Cookery LM Mod.2 SHS v.1

Module 2 of 2
Cookery
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ManualO
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Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means -
electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
Technical Vocational Livelihood Education – Cookery Module 2
Manual
First Edition, 2016
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Published by the Department of Education
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Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD
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Development Team of the Cookery Manual
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Writers: Aniceta S. Kong and Anecita P. Domo
Editor: Merlyn Lee
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Reviewer: Maila A. Dogelio

Illustrator: Henry Allen M. Arcos
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Cover Artist: Ricardo Jose V. Santillan III
Management Team of the Cookery Manual

Bureau of Curriculum Development
Bureau of Learning Resources
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Printed in the Philippines by: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House, Inc.

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Brgy. South Triangle, Quezon City
Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Office Address: Ground Floor Bonifacio Building, DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Introduction...…………………………………………………………. 1
Content Standard and Performance Standard………………… 2
Objectives………………………………………………………….. 2
Program Requirements…………………………………………… 2
Learning Episodes………………………………………………… 3
How to Use this Learner’s Material……………………………… 4
Diagnostic Assessment……………………………………………… 4
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Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)……………….. 9
Environment and Market (EM)……………………………………… 19
Quarter 1 Egg, Cereal, and Starch Dishes

Overview………………………………………………………….. 35
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Objectives………………………………………………………… 35
Pretest 1………………………………………………………… 35 C
Lesson 1 Prepare Egg Dishes
LO 1 Perform Mise En Place……………………………….. 39
LO 2 Prepare and Cook Egg Dishes………………………. 49
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LO 3 Present Egg dishes……………………………………. 69
LO 4 Evaluate the Finished Product…………………………. 80
Lesson 2 Prepare Cereals and Starch Dishes
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LO 1 Perform Mise En Place...……………………………… 82

LO 2 Prepare Starch and Cereal Dishes…………………… 90
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LO 3 Present Starch and Cereal Dishes…………………… 99

LO 4 Storing Starch and Cereal Dishes……………………… 106
Posttest 1………………………………………………………….. 110
Quarter 2 Vegetable and Seafood Dishes

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Overview ……………………………………………………………. 113

Objectives…………………………………………………………… 113
Pretest 2…………………………………………………………… 113
Lesson 1 Prepare Vegetable Dishes

LO 1 Perform Mise En Place………………………………… 116
LO 2 Prepare Vegetable Dishes……………………………… 136
LO 3 Present Vegetable Dishes …………………………… 150
LO 4 Store Vegetable Dishes …….………………………… 155
LO 5 Evaluate the Finished Product.................................. 156
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Lesson 2 Prepare and Cook Seafood Dishes
LO 1 Perform Mise En Place………………………………… 157
LO 2 Handle Fish and Seafood …………………………….. 163
LO 3 Cook Fish and Shellfish………………… ……………… 168
LO 4 Plate/Present Fish and Seafood Dishes………………. 184
LO 5 Store Fish and Seafood…….…………………………… 190
LO 6 Evaluate the Finished Product...................................... 191
Posttest 2………………………………………………………… 192
Quarter III Stocks, Sauces, Soups and Poultry Dishes

Overview ………………………………………………….…..…… 195
Objectives………………………………………………….………. 195
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Pre-Test 3………………………………………………….………. 195
Lesson 1 Prepare Stocks, Sauces and Soups

LO 1 Prepare Stocks Required for Menu Items…………… 198
LO 2 Prepare Soups Required for Menu Items …………… 207
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LO 3 Prepare Sauces Required for Menu Items…………… 221
LO 4 Store and Reconstitute Stocks, Sauces and Soups… 231
LO 5 Evaluate the Finished Product.................................... 231
Lesson 2 Prepare Poultry and Game Dishes
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LO 1 Perform Mise En Place…………………………….….. 233
LO 2 Cook Poultry and Game Bird Dishes………………… 241
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LO 3 Plate/Present Poultry Game Bird Dishes………….… 254
LO 4 Store Poultry and Game Bird…………………………. 259
LO 5 Evaluate the Finished Product................................... 259
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Posttest 3……………………………………………………….…… 264

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Quarter IV Meat Dishes

Overview ………………………………………………………….. 267
Objectives…………………………………………………………. 267
Pretest 4…………………………………………………………. 267
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Lesson 1 Prepare and Cook Meat

