M. G. S.

UNIVERSITY
BIKANER

SYLLABUS

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND

COURSE OF STUDY

FACULTY OF ARTS & SCIENCE

M.A. GEOGRAPHY
M.A. Final, Examination- 2017

Edition: 2016

MAHARAJA GANGA SINGH UNIVERSITY, BIKANER

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
M. A.
Each Theory Paper 3 hours duration 100 Marks
Dissertation / Thesis / Survey Report, if any 100 Marks
1. The number of paper and the maximum marks of each paper practical shall be shown in
the syllabus for the subject concerned. It will be necessary for a candidate to pass in
theory part as well as in practical part (wherever prescribed) of a subject/ paper
separately.
2. A candidate for a pass at each of the Previous and the Final Examination shall be required
to obtain (i) at least 36% marks in aggregate of all the papers prescribed of the
examination and (ii) at least 36% marks in practical(s) wherever prescribed the
examination, provided that if a candidate fails to secure at least 25% marks in each
individual paper at the examination also in the test/ dissertation/ survey report/ field work,
wherever prescribes, shall be deemed to have failed at the examination not with standing
his having obtained the minimum percentage of marks required in the aggregate for the
examination. No division will be awarded at the previous examination. Division shall be
awarded at the end of the Final Examination on the combined marks obtained at the and
the Final Examination taken together, as noted below:
First Division 60% of the aggregate marks taken together of the previous & final
examination.
Second Division 40% of the aggregate marks taken together of previous & final
examination.
3. If a candidate clears any paper(s) Practical(s)/ Dissertation prescribed at the previous and
/or final examination after a continuous period of three years, then for the purpose of
working out his division the minimum pass marks only viz. 25% (36% in the case of
practical) shall be taken into account in respect of such paper(s) Practical(s) Dissertation
are cleared after the expiry of the aforesaid period of three years, provided that in case
where a candidate requires more than 25% marks in order to reach the minimum
aggregate as many marks out of those actually secured by him will be taken into account
as would enable him to make the deficiency in the requisite minimum aggregate.
4. The Thesis/ Dissertation/ Survey Report/ Field work shall be typed written and submitted
in triplicate so as to reach the office of the Registrar at least 3 weeks before the
commencement of the theory examinations. Only such candidates shall be permitted to
offer the Thesis/ Dissertation/ Survey Report/ Field work (if provided in the scheme of the
examination) in lieu of a paper as have secured at least 55% marks in the case of annual
scheme ans I & II semester examination taken together in case of semester scheme
irrespective of the no. of papers in which a candidate actually appeared at the
examination.
 N.B. (i) Non- collegiate candidates are not eligible to offer dissertation as per Provisions of
170-A.

M. A. Geography
There will be theory papers and a practical each in previous and final examination. Each of
the theory papers be of three hours duration. Candidates will be required to pass of both in theory
and practical separately.
Each paper will contain 10 questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.

M.A. FINAL GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION 2018

Paper I : Advanced Geography of India
Paper II : Any one of the following:
(a) Urban Geography
(b) Regional Planning & Development
(c) Cultural Geography
(d) Geography of Tourism
Paper III : Any one of the following:
(a) Bio- geography
(b) Agriculture Geography
(c) Quantitative techniques in Geography
(d) Geography of Population & Settlement
Paper IV : Any one of the following:
(a) Political Geograpgy
(b) Industrial Geography
(c) Climatology & Oceanography
(d) Remote sensing & G.I.S.
Dissertation : In lieu of Vi/ Vii/ Viii paper
Note: Each theory paper must be allotted minimum six hours per week for teaching.
Practical : Surveying and laboratory work.
The distribution of marks in the practical will be as follows:
1. Laboratory work of four hours duration 40 marks
2. Record work & vava-voce (10+10) 20 marks
3. Field surveying & viva-voce (15+10) 25 marks
4. Survey camp & viva- voce (10+5) 15 marks
Total Marks 100 marks
N.B. 12 hours of teaching practical be provided per batch of 15 students per week.
Instruction for Geography Practical Examination:
1. The record work should have 50 sheets (1/4th of 20”x30”) and they should cover the total
syllabus proportionately. The teacher should give fresh exercises every time so that the
students may not undertake tracing of old exercises. The work must be done in the class
room and signed on the same date. This would discourage completing the whole work at
the nick of the examination. Emphasis should be laid on ink work.
2. Viva-voce examination be held to judge the real knowledge of the student and to examine
the authenticity of the record work, the marking on record work and its viva-voce be based
on the original work of the candidate and not merely producing the record work get done
by any other agency. Marks be deducted for the part of the syllabus not covered.
3. On an average about 20 students be examined in one day in M.A./ M.Sc. Previous and
Final. As far as possible one practical exercise to be set to judge the practical skill.
4. The external examiners, be provided syllabus and detailed instruction at the time of
obtaining his consent. For M.A./ M.Sc. Final a minimum of 2 days be fixed to conduct the
examination.
Note: A copy of the instructions be sent to the examiners for their information.

M.A. FINAL GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION- 2018

PAPER-I: ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Physiography and drainage system; soils, vegetation; climate and its regional variations; origin
and mechanism of Indian Monsoon; Schemes of natural, physiographic, and climatic
classification; Identification of drought and flood prone areas.
UNIT-II
Resources: conservation and utilization of land, mineral, water, biotic and marine resources.
Agriculture, agro-climatic regions, land use pattern, green revolution and its impact on Indian
agriculture. Agriculture infrastructure – irrigation, fertilizers and seeds. Dry zone agriculture.
UNIT-III
Mineral and power resources; factors of industrial localization; classification of industries; Major
industries: iron & steel, cotton & textile, cement, fertilizers, paper & pulp and sugar industry.
UNIT-IV
Tribal areas and their problems; population distribution, density and growth, population problems
and policies; study of the network of roadways, railways, airways and waterways; Regional
disparities in social and economic development inIndia.
UNIT-V
Geographical study of Rajasthan under the following heads: Relief, climate, vegetation, soils,
agricultural development, irrigation, mineral and power resources, industrial development;
Detailed study of – (i) Marusthali, (ii) Aravalli, (iii) Hadoti and (iv) Bangar region.

