Qadir, the director of Radio Cairo during the late 1960s, who accompanied
Nasser to his visits in Moscow, had his conspiracy theory that both the Soviets and the Western powers wanted to topple Nasser or to
reduce his influence.[158]

USS Liberty incident

On 8 June 1967, USS Liberty, a United States Navy electronic intelligence vessel sailing 13 nautical miles (24 km) off Arish (just
outside Egypt's territorial waters), was attacked by Israeli jets and torpedo boats, nearly sinking the ship, killing 34 sailors and
wounding 171. Israel said the attack was a case of mistaken identity, and that the ship had been misidentified as the Egyptian vessel
El Quseir. Israel apologized for the mistake, and paid compensation to the victims or their families, and to the United States for
damage to the ship. After an investigation, the U.S. accepted the explanation that the incident was friendly fire and the issue was
closed by the exchange of diplomatic notes in 1987. Others however, including the then United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk,
Chief of Naval Operations at the time, Admiral Thomas Moorer, some survivors of the attack and intelligence officials familiar with
transcripts of intercepted signals on the day, have rejected these conclusions as unsatisfactory and maintain that the attack was made
in the knowledge that the ship was American.[159][160][161]

Aftermath
The political importance of the 1967 War was immense. Israel demonstrated again that it was able and willing to initiate strategic
strikes that could change the regional balance. Egypt and Syria learned tactical lessons and would launch an attack in 1973 in an
attempt to reclaim their lost territory.[162]

After following other Arab nations in declaring war, Mauritania remained in a declared state of war with Israel until about 1999.[163]
The United States imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all Middle East countries, including Israel. The embargo
remained in force until the end of the year, despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it.[164]

Israel and Zionism

Following the war, Israel experienced a wave of national euphoria, and the press praised the military's performance for weeks
afterward. New "victory coins" were minted to celebrate. In addition, the world's interest in Israel grew, and the country's economy,
which had been in crisis before the war, flourished due to an influx of tourists and donations, as well as the extraction of oil from the
Sinai's wells.[165] The aftermath of the war also saw ababy boom, which lasted for four years.[166]

The aftermath of the war is also of religious significance. Under Jordanian rule, Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and were
effectively barred from visiting the Western Wall, despite Article VIII of the 1949 Armistice Agreement demanded Israeli Jewish
access to the Western Wall.[167][168] Jewish holy sites were not maintained, and Jewish cemeteries had been desecrated. After the
annexation to Israel, each religious group was granted administration over its holy sites. For the first time since 1948, Jews could visit
the Old City of Jerusalem and pray at the Western Wall, the holiest site where Jews are permitted to pray, an event celebrated every
year during Yom Yerushalayim.[169] Despite the Temple Mount being the most important holy site in Jewish tradition, the al-Aqsa
Mosque has been under sole administration of the Jordanian Muslim Waqf, and Jews are barred from praying on the Temple Mount,
although they are allowed to visit it.[170][171] In Hebron, Jews gained access to the Cave of the Patriarchs – the second most holy site
in Judaism, after the Temple Mount – for the first time since the 14th century (previously Jews were allowed to pray only at the
entrance).[172] Other Jewish holy sites, such as Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem and Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, also became
accessible.[173][174]

The war inspired the Jewish diaspora, which was swept up in overwhelming support for Israel. According to Michael Oren, the war
enabled American Jews to "walk with their backs straight and flex their political muscle as never before. American Jewish
organizations which had previously kept Israel at arms length suddenly proclaimed their Zionism."[175] Thousands of Jewish
immigrants arrived from Western countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, and South Africa after the
war. Many of them returned to their countries of origin after a few years; one survey found that 58% of American Jews who
immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 returned to the US. Nevertheless, this immigration to Israel of Jews from Western
[176][177] Most notably, the war stirred Zionist
countries, which was previously only a trickle, was a significant force for the first time.
passions among Jews in the Soviet Union, who had by that time been forcibly assimilated. Many Soviet Jews subsequently applied
for exit visas and began protesting for their right to immigrate to Israel. Following diplomatic pressure from the West, the Soviet
government began granting exit visas to Jews in growing numbers. From 1970 to 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit
visas, of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 immigrated to the United States.[178] The great rise in Jewish pride in the
wake of Israel's victory also fueled the beginnings of the baal teshuva movement.[179][180][181] The war gave impetus to a Chabad
campaign in which theLubavitcher Rebbe directed his followers to puttefillin on Jewish men around world.[182][183]

Jews in Arab countries

In the Arab nations, populations of minority Jews faced persecution and expulsion following the Israeli victory. According to
historian and ambassadorMichael B. Oren:

Mobs attacked Jewish neighborhoods in Egypt, Yemen, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Morocco, burning synagogues and
assaulting residents. A pogrom in Tripoli, Libya, left 18 Jews dead and 25 injured; the survivors were herded into
detention centers. Of Egypt's 4,000 Jews, 800 were arrested, including the chief rabbis of both Cairo and Alexandria,
and their property sequestered by the government. The ancient communities of Damascus and Baghdad were placed
under house arrest, their leaders imprisoned and fined. A total of 7,000 Jews were expelled, many with merely a
satchel.[184]

Antisemitism against Jews in Communist countries

Following the war, a series of antisemitic purges began in Communist countries.[185][186] Some 11,200 Jews from Poland
immigrated to Israel during the1968 Polish political crisisand the following year.[187]

Peace and diplomacy

Following the war, Israel made an offer for peace that included the return of most of the recently captured territories. According to
Chaim Herzog:

On June 19, 1967, the National Unity Government [of Israel] voted unanimously to return the Sinai to Egypt and the
Golan Heights to Syria in return for peace agreements. The Golans would have to be demilitarized and special
arrangement would be negotiated for the Straits of Tiran. The government also resolved to open negotiations with
.[188]
King Hussein of Jordan regarding the Eastern border

The 19 June Israeli cabinet decision did not include the Gaza Strip, and left open the possibility of Israel permanently acquiring parts
of the West Bank. On 25–27 June, Israel incorporatedEast Jerusalem together with areas of the West Bank to the north and south into
Jerusalem's new municipal boundaries.
The Israeli decision was to be conveyed to the Arab nations by the United States. The U.S. was informed of the decision, but not that
it was to transmit it. There is no evidence of receipt from Egypt or Syria, and some historians claim that they may never have
received the offer.[189]

In September, the Khartoum Arab Summit resolved that there would be "no peace, no recognition and no negotiation with Israel".
However, as Avraham Sela notes, the Khartoum conference effectively marked a shift in the perception of the conflict by the Arab
states away from one centered on the question of Israel's legitimacy, toward one focusing on territories and boundaries. This was
shown on 22 November when Egypt and Jordan accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.[190] Nasser forestalled
any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any
direct peace talks withIsrael were tantamount to surrender.[191]

After the war, the entire Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe (with the exception of Romania) broke off diplomatic relations with
Israel.[192]

The 1967 War laid the foundation for future discord in the region, as the Arab states resented Israel's victory and did not want to give
up territory.

On 22 November 1967, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242, the "land for peace" formula, which called for
Israeli withdrawal "from territories occupied" in 1967 and "the termination of all claims or states of belligerency". Resolution 242
recognized the right of "every state in the area to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of
force." Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1978, after the Camp David Accords, and disengaged from the Gaza Strip in the summer
of 2005. Its army frequently re-enters Gaza for military operations and still retains control of the seaports, airports and most of the
border crossings.

Occupied territories and Arab displaced populations

There was extensive displacement of populations in the occupied territories: of about one million Palestinians in the West Bank and
Gaza, 300,000 (according to the United States Department of State)[193] either fled, or were displaced from their homes, to Jordan,
where they contributed to the growing unrest.[194] The other 700,000[195] remained. In the Golan Heights, an estimated 80,000
Syrians fled.[196] Israel allowed only the inhabitants of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights to receive full Israeli citizenship,
applying its law, administration and jurisdiction to these territories in 1967 and 1981, respectively. The vast majority of the
populations in both territories declined to take citizenship. See alsoIsraeli–Palestinian conflictand Golan Heights.

