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PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDING

(Limit State Design of Structural Members)

K. S. VIVEK

P. VYSHNAVI
 PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDING

(Limit State Design of Structural Members)

By

K. S. VIVEK M.Tech (Structures)

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

KHIT, Guntur, A.P., India.

P. VYSHNAVI B.Tech (Civil)

Formerly Under-Graduate Student,

Department of Civil Engineering, KHIT, Guntur, A.P., India.

 CONTENTS

Page Number

ABSTRACT i

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Applications of pre-engineered buildings 2

1.2 Advantages of pre-engineered buildings 3
1.3 Pre-engineered buildings vs conventional steel buildings 4
9

2. PRE - ENGINEERED BUILDING

2.1 Major components 10
2.2 Types of frames or primary members 16
2.3 Secondary members 18

3. LOADS 19
3.1 Dead load 19
3.2 Live load 19
3.3 Wind load 19
3.4 Earthquake load 19

4. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 20

5. DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREY PEB 21

5.1 Plan of the building 22
5.2 Load calculation for intermediate frame 23
5.3 STAAD model of intermediate frame 36
5.4 Geometry of STAAD model 36
5.5 Design parameters 37
5.6 Maximum Forces 38
5.7 Taper Sections provided in STAAD 39
5.8 Member - Section details 41
5.9 Frame Outline 42
 5.10 Utility Ratio 42
5.11 Steel take off 43
5.12 Manual design of intermediate frame 44
5.12.1 Design for bending moment 44
5.12.2 Design for compression 46
5.13 Detailing of intermediate frame 48
5.14 STAAD model of end wall frame 49
5.15 Geometry of STAAD model 49
5.16 Design parameters 50
5.17 Member forces 51
5.18 Taper sections provided in STAAD 52
5.19 Member section details 54
5.20 Frame outline 55
5.21 Utility ratio 55
5.22 Steel take off 56
5.23 STAAD model of end wall wind column 57
5.24 Geometry of STAAD model 57
5.25 Design parameters 58
5.26 Member forces 59
5.27 Taper sections provided 60
5.28 Member section details 61
5.29 Member outline 61
5.30 Steel take off 62
5.31 Design of intermediate purlin 63
5.32 Design of eave strut 64
5.33 Design of wall bracing 65
5.34 Design of rafter bracing 66
5.35 Design of girt 67
5.36 Design of column base plates and anchor bolts 68

6. CONCLUSION 71

REFERENCES 72
 ABSTRACT

Steel pre-engineered single storey industrial building is analyzed and designed in this thesis.
The location of the building is assumed to be Chennai, India. The dimension of the building is assumed
to be 30m x 54m. The building consists of eight intermediate frames and two end frames. The soil is
assumed to be rocky in nature. Dead load, roof - live load, wind load considering cyclone effect and
earthquake loads are considered. Analysis and design of primary members (frames) are done using
STAAD software. Manual design of a critical taper member is presented considering Indian, British,
Australian codes and special literature. Secondary members namely purlins, girts, roof and wall bracings
are manually analyzed and designed. Cold-formed steel is used for purlins and girts. All other members
are of hot rolled steel. Base plate design is also presented. This study presents the basic design of
structural members of pre-engineered building using software as well as manual.

(i)
 1. INTRODUCTION

Technological improvement over the years has contributed immensely to the

enhancement of quality of life through various new products and services. One such

revolution was the pre engineered buildings. Through its origin can be traced back to

¶VLWVSRWHQWLDOKDVEHHQIHOWRQO\GXULQJWKHUHcent years. This was mainly due to

the development in technology, which helped in computerizing the design. A recent

survey by the Metal Building Associations (MBMA) shows that about 60% of the non

residential low rises building in USA are pre engineered buildings. Although PEB

systems are extensively used in industrial and many other non residential

constructions worldwide, it is relatively a new concept in India. These concepts were

LQWURGXFHGWRWKH,QGLDQ PDUNHWVODWHO\ LQWKH ODWH¶VZLWKWKHRSHQLng up of the

economy and a number of multi nationals setting up their projects. The market

SRWHQWLDORI3(%¶VLVPLOOLRQWRQnes per annum. The current pre engineered steel

building manufacturing capacity is 3.5 million tonnes per annum. The industry is

growing at the compound rate of 25 to 30 %.

With respect to design of the structure and aesthetic appearance India is way

EHKLQG ,QGLDQ PDQXIDFWXUHUV DUH WU\LQJ WR FDWFK XS FRPSDUDWLYHO\ 3(%¶V LV D QHZ

concept in India. Beside, in fabrication and other areas of PEB India is very good. As

compared to other countries Indian codes for building design are stringent but safer.

IS standards are upgraded continuously. In India, American codes are also followed.

Pre engineered steel buildings can be fitted with different structural accessories

including mezzanine floors, canopies, fascias, interior partitions etc. and the building

is made water proof by use of special mastic beads, filler strips and trims. This is very

ϭ

versatile buildings systems and can be finished internally to serve any functions and

accessorized externally to achieve attractive and unique designing styles. It is very

advantageous over the conventional buildings and is really helpful in the low rise

building design.

Pre engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings however the maximum

eave height can go up to 25 to 30 meters. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices,

houses, showrooms, shop fronts etc. The application of pre engineered buildings

concept to low rise buildings is very economical and speedy. Buildings can be

constructed in less than half the normal time especially when complemented with the

other engineered sub systems.

The most common and economical type of low rise buildings is a building with

ground floor and two intermediate floors plus roof. The roof of low rise buildings may

be flat or sloped. Intermediate floors of low rise buildings are made of mezzanine

systems. Single storied houses for living take minimum time for construction and can

be built in any type of geographical location like extreme cold hilly areas, high rain

prone areas, plain land obviously and extreme hot climatic zones as well

1.1 Applications of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB)

1. Warehouses

2. Factories

3. Workshops

4. Offices

5. Gas stations

6. Vehicle parking sheds

7. Showrooms

Ϯ

8. Aircraft hangars

9. Metro stations

10. Indoor stadium roofs

11. Outdoor stadium canopies

12. Railway platform shelters

1.2 Advantages of Pre Engineered Buildings

1) Reduced construction time: Buildings are typically delivered in just a few weeks

after approval of drawings. Foundation and anchor bolts are cast parallel with

finishing, ready for the site bolting. Our study shows that in India the use of PEB will

reduce total construction time of the project by at least 50%. This also allows faster

occupancy and earlier realization of revenue.

2) Lower cost: Due to the systems approach, there is a significant saving in design,

manufacturing and on site erection cost. The secondary members and cladding nest

together reducing transportation cost.

3) Flexibility of expansion: Buildings can be easily expanded in length by adding

additional bays. Also expansion in width and height is possible by pre designing for

future expansion.

4) Large clear spans: Buildings can be supplied to around 80 m clear spans.

5) Quality control: As buildings are manufactured completely in the factory under

controlled conditions the quality is assured.

6) Low maintenance: Buildings are supplied with high quality paint systems for

cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the site, which results in long

durability and low maintenance coats.