Books recommended:
1.Champion, H.G.: A Preliminary Survay of forest types of India and Burma, Indian Forest Record,
New Series, Silviculture, Vol. I, Delhi, 1976.
2. Chattergy, S B: Climatology of India, Calcutta Univ. Calcutta.
3. Choudhary M R: Indian Industries – Development and Location.
4. Dreze, Jean & Amartya Sen (ed.): India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, 1996.
5. Galyna & Sengupta: Economic Regions and Regionalisation in India, 1968.
6. Government of India: Five Year Plans of India.
7. Govt. of India: National Atlas of India, NATMO Publication, Calcutta.
8. Govt. of India: The Gazetteer of India, Vol. I & III, Pub. Div. New Delhi, 1965.
9. India Year Book (Latest Edition) Publication Division, Delhi.
10. Irrigation Atlas of India
11. Khular, D R : Geography of India
12. Kumar LSS & others: Agriculture in India, Vol. I & II, Asia Publishing House, Bombay.
13. Kundu & Moonis Raza: Indian Economy- The Regional Dimension, Spectrum Pub. New Delhi,
1982.
14. Mishra, V C: Geography of Rajasthan, National Book trust, New Delhi, 1967.
15. Puri, G. S. : Indian Forest Ecology, Oxford Book stationary Co. 1960.
16. S.P. Rai Choudhary: Land and Soil, National Book Trust, New Delhi.
17. Sharma, T C and Coutino, O.: Economic and Commercial Geography of India, Vikas Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1993.
18. Singh, R L: India- A Regional Geography, N.G.S.I. Varanasi, 1971.
19. Spate, OHK & Learmonth, A T A: India and Pakistan- Land, People and Economy, Mathuen &
Co. London, 1967.
20. Tiwari, R.C.: Geography of India
21. C.B. Mamoria: Bharat ka Brahat Bhoogol, Sahitya Bhavan, Agra.
22. Gurjar & Jat: Bharat ka Bhoogol, Panchsheel, Jaipur.

PAPER-II: ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

PAPER II (a): URBAN GEOGRAPHY
3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Aims and scope of urban geography, Factors affecting the growth towns during Neolithic period,
Greek and Roman period, Dark Age, Medieval period, Renaissance period, Industrial revolution
and modern times; Chief characteristics of the towns of each period.
UNIT- II
Trends of urbanization in the world; urbanization in India since 1901 and its problems; Census of
India; Definition of urban centres; Chief characteristics of modern towns; city conurbation ,
Metropolis and Megalopolis; Spatial patter and distribution of urban centres: types of cities,
central places, transport foci and centre of specialized services.
UNIT- III
Classification of cities based on functions; urban rank size relationship, Primate city, The basic
and non-basic concept of urban economic functions and its application; Urban hierarchy based
on functions; Christaller’s central place theory, August Losch’s theory of market centres.
UNIT – IV
Urban morphology; Unplanned and planned growth of town: Urban plans, Morphology of Indian
cities; Functional structure of towns, Chief characteristics of CBD, residential areas,
Manufacturing areas and other functional areas; Theories of models of urban structure.
Unit-V
Centrifugal and centripetal forces in urban geography, Development of suburbs, Rural- urban
fringe, satellite town, Ring towns, Sphere of urban influence (Umland), and its delimitation.
Principles of town planning- Preparation of Master Plan, Study of Master Plans of Jaipur, Bikaner,
Sriganganagar and Chure; principles of regional planning.
Books recommended:
1. Alam, S M: Hyderabad and Secundrabad- twin City, Asia publishing House, Bombay,1964.
2. Carter: The Study of Urban Geography, Edward Amold, London, 1972.
3. Chorley & Haggett (ed.) : Models in Geography, Methuen, London, 1966.
4. Dickinson, R E : City Region and Regionalism, Rutledge & Kegon Paul, London, 1964.
5. Gibbs, J P : Urban Research Methods, Van Nostrand Co. Princeton, New Jersey, 1961.
6. Govt. of Rajasthan: Master Plan of Jaipur, Bikaner, Sriganganagar and Churu
7. James & Jones: (ed.) : American Geography- Inventory and Prospect, Syracuse University
Press, Syracuse, 1954
8. Johnson, R H : Urban Geography.
9. Mandal, R. B. : Urban Geography- A Textbook, Concept, New Delhi, 2000.
10. Meyer & Kohn: Readings in Urban Geography, University of Chicago Press,1955.
11. Mumford, L. : Culture of Cities, McMillan & Co. London, 1958.
12. N.V. Sovani: Urbanization and Urban India, Asia Publishing House, Bombay.
13. Northan, R C : Urban Geography, John Willey & Sons, New York 1976.
14. Singh, R L : Bangalore- An Urban Survey, National Geographic Society of India, BHU,
Varanasi.
15. Singh, K & Steinberg, F. (ed.) : Urban India in Crisis, New Age Interns, New Delhi, 1998.
16. Singh, R L : Banaras- A Study in Urban Geography, Students Friends, Allahbad.
17. Smails, A E : The Geography of Towns, Huchinson, London, 1953.
18. Taylor, G.: Urban Geography, Mathuen & Co. London.
19. Tewari V. K. Jay A. Weinstein, V.L.S. Prakasa Rao: Indian Cities: Ecological Perspective.
20. Bansal: Nagariya Bhoogol, Meenakshi Prakashan, Meerut.
21. Rao, B P : Nagariya Bhoogol, Vasundhara, Gorakhpur, 204.