In his book Righteous Victims (1999), Israeli "New Historian" Benny Morris writes:

In three villages southwest of Jerusalem and at Qalqilya, houses were destroyed "not in battle, but as punishment ...
and in order to chase away the inhabitants ... contrary to government ... policy," Dayan wrote in his memoirs. In
Qalqilya, about a third of the homes were razed and about 12,000 inhabitants were evicted, though many then camped
out in the environs. The evictees in both areas were allowed to stay and later were given cement and tools by the
Israeli authorities to rebuild at least some of their dwellings.

But many thousands of other Palestinians now took to the roads. Perhaps as many as seventy thousand, mostly from
the Jericho area, fled during the fighting; tens of thousands more left over the following months. Altogether, about
one-quarter of the population of the West Bank, about 200–250,000 people, went into exile. ... They simply walked to
the Jordan River crossings and made their way on foot to the East Bank. It is unclear how many were intimidated or
forced out by the Israeli troops and how many left voluntarily, in panic and fear. There is some evidence of IDF
soldiers going around with loudspeakers ordering West Bankers to leave their homes and cross the Jordan. Some left
because they had relatives or sources of livelihood on the East Bank and feared being permanently cutf.of

Thousands of Arabs were taken by bus from East Jerusalem to the Allenby Bridge, though there is no evidence of
coercion. The free Israeli-organized transportation, which began on June 11, 1967, went on for about a month. At the
bridge they had to sign a document stating that they were leaving of their own free will. Perhaps as many as 70,000
 people emigrated from the Gaza Strip to Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world.

On July 2, the Israeli government announced that it would allow the return of those 1967 refugees who desired to do
so, but no later than August 10, later extended to September 13. The Jordanian authorities probably pressured many
of the refugees, who constituted an enormous burden, to sign up to return. In practice only 14,000 of the 120,000 who
applied were allowed by Israel back into the West Bank by the beginning of September. After that, only a trickle of
"special cases" were allowed back, perhaps 3,000 in all. (328–29)

In addition, between 80,000 and 110,000 Syrians fled the Golan Heights,[197] of which about 20,000 were from the city of
Quneitra.[198] According to more recent research by the Israeli daily Haaretz, a total of 130,000 Syrian inhabitants fled or were
.[199]
expelled from the territory, most of them pushed out by the Israeli army

Long term
Israel made peace with Egypt following theCamp David Accords of 1978 and completed a staged withdrawal from the Sinai in 1982.
However, the position of the other occupied territories has been a long-standing and bitter cause of conflict for decades between
Israel and the Palestinians, and the Arab world in general. Jordan and Egypt eventually withdrew their claims to sovereignty over the
West Bank and Gaza, respectively. Israel and Jordan signed apeace treaty in 1994.

After the Israeli conquest of these newly acquired territories, the Gush Emunim movement launched a large settlement effort in these
areas to secure a permanent foothold. There are now hundreds of thousands of Israeli settlers in the West Bank. They are a matter of
controversy within Israel, both among the general population and within different political administrations, supporting them to
varying degrees. Palestinians consider them a provocation. The Israeli settlements in Gaza were evacuated in August 2005 as a part
of Israel's disengagement from Gaza.

See also
Abba Eban, Israeli Foreign Minister
Hafez al-Assad, Syrian Defense Minister
Catch 67, a 2017 Israeli philosophy book on the West Bank occupation that launched a public dialogue on the war's
50th anniversary
Israeli MIAs
Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
Robert McNamara, U.S. Defense Secretary
Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict
U Thant, Secretary General of the United Nations

Notes
1. ^ Photograph:

It was twenty minutes after the capture of the Western Wall that David Rubinger shot his
"signature" photograph of three Israeli paratroopers gazing in wonder up at the wall [Kaniuk,
Yoram. "June 10, 1967 – Israeli paratroopers reach the Western Wall". The Digital Journalist.
Retrieved 2 December 2008.]. As part of the terms for his access to the front lines, Rubinger
handed the negatives to the Israeli government, who then distributed this image widely.
Although he was displeased with the violation of his copyright, the widespread use of his
photo made it famous [Silver, Eric (16 February 2006). "David Rubinger in the picture". The
Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 17 July 2010.], and it is now considered a defining image of the
conflict and one of the best-known in the history of Israel [Urquhart, Conal (6 May 2007). "Six
days in June". The Observer. Retrieved 2 December 2008.]
3.^ Both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country
.

1. Gideon Rafael [Israeli Ambassador to the UN] received a message from the Israeli foreign fice: of "Inform
immediately the President of the Sec. Co. that Israel is now engaged in repelling Egyptian land and air forces." At
3:10 am, Rafael woke ambassadorHans Tabor, the Danish President of the Security Council for June, with the news
that Egyptian forces had "moved against Israel". Bailey 1990, p. 225.
2. [At Security Council meeting of 5 June], both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other . Bailey
1990, p. 225.
3. "Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities [...] but Israeli ficials
of – Eban and Evron – swore that
Egypt had fired first" Oren 2002, p. 196.
4. "Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans aTbor, Security Council president for the month of June, and
informed him that Israel was responding to a 'cowardly and treacherous' attack from Egypt..." Oren, p. 198.
4. ^ Lenczowski 1990, pp. 105–15, Citing Moshe Dayan, Story of My Life, and Nadav Safran, From War to War: The Arab–Israeli
Confrontation, 1948–1967, p. 375

Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria, initially
planned for June 8, but postponed for 24 hours. It should be pointed out that the attack on the Liberty occurred on
June 8, whereas on June 9 at 3 am, Syria announced its acceptance of the cease-fire. Despite this, at 7 am, that is, four
hours later, Israel's minister of defense,Moshe Dayan, "gave the order to go into action against Syria.