ϯ

 7) Energy efficient roofing and wall systems: Buildings can be supplied with

polyurethane insulated panels or fiberglass blankets insulation.

8) Architectural versatility: Building can be supplied with various types of fascias,

canopies, and curved eaves and are designed to receive pre cast concrete wall panels,

curtain walls, block walls and other wall systems.

9) Single source responsibility: As the complete building package is supplied by a

single vendor, compatibility of all the building components and accessories is assured.

This is one of the major benefits of the pre engineered building systems.

1.3 Pre Engineered Buildings Vs Conventional Steel Buildings

PROPRETY PEB BUILDINGS CONVENTIONAL

STEEL BUILDINGS
Pre engineered buildings are on the Primary steel members
average 30% lighter because of the are selected hot rolled
efficient use of steel. Primary framing ³,´VHFWLRQV :KLFK DUH
members are tapered built up section. in many segments of
With the large depths in areas of higher the members heavier
stress. than what is actually
required by design.
Members have constant
STRUCTURE cross section regardless
WEIGHT of the varying
magnitude of the local
stresses along the
member length
Secondary members are light weight cold Secondary members are
IRUPHG³=´RU³&´VKDSHG members. selected from standard
hot rolled sections
which are much
heavier.

ϰ

 Quick and efficient: since 3(%¶VDUH Each conventional steel
mainly formed by standard sections and structure is designed
connections design, time is significantly form scratch with fewer
reduced. Basic design based on design aids available to
international design codes are used over the engineer.
and over.
Specialized computer analysis design Substantial engineering
programs optimize material required. and detailing work is
DESIGN Drafting is also computerized using required from the very
standard detail that minimize the use of basic is required by the
project custom details. consultant with fewer
design aids.
Design shop detail sketches and erection Extensive amount of
drawings are supplied free of cost by the consultant time is
manufacturer. Approval drawing is devoted to the
usually prepared within in 2 weeks. alterations that have to
be done.
PEB designers design and detail PEB As each project is a new
buildings almost every day of the year project engineers need
resulting in improving the quality of more time to develop
designs every time they work. the designs and details
of the unique structure.

DELIEVERY Average 6 to 8 weeks Average 20 to 26 weeks

Simple design, easy to construct and Extensive, heavy

FOUNDATIONS
light weight. foundation required.
Since the connection of compounds is The connections are
standard the learning curve of erection normally complicated
for such subsequent project is faster and differ from project
ERECTION& to project resulting tin
SIMPLICITY increasing the time for
erection of the
buildings
Periodic free of charge erection is Periodic free of charge

ϱ

 provided at the site by the manufacturer. erection is provided at
the site by the
manufacturer
Both costs and time of erection are Typically, conventional
accurately known based upon extensive steel buildings are 20%
experience with similar buildings. more expensive than
PEB in most of the
cases, the erection costs
ERECTION and time are not
COST AND TIME estimated accurately.
The erection process is faster and much Erection process is slow
easier with very less requirement for and extensive field
equipment. labour is required.
Heavy equipment is
also needed.
The low weight flexible frames offer Rigid heavy frames do
SEISMIC
higher resistance to seismic forces. not perform well in
RESISTANCE
seismic zones.
OVER ALL Price per square meter may be as low as Higher price per square
PRICE by 30 % than the conventional building. meter.
Outstanding architectural design can be Special architectural
achieved at low cost using standard design and features
architectural details and interfaces. must be developed for
ARCHITECTURE each project which
often require research
and thus resulting in
higher cost.
Building is supplied complete with all Many sources of supply
SOURCING AND accessories including erection for a are there so it becomes
COORDINATION single ³21(67236285&(´ difficult to co ordinate
and handle the things.
COST OF PEB manufactures usually stock a large Substitution of hot
CHARGE amount of that can be flexibly used in rolled sections in

ϲ

 ORDER many types of PEB projects. frequently rolled by
mills is expensive and
time consuming.
Little or no material is wasted even if a Change orders that are
change order is made after -fabrication made after the dispatch
starts. of hot rolled sections
result in increasing the
time and cost involved
in the project.
Designed to fit the system with Every project requires
standardized and inter changeable parts. different and special
Including pre designed flashing and design fro accessories
BUILDING
trims. Building accessories are mass and special sourcing for
ACCESSORIES
produced for economy and are available each item. Flashing and
with the building. trims must be uniquely
designed and fabricated.

All project records are safely and orderly It would be difficult to

kept in electronic format which make sit obtain project records
easy for the owner to obtain a copy of his after a long period of
building record at any time. time. It is required to
contact more than one
FUTURE
number of parties.
EXPANSIONS
Future expansion is very easy and Future expansion is
simple. most tedious and more
costly.
Single source of responsibility is there Multiple responsibilities
because all the job is being done by one can result in question of
supplier. who is responsible
SAFETY AND
when the components
RESPONSIBILTY
do not fit in properly,
insufficient material is
supplied or parts fail to

ϳ

 perform particularly at
the supplier/contractor
interface.
All components have been specified and Components are custom
designed specially to act together as a designed for a specific
system for maximum efficiency, precise application on a specific
fir and peak performance in the field. job. Design and
PERFORMANCE detailing errors are
possible when
assembling the diverse
components into unique
buildings.
Experience with similar buildings, in Each building design is
actual field conditions world wide, has unique, so predication,
resulted in design improvements over of how components will
time, which allow dependable prediction perform together is
of performance. uncertain. Materials
which have performed
well in some climates
may not do
well in other conditions.

ϴ

 2. PRE ENGINEERED BUILDING

Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings use a combination of built-up

sections, hot rolled sections and cold formed elements which provide the

basic steel frame work with a choice of single skin sheeting with added

insulation or insulated sandwich panels for roofing and wall cladding. The

concept is designed to provide a complete building envelope system which

is air tight, energy efficient, optimum in weight and cost and, above all,

designed to fit user requirement. A typical PEB system is shown in Figure 1

below.

Figure 1: PEB System (Source: www.pebspennar.com)

ϵ

2.1 Major Components

There are basically nine major components in a pre-engineered building such as

¾ Main framing or vertical columns

¾ End wall framing

¾ Purlins, girts and eave struts

¾ Sheeting and insulation or prefab panels

¾ Crane system

¾ Mezzanine system

¾ Bracing system

¾ Paints and finishes

¾ Miscellaneous services

2.1.1 Main Framing

Main framing basically includes the rigid steel frames of the building. The PEB

rigid frame comprises of tapered columns and tapered rafters (the fabricated tapered

sections are referred to as built-up members). The tapered sections are fabricated using

the state of art technology wherein the flanges are welded to the web. Splice plates are

welded to the ends of the tapered sections. The frame is erected by bolting the splice

plates of connecting sections together.

2.1.2 End wall framing

The end wall frame of a pre-engineered building may be designed as a main

rigid frame (i.e. similar to the interior frame) or as a post and beam frame. The

GHFLVLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHFXVWRPHU¶VUHTXLUHPHQWPDLQO\DVWRZKHWKHUKHZDQWVWRJR

in for future expansion or not) and / oUEXLOGLQJ¶VUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHHQG wall open

ϭϬ

for access). The post and beam end wall system of framing consists of columns

(posts) with pinned ends, supporting horizontal beams known as end wall rafters.