PAPER II (b): REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Regional concept in Geography and its application to planning, Conceptual and theoretical
framework, Merits and limitations for application to regional planning and concept of
development, Indication of development, Regional imbalances, Changing concept of the region
from an inter- disciplinary view point, Concept of planning regions, Concept of Space, Area and
locational attributes.
UNIT – II
Types of regions: formal and functional; uniform & nodal; single purpose & composite region in
the context of planning; Regional hierarchy; Special purpose regions and methods of regional
delineation; approaches to delineation of different type of regions and their utility in planning;
Planning processes- sectoral, temporal and spatial dimensions, short term and long term
perspectives of planning. Planning for a region’s development and multi- regional planning in a
national context.
UNIT – III
Physical regions, resource regions, Regional divisions according to variations in level of socio-
economic development; Special purpose regions- river valley region, metropolitan region,
problem region, hilly region, tribal region, regions of drought and floods.
UNIT - IV
Indicators of development and their data sources, measuring levels of regional development and
disparities – a case study of India; Regional development strategies – concentration v/s
dispersion; Case studies for plans of development and developing countries, regional plans of
India.
UNIT – V
Concept of multi- level planning; decentralized planning; peoples participation in planning
process; Panchayati Raj System; role and relationship of panchayati raj institutions ( Village,
Block and District); Regional development in India- Problems and Prospects.

Books recommended:
1.Abler, R. et. Al. : spatial Organization : The Geographers view of the world, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971.
2. Bhat, L.S. : Regional Planning in India, Statistical Publishing Society, Calcutta, 1973.
3. Bhat, L.S. et.al. : Micro-level Planning: A case Study of Karnal Area, K.B. Publications, New
Delhi, 1976.
4. Chorley & Hagget : Models in Geography, Methuen, London, 1967.
5. Christaller, W. : Central Places in Southern Germany, Translated by C.W. Baskin, prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1966.
6. Friedman & Alonso : Regional Development and Planning- A Reader, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge,
Mass, 1967.
7. Gosal, G S & Krishan G. : Regional Disparities in Levels of socio-economic development of
Punjab, Vishal Publication, Kurukshetra, 1984.
8. Govt. of India, Planning Commission : Third Five Year Plan, Chapter on Regional Imbalances in
Development, New Delhi, 1961.
9. Indian Council of Social Science Research : Survey of Research in Geography, Popular
Prakashan, Bombay, 1972.
10. Johnson, E A J : The Organisation of Space in Developing Countries, Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, 1970.
11. Kundu & Moonis Raza: Indian Economy – The Regional Dimension, Spectrum Pub. N. Delhi,
1982.
12. Losch, A. : The Economics of Location, University Press, Yale, New Harve, 1954.
13 Mahesh Chand Puri V.K : Regional Planning in India , Allied Publishers Ltd New Delhi, 1995.
14. Mishra R P et. Al. : Multi-level Planning, Heritage Publisher, Delhi, 1980.
15. Mitra A : levels of Regional Development, Census of India, Vol. I , Part IA(I ) and (II), New Delhi,
1965.
16. Nangia Sudesh: Delhi Metropolitan Region, Rajesh Publication, Delhi, 1976.
17. Raza Moonis (ed) : Regional Development, Heritage Publishers, Delhi, 1988.
18. Richardson, H.W. : Regional Economics, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969.
19. Sundaram, K.V. (ed.) Geography and Planning- Essays in Honour of VLS Prakasa Rao,
Concept, New Delhi, 1985.
20. Tarlok Singh: India’s Development Experience, McMillan, New Delhi, 1974.

PAPER II (c): CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Introduction: Nature and scope of cultural geography; definition, cultural elements and
components of culture, convergence and divergence processes, Cultural change; perception,
behavourlism and cultural relativism, environment and culture.
UNIT – II
Cultural diversity: Basis of cultural diversity- race, religion and language. Cultural diversity in
world, cultural diversity and regionalization in India, culture areas and cultural regions of the
world, Geography of ethnic groups and tribal groups.
UNIT – III
Religion and its diffusion, diffusion of ethnic traits in world as well as India; ethnic landscape and
economy of the area; diffusion in folk geography; cultural landscape and cultural ecology in folk
geography; religions: origin, diffusion and spatial distribution; religion and economic
development.
UNIT – IV
Pattern of livelihood: various economic activities and cultural adaptation; agriculture,
industrialization and modernization; technological changes and their geographic implications.
UNIT- V
Dwelling places as cultural expressions. Habitat, economy, and society of tribal groups- Eskimos,
Pygmy, Nagas, Bhils, Santhal, Gond and Garasia.

Books recommended:
1.Broek J C & Webb J W : A Geography of Mankind, McGraw Hill, New York, 1978.
2. Crang, Mike: Cultural Geography, Routledge, London, 1998.
3. Harmandorf: Tribes of India: The Struggle of Survival, Oxford University Press, N. Delhi, 1989.
4. Hazra (ed.): Dimensions in Human Geography, Rawat, Jaipur,1997.
5. Huchinson & Smith : Ethnicity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.
6. Jorden & Lester G : The Human Mosaic, Harper & Row, New York, 1979.
7. Massey D & Jess P : A Place in the World : Places, Cultures & Globalization, Oxford University,
New York, 1995.
8. Massey, et.al. (ed.): Human Geography Today, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999.
9. Mukherjee, A B and Aijazuddin, A : India- Culture, Society and Economy, Inter- India
Publication, New Delhi,1985.
10. Stev & Michel: (ed.): Places and the Politics of Identity, Rutledge, London, 1993.
11. Schwartzberg, J. E. : Historical Atlas of South Asia, University of Chicago, 1978.
12. Singh, A K : Approaches to tribal Development, Sawrup & Sona, New Delhi, 1994.
13. Sopher, D E : Exploration of India: Geographical Perspective on Society and Culture,
Longman, London, 1980.
14. Rizvi Munir: Sanskritik Bhoogol.