Footnotes
1. Krauthammer 2007.
2. Oren, p. 237
3. "Milestones: 1961–1968"(https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/arab-israeli-war-1967). Office of the
Historian. Retrieved 2018-11-30. "Between June 5 and June 10, Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and
occupied the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights "
4. Weill, Sharon (2007). "The judicial arm of theoccupation: the Israeli military courts in the occupied territories".
International Review of the Red Cross. Cambridge University Press (CUP).89 (866): 401.
doi:10.1017/s1816383107001142(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1816383107001142) . ISSN 1816-3831 (https://www.
worldcat.org/issn/1816-3831). "On 7 June 1967, the day the occupation started, Military Proclamation No. 2 was
issued, endowing the area commander with full legislative, executive, and judicial authorities over the estW Bank
and declaring that the law in force prior to the occupation remained in force as long as it did not contradict new
military orders."
5. Tucker 2004, p. 176.
6. Griffin 2006, p. 336.
7. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008.
8. Gawrych 2000, p. 3
9. Zaloga, Steven (1981).Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948–78 (Vanguard). Osprey Publishing.
10. El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
11. Herzog 1982, p. 165.
12. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2004
13. The Six Day War 1967: Jordan and Syria(https://books.google.com/books?id=L1qICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125)
. Simon
Dunstan. Bloomsbury Publishing. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
14. Warfare since the Second World War, By Klaus Jürgen Gantzel, Torsten Schwinghammer, p. 253
15. Wars in the Third World since 1945, (NY 1991) Guy Arnold
16. Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars. The United States in the Persian Gulf,
Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts(https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=P A1198&dq=The+war
+cost+Syria+2,500+killed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yTP AVJb9F5bfsASgtoDgDg&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Th
e%20war%20cost%20Syria%202%2C500%20killed&f=false) . ABC-CLIO. p. 1198. ISBN 978-1-85109-947-4.
17. Woolf, Alex (2012). Arab–Israeli War Since 1948. Heinemann-Raintree. p. 27.ISBN 978-1-4329-6004-9.
18. Sachar, Howard M. (2013). A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our T
ime (https://books.google.com.ar/b
ooks?id=0X4BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1122&dq=they+had+lost+2,500+killed+and+5,000+wounded&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pz
bAVKGHMsjbsATrnoHgCA&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=they%20had%20lost%202%2C500%20killed%20
and%205%2C000%20wounded&f=false). Random House. ISBN 978-0-8041-5049-1.
19. Oren, pp. 185–87
20. Gerhard, William D.; Millington, Henry W. (1981). "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the USS Liberty" (PDF). NSA
History Report, U.S. Cryptologic History series. National Security Agency
. partially declassified 1999, 2003.
21. Both USA and Israel officially attributed the USS Liberty incident as being due to mistaken identification.
22. Ginor, Isabella and Remez, Gideon:The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967-1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the
Egyptian-Israeli Conflict, p. 23
23. Major General Indar Jit Rikhye (28 October 2013).The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency
Force Leading... (https://books.google.com/books?id=teHW AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR8) Taylor & Francis. pp. 8–.
ISBN 978-1-136-27985-0.
24. Ami Gluska (12 February 2007).The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War: Government, Armed Forces
and Defence Policy 1963–67(https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z3-LzdcZacC&pg=P A152&lpg=PA152&dq=nass
er+gafgafa+pilots+ahalan+sahalan&source=bl&ots=c5rE5fwrjs&sig=SNQVIBscDmCjd77hWsT c9GvNrmU&hl=en&sa
=X&ei=fvs9Vc_VEIL1apypgKgB&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=nasser%20gafgafa%20pilots%20ahalan%20
sahalan&f=false). Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-134-16377-9. "On the evening of 22 May, President Gamal Abdul
Nasser, accompanied by ... Egyptian air forcebase at Bir Gafgafa in Sinai and addressed the pilots and of
ficers. ...
'The Jews are threatening war – we say to them ahlan wa-sahlan (welcome)! "
25. "First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) – Background (Full text)"
(https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/mis
sions/past/unef1backgr2.html). Rauschning, Wiesbrock & Lailach 1997, p. 30; Sachar 2007, pp. 504, 507–08.
26. Some sources date the agreement to 4 November
, others to 7 November. Most sources simply say "November".
Gawrych (2000) p. 5
27. Schiff, Zeev, History of the Israeli Army, Straight Arrow Books (1974) p. 145
28. Churchill & Churchill, The Six Day War, Houghton Mifflin Company (1967) p. 21
29. Pollack 2004, p. 290.
30. Segev, 2007, pp.149–52.
31. Hart, 1989 p. 226
32. Oren 2002/2003, p. 312; Burrowes & Douglas 1972, pp. 224–25
33. Shemesh, Moshe (2007).Arab Politics, Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day W ar: The Crystallization of Arab
Strategy and Nasir's Descent to War, 1957–1967 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4u-ZheMnqf8C&pg=P A118).
Sussex Academic Press. p. 118.ISBN 1-84519-188-9. "The Jordanian leadership's appraisal of the repercussions of
the Samu' raid was a major factor in King Husayn's decision to join Nasir's war chariot by signing a joint defense
pact with Egypt on May 30, 1967. This was the determining factor for Jordan's participation in the war that would
soon break out.... Convinced after the Samu' raid that Israel's strategic goal was the eWst Bank, Husayn allied
himself to Nasir out of a genuine fear that, in a comprehensive war, Israel would invade the West Bank whether or
not Jordan was an active participant."
34. Tessler, Mark (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict(https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQ
C&pg=PA378). John Wiley & Sons. p. 378.ISBN 0-253-20873-4. "Towards the War of June 1967: Growing tensions
in the region were clearly visible long before Israel's November attack on Samu and two other estW Bank towns. An
escalating spiral of raid and retaliation had already been set in motion..."
35. Herzog 1982, p. 148
36. John Quigley, The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=P A32), Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 32.
37. Shlaim (2007) p. 238
38. Mutawi 2002, p. 93: "Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians, his response to this development was a model of
moderation. His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of
the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping. The next day
Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were, indeed, closed to all Israeli ships"
39. Cohen, Raymond. (1988), p. 12
40. "Interference, by armed force, with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba
and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self-
defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and
innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits.""Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister
Meir, 1 March 1957" (http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-197
4/26+Statement+to+the+General+Assembly+by+Foreign+Mi.htm) . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The State of
Israel.
41. Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1998. Random House. p. 306.
ISBN 0-679-42120-3.
42. Gat, Moshe (2003). Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day a
Wr (https://b
ooks.google.com.ar/books?id=ntLdA8QIgXIC&pg=P A202&dq=On+the+night+of+May+22-23,+Nasser+declared+the
+Gulf+of+Aqaba+closed+to+Israeli+shipping&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=myXA VKKQM8jIsASWi4IY&ved=0CBMQ6AEwA
A#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20night%20of%20May%2022-23%2C%20Nasser%20declared%20the%20Gulf%20o
f%20Aqaba%20closed%20to%20Israeli%20shipping&f=false) . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202.ISBN 0-275-
97514-2.
43. Colonomos, Ariel (2013).The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War? (https://books.google.com.ar/
books?id=_YSWUQvAIEUC&pg=PA25&dq=Egypt+carried+out+mass+mobilization+of+its+troops+on+the+Israeli+bo