Girts are flush framed between posts to provide lateral stability and a neat appearance.

Post and beam end walls are assumed to be laterally stiff due to the diaphragm effect

of the wall sheeting. The diaphragm action is proven to be sufficient enough to resist

the transverse wind force acting on the small tributary area of the end wall. For single

storied normal houses end wall framing is same as main framing.

2.1.3 Purlins, girts and eave struts

Purlins, girts and eave struts are also known as secondary cold-formed

members. There is no welding involved in their preparation. They are prepared by

just bending the steel coil giving it the desired shape (Z-shape for purlins and girts,

and C-shape for eave struts).

Purlins are secondary members supporting the roof panels. Z-shaped purlins

are adopted for pre-engineered buildings that provide a great advantage of being

lapped at support points and nested together to increase the stiffness. This capability

provides additional strength and reduces deflection. On the other hand C-shaped

purlins lack this capability and thus are not used as purlins or girt.

Girts are used to provide framework for wall cladding for sidewalls and end

walls. Generally, for side walls by-framed (by-pass) construction is employed for

taking advantage of lapped girts and flush construction is employed for end wall girts

in order to use diaphragm action effectively. All flush end wall girts are simply

supported members attached to the end wall column web.

ϭϭ

 All eave struts are cold formed C sections. These are simply supported

members (180mm in depth and 2.0mm or 2.5mm in thickness). Eave struts are well

suited at the corners to support sheeting.

2.1.4 Panels and insulation

Single skin profile steel sheets are used as roof and wall sheeting, roof and

wall liners, partition and soffit sheeting. The steel sheets are generally made from

steel coils and aluminium coils. Minimum thickness of steel coils used is 0.5mm high

tensile steel. The profiles depends upon the stiffness required, the governing loads

(dead/live/wind) etc. The strength of the sheets depends on its profile, and the depth

and number of ribs. The steel sheets are normally zincalume or galvanized profiled

sheets permanently color coated either plain or the sheets can be coated with special

paints like PVF2, if required, for better anti-corrosion properties.

These buildings can be properly insulated by providing fibrous insulation slabs

/ rolls of non- combustible Rockwool, Aluminium foil laminated, placed over a metal

mesh bed created between the purlins, and then the roofing steel sheet fixed over it.

The siding walls can also be insulated by providing a double skin profile steel sheet

wall cladding having Rockwool Insulation slab sandwiched in between and held in

SRVLWLRQZLWKWKHKHOSRIµ=¶VSDFHUVLQEHWZHHQ the two profile steel sheets. In similar

pattern a double skin insulated roofing system can also be erected.

Liner panels are used to conceal the roof purlins, wall girts and the Rockwool

insulation on the inside of the building when neat finished appearance is required. If

the temperature inside the building has to be controlled, insulation of different

thicknesses can be provided below the panels. Another alternative is to provide pre-

fabricated insulated panels, which comprises of two single skin panels (plain steel

ϭϮ

sheets zincalume color coated) with polyurethane foam insulation in between. These

panels are intended for use as thermally efficient roof and wall claddings for buildings

e.g. in high altitude areas and cold storages.

For normal housing the wall panels comprises of outside profiled steel sheet

fixed on to the columns and purlins. Rockwool insulation placed between the purlins

and then the inner sheet of a particle / rigid board type again fixed on to the columns

and purlins thereby totally concealing the steel structure. The roof is of profile steel

sheet with insulation fixed underneath. False Ceiling of particle / rigid board is fixed

to a steel frame work hung from the trusses. Insulation can also placed over the false

ceiling packed in polythene. Here a 2 ft. high brick wall is required to be given on the

outside for protection. For walls a second alternative can be by way of welding metal

mesh on to the columns and purlins on both sides with insulation sandwiched in

between and spraying 50mm thick cement plaster on to the mesh with spray gun.

2.1.5 Crane system

Cranes in industrial buildings are used to improve material handling

productivity and to allow more efficient utilization of space by reducing or

eliminating traffic due to forklifts etc. The crane runway beams are simply supported

built-XS VHFWLRQV ZLWK FDS FKDQQHOV  $OVR VLQFH LW¶V D EXLOW-up member, it can be

tapered ± saving the beam costs for large spans.

2.1.6 Mezzanine system

Generally, the mezzanine framing is connected to the main rigid frame

columns for lateral, stability. Mezzanine beams and joists are analyzed and designed

as simple span members. Standard mezzanine structure consists of built-up beams

(that may be tapered for large spans or heavy loads) that support built-up, hot-rolled

or cold-formed mezzanine joists which in-turn support a metal deck. A reinforced

ϭϯ

concrete slab is cast on the metal deck as a finished surface. The metal deck is not

designed to carry the floor live loads, it is intended only to carry the reinforced

concrete slab during pouring. The reinforced concrete slab must be designed to carry

the floor loads. Interior mezzanine stub columns are hot rolled tube sections or built-

up sections.

Sometimes, in place of concrete flooring, checkered plates or grating may be

used. Sometimes, a structural framing system is mounted on top of the roof and is

designed to support heavy roof accessories, such as HVAC units, water tanks and

other miscellaneous roof equipment. These we call as roof platforms. Also, a narrow

walkway, used primarily for maintenance crews to provide access to mechanical

equipment supported on roof platforms, called as catwalk is provided at times.

Catwalk are usually mounted alongside crane beams, suspended under rigid frame

rafters or elevated above the top of the building roof.

2.1.7 Bracing system

Longitudinal cross bracing, used to provide lateral stability to the structure

against wind, seismic or other forces, comprises of 7-strand twisted galvanized cables

with an eye bolt and an adjusting nut at both ends, located near the outer flange of

columns or rafters and attached at the web of the rigid frame. In buildings supporting

cranes, crane longitudinal loads will be transferred to the foundation using smooth

round bars or hot rolled angles in lieu of cables. Also, when the sidewall has to be

open for access etc., portal bracing is provided. For narrow width buildings with low

eave heights, the fixed base column can be designed in the minor axis direction to

resist the lateral forces applied along the length of the building, thus saving the

ϭϰ

additional bracings. Bracings are usually provided in large roof area industrial sheds.

This is not required for houses.

2.1.8 Paints and finishes

Normally the primary and secondary steel are coated with one coat (35

microns) of red oxide paint without any special treatment to steel. However, if some

special paint has to be applied to steel in order to give better anti-corrosion properties

etc. then the steel members have to be shot-blasted and then coated with the special

paints. Also, the other option is for going in for galvanized secondary steel and hot-

dip galvanize the primary steel for better steel properties. For houses inside painting

on walls & ceiling is to be provided.

2.1.9 Doors and Windows

Steel or aluminium framed doors and windows are fixed to the purlins either

by welding or bolted to the flanges already fixed to the purlins. proper flashings are

applied wherever necessary.

2.1.10 False Ceiling

This is usually required for residential building or offices. A metal frame

work is hung from the ceiling and false ceiling of rigid boards are either bolted or

placed over the frame work.