PAPER II (d): GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Basics of tourism: definition of tourism, factors influencing tourism: historical, natural, socio-
cultural, and economic; motivating factors for pilgrimage: leisure, recreation, Elements of tourism,
tourism as an industry.
UNIT – II
Geography of tourism: its spatial affinity, areal and locational dimensions comprising physical,
cultural, historical and economic; Tourism types: cultural, eco- ethno- coastal and adventure
tourism, national and international tourism, globalization and tourism.
UNIT – III
Indian tourism: Regional dimension of tourism attraction; evolution of tourism, promotion of
tourism, Development of tourism in Rajasthan and its problems and prospects.
UNIT – IV
Infrastructure and support system- accommodation and supplementary accommodation, other
facilities and amenities, tourism circuits – short and longer detraction- agencies and
intermediacies- Indian hotel industry.
UNIT – V
Impacts of tourism: Physical, economic and social and perceptional positive and negative
impacts; Environmental laws and tourism- current trends, spatial pattern, and recent changes;
Role of foreign capital and impact of globalization on tourism.
Books recommended:
1. Abbasi A.A: Geographical basis of tourism, Pangaea Publication, Indore, 1977.
2. Bhatia, A K ; Tourism Development: Principles and Practices, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi,
1996.
3. Bhatia, A K : International Tourism- Fundamentals and Practices, Sterling, New Delhi, 1991.
4. Chandra, R H : Hill Tourism: Planning and Development, Kaniska, New Delhi, 1998.
5. Hunter, C and Green,H : Tourism and Environment: A sustainable Relationship, Rutledge,
London, 1995.
6. Inskeer, E : Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable development Approach, Van
Nostrand & Reinhold, New York, 1991.
7. Kaul, R K: dynamics of Tourism and Recreation, Inter- India, New Delhi, 1985.
8. Kaur, J :Himalayan Pilgrimage and New Tourism, Himalayan Books, New Delhi, 1985.
9. Lea, J : Tourism and Development in the Third World, Routledge, London,1988.
10. Milton, D : geography of World Tourism , Prentice Hall, New York, 1993.
11. Pearce, D G : Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, Harlow, Longman,1987.
12. Robinson, H. A : Geography of Tourism, McDonald & Evans, London, 1996.
13. Sharma, J K; tourism Planning and Development- A New Perspective, Kaniska, N. Delhi,2000.
14. Sinha, P C ; Tourism Impact Assessment, Anmol, New Delhi, 1998.
15. Theobald, W (ed.) : Global Tourism: The Next Decade, Oxford, Butterworth, Heinemann,
Oxford, 1994.
16. Voas, R: Tourism- The Human Perspective, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1995.
17. Williams A M & Shaw, G : Tourism and Economic Development – Western European
Experiences, Belhaven, London.
18. Williams Stephen: Tourism Geography- Contemporary Human Geography, Routledge, London,
1998.

PAPER- III: ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

PAPER III (a): BIO- GEOGRAPHY
3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Meaning and Scope of Bio- Geography; History of Zoo- Geography and Plant Geography. Ecology
and Habitat- the habitat factors and climatic factors; forms and functions of ecosystem.
UNIT – II
Conservation and management of ecosystem, Conservation of wild life and forests, Soil erosion
and conservation, Pollution and its effect on wild life and vegetation.
UNIT – III
Plant response to environment; physical factors influencing world distribution of plants and
animals; Barriers of distribution and means of dispersal of plants; Conditions of existence for
animals; Barriers of distribution and means of dispersal of animals; Types of isolation, effects of
geographic isolation.
UNIT – IV
Types of plant communities in general, factors controlling forest distribution; Characteristics of
equatorial and temperate forests and grasslands and their distribution. Climate change and their
effect on plant cover.
UNIT – V
Distribution of animals: the Zoo-geographical regions; Aquatic environment and life; marine and
fresh water fauna; vegetation and floral regions of India, Economic importance.
Books recommended:
1. Barry, C: Biogeography- An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, Cox Blackwell, Oxford,
1977.
2. Cain, S A : Foundation of Plant Geography, Harper & Row, New York, 1944.
3. Darlington, P J :Zoo- geography- The Geographical Distribution of Animals, John Willey,
London, 1957.
4. G. Ponald: The Geography of Flowering Plants.
5. Huggett, R J : Fundamentals of Bio- geography, Routledge, USA, 1998.
6. Martin, C : Plant Geography, Methuen, 1975.
7. Mathur, H. S. : Essentials of Bio-geography, Anuj Printers, Jaipur, 1998.
8. Newbigin: Plant and Animal Geography.
9. Pears, N: Basic Biogeography, Longman, London, 1985.
10. Phillip, J : Zoogeography : The Geographical Distribution of Animals, John Willey, New York,
1957.
11. Robinson, H : Biogeography, McDonald & Evans, London, 1982.
12. S.I. Hora: Fundamental Conception of Zoo-Geography, NGSI, Banaras.
13. Schimpe: Plant Geography
14. Seddon, B : Biogeography, Duckworth, London, 1971.
15. Simmon, I G : Biogeography- Natural and cultural, Longman, London, 1974.
16. orld Resources 2000- 01: people and ecosystem,, World Resources Institute, Washington,
2001.
17. Zoo- geographical Atlas.