rder+and+during+the+night+of+May+22%E2%80%9323,+Nasser+decided+to+close+the+Straits+of+T iran,+which+c
ontrol+access+to+the+Red+Sea,+to+Israeli+shipping&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=4SbA VNKoOqbIsASJvoL4Dg&ved=0CB
MQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Egypt%20carried%20out%20mass%20mobilization%20of%20its%20troops%20on%20t
he%20Israeli%20border%20and%20during%20the%20night%20of%20May%2022%E2%80%9323%2C%20Nasse
r%20decided%20to%20close%20the%20Straits%20of%20T iran%2C%20which%20control%20access%20to%20th
e%20Red%20Sea%2C%20to%20Israeli%20shipping&f=false) . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25.ISBN 978-1-137-01894-6.
44. "LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19670619&id=valV AAAAIB
AJ&sjid=JeEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5448,4112160) ", Eugene Register-Guard (19 June 1967). See also Johnson, Lyndon.
"Address at the State Department's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators"(http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?
pid=28308) (19 June 1967).
45. Churchill po. 52 and 77
46. Reston, James (24 May 1967)."Washington: Nasser's Reckless Maneuvers;Cairo and Moscow The U.S.
Commitment The Staggering Economy Moscow's Role"(https://www.nytimes.com/1967/05/24/archives/washington-
nassers-reckless-maneuvers-cairo-and-moscow-the-us.html)
. The New York Times. p. 46.
47. Quigley, The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defence, p. 60. (Cambridge University Press)
48. Stone 2004, p. 217.
49. Pollack 2004, p. 294.
50. Pollack 2004, p. 59.
51. Ehteshami and Hinnebusch 1997, p. 76.
52. Shlaim; Louis (2012) pp. 86-87: “Syria was severely unprepared for war . Despite the bombastic and jingoistic
rhetoric, the Bathist regime viewed its actions against Israel as low-level warfare that was not meant to lead to all-out
war. The months and years prior to the 1967Arab-Israeli war were filled with military purges associated with actual
and attempted coups that decimated and further fractured the military and party , resulting in an inexperienced officer
corps as well as a deep distrust between the rank and file and officers in the army. In addition, there were uprisings
by discontented elements of the Syrian population, less than satisfactory encounters with Israeli forces, and
lukewarm Soviet support... One would be hard-pressed to find a military less prepared for war with a clearly superior
foe.”
53. Mutawi 2002, p. 42.
54. Segev 1967, pp. 82, 175–91.
55. Pollack 2004, pp. 293–94.
56. "Air Warriors" (http://www.paf.gov.pk/air_warriors.html). Pakistan Air Force. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
57. "Eagle Biography – Saiful Azam"(http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2000/azam_2000.asp). Air University.
Retrieved 15 July 2017.
58. Oren, 176; Benny Morris,Righteous Victims, 318.
59. Pollack 2004, p. 58.
60. de Mazarrasa, Javier (1994) (in Spanish). Blindados en España 2ª Parte: La Dificil Postguerra 1939–1960.
Valladolid, Spain: Quiron Ediciones. p. 50.ISBN 84-87314-10-4
61. Perrett, Bryan (1999). Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank: 1936–1945
. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. p. 44.
ISBN 978-1-85532-843-3
62. Oren 2002, p. 172
63. Bowen 2003, p. 99 (author interview with Moredechai Hod, 7 May 2002).
64. Oren 2002, electronic edition, Section "The W
ar: Day One, June 5".
65. Bowen 2003, pp. 114–15 (author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial
of the heads of the air force and the air defense system after the war).
66. Oren 2002 p. 171
67. Pollack 2005, p. 474.
68. Oren, 176, says 282 out of 420. Morris, 318, says 304 out of 419. Markessler,
T A History of the Israeli–Palestinian
Conflict (Indiana, 1994), p. 396, says over 350 planes were destroyed.
69. Long 1984, p. 19, Table 1.
70. Oren, p. 178
71. Oren, p. 175
72. "Part 4: The 1967 Six Day War" (https://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history4.html)
. Retrieved 20 April
2011.
73. Oren, p. 180
74. Oren, p. 181
75. Oren, p. 202
76. "Six Day War" (http://www.israeli-weapons.com/history/six_day_war/SixDayWar.html). Israeli-weapons. Retrieved
1 February 2012.
77. Oren, p. 182
78. Simon Dunstan,The Six Day War 1967: Sinai (https://books.google.com/books?id=ESv1lwg537AC&pg=PT125)
,
Osprey Publishing, 2012, p. 125
79. Leslie Stein,The Making of Modern Israel: 1948–1967(https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkY
AAAAQBAJ&pg=P
T181), Polity Press, 2013 p. 181.
80. Oren, p. 201
81. Hammel 1992, p. 239
82. Oren, p. 212
83. Oren, p. 211
84. Mubasher, Abdou (7–13 June 2007)."The road to Naksa" (http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2007/848/sc1.htm).
Al-Ahram. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
85. Oren, p. 248
86. Oren 2002, pp. 184–185.
87. "On June 5, Israel sent a message to Hussein urging him not to open fire. Despite shelling into est
W Jerusalem,
Netanya, and the outskirts of Tel Aviv, Israel did nothing." The Six Day War and Its Enduring Legacy(http://www.was
hingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2080) . Summary of remarks by Michael Oren at theWashington Institute
for Near East Policy, 29 May 2002.
88. Donald Neff (1984). Warriors for Jerusalem: the six days that changed the Middle East (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=IaNtAAAAMAAJ). Linden Press/Simon & Schuster. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-671-45485-2. "Odd Bull: "[the
message] was a threat, pure and simple and it is not the normal practice of the U.N. to pass on threats from one
government to another." However, as "…this message seemed so important… we quicklysent it…and King Hussein
received the message before 10:30 the same morning." "
 89. Shlaim (2000). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. pp. 243–244. "In May–June 1967 Eshkol's government did
everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front.Eshkol and his colleagues took into account
the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front. But they wanted to avoid having a clash with Jordan and the
inevitable complications of having to deal with the predominantly Palestinian population of the estW Bank. The
fighting on the eastern front was initiated by Jordan, not by Israel. King Hussein got carried along by a powerful
current of Arab nationalism. On 30 May he flew to Cairo and signed a defense pact with Nasser . On 5 June, Jordan
started shelling the Israeli side in Jerusalem. This could have been interpreted either as a salvo to uphold Jordanian
honour or as a declaration of war. Eshkol decided to give King Hussein the benefit of the doubt. Through General
Odd Bull, the Norwegian commander of UNTSO, he sent the following message the morning of 5 June: "W e shall not
initiate any action whatsoever against Jordan. However , should Jordan open hostilities, we shall react with all our
might, and the king will have to bear the full responsibility of the consequences." King Hussein told General Bull that
it was too late; the die was cast."
90. Shlaim, 2001, p. 244.
91. Oren, pp. 187–88
92. "United Nations June 5, 1967"(https://web.archive.org/web/20111226202011/http://unispal.un.org/UNISP
AL.NSF/0/
CD0BEBA6A1E28EFF0525672800567B2C). United Nations. Archived fromthe original (https://unispal.un.org/UNIS
PAL.NSF/0/CD0BEBA6A1E28EFF0525672800567B2C) on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
93. Oren, p. 187
94. Shlaim 2001, p. 245.
95. Oren, p. 188–89
96. "Pacifica Military History – Free Samples"(http://www.pacificamilitary.com/books/f-sixDaysInJune.html).
Pacificamilitary.com. 5 June 1967. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
97. Oren, pp. 191–92
98. Oren, p. 222
99. http://www.sixdaywar.org/contest/easternfront.asp
100. Oren, p. 203
101. Oren, pp. 222–23
102. Oren, p. 224
103. Mutawi 2002, p. 138.
104. Sharon Weill (February 2014), The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law
(https://book
s.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=P A19), OUP Oxford, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-19-968542-4
105. Mutawi 2002, p. 138-139.
106. Mutawi 2002, p. 139.
107. Oren, p. 219
108. Mutawi 2002, p. 140: "Shortly after the order for the withdrawal had been issued [10.00 a.m. on 6 June], the
Jordanians were informed that the UN Security Council was meeting to consider a resolution for an unconditional
ceasefire. On learning of this the Jordanian command decided that the order for withdrawal had been premature,