2.1.11 Flooring

Flooring is usually of conventional nature consisting of cement concrete

ϭϱ

2.2Types of Frames / Primary Members

ϭϲ

 Figure 2: Main Frames

ϭϳ

2.3 Secondary members

Purlins and Girts (Cold-formed members)

Lipped C-section Lipped Z- section

Figure 3: Secondary Members

Roof and Wall Bracing

Figure 4: Roof and Wall Bracing

ϭϴ

 3. LOADS

3.1 Dead Load

The constant/permanent load applied on the structure at roof level is called

dead load. The intensity of load is assumed in accordance with IS 875 (Part I):1987.

3.2 Live Load

The intensity of load is assumed in accordance with IS 875 (Part II):1987.

3.3 Wind Load

The basic wind speed, design wind speed and design wind pressure are

calculated in accordance with IS 875 (Part III): 1987.

3.4 Load due to Cyclone effect

The design wind pressure obtained is modified to include the effect of cyclone

in accordance with IS 15498: 2004.

3.5 Earthquake Load

The earthquake loads are calculated in accordance with IS 1893: 2002.

ϭϵ

 4. ANALYSIS & DESIGN

Analysis for primary members is done in STAAD pro software. STAAD

software works on matrix stiffness method. Tapered members can be analyzed and

designed efficiently. The forces in the members are found and limit state design of

structural members in accordance with IS 800: 2007 is carried out.

As no specifications for tapered members were discussed in IS 800: 2007, the

design equations on tapered beams in British and Australian codes are used.

ϮϬ

 5. DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREY PEB

‡ Type of Building : Steel pre-engineered industrial building

‡ Location : Chennai (Madras), India

‡ Plan area : 30 m x 54 m

‡ Number of intermediate frames : 8

‡ Number of end frames : 2

‡ Type of intermediate frame : Rigid Frame

‡ Type of end frame : BC-5

‡ Type of roof and wall sheeting : Corrugated GI sheets

‡ Type of soil : Rocky soil

‡ Terrain category : Category 1

‡ Doors : 3 (4m x 4m)

‡ Windows : 4 (2m x 2m)

Ϯϭ

5.1 Plan of the building

Figure 5: Plan of the building

ϮϮ

5.2 Load Calculation for intermediate frame

1) Dead Load ( IS 875 Part 1:1987)

Intensity = 0.1 kN/m2

Dead load = intensity * bay spacing = 0.1*6 = 0.6 kN/m

2) Live Load (IS 875 Part II part II:1987 )

Live load intensity = 0.75 kN/m2

Live load = 0.75 * 6 = 4.5 kN/m

3) Wind Load (IS 875 Part III : 1987 and IS 15498: 2004)

Basic wind speed Vb = 50 m/sec ( For Madras)

K1 (Importance factor) = 1.08 ( assuming important building)

K2 (Terrain Category) = 0.99

K3 (Topography factor) = 1.0

K4 (Factor for cyclone) = 1.15 ( Industrial Building)

Design wind speed Vz = Vb * k1*k2*k3*k4

= 50 * 1.08 * 0.99 * 1.0 * 1.15

= 61.479 ~ 61.5 m/s

Design wind pressure Pz = 0.6Vz2 = 0.6* 61.5

= 2.27 ~ 2.3 kN/m2

H/W = 6/30 =0.2 ; L/W = 54/30 = 1.8

Surface area of structure = 2H ( L + W) = 2*6( 54 + 30)

= 1008 m2

Opening area of door = 4*4*3 = 48 m2

Opening area of window = 2*2*4 = 16 m2

Total opening area = 64 m2

Percentage of opening = (64/1008)*100 = 6.349 > 5% Cpi = +/- 0.5

Ϯϯ

 From tables 4 and 5of IS 875 part III ,

For Wall

Cpe

ș
A B

0 0.7 -0.25

90 -0.5 -0.5

For Roof

C
pe

Slope of
ș = 0 ș = 90
URRIĮ

EF GH EG FH

7 -1.02 -0.4 -0.8 -0.48

Ϯϰ

 For Cpi = +0.5

)RUFHVIRUș ƒ

Figure 6

Force on left column = 2.3 * 1.2 * 6 = 16.56 kN/m

Force on right column = 2.3*0.25*6 = 3.45 kN/m

Force on left rafter = 2.3*-0.52*6 = - 7.176 kN/m

Force on right rafter = 2.3*0.1*6 = 1.38 kN/m

Ϯϱ

)RUFHVIRUș ƒ

Figure 6.1

Force on left column = 2.3*0*6 = 0 kN/m

Force on right column = 2.3*0*6 = 0 kN/m

Force on left rafter = 2.3* (-0.3)* 6 = -4.14 kN/m

Force on right rafter = 2.3 * (0.3) * 6 = -4.14 kN/m

Ϯϲ

 For Cpi = -0.5

)RUFHVIRUș ƒ

Figure 6.2

Force on left column = 2.3 * 0.2 * 6 = 2.76 kN/m

Force on right column = 2.3*-0.75*6 = - 10.35 kN/m

Force on left rafter = 2.3*-1.52*6 = - 20.976 kN/m

Force on right rafter = 2.3*-0.9*6 = -12.42 kN/m

Ϯϳ

)RUFHVIRUș 90°

Figure 6.3

Force on left column = 2.3 * -1.0 * 6 = -13.8 kN/m

Force on right column = 2.3*-1.0*6 = - 13.8 kN/m

Force on left rafter = 2.3*-1.3*6 = - 17.94 kN/m

Force on right rafter = 2.3*-1.3*6 = -17.94 kN/m

Ϯϴ

 EQ DEFINITION

Figure 7

Figure 7.1

Ϯϵ

 EQ+X

Figure 8 (a) : Earth quake load EQ+X

EQ ±X

Figure 8 (b): Earth quake load EQ-X

ϯϬ

 DL

Figure 9 : Dead load

RL

Figure 10 : Roof load

ϯϭ

 WL 0.5 0DEG

Figure 11.1 : Wind load

WL 0.5 90 DEG

Figure 11.2: Wind load

ϯϮ

 WL 0.5 180 DEG

Figure 11.3 Wind load

WL -0.5 0 DEG

Figure 11.4: Wind load

ϯϯ

 WL -0.5 90 DEG

Figure 11.5 Wind load

WL -0.5 180 DEG

Figure 11.6 Wind load

ϯϰ

 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LSD ACCORDING TO IS 800: 2007