PAPER III (b.): AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Elements of agricultural Geography: Concept of agricultural origin and dispersal, Development of
agriculture through the ages in important agricultural areas of the world, trends and practices;
Factors affecting agriculture: Physical- relief, climate, soil, water, storage etc. social land
ownership and size of holding; Economic input of human and animal power, irrigation, fertilizers,
mechanization; financial management, market system, transport and trade etc.
UNIT – II
Water resource: quality of water for irrigation, quality criteria, methods of irrigation, soil and water
balance, Types of agriculture, Whittlesey’s classification of agricultural regions, Special study of-
shifting cultivation, plantation agriculture, Mediterranean, collective and state farming, extensive
and intensive agriculture, dry farming and their characteristics.
UNIT- III
Applied Agriculture Geography: land use, concept, history of land use, principles, objectives,
policies and planning, land use surveys; Land classification- need and basis of classification-
British, American, Indian, Irish patterns, Land use data- sources, types of mapping and problems.
UNIT – IV
Models in agricultural land use: concept, need and principles; Von Thuenen’s Agricultural
Location Theory and its recent modification; Coleman’s model, Preparation and planning of a
detailed proforma for land use survey.
UNIT - V
Measurement of levels of agricultural development: concept and methodology, agricultural
regionalization, methods of delimitation; Crop ranking, crop combination regions, Detailed study
of Kendal, Weaver, Doi and Raffiullah; Cropping intensity and crop divercification; agricultural
efficiency, Nutrition and balance sheet, Crop land use and deficiency diseases.

Note: Candidates are expected to make field studies by organizing field trips for land use survey
of a village. Question may be asked in examination based on such survey.

Books recommended:
1. Ali Mohammed : Dynamics of Agriculture Development in India , Concept, New Delhi.
2. Gregor, H P : Geography of Agriculture, Prentice Hall, New York, 1970.
3. Grigg, D B : The Agriculture System of the World, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1974.
4. Hartshorne, T A & Alexander, J W : Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2000.
5. I.C.A.R.: Soil and Water Conservation Research, (1956- 71).
6. I.C.A.R : Soil Conservation in India.
7. Kostrowicki, J : World Types of Agriculture, Polish Academy, Warsaw, 1976.
8. Morgan, W B & Nortan, R J C : Agriculture Geography, Mathuen, London, 1971.
9. Noor Mohammed: Agricultural Land use in India, Inter-India, Delhi.
10. Sachidanand: Social Dimensions of Agricultural Development, National Publishing House,
Delhi.
11. Shafi, M : Land Utilization in Western UP, AMU Aligarh, 1960.
12. Singh & Dhillon : Agricultural Geography, Tata, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1988.
13. Stamp, L D : The Land of Britain, its use and miss-use, Longman, London, 1962.
14. Symon Leslie : Agricultural Geography, Bell & Sons, London, 1967.
15. Pramila Kumar: Krishi Bhoogol, M P Hindi Academy.
16. Brij Bhushan Singh: Krishi Bhoogol, Gorakhpur.
17. B. L. Sharma: Krishi Bhoogol, Himanshu, Udaipur, 2003.
18. Saran. D C & Tomar, V K : Krishi Jalvayu Vigyan, Agra, 1985.

PAPER III (C.): QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY

3 hours duration Max. Marks: 100
Note: This paper will contain ten questions having two questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Definition of statistics, Importance and use of statistical techniques in geography, Statistical data,
Various types of averages, Measures of dispersion and their calculation, Normal frequency
distribution, Curve and its uses, Binominal and poisons frequency distributions.
UNIT-II
Characteristics of samples, Methods of sampling, Statistical significance, Standard error of
difference, Significance test in small samples, Student’s‘t’ test, Snedecor’s variance ratio test (F
test).
UNIT-III
Difference between large and small samples, Significance test in large samples, Standard error of
the difference of sample means, Chi Square test- definition and nature, degree of freedom,
goodness of fit.
UNIT-IV
Measures of spatial distribution, Point and line distribution, Nearest neighbour index, Models,
Importance of models in geography, Models as quantitative techniques, Simulation models,
Gravity models, Measures of inequality, Lorenge curve, Ginne’s coefficient. Combinational
analysis- Nelson’s method, Weaver’s method, Raffiullah’s method, Ternary diagram.
UNIT- V
Product moment correlation coefficient, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Kendall’s coefficient
of correlation, Simple linear regression analysis, Regression line and confidence limits.

Books recommended:
 1. Gregory S: Statistical methods and the geographer, Longman, London, 1978.
2. Growzon & Cowden: Applied General Statistics, Prentice Hall.
3. Hagget, P: Locational Analysis in Human Geographical Studies, Sanjay Enterprises, New
Delhi.
4. John Silk: Statistical Concepts in Geography, George Allen & Unwin, London.
5. Johnston, R J: Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geography, Longman, London,1973.
6. King, T J: Statistical Analysis in Geography, Prentice Hall.
7. Mahmood A: Statistical Methods in Geographical Studies, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi,
1977.
8. Saroj K Pal: Statistics for Geosciences- Techniques and Applications, Concept, New Delhi,
1998.

PAPER III (d.): GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

3 hours duration Max. Marks: 100
Note: This paper will contain ten questions having two questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Definition and scope of population geography; Theories in Population Geography- Malthusian,
Neo- Malthusian, and Optimum Population Theory.

UNIT – II
Population Census with special reference to Indian census; Growth, density and distribution of
population in the world with special reference to India; age and sex composition; Economic and
religious composition of population with special reference to India; Rural and urban population.

