Number Systems

 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + … + n = n(n + 1)/2
 (1² + 2² + 3² + ….. + n²) = n ( n + 1 ) (2n + 1) / 6
 (1³ + 2³ + 3³ + ….. + n³) = (n(n + 1)/ 2)²
 Sum of first n odd numbers = n²
 Sum of first n even numbers = n (n + 1)
Mathematical Formulas:

 (a – b)² = (a² + b² – 2ab)

 (a + b)² = (a² + b² + 2ab)
 (a + b)(a – b) = (a² – b²)
 (a + b)² = (a² + b² + 2ab)
 (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 (a³ – b³) = (a – b)(a² + ab + b²)
 (a³ + b³) = (a + b)(a² – ab + b²)
 (a³ + b³ + c³ – 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c² – ab – bc – ac)
 When a + b + c = 0, then a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc
 (a + b)n = an + (nC1)an-1b + (nC2)an-2b² + … + (nCn-1)abn-1 + bn

Profit, Loss and Discount

 Profit/Gain = (S.P.) – (C.P.)
 Profit % = Profit/(C P)×100
 S P = (100+gain % )/100 ×C P
 C P = 100/(100+gain %)×S P
 Loss = (C.P.) – (S.P.)
 Loss % = Loss/(C.P.)×100
 S P = (100-loss %)/100×C P
 C P = 100/(100-loss %)×S P

LCM and HCF

LCM × HCF = Product of the Numbers
LCM of Co-prime Numbers = Product Of The Numbers

Speed, Time and Distance

Distance = Speed x Time
Time = Distance/Speed
Speed= Distance/Time

Percentages
To find what percentage of x is y: y/x × 100
Increase N by S % = N( 1+ S/100 )
Decrease N by S % = N (1 – S/100)

Time and Work

If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s 1 day’s work = 1/n
If A’s 1 day’s work =1/n, then A can finish the work in n days.

Averages
Average = (Sum of observations/Number of observations)

Simple and Compound Interest

Logarithm

Probability
Sample Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called
the sample space.
Event: Any subset of a sample space is called an event.
The probability of Occurrence of an Event:
Let S be the sample and let E be an event.
Therefore, P(E) =n(E) / n(S)
Surds and Indices

Set Theory & Function

The Demorgan’s Law is the basic and most important formula for sets, which is defined as
(A ∩ B) ‘ = A’ U B’ and (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
The relation R⊂A×AR⊂A×A is said to be called as:
  Reflexive Relation: If a R a ∀∀ a ∈∈ A.
 Symmetric Relation: If aRb, then bRa ∀∀ a, b ∈∈ A.
 Transitive Relation: If aRb, bRc, then aRc ∀∀ a, b, c ∈∈ A.
If any relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive in a given set A, then that relation is known as
equivalence relation.

Permutation and Combination

Permutation Formula: A permutation is the choice of r things from a set of n things without
replacement. Order matters in permutation.

Combination Formula: A combination is the choice of r things from a set of n things without
replacement. Order does not matter in combination.

Mixtures and Alligations

Alligation: It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given
price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
Mean Price: The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Rule of Alligation:
If two ingredients are mixed, then
(Quantity of cheaper / Quantity of dearer) = (C.P. of dearer – Mean Price / Mean price – C.P. of
cheaper)

Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities:

 Sine=Opposite/Hypotenuse
 Secant=Hypotenuse/Adjacent
 Cosine=Adjacent/Hypotenuse
 Tangent=Opposite/Adjacent
 Co−Secant=Hypotenuse/Opposite
 Co−Tangent=Adjacent/Opposite
The reciprocal identities are given as:

 CosecΘ=1/sinΘ
 secΘ=1/cosΘ
 cotΘ=1/tanΘ
 sinΘ=1/CosecΘ
 cosΘ=1/secΘ
  tanΘ=1/cotΘ

Coordinate Geometry
The Distance Between two Points A and B:
AB² = (Bx – Ax)² + (By – Ay)²
The Midpoint of a Line Joining Two Points
The midpoint of the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is:
[½(x1 + x2), ½(y1 + y2)]
The Equation of a Line Using One Point and the Gradient
The equation of a line which has gradient m and which passes through the point (x1, y1) is:
y – y1 = m(x – x1)

Mensuration
Rectangle
Area = lb
Perimeter = 2(l+b)
Square
Area = a×a
Perimeter = 4a
Triangle
Area =b×h/2 or √s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)…………….where s=a+b+c/2
Circle
Area = πr² or πd²/4
Circumference = 2πr or πd
Area of sector of a circle = (θπr² )/360
Cube
Volume: V = l3
Lateral surface area = 4a2
Surface Area: S = 6s2
Diagonal (d) = √3l
Cuboid
Volume of cuboid: lbh
Total surface area = 2 (lb + bh + hl) or 6l2
Length of diagonal =√(l²+b²+h²)
RATIO – PROPORTION – VARIATION

1. If a : b : : c : d, then ad = bc

2. If a : b : : c : d, then a + b : b : : c + d : d

3. If a : b : : c : d, then a  b : b : : c  d : d

4. If a : b : : c : d, then a + b : a  b : : c + d : c  d

5. If then k =

NUMBERS

1. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

2. The product of n consecutive integers is always divisible by n! (n factorial)

3. The sum of any number of even numbers is always even

4. The sum of even number of odd numbers is always even

5. The sum of odd number of odd numbers is always odd

6. If N is a composite number such that N = ap . bq . cr .... where a, b, c are prime factors of N

and p, q, r .... are positive integers, then
a) the number of factors of N is given by the expression (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ...
b) it can be expressed as the product of two factors in 1/2 {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1).....} ways

c) if N is a perfect square, it can be expressed

 (i) as a product of two DIFFERENT factors in 1/2 {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ... 1 } ways