ONE LIVE LOAD IS PRESENT

LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR DESIGN

1.) 1.5 DEAD LOAD + 1.5 LIVE LOAD

2.) 1.5 DEAD LOAD + 1.5 WIND LOAD

3.) 0.9 DEAD LOAD + 1.5 WIND LOAD

4.) 1.5 DEAD LOAD + 1.5 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

5.) 0.9 DEAD LOAD + 1.5 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

6.) 1.2 DEAD LOAD + 1.2 LIVE LOAD + 1.2 WIND LOAD

LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY

1.) 1.0 DEAD LOAD + 1.0 LIVE LOAD

2.) 1.0 DEAD LOAD + 1.0 WIND LOAD

3.) 1.0 DEAD LOAD + 1.0 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

4.) 1.0 DEAD LOAD + 0.8 LIVE LOAD + 0.8 WIND LOAD

ϯϱ

 5.3 STAAD MODEL OF INTERMEDIATE FRAME

Figure 12: STAAD model of intermediate frame

5.4 GEMOETRY OF STAAD MODEL

Figure 13: Geometry of STAAD model

ϯϲ

 5.5 DESIGN PARAMETERS

‡ PARAMETER 1

CODE IS800 LSD

BEAM 1 ALL

FU 490000 ALL

FYLD 345000 ALL

LX 1.5 MEMB 2 4 TO 14 * For every 1.5 m torsional restraint is provided *

LY 1.5 MEMB 2 4 TO 14 * For every 1.5 m purlin/girt is provided*

LZ 6 MEMB 1 3 5 6

MAIN 180 ALL * Slenderness ratio limit in compression is 180*

LZ 15.13 MEMB 2 4 7 TO 14

CHECK CODE ALL

‡ PARAMETER 2

CODE IS800 LSD

STEEL MEMBER TAKE OFF ALL

‡ PARAMETER 3

CODE IS800 LSD

STEEL TAKE OFF ALL

ϯϳ

 5.6 MAXIMUM FORCES

Member Axial Force (Fx) Shear Force (Fy) Bending Moment (Mz)
(kN) (kN) (kN-m)

1 150.36 (C) 305.25 899.05

2 126 (C) 331.45 1747.39

3 150.36 (C) 305.25 899.05

4 126 (C) 331.45 1747.39

5 145.10(C) 292.83 1757

6 145.10(C) 292.83 1757

7 121.97(C) 252.81 832.96

8 118.24(C) 184.31 351.07

9 114.62(C) 94.15 497.61

10 111.10(C) 87.32 495.59

11 121.97(C) 252.81 832.96

12 118.24(C) 184.31 351.07

13 114.62(C) 94.15 497.61

14 111.10(C) 87.32 495.59

ϯϴ

 5.7 TAPER SECTIONS PROVIDED IN STAAD

1) Taper section - R1

Depth of section at starting node = 0.375 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.575 m

Width of top flange = 0.365 m

Depth of top flange = 0.016 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.365 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.016 m

2) Taper section ± R2

Depth of section at starting node = 0.575 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.925 m

Width of top flange = 0.365 m

Depth of top flange = 0.016 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.365 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.016 m

3) Taper section ± R3

Depth of section at starting node = 0.925 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.785 m

Width of top flange = 0.365 m

Depth of top flange = 0.016 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.365 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.016 m

ϯϵ

 4) Taper section ± R4

Depth of section at starting node = 0.785 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.675 m

Width of top flange = 0.365 m

Depth of top flange = 0.014 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.365 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.014 m

5) Taper section ± R5

Depth of section at starting node = 0. 675 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.595 m

Width of top flange = 0.325 m

Depth of top flange = 0.014 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.325 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.014 m

6) Taper section ± R6

Depth of section at starting node = 0. 595 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.575 m

Width of top flange = 0.300 m

Depth of top flange = 0.012 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.300 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.012 m

ϰϬ

7) Taper section ± R7

Depth of section at starting node = 0. 575 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.535 m

Width of top flange = 0.275 m

Depth of top flange = 0.012 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.275 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.012 m

5.8 MEMBER ± SECTION DETAILS

Figure 14: Member - section details

ϰϭ

5.9 FRAME OUTLINE

Figure 15: Frame outline

5.10 UTILITY RATIO

Figure 16: Utility ratio

ϰϮ

5.11 STEEL TAKE OFF

Weight
Member Profile Length (m)
(kN)

1 R1 3.00 3.509

2 R3 3.13 4.391

3 R1 3.00 3.509

4 R3 3.13 4.391

5 R2 3.00 4.016

6 R2 3.00 4.016

7 R4 3.00 3.520

8 R5 3.00 2.936

9 R6 3.00 2.435

10 R7 3.00 2.257

11 R4 3.00 3.521

12 R5 3.00 2.937

13 R6 3.00 2.435

14 R7 3.00 2.257

Total
46.130
Weight

TOTAL WEIGHT = 4.613 METRIC TONNES

ϰϯ

 5.12 MANUAL DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE FRAME

Beam ± Column

The critical beam column member is BEAM 5. Hence BEAM 5 is designed.

The section provided for BEAM 5 is Taper section ± R2. The details are:

Depth of section at starting node = 0.575 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.925 m

Width of top flange = 0.365 m

Depth of top flange = 0.016 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.365 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.016 m

5.12.1 Design For Bending Moment

Figure 17

The section is semi-FRPSDFW+HQFHȕb = Zez / Zpz

ϰϰ

 Zez = Izz / ymax = 6244*103 mm3

Iy = ( (2*3653*16)/12) + ((893*83)/12) = 129.71*106 mm2

A = (2*365*16) + (8*893) = 18824 nmm2

ry = ¥ 6 /18824) =83mm

hf = 893+16 = 909 mm

ZPZ = 2[365*16*454.5+446.5*8*223.25] = 6903.458*103 mm3

ȕb = (6244*103) / (6903.458*103) = 0.9

ୠ =1329.945/1760.84 = 0.75

for k1 = 0, c1 = 1.141

Mcr = ( c1* ʌ2 *E* Iy * hf ) /(2* LLT2 )*[1+1/20((LLT / ry )/(hf /tf )2)]0.5

= ((1.141** ʌ2 *2*105 *129.71*106 *909)/(2*(1500)2)) *

[1+1/20((1500/83)/(909/16)2)]0.5

=5.90*1010 *1.007 = 5.9413*1010 = 59413*106 = 59413 kN-m

dc = 893 mm, dm =718 mm , Afc = 365*16 = 5840 mm2 ,Afm =365 *16 =5840 mm2

dm /dc =718/893 = 0.804

Afm / Afc = 1

Įst = 1.0 -1.2(lr /L)*[1-(0.6+0.4* dm /dc )* Afm / Afc ]

= 1.0-1.2((1500/L)/1500)*[1-(0.6+(0.4*0.804))*1]

= 1.0 -1.2(0.5)*[0.0784] = 1.0 ± 0.04704 = 0.953

Reduced Mcr = 0.953*59413 = 56620.6 kN-m

ȜLT ¥  3 *345 /56620.6*106 ) = 0.178

Ø LT = 0.5 * [1+ 0.49(0.178 ± 0.2)+(0.178)2 ] = 0.583

Ȥ LT = 1/(0.583+[0.583-0.178]0.5  ”

f bd = 0.879*345/1.1 = 303.255 N/mm2

Mdz = 0.9*6903.458 *103 *303.255

ϰϱ

 = 1884.15 kN-m > 1760.84 kN-m OK

Utility ratio = 1760.84 / 1884.15 = 0.935

5.12.2 Design For Compression

Maximum compression = 150 kN

ȕ1 = 1.0

ȕ2 = 30.26/(6+30.26) = 0.83

kZ 1 = 3.9

dl = d0 Ȗ

dl / d0 Ȗ

Ȗ Gl / d0 ) - 1

Ȗ ± 1 = 1.466

g = 1.0 ± ȖȖ2 *(1.0 ± Ȗ

= 1.0 ± 0.375(1.466) + 0.08*(1.466)2 *(1.0 ± 0.0775(1.466))