UNIT – III
Urbanisation, Internal and International migration, bejavioural migration studies, The population
policy of Government of India.
UNIT – IV
Definition, scope and development of settlement geography, Theories in settlement geography,
Causes of origin of settlements, types, site and situation of rural and urban settlements,
settlement pattern, size and spacing of rural and urban settlements.
UNIT – V
Morphological characteristics of rural and urban settlements with special reference to India,
Concentric zone and multiple nuclei models of urban growth; problems of urban housing and
emergence of status.

Books recommended:
1. Bogue, D J : Principles in Demography, John Willey, New York, 1969.
2. Census of India: India- A State Profile, 1991.
3. Chandana, R C : Geography of Population, Concept, New Delhi, 2000.
4. Chisolm, : Rural Settlement and Land use.
5. Clark, John I : Population Geography, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973.
6. Garnier, B J : Geography of Population, Longman, London, 1970.
7. Hudson, E S : Geography of Settlement
8. Jones: A Population Geography.
9. Mamoria C B : India’s Population Problem, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi, 1981.
10. Mitra Ashok: Indi’s Population: Aspects of Quality and Control, Vol. I & II, Abhinav, New Delhi,
1978.
11. Sharma, R C : settlement Geography of Indian Desert, Kumar Brothers, New Delhi, 1972.
12. Singh, R L : Meaning, Objective, Scope of Settlement Geography, B.H.U.
13. Smailes, A E : The Geography of Towns, Hutchinson University Library, London, 1953.
14. Srinivasan, K : Basic Demographic Techniques and Applications, Sage, N. Delhi, 1998.
15. Sundram, K V and Sudesh Nangia (ed.): Population Geography, Heritage , Delhi, 1986.
16. Woods, R : Population Analysis in Geography, Longman, London, 1979.
17. Zelinsky, W: A Prologue to Population Geography, Prentice Hall, 1966.
18. Verma: Adhivas Bhoogol, Rajasthan Hindi Granth Academy, Jaipur.

PAPER-IV: ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

PAPER IV (a): POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.

UNIT-I
Definition, scope and Development of Political Geography:
(a)Definition and scope of Political Geography and its relation with other social sciences; (b)
geopolitics and German school of thought; (c) development of Political Geography- Concepts of
Mackinder, Spykman, Meining, Hooson, De Sseversky, World’s geostrategic regions.

UNIT – II
States and Nations:
(a.)The Functional Approach in Political Geography by Hartshorne; (b) The elements of state-
territory, Population, Organization and Power; (c) The heart of the state, Core Areas; (d) The
Focus: Capital City; (e) Unitary and Federal states; (f) The dying colonialism and resurgent
nationalism.

UNIT- III
Frontiers and Boundaries: Concepts and Classification:
(a.)Frontiers, boundaries and buffer zones; (b) Classification of boundaries- changing concept; (c)
The concept of territorial sea and maritime boundaries; (d) Land locked states, Problems of
access.

UNIT – IV
Strategy- International Politics:
(a) Study of federation of independent states and USA as powers; (b) Emergence of Third World
Block; (c) politico- geographical study of India, geopolitical significance of Indian Ocean and
SAARC region.

UNIT – V
Extending Dimensions of Political Geography:
(a) The politics and transportation; (b) The geography of foreign aid and economic development;
(c) The politico- geographical implications of space research; (d) Supra-nationalism: from states
to blocks.

Books recommended:
1. Alexander, I.M. : World Political Patterns, John Murray & Co. London, 1966.
2. Bowman, I : The New World Problems in Political Geography, World Book Co. New York.
3. De Blij H J & Glassner, Martin : Systematic Political Geography, John Willey, New York, 1968.
4. Deshpande C D : India – A Regional Interpretation, Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1992.
5. Dikshit, R D : Political Geography- A Contemporary Perspective, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1982.
6. East, W G & Spate O H K : The Changing Map of Asia, Methuen, London, 1966.
7. Hartshorne, R : The Functional Approach in Political geography, A,A,A,G. Vol. 40, 1950.
8. Moodie, A.E. : Geography behind Politics, Hutchinson University Library, London
9. Pounds, N J G : Political Geography, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972.
10. Prescott, J R V : The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries, Aldine, Chicago.
11. Spykman, N J : The Geography of Peace, Harcourt Brace, New York, 1944.
12. Sudipta Adhikari: Political Geography, Rawat, Jaipur & Delhi, 1997.
13. Sukhwal, B L : India – A Political Geography, Allied Publishers, New Delhi
14. Taylor, Peter: Political Geography, Longman, London, 1985.
15. Valkenburg, S V & Stoz, C L : Elements of Political Geography, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi, 1963.
16. Weigert, W H : Principles of Political Geography, Appleton Century Croyts, Inc. New York,
1957.
17. Bhattacharya and Achha : Rajneetik Bhoogol

PAPER IV (b): INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Nature and scope of Industrial Geography, Location factor in manufacturing, centralization and
decentralization of industrial enterprises; Horizontal, vertical and diagonal linkages of modern
industries, Methods of measuring the spatial distribution of manufacturing industries; Location,
quotient, coefficient of geographic association, Index of concentration.
UNIT – II
Theories and models of industrial location: The least coast school, The transport coast school,
the market area school, the marginal location school, the behavioural school, Modern refinements
to least coast theory, New trends in industrial geography.
UNIT – III
Important industrial regions of the world: selecting one each of USA, Russia, Japan, Britain and
West Europe. Important industrial regions of India; The changing character of geographical
concentration and impact of technological change; Case study of the following regions:
(i) The Hooghly side industrial region.
(ii) The Damoder valley industrial region.
(iii) The Ruhr basin industrial region.
(iv) The Great Lakes industrial region.
(v) Industrial centres of Rajasthan: Bhiwadi, Bhilwara, Jaipur and Luni Basin.
UNIT – IV
Influence of power and geographical inertia in manufacturing industries : The textile industry,
Multi-location industries: Iron & steel, Aluminium, Oil refining; Footloose Industries: Automobile,
Commercial ship building; Raw material oriented industries- Copper, pulp & paper, cement.
UNIT – V
Environmental degradation caused by manufacturing industries, Industrial hazards and
occupational health; Impact of manufacturing industries on economic development; Role of
globalization on manufacturing sector; Shifting of industries and its impact on urban fringe.