since if a ceasefire went into effect that day they would still be in possession of the West Bank. Consequently, the
order was countermanded and those forces which had already withdrawn were asked to return to their original
positions... The Security Council ceasefire resolution was passed unanimously at 11.00 p.m. on 6 June. However ,
Jordan's hope that this would enable it to hold the W est Bank was destroyed when Israel continued its of fensive. On
learning of this Riad once again ordered a complete withdrawal from the W est Bank as he feared that failure to do so
would result in the annihilation of the remains of the Jordanian Army . By nightfall on 7 June most elements of the
army had withdrawn to the East Bank and by mid-day on 8 June Jordan was once again theransjordan T of King
Abdullah, while Israel completed total occupation of historical Palestine."
109. Shlaim 2001, p. 246.
110. Shlaim; Louis (2012) pp. 92-93: "Except for some sporadic Syrian shelling of Israeli settlements along the border ,
Syria stayed pretty much out of the war for the first four days... the Syrians were confused by what they slowly
learned was the scale of the destruction on the Egyptian front. They were astounded. They did not understand what
was going on, nor did they have the military experience and capability , especially in the officer corps, to react to the
new situation. With no air support, how could they move forward against Israel? They reasoned that if they sat tight,
they could emerge from this with little damage."
111. Mutawi 2002, p. 182: “When it came to war, Syria stood aside despite its defence pact with Egypt, while Israel
overran Gaza, Sinai and the West Bank. Throughout the critical days between 5 and 8 June 1967 the Egyptian
political and military leadership begged Syria to fulfil its commitments and to support Jordan's forts,
ef but it refused to
respond even though Jordan had entered the war in the belief that it would be supported by Syria and Egypt.”
112. Sachar 1976. p. 642.
113. Oren 2002, electronic edition, Section "Damascus and Jerusalem".
114. The Six Day War 1967: Jordan and Syria(https://books.google.co.il/books?id=8Vy1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22
syrian+artillery%22+six-day&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcs5eI75nfAhWpmIsKHbsHBhkQ6AEIKT AA#v=onepage&
q=%22syrian%20artillery%22&f=false), Simon Dunstan, page 65
115. Oren 2002, electronic edition, Section "The W
ar: Day Five, June 9".
116. Morris, 2001, p. 325
117. Hammel 1992, p. 387
118. Oren, p.280
119. Oren, pp. 281–82
120. Oren, p. 283
121. Oren, p. 295
122. Video: Cease-Fire. Uneasy Truce In Mid-East, 1967/06/13 (1967)(https://archive.org/details/1967-06-13_Cease-Fir
e). Universal Newsreel. 1960. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
123. Oren 2002, electronic edition, Section "Playing for the Brink".
124. "A Campaign for the Books"(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837237,00.html). Time. 1 September
1967.
125. Eshkol 1967, pp. 39, 49
126. "Six-Day War – Middle East [1967]"(https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Day-War).
127. Sachar 1976. p. 660.
128. Oren 2002, electronic edition, Section "Aftershocks".
129. Elie Podeh; Onn Winckler (1 December 2004).Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern
Egypt (https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z-po72YcH4C) . University Press of Florida. pp. 110, 111.ISBN 978-0-
8130-3137-8. "The most outstanding exponent of the Nasserist narrative was Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal, who
also embodied the revolutionary heritage personally as Nasser's closest aid and the editor in chief of the state-
sponsored dailies Al-Akhbar and Al-Ahram.... Haykal acknowledged that Nasser had erred in various fields, noting
that he had admitted, for example, his responsibility for the military defeat in the June 1967 ar"
W
130. Elie Podeh; Onn Winckler (1 December 2004).Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern
Egypt (https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z-po72YcH4C) . University Press of Florida. pp. 105, 106.ISBN 978-0-
8130-3137-8. "the prominent historian and commentator Abd al-Azim Ramadan, In a series of articles published in
AlWafd, subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000, Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult, .... The events
leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser's rule, Ramadan wrote,
showed Nasser to be far from a rational, responsible leader . ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his
alone, made without political or military consultation. ... The source of all this evil. Ramadan noted, was Nasser's
inclination to solitary decision making... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual—Nasser—repeated its
mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the
Straits of Tiran in 1967. Both decisions led toa state of war with Israel, despite the lack of military preparedness
"
131. Churchill & Churchill 1967, p. 189
132. Quigley, John (2005). The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective
. London: Duke University Press.
p. 163. ISBN 0-8223-3539-5.
133. "BBC Panorama" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7875000/7875655.stm)
. BBC News. 6
February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
134. "Egypt State Information Service"(http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=1662). Sis.gov.eg. Retrieved 1 February
2012.
135. UN Security Council meeting 1347(https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322af
f38525617b006d88d7/cd0beba
6a1e28eff0525672800567b2c?OpenDocument) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110319194348/http://unisp
al.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/cd0beba6a1e28eff0525672800567b2c?OpenDocument)
19 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (5 June 1967)
136. Kinga Tibori Szabó (22 August 2011).Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: Essence and Limits under International
Law (https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvVW69x-esC&pg=P A147). Springer Science & Business Media.
pp. 147, 148. ISBN 978-90-6704-796-8. "(p. 147) The sequence of eventsthat led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike
did indeed create a situationwhere an armed attack seemed unavoidable. (p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it (the
six day war) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence
"
137. John Quigley (17 December 2012).The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for
Preventive War (https://books.google.com/books?id=OLogA wAAQBAJ&pg=PA135). Cambridge University Press.
pp. 135–. ISBN 978-1-139-62049-9. "Terence Taylor…wrote in 2004…that "many scholars" considered Israel to have
"conducted the (1967) action in anticipatory of self-defense
"
138. Churchill & Churchill 1967, p. 179.
139. Bron, Gabby 'Egyptian POWs Ordered to Dig Graves, Then Shot By Israeli Army'(http://www.umassd.edu/specialpro
grams/mideastaffairs/witness2.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070219220611/http://www
.umassd.edu/
specialprograms/mideastaffairs/witness2.htm) 19 February 2007 at theWayback Machine., Yedioth Ahronoth, 17
August 1995.
140. Bar-Zohar, Michael 'The Reactions of Journalists to the Army's Murders of POWs',Maariv, 17 August 1995.
141. Prior 1999, pp. 209–10; Bar-On, Morris and Golani 2002; Fisher
, Ronal 'Mass Murder in the 1956 War', Ma'ariv, 8
August 1995.
142. Laub, Karin"Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20031211100314/http://www .mideastfacts.com/pow_ap.htm
l). Archived from the original on 11 December 2003. Retrieved 11 December 2003., Associated Press, 16 August
1995. Retrieved from the Wayback Machine. 14 October 2005.
143. "Israel Reportedly Killed POWs", 17 August 1995
144. Segev, T., 2007, p. 374
145. Ibrahim, Youssef (21 September 1995)."Egypt Says Israelis Killed P.O.W.'s in '67 War" (https://www.nytimes.com/19
95/09/21/world/egypt-says-israelis-killed-pow-s-in-67-war
.html). The New York Times.
146. Mansour 1994, p. 89
147. Green 1984
148. Smith, 15 September 1967
149. Bowen 2003, p. 89.
150. Phythian 2001, pp. 193–94.
151. Shlaim; Louis (2012) pp. 8, 53, 60, 75, 193, 199, 297
152. Podeh, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2004, pp. 51-62
153. Hattendorf 2000
154. "McNamara: US Near War in '67" (https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/663999751.html?FMT=ABS&date=S
ep%2016,%201983). The Boston Globe. 16 September 1983. p. 1.
