2/25/2019

Chapter 8: State of Stress – Strain

Generalized Hooke Law

Objectives:
• To learn the state of stress & state of strain at a point & principal
stresses, strains, principal directions, maximum shear stress….

• To develop the transformation of plane stress.

• To use Mohr’s circle for analyzing stress transformation.

• To develop the transformation of plane strain.

• To learn the generalized Hook’s law expressed the relationship
between stresses & strains

9.1 State of stress

State of stress at a point is the set of all stresses that maybe developed at
the point & represented by a set of stresses acting on 3 perpendicular planes.
Concerning with a given xyz system, this set consists of 6 independent
stress components (3 normal & 3 shear stresses) of a symmetric second
order tensor  
 x  xy  xz  By complement property of shear
  =  yx  y  yz   xy =  yx ‘  yz =  zy &  xz =  zx
 
 zx zy  z 
 
At every point there exist three principal planes that
are perpendicular each other, on which there is no
shear stress. Normal stresses acting on there are
called principal stresses & denoted by  1 , 2 , 3
( 1   2   3 )
Principal direction is normal line of principal plane.
3 principal stresses determined from cubic equation:
 3 − J1 2 + J 2 − J 3 = 0 (9.1)

where J1 , J 2 , J 3 are 3 variants of the state of stress that are constant

& don’t depend on the orientation of the coordinate system.
2

1
 2/25/2019

J1 =  x +  y +  z = 1 +  2 +  3
  
J 2 =  x  xy + y yz + z  zx =
 yx  y  zy  z  xz  x
=  x y +  y z +  z x −  xy
2
−  yz
2
−  zx
2

= 1 2 +  2 3 +  31
 x  xy  xz (9.2)
J 3 =  yx  y  yz =  1 2 3
 zx  zy  z
On a plane created an angle of 45o with a principal direction, shear stress
reaches extreme and is determined by principal stresses:
1 −  2 2 −3 1 −  3
12 =  23 =  max
abs
= 13 = (9.3)
2 2 2
Classification of state of stress:
If 3 principal stresses  0 : Tri-axial state of stress

If 1 principal stress = 0 : Plane (Biaxial) state of stress

If 2 principal stresses = 0 : Uniaxial state of stress

9.2 State of Plane Stress

(Biaxial state of stress)
Material at a point is subjected to
plane stress if stress components
along a certain direction are all zero.
( z =  zx =  zy = 0 )
State of plane stress is presented by a combination of 3 stress components
 x ,  y ,  xy acting on four faces of the element.
Plane stress Transformation
• A state of plane stress defined by  x ,  y , xy oriented along the x, y axes.
Determine the components  x ' ,  y ' , x ' y ' oriented along the x’, y’ axes,
in term of  x ,  y , xy and 
  0 is measured from positive x
to the positive x’ counterclockwise

Sign convention of shear stress:

-On positive face, shear stress is positive when
it acts in the positive direction of an axis.
& it is negative if it acts in the negative direction of an axis.
-On negative face, it is positive if it acts on the negative direction of an axis.

2
 2/25/2019

Stresses on an oblique plane:

• Consider equilibrium of the triangular
segment specified by 
F x' =0 
 x ' A −  x (A cos  ) cos  −  xy (A cos  )sin 
− y (A sin  )sin  −  xy (A sin  ) cos  = 0
F y' =0 
 x ' y ' A +  x (A cos  )sin  −  xy (A cos  ) cos 
− y (A sin  ) cos  +  xy (A sin  )sin  = 0

cos 2 = cos 2  − sin 2 


By using sin 2 = 2sin  cos 
sin 2  + cos 2  = 1

Stresses on the oblique plane directly obtained:
 x + y  x − y (9.4)
 x' = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2 Stress transformation formulas
2 2 for determining stresses acting
 − on an oblique plane.
 x ' y ' = − x y sin 2 +  xy cos 2 (9.5)
2

By substituting  =  + 90o for  into Eq. (9.4) for normal stress,

we can obtain  y ' normal stress acting on the y’ direction
 + y  x − y
 y' = x − cos 2 −  xy sin 2 (9.6)
2 2
Principal stresses
From definition of principal plane ( = 0 ), 2 xy
principal angles  p specified principal tg 2 p = (9.7)
x − y
directions given by
Solution has two roots  p1 ,  p 2 are 90 apart.
o

Substituting sin 2 p & cos 2 p determined from Fig.(a) into (9.4) gives the
value of principal stresses
x + y   x − y 
2

 max, min =  1,2 =    +  xy (9.8)

2

2  2 
d x '  − x
From =− x (2sin 2 ) + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d 2
we obtain also (9.7) equation.
That shows principal stresses are extreme
(maximum & minimum) values of normal stresses.