Books recommended:
1. Alexanderson, C: Geography of Manufacturing, Prentice Hall Bombay, 1967.
2. Chauhan, M L & Khandelwal, M K : Dyeing, Printing and Textile, Ritu Publication, Jaipur, 2005.
3. Choudhary, M R : Industrial Geography of India.
4. Estall, R C & Buchanan, R O : Industrial Activity and Economic Geography, Hutchinson & Co.
London.
5. Hartshorne, T A & Alexander, J W : Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2000.
6. Hoover, E M : The Location of Economic Activity, McGraw Hill, New York.
7. Isard, W : Methods of Regional Analysis, The Techno. Press of MIT & John Willey, New York,
1956.
8. Lloyed, Peter E & Dicken, P: Location in Space: A Theoretical Approach to Economic
Geography, Harper & Row, New York, 1972.
9. Miller, E : A Geography of Manufacturing, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1962.
10. Riley, R.C. Industrial Geography, Chatto and Windus, London, 1973.

PAPER IV (C): CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Nature and scope of climatology and its relationship with meteorology; Composition, mass and
structure of atmosphere; Insolation, heat balance of the earth, Green house effect; Vertical and
horizontal distribution of temperature; Atmospheric moisture: humidity, evaporation,
condensation, precipitation- formation types, acid rain, World pattern of precipitation.
UNIT - II
Atmospheric motion, forces controlling motion of air, vertical motion and velocity, local winds, jet
stream, general circulation in atmosphere, Tropical, Temperate and High Latitude weather
systems- concept of air masses and atmospheric disturbances. Ocean atmospheric interaction- El
Nino, Southern oscillation ENSO and La Nino, Monsoon winds, nor’westers and cyclones-
tropical and temperate. Climate of India and its controls: western disturbances.
UNIT – III
Climate classification of Koeppen and Thornthwaite; Major climates of the world- Tropical,
Temperate, Desert, and Mountain climate; Climate changes- evidences, possible causes, global
warming, environmental impact and society’s response.
UNIT – IV
Nature and scope of oceanography- history of oceanography, distribution of land and water,
major features of ocean basins, continental margins and deep- ocean basins, Bottom relief of
Indian, Atlantic and Pacific oceans; Marine sediments, physical and chemical properties of sea
water.
UNIT – V
Interlink between atmospheric circulation and circulation patterns in the oceans; Surface
currents- thermohaline, waves and tides; Impact of humans on the marine environment; Law of
sea, Exclusive economic zone, marine deposits and formation of coral reefs.
Books recommended:
1. Barry, R G & Chorley, P J : Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Rutledge, London & New York,
1998.
2. Critchfield, J H : General Climatology, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1993.
3. Das, P K : Monsoons, National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1987
4. Davis Richard, J A : Oceanography- An Introduction to Marine environments, Wm. C. Brown
Lowa , 1986.
5.Fein, J S & Stephens P N : Monsoons, Wiley Interscince , 1987.
6. Garrison, T : Oceanography- An Introduction to Marine Science, Books Cole, Pacific Grove,
USA, 2001.
7. India Met. Dept. : Climatological Tables of Observations in India, Govt. of India, 1968.
8. Lal, D S : Climatology, Chaitanya, Allahabad, 1986
9. Lydolph P E : The Climate of the Earth, Rowman, 1985
10. Menon, P A: Our Weather, N.B.T. New Delhi, 1989
11. Peterson, S : Introduction to Meteorology, McGraw Hill, London, 1969
12. Robinson P J & Henderson S : Contemporary Climatology, Henlow, 1999
13. Savinder Singh: Climatology, Prayag Pustak Bhavan, Allahbad, 2005.
14. Savinder Singh: Oceanography, Prayag Pustak Bhavan, Allahbad, 2008.
15. Sharma, R C : The Oceans, Rajesh , New Delhi. 1985.
16. Thompson R D & Perry A (ed.) : Applied Climatology, Principles and Practice, Rutledge,
London, 1997.
17. Trewartha, G T : An Introduction to Climate, McGraw, 1968.
18. Lal, D S : Jalvayu Evm Samudra Vigyan, Sharda, Allahbad, 2001.
19. Mamoria & Sisodia: Jalvayu Vigyan Evm Samudra Vigyan, Sahitya Bhavan, Agra, 2005.

PAPER IV (d): REMOTE SENSING AND G.I.S.

3 Hours Duration Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Historical development of remote sensing as a technology- relevance of remote sensing in
geohraphy, Concepts and basics- Energy source, Energy and radiation principles, Energy
interactions in the atmosphere and earth surface features, Remote sensing systems: Platforms,
Sensors and radiation records.
UNIT – II
Air photos and photogrammetry: Elements of photographic system- type, scale and ground
coverage, resolution, radiometric characteristics, films, filters, aerial cameras, film exposures,
geometric fundamentals of photogrammetry : elements of vertical photographs, relief
displacement, image parallax, stereoscope, orthophotos, airphoto interpretation- shape, size,
pattern, tone, texture, shadows, side advantage and limitation.
UNIT – III
Satellite Remote Sensing: History and development of various types of satellites and space
programmes; Image processing, types of imagery, techniques of visual interpretation, ground
verification, transfer of interpreted thematic information of base maps- digital processing-
rectification and resolution, Image enhancement contrast manipulation, classification supervised
and unsupervised, post classification analysis, Remote sensing and its comparison with map.
UNIT – IV
Applications: Air photo and image interpretations and mapping forest and wild life, mines, and
geology, geomorphology. Land use and land cover soil, land evaluation, weather studies, water
resources, hazard management, and environmental management.
UNIT – V
GIS- Introduction to geography information system, its definition and scope, Application of GIS in
various fields, and in planning and development.