(ii) as a product of two factors in 1/2 {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ... +1} ways

d) sum of all factors of N =

e) the number of co-primes of N (< N),  (N) =

f) sum of the numbers in (e) =

g) it can be expressed as a product of two factors in 2n–1, where ‘n’ is the number of different prime
factors of the given number N

SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST

I = Interest, P is Principle, A = Amount, n = number of years, r is rate of interest

1. Interest under

a) Simple interest, I =

b) Compound interest, I = P

2. Amount under

a) Simple interest, A =

b) Compound interest, A = P

3. Effective rate of interest when compounding is done k times a year

 re =

MIXTURES AND ALLIGATION

1. If p1, p2 and p are the respective concentrations of the first mixture, second mixture and the final
mixture respectively, and q1 and q2 are the quantities of the first and the second mixtures
respectively, then Weighted Average (p)

p=

2. If C is the concentration after a dilutions, V is the original volume and x is the volume of liquid.

Replaced each time then C =

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

1. If a, b and c are all rational and x + is an irrational root of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x  is the other
root

2. If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then  +  = and  =

3. When a > 0, ax² + bx + c has a minimum value equal to , at x =

4. When a < 0, ax² + bx + c has a maximum value equal to , at x =

PROGRESSIONS
Arithmetic Progression (A.P)
a is the first term, d is the last term and n is the number of terms

1. Tn = a + (n – 1)d

2. Sn = =

3. Tn = Sn – Sn1

4. Sn = A.M  n

Geometric Progression (G.P)

a is the first term, r is the common ratio and n is the number of terms

5. Tn = arn1

6. Sn = =

Harmonic Progression (H.P)

7. H.M of a and b =

8. A.M > G.M > H.M

9. (G.M)2 = (A.M) (H.M)

10. Sum of first n natural numbers n =

11. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers n2 =

12. Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers n3 = = (n)2

GEOMETRY

1. In a triangle ABC, if AD is the angular bisector, then

2. In a triangle ABC, if E and F are the points of AB and AC respectively and EF is parallel to BC,

then

3. In a triangle ABC, if AD is the median, then AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)

4. In parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus and square, the diagonals bisect each other

5. Sum of all the angles in a polygon is (2n – 4)90

6. Exterior angle of a polygon is

7. Interior angle of a polygon is

8. Number of diagonals of a polygon is

9. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by the arc in the
remaining part of the circle

10. Angles in the same segment are equal

11. The angle subtended by the diameter of the circle is 90°

MENSURATION
1. Plane figures
2. Solids
HIGHER MATHS – I
(PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS, PROBABILITY)

1. n (A  B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A  B)

2. If A and B are two tasks that must be performed such that A can be performed in 'p' ways and for
each possible way of performing A, say there are 'q' ways of performing B, then the two tasks A and
B can be performed in p  q ways

3. The number of ways of dividing (p + q) items into two groups containing p and q items respectively

is

4. The number of ways of dividing 2p items into two equal groups of p each is , when the two groups

have distinct identity and , when the two groups do not have distinct identity

5. nCr = nCn– r

6. The total number of ways in which a selection can be made by taking some or all out of (p + q + r +
.....) items where p are alike of one kind, q alike of a second kind, r alike of a third kind and so on is
{(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ....} 1

7. P(Event) = and 0  P(Event)  1

8. P(A  B) = P(A)  P(B), if A and B are independent events

9. P(A  B) = 1, if A and B are exhaustive events

10. Expected Value = [Probability (Ei)] [Monetary value associated with event Ei]

HIGHER MATHS – II

(STATISTICS, NUMBER SYSTEMS, INEQUALITIES & MODULUS, SPECIAL EQUATIONS)

1. G.M. = (x1  x2  ...... .xn)1/n

2.

3. For any two positive numbers a, b

(i) A.M.  G.M.  H.M. (ii) (G.M.)2 = (A.M.) (H.M.)

4. Range = Maximum value – Minimum value

5. Q.D. = (i.e., one-half the range of quartiles)

6. If a > b, , for any two positive numbers a and b

7. |x + y|  |x| + |y|, for any two real numbers x and y

8. If for two positive values a and b; a + b = constant (k), then the maximum value of the product ab is

obtained for a = b =
9. If for two positive values a and b; ab = constant (k), then the minimum value of the sum (a + b) is
obtained for a = b
=

HIGHER MATHS – III

(CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY, FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS, TRIGONOMETRY)

1. If a point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then x =

and y = , positive sign for internal division and negative sign for external
division

2. The area of a triangle with the vertices at (0, 0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is  = .

3. The coordinates of the centroid C(x, y) of a triangle ABC formed by joining the points

A(x1, y1); B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are given by

4. The slope of line with points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) lying on it is m =

5. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two lines L1 and L2 respectively, then the angle ‘’ between them is

given by tan =
6. The equation of the x-axis is y = 0 and that of y-axis is x = 0

7. The equation of a line parallel to x-axis is of the form y = b and that of a line parallel to y-axis is of
the form x = a (a and b are some constants)

8. Point slope form of a line: y – y1 = m (x – x1)

9. Two point form of a line:

10. Slope intercept form of a line: y = mx + b

11. Intercept form of a line :

12. Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are

(i) parallel if or m1= m2

(ii) perpendicular if a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0 or m1 m2 = 1

13. The distance between two parallel lines of the form ax + by +c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is given

by
14. If ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a line, then the perpendicular distance of a point (x1, y1) from the

line is given by

15. sine rule : = 2R, where R is the circumradius of triangle ABC

16. cosine rule : cosA = , similarly cosB and cosC can be defined