3
 2/25/2019

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

To determine maximum shear stress, derivate (9.5) with respect to ,
& set the result equal to zero. This gives
− ( x −  y )
tan 2 s = (9.9)
2 xy

• Two roots of (9.9),  s1 &  s 2 can be found

from Fig.(b). By comparison with Fig.(a),
each root of 2 s is 90 from 2 p
o

 s & p are 45o apart.

o
Planes for maximum shear stress are 45
apart from the position of principal planes.

• From Fig.(b), substituting   x − y 

2
 max −  min
sin 2 s ,cos 2 s into (9.5) we  max =   +  xy =
2

obtain maximum shear stress

in − plane  2  2
in-plane (9.10)
• Substituting sin 2 s ,cos 2 s into (9.4): x + y
Normal stress on the planes of  ' =  avg = (9.11)
maximum shear stress 2 7

Example 9.1
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element
shown in Fig.a. Determine the state of stress at the point on
o
another element oriented 30 clockwise from the position shown.
Solution: From sign convention (From Fig. a)
(a)  x = −80 MPa ,  y = 50 MPa ,  xy = −25 MPa
Plane CD: Applying (9.4) & (9.5) with  = −30
o
(Fig. b)
x + y  x − y
 x' = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2
2 2
−80 + 50 −80 − 50
(b) = + cos 2(−30o ) + (−25) sin 2(−30o ) = −25.8 MPa
2 2
 x − y
 x' y' = − sin 2 +  xy cos 2
2
(c) −80 − 50
=− sin 2(−30o ) + (−25) cos 2(−30o ) = −68.8MPa
2
Plane BC: Using  = 60 (Fig. c)
o

−80 + 50 −80 − 50
 x' = + cos 2(60o ) + (−25)sin 2(60o ) = −4.15 MPa
2 2
−80 − 50
 x' y' = − sin 2(60o ) + (−25) cos 2(60o ) = 68.8 MPa
2 8
(d) The results are shown on Fig.d.
8

4
 2/25/2019

Example 9.2
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar (Fig.a), it
produces a state of pure shear stress. Determine a) the
stress tensor, b) the maximum in-plane shear stress & the
associated average normal stress, c) the principal stress.
0 0 −
  = −
Solution: a) Stress tensor
(a) 0 0
b) Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress:  0 0 0
From the sign convention:  x = 0 ,  y = 0 ,  xy = −
Applying (9.11)

  − y  x + y
2
0+0
 max =  x  +  xy = (0) +  = 
2 2 2
 avg = = =0
in − plane  2  2 2
c) Principal Stress: Applying (9.7) & (9.8)
 xy −
tan 2 p = = =    p 2 = 45o , p1 = 135o
( x y)
 −  2 ( 0 − 0 ) 2

x + y   − y 
2

 1,2 =   x  +  xy = 0  (0) +  =  
2 2 2

2  2 
If apply (9.4) with  p 2 = 45o
(b)
x + y  x − y 9
 2 =  x' = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2 = 0 + 0 + (− ) sin 90o = −
2 2
9

Chapter 9
Example 9.3
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar (Fig.a),
it produces a tensil stress in the material. Determine
a) the principal stress and b) the maximum shear stress
and associated average normal stress.

Solution: From the sign convention:

 x =  ,  y = 0 ,  xy = 0
(a)
• Principal Stress: By observation, easy to see that all faces of element
in Fig.a are principal planes (since no shear stress acts on it). Thus,
1 =  2 = 0
• Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress: Applying (9.9,10,11)
− ( x −  y ) / 2 −( − 0) / 2
tan 2 s = = =    s1 = 45o ,  s 2 = 135o
 xy 0

  − y 
2
 −0 
2

 max =  x  +  xy = 
2
 + (0) = 
2

in − plane  2   2  2
(b)
x + y  +0 
 avg = = =
2 2 2 o
To determine shear stress acting on the face of  s1 = 45 by applying (9.2)
 − y  −0 
 x' y' = − x sin 2 s1 +  xy cos 2 s1 = − sin 90o + 0 = −10
2 2 2
10

5
 2/25/2019

Chapter 9 Mohr’s Circle of Plane Stress

• A graphical solution will be shown for plane stress transformation.
• It is convenient to use, easy to remember & to “visualize” how stresses
vary when the plane is oriented in different directions.
• Rewrite (9.4)   +    − 
 − x y = x y cos 2 +  xy sin 2
& (9.5): x '  2   2 
    (9.13)
  x − y 
 x' y' = −   sin 2 +  xy cos 2
 2  (9.14)
Eliminating  by squaring each equations & adding them:
2
   x +  y    x − y 
2