= 0.593

J§

I ZO = (8*3433 /12) +2*[(365*163 /12)+(365*16*163.52 /163.5)]

= 26902404.67+312248253.3 = 339.15*106 mm 4

A = (2*365*16) + (8*343) = 14424 mm 2

r zo ¥ 6 /14424) = 153.34 mm

Length of equivalent prismatic column = g * length of tapered column

= 0.59*6 = 3.54 m

kZ 1 (g lz) / rz = (3.9*3540) / (153.34) = 90

Iy = ((343*83)/12) + 2 ((16*3653)/12) = 129.686*106 mm4

ry = 94.8 mm

ϰϲ

As thickness of welded section is 16 mm < 40 mm, buckling curve about z-z axis is

µE¶

Į 

From table 9 (C) of IS 800:2007, fcd = 151.75 N/mm2

Design compressive strength Pdz = 14424*151.75 = 2188.8 kN > 150 kN

About y-\D[LVFXUYHµF¶VKRXOGEHIROORZHG

Ky 1= 1.0

(Ky 1 l) / ry = 1500/94.8 = 15.82

fcd = 225 N/mm2

Design compressive strength Pdy = 14424*225 = 3245.4 kN > 150 kN

Check of interaction equations

1) (P / Pdz ) + (kz ( Cmz Mz )/ Mdz ”

fccz ʌ2 E) / (kz lz / rz ) = 21932.45

Ȝz = (fy / fccz )1/2 = (250/21932.45)1/2 = 0.1067

nz = p / pdz = 150/2188.8 = 0.0685

kz Ȝz - 0.2) nz = 0.997

(150/2188.8) + (0.997 (0.9*1760.84)/ 1884.15) = 0.907 < 1 OK

2) (P/Pdy) + KLT (Mz / Mdz ”

ny = P/Pdy =150/3245.4 = 0.0462

CMLT ȥ

= 0.6+0.4(0.75) = 0.9

KLT = [ 1 - (0.ȜLT ny )/ CMLT -@•>- 0.1 ny / CMLT -0.25]

= [ 1 - 0.1*0.178*0.0462 /0.9-0.25] = 0.998

  §OK

ϰϳ

 Figure 18 : Detailing of intermediate frame

ϰϴ

5.14 STAAD MODEL OF END WALL FRAME

Figure 21: STAAD model of end wall frame

5.15 GEOMETRY OF STAAD MODEL

Figure 22: Geometry of STAAD model

ϰϵ

5.16 DESIGN PARAMETERS

x PARAMETER 1

CODE IS800 LSD

BEAM 1 ALL

FU 490000 ALL

FYLD 345000 ALL

LX 1.5 MEMB 2 4 TO 14 * For every 1.5 m torsionaL restraint is provided *

LY 1.5 MEMB 2 4 TO 14 * For every 1.5 m purlin/girt is provided*

LZ 6 MEMB 1 3 5 6

MAIN 180 ALL * Slenderness ratio limit in compression is 180*

LZ 15.13 MEMB 2 4 7 TO 14

TRACK 2 ALL

CHECK CODE ALL

x PARAMETER 2

CODE IS800 LSD

STEEL MEMBER TAKE OFF ALL

x PARAMETER 3

CODE IS800 LSD

STEEL TAKE OFF ALL

ϱϬ

 5.17 MEMBER FORCES

Member Axial Force (Fx) Shear Force (Fy) Bending Moment

(kN) (kN) (Mz)
(kN-m)
1 79.04 (C) 153.06 452.10

2 65.46 (C) 181.94 885.58

3 79.04 (C) 153.81 452.1

4 65.46 (C) 181.94 885.58

5 75.73 (C) 177.90 885.58

6 75.73 (C) 177.90 885.58

7 63.30 (C) 136.12 428.98

8 61.42 (C) 91.38 164.04

9 59.59 (C) 49.80 231.74

10 57.78 (C) 43.82 231.74

11 63.30 (C) 136.13 428.99

12 61.42 (C) 91.38 164.05

13 59.59 (C) 49.80 231.74

14 57.78(C) 43.82 231.74

ϱϭ

 5.18 TAPER SECTIONS PROVIDED IN STAAD

1) Taper section - R1

Depth of section at starting node = 0.275 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.455 m

Width of top flange = 0.285 m

Depth of top flange = 0.012 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.285 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.012 m

2) Taper section ± R2

Depth of section at starting node = 0.455 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.745 m

Width of top flange = 0.285 m

Depth of top flange = 0.012m

Width of bottom flange = 0.285 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.012 m

3) Taper section ± R3

Depth of section at starting node = 0.745 m

Thickness of web = 0.008 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.610 m

Width of top flange = 0.285 m

Depth of top flange = 0.012 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.285 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.012 m

ϱϮ

 4) Taper section ± R4

Depth of section at starting node = 0.610 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.500 m

Width of top flange = 0.240 m

Depth of top flange = 0.01 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.240 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.01 m

5) Taper section ± R5

Depth of section at starting node = 0. 500 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.460 m

Width of top flange = 0.200 m

Depth of top flange = 0.01 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.200 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.01 m

6) Taper section ± R6

Depth of section at starting node = 0. 460 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.420 m

Width of top flange = 0.200 m

Depth of top flange = 0.01 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.200 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.01 m

ϱϯ

7) Taper section ± R7

Depth of section at starting node = 0. 420 m

Thickness of web = 0.006 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.385 m

Width of top flange = 0.200 m

Depth of top flange = 0.01 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.200 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.01 m

5.19 MEMBER SECTION DETAILS

Figure 23: Member - section details

ϱϰ

5.20 FRAME OUTLINE

Figure 24: Frame outline

5.21 UTILITY RATIO

Figure 25: Utility ratio

ϱϱ

5.22 STEEL TAKE OFF

Member Profile Length (m) Weight (kN)

1 R1 3.00 2.205

2 R3 3.13 2.902

3 R1 3.00 2.205

4 R3 3.13 2.902

5 R2 3.00 2.638

6 R2 3.00 2.638

7 R4 3.00 1.846

8 R5 3.00 1.558

9 R6 3.00 1.503

10 R7 3.00 1.452

11 R4 3.00 1.846

12 R5 3.00 1.558

13 R6 3.00 1.503

14 R7 3.00 1.452

Total Weight
28.207
(kN)

TOTAL WEIGHT = 2.821 METRIC TONNES

ϱϲ

5.23 STAAD MODEL OF END WALL WIND COLUMN

The wind column at ridge is considered.