155. Shlaim; Louis (2012) p. 8
156. Shlaim; Louis (2012) p. 60
157. Shlaim; Louis (2012) p. 75
158. Shlaim; Louis (2012) p. 199
159. John Crewdson (2 October 2007)."New revelations in attack on American spy ship"(http://www.chicagotribune.com/
news/nationworld/chi-liberty_tuesoct02,0,66005.story)
. Chicago Tribune.
160. Tim Fischer, 'Six days of war, 40 years of secrecy,' (http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/six-days-of-war-40-year
s-of-secrecy/2007/05/26/1179601730257.html&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s) The Age 27 May 2007.
161. John Quigley, The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=P A93), Cambridge University Press 2013 p. 93. CfDean Rusk, As I
Saw it: A Secretary of State's Memoirs, W.W. Norton, 1990 pp. 386–88.
162. Brams & Togman 1998, p. 243; Youngs 2001, p. 12
163. (http://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/inbedwithphillip/episodes/151-amos-oz/)Amos Oz interview with Phillip Adams, 10
September 1991, re-broadcast onABC Radio National 23 December 2011
164. William B. Quandt (2001).Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=P A36). University of California Press. p. 42.ISBN 978-0-520-22374-5.
"once hostilities were under way, the United states imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all countries of
the Middle East, including Israel. The embargo remained in force through the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli
requests to lift it."
165. Oren, p. 309
166. Reuters (6 March 2007)."HMO Data Show Lebanon War Triggered Baby Boom in Israel"(https://www.haaretz.com/
news/hmo-data-show-lebanon-war-triggered-baby-boom-in-israel-1.214803)
– via Haaretz.
167. "Fact Sheet No. 52, Remembering the Six Day W ar" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225632/https://www .jewi
shvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/talking/52_Remembering67.html). 7 May 2007. Archived fromthe original (https://www.je
wishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/talking/52_Remembering67.html) on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
168. Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 326.ISBN 0-253-
35848-5.
169. Aikman, David (1998).Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century. Lexington Books. p. 349.ISBN 0-7391-0438-1.
170. The "Status Quo" on the Temple Mount (http://jcpa.org/article/status-quo-on-temple-mount/)November–December
2014
171. Jerusalem in the unholy grip of religious fervor(http://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-in-the-unholy-grip-of-religiou
s-fervor/), Times of Israel. 6 November 2014
172. Cave of the Patriarchs (http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-P
atriarchs.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318073338/http://www .chabad.org/special/israel/points_o
f_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm)18 March 2015 at theWayback Machine. Chabad.org
173. Tom Selwyn. Contested Mediterranean Spaces: The Case of Rachel's omb,
T Bethlehem, Palestine. Berghahn
Books. pp. 276–278.
174. "Archaeology in Israel: Joseph's Tomb" (https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/joetomb.html).
175. Oren, p. 332
176. The Rise – and Rise – of French Jewry's Immigration to Israel(http://www.haaretz.com/misc/haaretzcomsmartphone
app/dailybrief/.premium-1.636848)Judy Maltz, 13 January 2015. haaretz.com
177. "The 40th anniversary of the Six-Day War / Rate of return" (http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/the-40th-anni
versary-of-the-six-day-war-rate-of-return-1.221976)
. Haaretz. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
178. Tolts, Mark. Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic T
ransformation (http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPubli
cation.cfm?PublicationID=11924)
179. "The Miracle of '67: Forty Years Since the Six-Day War (Rabbi Moshe Goldstein) 2007"(https://web.archive.org/web/
20071212195151/http://www.wherewhatwhen.com/read_articles.asp?id=342). www.wherewhatwhen.com. Archived
from the original (http://www.wherewhatwhen.com/read_articles.asp?id=342) on 12 December 2007.
180. "American Jews rediscover orthodoxy"(https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/magazine/american-jews-rediscover-or
thodoxy.html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. 30 September 1984. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
181. Aiken, Lisa (2009). The Baal Teshuva Survival Guide(https://books.google.com/books?id=Btma22BvWEoC&pg=PR
7&lpg=PR7&dq=six-day+war+baal+teshuva&source=bl&ots=m95A0jSLe5&sig=MOHChyVmDeB_zli0ya1qyFnLmAg
&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2t6bi7-L WAhUDHZAKHe6WAfMQ6AEIVjAG#v=onepage&q=six-day%20war%20
baal%20teshuva&f=false). Rossi Publications. ISBN 0-9779629-3-8.
182. Hundert, Gershon David (1991).Essential Papers on Hasidism(https://books.google.co.il/books?id=yzsTCgAAQBAJ
&pg=PA526&dq=Six-Day+War+tefillin+campaign&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLjp7QvIHbAhVKJ1AKHX0jDQ0
Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=Six-Day%20W ar%20tefillin%20campaign&f=false). New York University Press. p. 526.
ISBN 9780814734704.
183. Heilman, Samuel; Friedman, Menachem (2012).The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel
Schneerson (https://books.google.co.il/books?id=VWH51mqdpi8C&pg=P A184&dq=Six-Day+War+tefillin+campaign&
hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLjp7QvIHbAhVKJ1AKHX0jDQ0Q6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=Six-Day%20W ar%20t
efillin%20campaign&f=false). Princeton University Press. p. 184.ISBN 9780691138886.
184. Oren 2002, pp. 306–07
185. Ringer, Ronald (2006). Excel HSC Modern History(https://books.google.com/books?id=u75GldeY
qUIC&pg=PA390).
Pascal Press. p. 390. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
186. Włodzimierz Rozenbaum, CIAO: Intermarium,National Convention of the American Association for the
Advancement of Slavic Studies, Atlanta, Ga., 8–11 October 1975.
187. Communiqué: Investigation regarding communist state of ficers who publicly incited hatred towards people of
different nationality. (http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/2/238/Communiqu_Investigation_regarding_communist_s tate_off
icers_who_publicly_incited_.html)Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw. Publication on Polish site of IPN: 25
July 2007.
188. Herzog 1989, p. 253.
189. Shlaim 2001, p. 254.
190. Sela 1997, p. 108.
191. Itamar Rabinovich; Haim Shaked.From June to October: The Middle East Between 1967 And 1973(https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=vNQ3K5HfiHAC&pg=P A192). Transaction Publishers. p. 192.ISBN 978-1-4128-2418-7. "In
dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were
tantamount to surrender. His efforts to forestall any movement toward direct negotiations ...
"
192. Webman, Esther (2011).The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth
(https://book
s.google.com.ar/books?id=xWusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=the+Communist+states,+with+the+exception+of+Rom
ania,+broke+off+diplomatic+relations+with+Israel&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=JSrAVI7dLteHsQSIxoCACw&ved=0CBMQ6
AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20Communist%20states%2C%20with%20the%20exception%20of%20Romania%2C%
20broke%20off%20diplomatic%20relations%20with%20Israel&f=false). Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-59892-
7.
193. "US State Department"(https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm).
194. "Right of return: Palestinian dream"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3629923.stm)
. UK: BBC News. 15 April
2004..
195. "Distribution of the Palestinian Population And Jewish Settlers In the W
est Bank and Gaza Since 1967"(https://web.
archive.org/web/20100514174927/http://www .thejerusalemfund.org/www.thejerusalemfund.org/carryover/stats/dist_p
op_67.html). Archived from the original (http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/www.thejerusalemfund.org/carryover/stats/
dist_pop_67.html) on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
196. "Golan Heights" (http://i-cias.com/e.o/golan_h.htm). Retrieved 8 October 2005.
197. Morris (2001) p. 327
198. "Al-Qunayṭirah" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487614/al-Qunaytirah). Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
199. Shay Fogelman, "The disinherited" (http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-disinherited-1.304959), Haaretz,
30 July 2010