 −
 x'   +  2
x' y' =   +  xy (9.15)
2

  2   2 
Since  x ,  y , xy are known constants,
x − y 

 2

 ( x ' −  avg )2 +  x2' y ' = R 2 (9.16)
 with
 x + y    x − y 
2
C
 xy  avg = 
 , R=   +  xy
2

 2   2  (9.17)
 +x
 avg = x
A
x − y 
2
• On the coordinate axes  −  , Eq.(9.16)
R=   +  xy
2
2
x
 2  represents a circle having radius R &
 the center on the  axis at C ( avg11, 0) .
( positive: to the right, positive: downward) This is Mohr’s Circle
11

Chapter 9

•  Construction of Mohr’s circle:

C
 xy

•
x +x A
x − y 
2
 avg =  +  xy
• Establish  −  coordinate system
R=  2
2  2 
x
( + to the right,  + downward).

• Identify C ( avg ,0) on the  axis.

• Identify the “reference point” A ( x , xy )

• Connect point A & center C.

Sketch the circle with a radius R
which equals distance from C to A.
12

12

6
 2/25/2019

x + y 
x' Stresses on arbitrary plane:
 avg =
2 • From A, sketch the line parallel to
 axis. This line intersects the circle
at the “pole” P ( y , xy )
2
1
• •
B
•  • From P, sketch the line parallel to x’
O D C
 direction (specified by  ).
• 
M The line intersects the circle at M
 •
2
P
• (
A  x   xy )  M’s co-ordinates represent stresses
 ,  on the oblique plane of 
E
3
1
Principal stress (B, D):
 • Principal stresses are represented
Maximum in-plane shear stress (E): by two points B & D where the circle
intersects the  axis ( = 0 )
  x − y 
2 x + y
 max = CE = R =   1 = OC + CB = +R
 +  xy
2

 2 
2
(direction P1)
(direction 3)
x + y
 2 = OC − CD = −R
1 −  2 2
 max = R = (9.18) (direction P2)
2

13

Chapter 9 N
Uniaxial tension:

P C A  max  x =  ,  y = 0,  xy = 0
C ( 2, 0) R =  2 A( , 0)
M  1 =  ,  2 = 0 ,  max =  2
 2
 max
 avg
P A
State of pure shear stress:
 x =  y = 0 ,  xy = −
D C B • Center C coincides the origin O,
1
reference A coincides the pole P.
2 C (0, 0)  O , R =  , A(0, −  )  P
 1 = − 2 =  max = 
N
2 Plane stress in a beam :
1  x =  ,  y = 0 ,  xy = 
O C E    2 + 4 2
D B   1,2 =
  2
 P A ( , )  
2

 max  max =   +  2 ,  avg = 14
 M 2 2

14

7
 2/25/2019

Absolute maximum shear stress

Consider a principal element subjected to triaxial state of stress.

From three Mohr’s circles sketched from each couple of  1 , 2 , 3

on the same coordinate system ( − ) (Fig.),

Absolute maximum shear stress  abs max is

defined by the radius of the largest circle

1 −  3
13 =  abs max =
2
And on the plane  abs max acts, associated
normal stress is

1 +  3
 avg =
2

15

9.3 State of Strain

1. General state of strain at a point represented by a second order, symmetrical
tensor consisting of 6 strain components (3 normal & 3 shear strains) along
three perpendicular directions.
Concerning with a xyz system & strain tensor is
  =

( xy =  yx ,  yz =  zy ,  zx =  xz )
• There exist also 3 principal strains 1 ,  2 ,  3 along 3 principal directions
that on the plane created by each pair of these directions shear strain is zero.
• State of plane strain represented by 3 strain
components (2 normal  x ,  y & 1 shear strain  xy)
• Positive  x ,  y cause elongation
• Positive  xy makes angle AOB smaller
2. Transformation of plane strain:
From  x ,  y ,  xy concerning with xy axes,
determine  x ,  y ,  xy with xy that created by
rotating counterclockwise xy axes an angle 

16

8
 2/25/2019

Chapter 9

• Bypassing derivation, transformation of plane strain can be obtain

x +y x −y  xy
 x' = + cos 2 +
sin 2 (9.21)
2 2 2
 x' y'  x −y
  xy
 sin 2 + cos 2 (9.22)
= −
2  2  2
 +  − 
 y ' = x y − x y cos 2 − xy sin 2 (9.23)
2 2 2