Figure 26: STAAD model of end wall wind column

5.24 GEOMETRY OF STAAD MODEL

Figure 27: Geometry of STAAD model

ϱϳ

5.25 DESIGN PARAMETERS

x PARAMETER 1

CODE IS800 LSD

BEAM 1 ALL

FU 490000 ALL

FYLD 345000 ALL

LZ 8 ALL

MAIN 180 ALL

TRACK 2 ALL

CHECK CODE ALL

x PARAMETER 2

CODE IS800 LSD

STEEL MEMBER TAKE OFF ALL

x PARAMETER 3

CODE IS800 LSD

STEEL TAKE OFF ALL

ϱϴ

5.26 MEMBER FORCES

Bending Moment
Axial Force (Fx) Shear Force (Fy)
Member (Mz)
(kN) (kN)
(kN-m)
1 1.35 56 112

2 1.35 56 112

Figure 28: Bending moment diagram

ϱϵ

5.27 TAPER SECTIONS PROVIDED

1) Taper section - R1

Depth of section at starting node = 0.275 m

Thickness of web = 0.004 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.350 m

Width of top flange = 0.200 m

Depth of top flange = 0.008 m

Width of bottom flange = 0.200 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.008 m

2) Taper section ± R2

Depth of section at starting node = 0.275 m

Thickness of web = 0.004 m

Depth of section at end node = 0.350 m

Width of top flange = 0.200 m

Depth of top flange = 0.008m

Width of bottom flange = 0.200 m

Depth of bottom flange = 0.008 m

ϲϬ

5.28 MEMBER SECTION DETAILS

Figure 29: Member section details

5.29 MEMBER OUTLINE

Figure 30: Member outline

ϲϭ

5.30 STEEL TAKEOFF

Member Profile Length (m) Weight (kN)

1 R1 4.00 1.348

2 R3 4.00 1.348

Total Weight
2.695
(kN)

TOTAL WEIGHT OF COLUMN = 0.270 METRIC TONNES

Total weight of intermediate frames = No: of intermediate frames * weight of one

intermediate frame = 8 * 4.613

= 36.904 Metric Tonnes

Total weight of end frames = (No: of end frames * weight of one end frame)

+ (No: of wind columns * weight of one wind column)

= (2 * 2.821) + (10 * 0.270)

= 8.342 Metric Tonnes

TOTAL WEIGHT OF FRAMES OF BUILDING = 36.904 + 8.342

= 45.246 METRIC TONNES

ϲϮ

5.31 Design of intermediate purlin (Cold formed section ± Working stress design)

The length of rafter =( 152+22 )1/2=15.13m

Purlins are placed at a spacing of 1.5m

Dead load on an intermediate purlin per m length

Weight of sheet=1.5*43=64.5N/m

Self weight of purlin = 80 N/m (assumed)

Dead load (DL) = 0.0645+0.08 = 0.1445 kN/m

Live load on an intermediate purlin per m length (LL) = 1.5*0.75= 1.125 kN/m

h=6m,w=30 m,h/w=0.2<0.5

Vz= 61.5m/sec

PZ=2.3 kN/m2

The wind load (WL) on an intermediate purlin = (Cpe ± Cpi)* 1.5*2.3 = -1.52*1.5*2

= -5.24 kN/m

For design of purlin, load combinations considered are DL+LL & DL+WL

DL+LL= 0.1445+1.125 = 1.2695 kN/m

DL+WL= 5.24-0.1445cos70 =5.1 kN /m

Maximum bending moment (M)= ((5.1)(62))/10 = 18.36 kN-m

fy = 360 N/mm2

Basic design stress f = 0.6*360 = 216 N/mm2

Required section modulus= Zz = (18.36)*106/216 = 85cm3

Light gauge Z section 270*75*20*3.15 @ 10.7 kg/m is tried

ZZ=104 cm3, IY =126 cm4 ,IYC =63 cm4

L2 ZXC /dIYC =((20002)*103* 104)/(270*63) = 2445.6

fb =2/3fy -((fy )2 (L2 ZXC ʌ2 E Cb )(d IYC)

=2/3(360)-((20002 )(104*103 ʌ2*2*105 )(270*63) = 240-59.47

ϲϯ

 =180.53 N/mm2

Moment of resistance = 104*103 *180.53 = 18.775 kN- m

= 18.775 kN- m > 18.36 kN-m OK

5.32 Design of eave strut (Cold formed section ± Working stress design)

Wind force at wall "c" up to eaves level = 1.2*180*2.3 = 496.8 kN

Wind force at wall "D" up to eaves level= 0.4*180*2.3 = 165.6 kN

Total= 496.8-165.6 = 331.2 kN

Force on each eave strut= 331.2/2 =165.6 kN

Maximum bending moment=18.775/2 = 9.3875 kN-m

P =165.6 kN

L=2000 mm

fy =360 Mpa

f=0.6* fy = 216 N/mm2

consider the channel section 250*80*25*5

A=2080mm2 ,ZO =58mm ,ZZ= 148*104 mm4 ,ry =27.3 mm ,Iz =1840*104 mm4

,rz =94.1 mm ,IY =156*104 mm4 , J =17000 mm4 , Cw =18600*106 mm6

For web

454/216=30.89 w=250-2*5-2*7.5 =225mm

w/t=225/5 = 45 > 30.89

b/t= 671/216[1-(147/216*45)]=35.50

Effective width,b=35.50*5 =177.5 mm

In effective width=225-177.5 =47.5 mm

ϲϰ

For flange

w=80-2*5-2*7.5= 55 mm

w/t=55/5=11<30.89mm

For lips

168/fy =8.85

w=25-5-7.5=12.5 mm

w/t=12.5/5=2.5<8.85

fc =0.6*fy = 0.6*360 =216Mpa

Qus =fc /f =216/216=1.0

Effective area =2080-47.5*5 =1842.5 mm2

QS =1842.5/2080 =0.886

Q = QUS *QS =0.886*1 =0.886

0.5*Q*fy =0.5*0.886*360 =159.48 Mpa

ıez ʌ2 *E/(kl/r)2 ʌ2 *2*105 /(2000/94.1)2 = 4369.7 Mpa

rO ¥Uz 2 + rY 2 + zo2  ¥2 +(27.3)2 +(58)2 =113.9mm

ıt = 1/Ar02>*-ʌ2ECW/(KL)2]

=1/2080*(113.9)2 [80*103ʌ2*2*105*18600*106/(2000)2]

=390.55MPa

ȕ -(z0/r0)2 ȕ -(58/113.9)2 =0.74

ıTFO ȕ>ıezıt)-¥ıezıt)2- ȕ ıez *ıt)]

=1/2*0.74 [(4369.7+390.55)-¥2- 4(0.74)*(4369.7)*(390.55)]

=381.083MPa

&KHFNıTFO > 0.5*Q *fy

381.083 > (0.5)*(0.886)*(360) = 159.48 MPa OK

fa =0.5222*Q*fy -((Qfy)2 /7.67* ıTFO2 )

ϲϱ

 = 0.5222*0.886*360- ((0.886*360)2/7.67*(381.03)2 )

=131.75 MPa

fa,cal = P/A (P=165.6/2=82.8KN)

= 82.8*103 /2080 =39.80 MPa

 ʌ2*E*Cb /fy =1.8* ʌ2 *2*105 *1.0/360 = 9869.60

L2 *zz /d*IYC =(((2000)2 *(148*104 ))/(250*78*104) = 30358

fb  ʌ2*E*Cb (d*IYC /L2 ZZ)

= (0.6* ʌ2 *2*105 *1.0*250*78*104)/((2000)2 (148*104)) = 39MPa

fb,cal =M/Zz = (4.964*106/148*103) = 31.71 MPa

( where M=9.3875/2 = 4.694 KN-m)

Cm = 0.85

fa,cal /fa + fb,cal /( fb [1-(fa /f1ez@” 1.0

f1ez  ʌ2 *E/(23(Cb*Lb /rz )2

=12* ʌ2 *2*105/(23(1.0*6000/94.1)2) =253MPa

fa,cal /fa + fb,cal /( fb [1-(fa /f1 ez@” 1.0

39.80/131.75 +31.71*0.85/(39[1-(131.75/253)]) = 1.11>1.0

Provide 2 channel sections 250*80*25*5 back to back as I section.

