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    Ubc 1994 Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method

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    Jonathan Santos
    UBC 1994

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    Ubc 1994 Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method

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    Jonathan Santos
    253 views2 pages
    UBC 1994

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    UBC 1994

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    253 views2 pages

    Ubc 1994 Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan Santos
    UBC 1994

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    24

    Uniform Building
    Code-1994
    Equivalent Static Lateral
    Force Method

    Several seismic building codes are currently in use in different regions of the
    United States. The Uniform Building Code (UBC) published by the Interna-
    tional Conference of Building Officials (1994), is the building code most
    extensively used, particularly in the western part of the country. In addition to
    the UBC, two other major building codes are used: (1) The BOCA, or Basic
    Building Code [Building Officials and Code Administrators International
    1996]; and (2) The Standard Building Code, of the Southern Building Code
    Congress International (1994).
    In addition to the preceding codes, there is the ASCE Standard: Minimum
    Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE7-95 (1995), (Revision of
    ANSI (ASCE7-93). Several organizations involved in earthquake-resistant design
    have published recommendations that form the basis for requirement in the official
    codes. These organizations include (1) the Structural Engineers Association of
    California [SEAOC (1990)], (2) the Applied Technology Council [ATC3-06
    (1978), (3) the Building Seismic Safety Council [BSSC (1994)], and (4) The
    Federal Emergency Agency [FEMA (1994)] which leads the National Earthquake
    Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) with publications issued by the Building
    Seismic Safety Council. These organizations periodically issue recommendations

    707

    M. Paz, Structural Dynamics


    © Chapman & Hall 1997
    708 Earthquake Engineering

    and requirements for earthquake-resistant design of structures that are based on a


    combination of theory, experiment, and practical observations.
    Building codes are intended to provide guidelines and formulas that constitute
    minimum legal requirements for design and construction within a particular
    region. These requirements are intended to achieve satisfactory performance of
    the structure when subjected to seismic excitation, although they are not optimal:
    The safety of the structure is not assured in the event of a major earthquake.
    The objective of seismic codes is that a minor or moderate earthquake will not
    damage the structure and that a major earhquake will no produce collapse of the
    structure. To understand how structures are affected by earthquake, it is necess-
    ary to understand the ground motion produced by earthquake.

    24.1 EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

    Most earthquakes are caused by energy release at a dislocation or rupture in


    crustal plates generated at a point in the interior of the earth known as the
    focus or hypocenter. The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus
    is the epicenter. The magnitude of an earthquake is commonly measured by
    the Richter magnitude (M), I which is commonly defined as the reading regis-
    tered by an instrument called a Wood-Anderson seismograph at a specified
    distance of 100 km from the epicenter of the earthquake. Specifically, the
    Richter magnitude (M) for an earthquake is calculated as

    A
    M=loglO- (24.1)
    Ao

    where A is the maximum amplitude registered by a Woody-Anderson instru-


    ment located at 100 km from the epicenter and Ao is the reference amplitude
    of one thousandth of a millimeter (for A expressed in millimeters, Ao = 0.(01).
    When there is no instrument located at this distance, an estimation of the
    Richter magnitude based on readings registerd at seismographs in the region
    affected by the earthquake. Earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or greater generate
    motion sufficiently severe to be potentially damaging to structures. The energy
    E in Joules released by an earthquake can be estimated by the formula

    E = 104.8 + 1.5M (Joules) (24.2)

    I Several definitions for the magnitude of earthquakes are in use in different countries. all

    emanating from the original formulation by C. I. Richter. A brief description of seismic magnitude
    scales is given in the International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes. Programs. and
    Examples. edited by M. Paz. 1994.

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