• Principal strains:
 xy x +y   −  y    xy 
2 2
tan 2 p = 1,2 =   x (9.25)
x −y
(9.24)  + 
2  2   2 
• Maximum in-plane shear strain:
  −    
2 2
 −y 1
 max =  x y  +  xy  (9.27)
tan 2 s = − x (9.26)
 xy 2 in− plane  2   2 
x +y
 avg = (9.28)
17
2
17

y Example 9.4
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to
a state of plane strain defined by
 x = −350(10−6 ) ,  y = 200(10−6 ) ,  xy = 80(10−6 )
which tends to distort the element as shown. Determine
x the principal strains at the point & the associated orientation
of the element.
Solution: • Orientation of the principal strains: (9.24)
 80(10−6 )
= −0.146  2 p = −8.28 & 171.72
o o
tan 2 p = xy =
 x −  y (−350 − 200)(10 )−6
• Principal strains:  p = −4.14o & 85.9o
  −    ( −350 + 200 ) 10−6   −350 − 200 2 +  80 2 10−6
2 2
 +
1,2 = x x   x y  +  xy  =    
2  2   2  2  2   2
 1 = 203(10−6 ) &  2 = −353(10−6 )
y y’ • Determine the orientation of the principal strains
 +  − 
 x ' = x y + x y cos 2 + xy sin 2
2 2 2
−350 + 200 −6 −350 − 200 80
= 10 + 10−6 cos 2(−4.14o ) + 10−6  sin 2(−4.14o )
 x ' =  2
2 2 2
x 
= −353(10−6 ) 
 y ' = 1
18
x’

18

9
 2/25/2019

3. Mohr’s Circle-Plane Strain

• Since transformation equations for
  xy 
plane-strain  x ,  y ,  & stress ( x ,  y , xy )
 2 
are mathematically similar, we can
also use Mohr’s circle for transformation of strain.
• A geometry representation of (9.21) & (9.22)
2
  x' y' 
(  x ' −  avg )
2
+  =R
2
(9.28)
where  2 

x +y   −    
2 2

 avg = and R =  x y  +  xy  (9.29)

2  2   2 
• Eq. (9.28) represents the equation of Mohr’s circle for strain.
The circle has a center on  axis at point C ( avg , 0) and a radius R

• Thus, like the case for stress, we can use this Mohr’s to solve
problem involving the transformation of strain, principal strains,
maximum in-plane shear strain,… 19

19

9.4 Stress- Strain Relationship- Generalized Hooke’s Law

For material is homogenous, isotropic & deformation is elastic & small,
experimental observations indicate: (a)
- normal stresses only cause normal strains (Fig.a),
- but shear stresses  xy ,  yz ,  zx only cause individually
shear strains  xy ,  yz ,  zx , respectively (Fig.b)
(b)

Generalized Hooke’s law Hooke’s law for shear

1
 x =  x − ( y +  z )  1 1 1
E  xy =  xy ,  yz =  yz ,  xz =  xz (9.34)
1 G G G
 y =  y − ( z +  x )  G: Shear modulus or modulus of rigidity
E (9.33)
1 E
 z =  z − ( x +  y )  G= (9.35)
E 2(1 + )
Note:
Normal strains do not change rectangular shape, but only change the volume
20
Shear strains do not change volume, they only change its rectangular shape

20

10
 2/25/2019

Chapter 9 Example 9.6

The copper bar is subjected to a uniform loading
along its edges. It has a length a=300mm,
width b=50mm & thickness t=20mm before the
load is applied. Determine its new length, width
& thickness after application of load.
Take Ecu = 120 GPa ,  cu = 0.34
Solution: The bar is subjected to a state of plane stress.
 x = 800 MPa ,  y = −500 MPa ,  xy = 0 ,  z = 0
From the generalized Hooke’s law, normal strains:
 x = E1  x − ( y +  z )  = 120110 800 − 0.34(−500 + 0) = 0.00808
3

 y = E1  y − ( z +  x )  = 120110  −500 − 0.34(0 + 800) = −0.00643

3

 z = E1  z − ( x +  y )  = 120110 0 − 0.34(800 − 500)  = −0.000850

3

The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore

a ' = 300  (1 +  x ) = 300 mm + 0.00808  300 mm = 302.4 mm
b ' = 50  (1 +  y ) = 50 mm + (−0.00643  50 mm) = 49.68 mm
c ' = 20  (1 +  z ) = 20 mm + (−0.000850  20 mm) = 19.98 mm 21
Ans.

21

11