Books recommended:
1. American society of Photogrammetry: Manual of Remote Sensing, ASP, Falls Church, VA, 1983,
Volumes.I, II.
2. Barrett, E C & L E Curts: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Air Photo Interpretation,
McMillan, New York, 1992.
3. Burrough, P A : Principles of Geographic System for Land Resource Assessment, Oxford
University Press, New York, 1986.
4. Compbell,J : Introduction to Remote Sensing, Guilford, New York, 1989.
5. Curran, Paul, J. : Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman, London, 1985.
6. Gautam, N C : SPGU Technology of Geography, , N R S A Hyderabad
7. Hord, R M : Digital Image Processing of Recently Sensed Data, Academic, New York, 1989.
8. Luder,D : Areal Photography Interpretation, Principles and Application, McGraw Hill, New York,
1959
9. Mark, S. Monmonier : Computer Assisted Cartography, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, New
Jersey, 1982.
10. Pratt, W K : Digital Image Processing, Wiley New Yoer, 1978.
11. Rao, D P (ed.) : Remote Sensing for Earth Resources, Association of Exploration Geophysicist,
Hyderabad, 1998.
12. Singh, S: Remote Sensing Technology, S A Publication, Jodhpur,
13. Star, J & Estes J : Geographic Information System, , An Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliff, New Jersey, 1994.
14. Thomas M. Lillesand & Ralf W Kefer : Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wille &
Sons, New York, 1994.
15 Wolf, Paul, K: Elements of Photogrammetry, McGraw Hill Book Co.

Dissertation on Geographic Problem ( in lieu of paper VI, VI, VIII)

N.B. The candidate offering this paper will be required to submit dissertation at least three week
before the commencement of the theory examination. It will be examined by a board of two
examiners. Three copies of the dissertation must be submitted to the university out of which one
copy will be returned to the department/ college and one to he supervisor. The dissertation should
be exclusively be based on field work and statistical analysis as far as possible and be prepared
under the guidance of a post graduate teacher of five years standing. The volume of dissertation
should not exceed 100 pages.

PRACTICAL
Surveying and laboratory work 1 hours per batch of 15 candidates spread over two days). The
distribution of marks in the practical will be as follows:
1. Laboratory work of four hours duration 40 marks
2. Record work & vava-voce (10+10) 20 marks
3. Field surveying & viva-voce (15+10) 25 marks
4. Survey camp & viva- voce (10+5) 15 marks
Total Marks 100 marks
Note : 12 hours of teaching practical be provided per batch of 15 students per week.
The art of surveying, History of surveying, scope, utility and problems, classification of surveying,
Methods and techniques of representation of relief :
(a) methods and techniques of depicting relief
(b) Profile, gradients and calculation of slopes
(c) Contour and inter-visibility
(d) Block diagrams, field sketching, serial profile, hypsometric curves, altimetric frequency
graphs.
Interpretation of Topographical Maps : A brief history of topographical maps of the world with
special reference to India and their interpretation and Detailed study of such top sheets.
 Air photo interpretation and exercise on the determination of height of plan, parallax, number
of runs and number of photographs, knowledge of stereoscopic vision, mosaics, types of camera,
emulsions and stereoscopes, interpretation and identification of cultural and physical features on
areal photography and photo interpretation of land use and settlement in the field surveying.
Remote sensing and computer application in mapping, digital mapping, Knowledge and use of
Geographic Information System (GIS), and thematic maps.
Use of field survey instruments:
Theodolite: Its parts and their functions, use of theodolite- traverse computation,
independent co-ordinates,
Use and application of Plane Table and Clinometers in small area survey, traverse,
reuniting, resection- two and three point problems; and practical contouring by clinometer.
Levelling : terms, types, and principles of leveling, classification of leveling, profile and
other leveling.
Dumpy level: use of Dumpy Level, preparation of field book, practical contouring, cross
uniting, use and application of Abny Level,
Survey Camp: a topographical survey of settlement will be done by organizing a camp at
least for a week duration and maps and reports of the camp will be prepared , The students are
supposed to stay in the camp, the report shall be prepared separately and independently.

Books recommended:
1.Breed, C B and Homme,r G L : The Principles of Surveying, Vol. I & II, New York.
2. Davis, R E & Foot, F S : Surveying Theory and Practice, John Willey & Sons, New York
3. Deshpande, T S : A Text Book of Surveying and Leveling, United Book Corporation, Puna
4.Gautam N.C : Urban Land use Stydies through Air Photo Interpretation Techniques, Pink
Publishing House, Mathura.
5. Kanetkar, T P & Kulkarni, S V : Surveying and Levelling, A.V. Garia Prakashan, Puna.
6. Punamia, B. C. : Surveying and Field Work, Vol. I, Standard Book Depot, Delhi.
7. Roorkee Engineering College, Manual of surveying.
8. Sharma, J L : A Text Book of surveying, CBS Publishers, Delhi, 1988.
9. Singh, R L & Dutt P K : Elements of Practical Geography, Student Friends, Allahbad.
10. Tracy, T R : Surveying – Theory and Practice, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.
11. Williams: Surveying and Field Work, Constable.l