References
al-Qusi, Abdallah Ahmad Hamid. (1999).Al-Wisam fi at-Ta'rikh. Cairo: Al-Mu'asasa al-'Arabiya al-Haditha. No ISBN
available.
Aloni, Shlomo (2001). Arab–Israeli Air Wars 1947–1982. Osprey Aviation. ISBN 1-84176-294-6
Alteras, Isaac. (1993).Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.–Israeli Relations, 1953–1960
, University Press of Florida.
ISBN 0-8130-1205-8.
Bailey, Sydney (1990). Four Arab–Israeli Wars and the Peace Process. London: The MacMillan Press.ISBN 0-312-
04649-9.
Bar-On, Mordechai; Morris, Benny & Golani, Motti (2002). Reassessing Israel's Road to Sinai/Suez, 1956: A
"Trialogue". In Gary A. Olson (Ed.). Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies: Books on Israel, V
olume VI (pp. 3–
42). SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-5585-8
Bar-On, Mordechai (2006).Never-Ending Conflict: Israeli Military History, ISBN 0-275-98158-4
Bard, Mitchell G. (2002, 2008).The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict. NY: Alpha books. ISBN 0-02-
864410-7. 4th Edition ISBN 1-59257-791-1. Chapter 14, "Six Days to Victory" is reproduced online as The 1967 Six-
Day War. at the Jewish Virtual Library of the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
Ben-Gurion, David. (1999). Ben-Gurion diary: May–June 1967.Israel Studies 4(2), 199–220.
Black, Ian (1992). Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3286-3
Bober, Arie (ed.) (1972). The other Israel. Doubleday Anchor. ISBN 0-385-01467-8.
Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2005).International Law: A Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5078-8
Borowiec, Andrew. (1998). Modern Tunisia: A Democratic Apprenticeship. Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN 0-
275-96136-2.
Bowen, Jeremy (2003).Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-
7432-3095-7
Brams, Steven J. & Jeffrey M. Togman. (1998). Camp David: Was the agreement fair?In Paul F. Diehl (Ed.), A Road
Map to War: Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.ISBN 0-8265-
1329-8.
Brecher, Michael. (1996). Eban and Israeli foreign policy: Diplomacy, war and disengagement. InA Restless Mind:
Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter, Benjamin Frankel (ed.), pp. 104–117. Routledge.ISBN 0-7146-4607-5
Bregman, Ahron. (2000).Israel's Wars, 1947–1993. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21468-8.
Bregman, Ahron (2002).Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
Burrowes, Robert & Muzzio, Douglas. (1972). The Road to the Six Day W ar: Towards an Enumerative History of
Four Arab States and Israel, 1965–67.The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 16, No. 2, Research Perspectives on
the Arab–Israeli Conflict: A Symposium, pp. 211–26.
Cohen, Raymond. (1988) Intercultural Communication between Israel and Egypt: Deterrence Failure before the Six-
Day war. Review of International Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1–16
Christie, Hazel (1999).Law of the Sea. Manchester: Manchester University Press.ISBN 0-7190-4382-4
Churchill, Randolph & Churchill, Winston. (1967 ).The Six Day War. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-07532-
7
Colaresi, Michael P. (2005). Scare Tactics: The politics of international rivalry. Syracuse University Press.ISBN 978-
0-8156-3066-1
Eban, Abba (1977). Abba Eban: An Autobiography. Random House. ISBN 0-394-49302-8
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan and Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1997).Syria & Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated
Regional System. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15675-0
Eshkol, Levi (1967). Prime-Minister Levi Eshkol - His words and his writings
. ISA-PMO-PrimeMinisterBureau-
000d0t9. Israel Government Archives. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Feron, James (13 May 1967)."Israelis Ponder Blow at Syrians; Some Leaders Decide That Force is the Only W
ay to
Curtail Terrorism Some Israeli Leaders See Need for Force to Curb Syrians". The New York Times.
El-Gamasy, Mohamed Abdel Ghani. (1993). The October War. The American University in Cairo Press.ISBN 977-
424-316-1.
Gawrych, George W. (2000). The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the
1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31302-4. Available in multiple PDF files from the
Combat Studies Instituteand the Combined Arms Research Library, CSI Publications in parts.
Gelpi, Christopher (2002).Power of Legitimacy: Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining
. Princeton
University Press. ISBN 0-691-09248-6
Gerner, Deborah J. (1994). One Land, Two Peoples. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-2180-8, p. 112
Gerteiny, Alfred G. & Ziegler, Jean (2007). The Terrorist Conjunction: The United States, the Israeli-Palestinian
Conflict, and Al-Qā'ida. Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN 0-275-99643-3, p. 142
Gilbert, Martin. (2008).Israel – A History. McNally & Loftin Publishers.ISBN 0-688-12363-5. Chapter available
online: Chapter 21: Nasser's Challenge.
Goldstein, Erik (1992).Wars and Peace Treaties, 1816–1991. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07822-9
Green, Stephen J. (1984).Taking Sides: America's Secret Relations With Militant Israel. William Morrow & Co.
ISBN 978-0-688-02643-1.
Griffin, David J. (2006). Hawker Hunter 1951 to 2007Lulu.com, 4 edition. ISBN 1-4303-0593-2.
Haddad, Yvonne. (1992). Islamists and the "Problem of Israel": The 1967 Awakening. Middle East Journal, Vol. 46,
No. 2, pp. 266–85.
Hajjar, Sami G. The Israel-Syria Track, Middle East Policy, Volume VI, February 1999, Number 3. Retrieved 30
September 2006.
Hammel, Eric (1992). Six Days in June: How Israel Won the 1967 Arab–Israeli W
ar. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-
7434-7535-6
Hattendorf, John B. (2000).Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future
. Taylor &
Francis. ISBN 0-7146-8054-0.
Handel, Michael I. (1973).Israel's political-military doctrine.Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
ISBN 0-87674-025-5
Hart, Alan (1989) Arafat, A political biography. Indiana University PressISBN 0-253-32711-3.
Herzog, Chaim (1982). The Arab-Israeli Wars. Arms & Armour Press.ISBN 0-85368-367-0
Herbert, Nicholas (17 May 1967).Egyptian Forces On Full Alert: Ready to fight for Syria
. The Times, p. 1; Issue
56943; col E.
Herzog, Chaim (1989).Heroes of Israel: Profiles of Jewish Courage. Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-35901-
7.
Higham, Robin. (2003).100 Years of Air Power and Aviation. TAMU Press. ISBN 1-58544-241-0.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (2003).The international politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press.
ISBN 978-0-7190-5346-7
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs.
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008). The Six-Day War (June 1967).
"Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in '67 War; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians W
as Covered Up Israel
Reportedly Killed POWs in '67 War; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up", The
Washington Post, 17 August 1995, p.A.30 (Fee required).
James, Laura (2005). The Nassar And His Enemies: Foreign Policy Decision Making In Egypt On The Eve Of The
Six Day War. The Middle East Review of International Affairs
. Volume 9, No. 2, Article 2.
"Israelis Say Tape Shows Nasser Fabricated'Plot'; Recording Said to Be of Phone Call to Hussein Gives Plan to
Accuse U.S. and Britain". The New York Times. 9 June 1967. p. 17. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
Jia, Bing Bing. (1998).The Regime of Straits in International Law(Oxford Monographs in International Law). Oxford
University Press, USA.ISBN 0-19-826556-5.
Koboril, Iwao and Glantz, Michael H. (1998).Central Eurasian Water Crisis. United Nations University Press.
ISBN 92-808-0925-3
Krauthammer, Charles (18 May 2007)."Prelude to the Six Days". The Washington Post. pp. A23. ISSN 0740-5421.
Retrieved 20 June 2008.
Laron, Guy (21 February 2017).The Six Day War: The Breaking of the MiddleEast. Yale University Press.
ISBN 978-0-300-22632-4.
Lavoy, Peter R.; Sagan, Scott Douglas & Wirtz, James J. (Eds.) (2000).Planning the Unthinkable: How New Powers
Will Use Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons. Cornell University Press.ISBN 0-8014-8704-8.
Leibler, Isi (1972). The Case For Israel. Australia: The Executive Council of Australian Jewry
. ISBN 0-9598984-0-9.
Lenczowski, George. (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East. Duke University Press.ISBN 0-8223-0972-
6.
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. (1994). permanent dead link] Transcript, Robert S. McNamara Oral History, Special
Interview I, 26 March 1993, by Robert Dallek, Internet Copy
, LBJ Library. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
"McNamara: US Near War in '67". The Boston Globe. 16 September 1983. p. 1.
Mansour, Camille. (1994). Beyond Alliance: Israel and US Foreign Policy
. Columbia University Press.ISBN 0-231-
08492-7.
Maoz, Zeev (2006). Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy
. The University
of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03341-6
Morris, Benny (2001) Righteous Victims New York, Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7
Miller, Benjamin. (2007). States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional W
ar and Peace.
Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-69161-3
Murakami, Masahiro. (1995).Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies. United Nations
University Press. ISBN 92-808-0858-3.
Mutawi, Samir A. (18 July 2002).Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0.
Nordeen, Lon & Nicole, David. (1996).Phoenix over the Nile: A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932–1994.
Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.ISBN 1-56098-626-3.
"Mediterranean Eskadra". (2000). Federation of American Scientists.
Oren, Michael (2002). Six Days of War. Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-515174-7
Oren, Michael. (2005).The Revelations of 1967: New Research on the Six Day W ar and Its Lessons for the
Contemporary Middle East, Israel Studies, volume 10, number 2. (Subscription required).
Oren, Michael. (2006). "The Six-Day War", in Bar-On, Mordechai (ed.),Never-Ending Conflict: Israeli Military History.
Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN 0-275-98158-4.
Parker, Richard B. (1996). The Six-day War: A Retrospective. University Press of Florida.ISBN 0-8130-1383-6.
Parker, Richard B. (August 1997)."USAF in the Sinai in the 1967 War: Fact or Fiction" (PDF). Journal of Palestine
Studies. XXVII (1): 67–75. doi:10.1525/jps.1997.27.1.00p0164l.
Phythian, Mark (2001).The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
ISBN 0-7190-5907-0
Podeh, Elie (Winter 2004)."The Lie That Won't Die: Collusion, 1967". Middle East Quarterly. 11 (1).
Pimlott, John. (1983). Middle East Conflicts: From 1945 to the Present. Orbis.
ISBN 0-85613-547-X.
Pollack, Kenneth Michael(2004). Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991. U of Nebraska Press.ISBN 0-
8032-0686-0.
Pollack, Kenneth Michael(2005). "Air Power in the Six-Day War". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 28 (3): 471–503.
doi:10.1080/01402390500137382.
Prior, Michael (1999). Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry
. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20462-3
Quandt, William B. (2005).Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967
. Brookings
Institution Press and the University of California Press; 3 edition.ISBN 0-520-24631-4
Quigley, John B. (2005). Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective
. Duke University Press.ISBN 0-8223-
3539-5
Quigley, John B. (1990). Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice. Duke University Press.ISBN 0-8223-1023-6
Rabil, Robert G. (2003).Embattled Neighbors: Syria, Israel, and Lebanon
. Lynne Rienner Publishers.ISBN 1-58826-
149-2
Rabin, Yitzhak (1996). The Rabin Memoirs. University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-20766-1.
Rauschning, Dietrich; Wiesbrock, Katja & Lailach, Martin (eds.) (1997).
Key Resolutions of the United Nations
General Assembly 1946–1996. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-59704-8.
Rikhye, Indar Jit (1980).The Sinai Blunder. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3136-1
Robarge, David S. (2007).Getting It Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli W
ar, Center for the Study of
Intelligence, Vol. 49 No. 1
Rubenberg, Cheryl A. (1989). Israel and the American National Interest. University of Illinois Press.ISBN 0-252-
06074-1
Sachar, Howard M. (1976, 2007)A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our T
ime. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
ISBN 0-394-48564-5; ISBN 0-375-71132-5.
Sadeh, Eligar (1997). Militarization and State Power in the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Case Study of Israel, 1948–1982
.
Universal Publishers. ISBN 0-9658564-6-1
Sandler, Deborah; Aldy, Emad & Al-Khoshman Mahmoud A. (1993).Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba. – A regional
environmental challenge. Environmental Law Institute. 0911937463.
Seale, Patrick (1988). Asad: The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East
. University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-
06976-5
Segev, Samuel (1967). A Red Sheet: the Six Day War.
Segev, Tom (2005). Israel in 1967. Keter. ISBN 965-07-1370-0.
Segev, Tom (2007). 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle EastMetropolitan Books.
ISBN 978-0-8050-7057-6
Sela, Avraham (1997). The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional
Order. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3537-7
Shafqat, Saeed (2004).Islamic world and South Asia: Rise of Islamism and eTrror, Causes and Consequences?. In
Kaniz F. Yusuf (Ed.) Unipolar World & The Muslim States. Islamabad: Pakistan Forum, pp 217–246.
Shemesh, Moshe (2008).Arab Politics, Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day W
ar. Sussex Academic Press.
ISBN 1-84519-188-9.
 Shlaim, Avi (2000). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.
ISBN 0-393-04816-0
Shlaim, Avi (2007) Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in W
ar and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978-1-4000-
7828-8
Shlaim, Avi; Louis, William Roger (13 February 2012), The 1967 Arab–Israeli War: Origins and Consequences,
Cambridge University PressISBN 978-1-107-00236-4
Smith, Hedrick (15 June 1967)."As the Shock Wears Off; Arab World, Appraising Its Defeat, Is Split as It Gropes for
Strategy". The New York Times. p. 16. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
Smith, Hedrick (15 September 1967). "Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Didn't Help Israel".
The New York
Times. pp. Page 1, Col. 5, Page 3, Col. 1.
Stein, Janice Gross. (1991). The Arab-Israeli W
ar of 1967: Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation, in
Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management, Alexander L. George, ed. Boulder: Westview Press.
Stephens, Robert H. (1971).Nasser: A Political Biography. London: Allen Lane/The Penguin Press.ISBN 0-7139-
0181-0
Stone, David (2004). Wars of the Cold War. Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-342-9
Tolan, Sandy (4 June 2007)."Rethinking Israel's David-and-Goliath past". Salon.com. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-995-3
United Nations (967, 5 June).1347 Security Council MEETING : June 5, 1967 . Provisional agenda
(S/PV.1347/Rev.1). On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information Syste
m on the Question of
Palestine (UNISPAL).
van Creveld, Martin (2004). Defending Israel: A Controversial Plan T
oward Peace. Thomas Dunne Books.ISBN 0-
312-32866-4
Youngs, Tim. (2001). Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991–2000London: International Affairs and
Defence Section, House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368-8456.
Finkelstein, Norman (2003).Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine Conflict
. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-442-1.