5.33 Design of wall bracing

3T cos450 =165.6

T= 78.06 KN

fy = 500 MPa

Area required =78.06*103 /(500/1.1) =171.732 mm2

Provide 2-12 mm diameter rods of high strength steel

$UHDSURYLGHG  ʌ 2 = 226 mm2 > 171.732 mm2 OK

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5.34 Design of rafter bracing

Exposed area of end wall above eaves level =1/2*30*2 =30 m2

:LQGIRUFHRQZDOO³F´DERYHHDYHVOHYHO    kN

:LQGIRUFHRQZDOO³'´DERYHHDYHVOHYHO    kN

Total net wind force on the end wall eaves level=82.8-27.6 =55.2 kN

The bracing consists of flexible steel rod which can resist only tension

Tan ȕ 

ȕ=21.60

6Tsin21.60 =55.2

T=24.99 kN

Using high strength rod with fy = 500 MPa

Area of cross section required =24.99*103/(500/1.1) =54.978 mm2

Provide 8 mm diameter rods

$UHDSURYLGHG  ʌ 2 =100.53 mm2 > 54.978 mm2 OK

5.35 Design of girt

Girt on the wind ward wall

For worst condition, internal pressure coefficient is considered as -0.5

Cpe - cpi = 0.7 - (-0.5) = 1.2

Girts are assumed to be provided at a spacing of 1.5 m.

Span of girt = spacing between gable frame = 6000mm

Wind force per meter length of girt = 1.2 * 1.5 * 2.3 = 4.14 kN /m

Since , girt is continuous over the vertical members,

maximum Bending moment = 4.14 * 600002/10 = 14.9kN-m

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Basic design stress, f = 0.6 fy = 0.6 * 360 = 216 N/mm2

Required section modulus = 14.9* 106/216 = 68981.48 mm3

Consider cold formed rectangular channel section with lips @200 * 80 *20 * 3.15

@ 9.22 kg/ m

zz = 71.8 cm3

IY = 93.9 cm4

IYC = 46.95 cm4

454/ ξʹͳ͸ = 30.8 mm3

w = 80 - 2 * 4.73 - 2 * 3.15 = 64.24 mm

w/t = 64.24 / 3.15 = 20.39

w /t = 20.39 < 30.8

Moment of resistance of the section = 71.8*103 * 216 =15.51 kN -m

= 15.51 kN -m > 14.9 kN-m OK

Girt on the leeward wall

The girt is laterally unsupported.

Cpe - Cpi = -0.25 - 0.5 = -0.75

Wind force per meter length of girt = 0.75 * 1.5 * 2.3 = 2.5875 kN/m

Maximum bending moment = 2.59 * 60002/10 = 9.33 kN-m

L2 Zz /dIYC = ( 3000)2 * 71.8 * 10 3 / 200 * 46.95 * 104 = 6881.789

fb = 2/3 fy - fy2/ 5.4 * ߨ2 * ECb [ L2zz / dIyc]

= 2/3 * 360 - (360)2ʌ2 * 2 * 105 * 1.0 [6881.789]

= 240 - 83.6725 = 156.327

Moment of resistance = zz * fb

= 71.8 * 103 * 156.327 = 11224278 N-mm

= 11.22 kN-m > 9.33 kN-m OK

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5.36 Design of column base plates and anchor bolts

For intermediate frame

Axial force ( C ) = 150.36 kN

Tension force ( T ) = 407.48 kN

Bending Moment (M ) = 0 kN-m

Assume M25 grade concrete

Bearing strength of concrete = 0.6*fck = 0.6*25 = 15 N/mm2

Provide base plate of 475mm × 465 mm

A = 475*465 = 220875 mm2

Required area of base plate = 150.36*103 /15 = 10024 mm2

ts = ( 2.5*w*(a2 - 0.3b2 )*Ȗmo)/fy ) > tf

w = 15 N/mm2

a = 50 mm

b = 50 mm

ts = ( 2.5*15*(502 - 0.3*502 )*1.1 )/ 345 ) = 14.46 mm §PPPP

ts = 18 mm

Provide 4 anchor bolts

7HQVLOHIRUFHRQHDFKDQFKRUEROW  N1§N1

Assume property class of bolt = 5.6

fub = 5*100 = 500 N/mm2 ; fyb = 0.6*500 = 300 N/mm2

Area of VKDQNRIEROW 7 Ȗmo / fyb =( 102*103*1.1) / 300 = 374 mm2

Area of bolts = ʌG2 )

d = 12 mm , A = 113.097 mm2

d = 20 mm , A = 314.159 mm2

d = 22 mm , A = 380.13 mm2

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d = 25 mm ,A = 490.8 mm2

Net sectional area = Anb = T Ȗmb /0.9*fub = 102*103 * 1.25 / 0.9*500 = 283.3 mm2

Anb of M 22 bolts = 303 N/mm2

Provide 4 - M 22 anchor bolts

Bond stress for M 20 concrete = 1.4 N/mm2

Bond stress for M 25 concrete = 1.75 N/mm2

K ʌ    3

h = 843.3 mm

h = 850 mm

Figure 31 : Column base plate and anchor bolts detailing

All dimensions are in mm

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 6. CONCLUSION

A Single storey Pre Engineered Steel building was analyzed for dead, live,

wind and earth quake loads. Analysis and Design of primary member was done by

STAAD. Secondary members are manually analyzed and designed. Manual Design of

critical member of primary members is also provided. Finally, our study provides

sufficient information on how to design the structural members of pre engineered steel

buildings (P.E.B) .

ϳϭ

 REFERENCES

1. K.S.S.RAM , "Design of steel structures", Pearson ,2014.

2. N. S. Traihar and et al., "The behaviour and design of Steel Structures to

EC3 ", CRC press, 2008.

3. M.A. BRAD FORD, " Stability of tapered I - beam," Journal of

constructional steel research, 9,195-216, 1988.

4. IS 875 : 1987, Part I, II , III - Code of practice for dead , live and wind load.

5. IS 15498 : 2004 - Code of practice for cyclone resistant design of building.

6. IS 1893 : 2002 - Code of practice for earthquake resistant design.

7. AS 4100 - Code of practice of structural steel work

8. BS 5950 - I : 2000- Code of practice of structural steel work

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