Further reading
Barzilai, Gad (1996). Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: AJewish Democracy in the Middle East. New York
University Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2944-0
Cristol, A Jay (2002). Liberty Incident: The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship. Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-
536-7
Finkelstein, Norman (June 2017). Analysis of the war and its aftermath, on the 50th anniversary of the June 1967
war (3 parts, each about 30 min)
Gat, Moshe (2003). Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day a Wr.
Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97514-2
Hammel, Eric (October 2002). "Sinai air strike: June 5, 1967".Military Heritage. 4 (2): 68–73.
Hopwood, Derek (1991). Egypt: Politics and Society. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09432-1
Hussein of Jordan (1969).My "War" with Israel. London: Peter Owen.ISBN 0-7206-0310-2
Katz, Samuel M. (1991)Israel's Air Force; The Power Series. Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers,
Osceola, WI.
Makiya, Kanan (1998).Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-
21439-0
Morris, Benny (1997). Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956. Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-829262-7
Pressfield, Steven (2014). The Lion's Gate: On the Front Lines of the Six Day W ar. Sentinel HC, 2014. ISBN 1-
59523-091-2
Rezun, Miron (1990). "Iran and Afghanistan." In A. Kapur (Ed.).Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States
(pp. 9–25). Brill Academic Publishers.ISBN 90-04-09289-7
Smith, Grant (2006). Deadly Dogma. Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0-9764437-4-0
Oren, Michael (April 2002). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515174-9

External links
 The Photograph: A Search for June 1967. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
The three soldiers – background to that photograph
Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline
Video Clip: Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day W ar. on
YouTube
Video Clip: Analysis of Israel's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian.on YouTube
Video Clip: Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence.on YouTube
Six-Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient
All State Department documents related to the crisis
Letters from David Ben-Gurion on the Six-Day W ar Shapell Manuscript Foundation
UN Resolution 242. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
The status of Jerusalem, United Nations, New Y ork, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee
on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People)
Status of Jerusalem: Legal Aspects. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
Legal Aspects The Six Day War – June 1967 and Its Aftermath – Professor Gerald Adler
General Uzi Narkiss – A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on 7 June – one day after the Six-
Day War, describing the battle for Jerusalem
Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces– Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of
Israel Radio, 7 June 1967
How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor. Published by Middle East Review of
International Affairs (MERIA) Journal Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003)
Position of Arab forces May 1967. Retrieved 22 July 2014.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six-Day_W

ar&oldid=873355370"

This page was last edited on 12 December 2018, at 18:01(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.