LO 1 Perform Mise En Place………………………..………. 270
LO 2 Cook Meat Cuts…………….…..…………….……….. 276
LO 3 Plate/Present Meat dishes………….……..…………. 292
LO 4 Store Meat………………………………………………. 298
LO 5 Evaluate the Finished Product................................... 298
Posttest 4 …………………………………………………….……. 304
Summative Assessment…………………………………………......... 306
Synthesis ………..………………………………………………...... 311
Glossary ………………………………………………………….... 312
References…….……………………………………………………...... 315
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Introduction
The Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) for junior high school and
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Education (TVL) for senior high school is one track
in the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program (BEP). The TLE/TVL
Track has four strands, namely: Agri-Fishery Arts, Home Economics, Industrial Arts,
and Information and Communication Technology. Learners in Grades 7 and 8 take
exploratory courses under the track; tackling common competencies that they
would need, helping them pursue a career in TVL. Their learnings and
competencies are further enhanced in Grades 9 and 10, up to Senior High.
This learning resource focuses on the course Cookery (National Certificate Level II)
under the Home Economics strand of the TVL track. The Department of Education
aims that this learning resource contributes to the attainment of the realization of
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the overall goal of the K to 12 Basic Education Program, which is the holistic
development of every Filipino learner: equipped with 21st century skills, adequately
prepared for work, and has gained the right knowledge, attitude, values and skills to
start a business, acquire middle level skills, and to advance in higher education.
Cookery Module 2 of 2
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This is the second of two modules that make up the Cookery Manual. It includes
information and activities to develop desirable values, skills and understanding
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through authentic tasks on how to clean, maintain and sanitize kitchen tools,
equipment, and working premises which are important routines after each
preparation of foods in the kitchen. It also contains step-by-step procedures and
helpful techniques and guidelines on how to prepare, present and store appetizers,
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salads and salad dressings, sandwiches and desserts, all of which do not require
heat in preparation. Provisions for practical application to real life situation are also
included for lifelong learning.
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The lesson on Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) will help learners to

determine their abilities that need to be enhanced and weaknesses to be improved
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in order to attain success. The market and environment lessons on the other hand,
will show them how to identify needs and wants of people in the community for
possible business opportunity. All of these expose learners to a wide variety of
experiences and opportunities to acquire work skills, work values and expertise
which will help learners in choosing an occupation or career and/or eventually put
up his or her own business in line with cookery thus, making learners self-reliant
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and productive members of the society.
To the Learner:
This manual provides varied and relevant activities and opportunities to determine
your understanding of the key concepts and to demonstrate core competencies as
prescribed in the TESDA Training Regulation in Cookery.
This manual is specifically crafted to focus on the different activities that will
assess your level in terms of skills and knowledge necessary to get a Certificate of
Competency and/or National Certification (NC II).
Successful completion of this specialization ensures that you have acquired the
essential skills to be on your way to becoming a certified chef.
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Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of core concepts and theories in

cookery lessons.
Performance Standard
The learner independently demonstrates core competencies in cookery as

prescribed in the TESDA Training Regulation.
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Objectives
As a learner, I am expected to become proficient in performing the following
competencies:
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1. develop personal entrepreneurial skills;
2. prepare egg dishes;
3. prepare cereals and starch dishes;
4. prepare vegetables dishes;
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5. prepare and cook seafood dishes;
6. prepare stocks, sauces and soups;
7. prepare poultry and game dishes; and
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8. prepare and cooking meat.
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Program Requirements
Grade 10 students who will take Cookery course as their specialization
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in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Home Economics should have

successfully taken the exploratory course in Commercial Cooking in Grade 7/8
and have successfully completed the competencies indicated in Grade 9.
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The student of this course must possess the following:
1. inclined in cooking and other cooking-related activities;

2. can communicate in both oral and written English;
3. physically and mentally fit;
4. with good moral character; and
5. can perform basic mathematical computations
Learners are expected to develop their knowledge and skills in Cookery,

demonstrate mise en place, cook, present and evaluate egg, starch and cereal,
vegetable, stocks, sauces and soups, poultry and game, and meat dishes.
This learner’s material should be taken for one school year for a total of
160 hours. Lessons should be taken one at a time, following the correct sequence
being presented and should accomplish the assessment or enhancement activities
before proceeding to the next lesson.
Along the learning process, learners of this course are required to complete
the 25-hour industry involvement to different food services to experience the actual
workplace.
Learning Episodes
This learning resource is subdivided into four (4) quarters which may serve
as the recommended scope and limit for every academic grading period. In every
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quarter there are lessons that comprise the learning outcomes.
Before exploring the core competencies of Cookery, you will be guided

on how to assess your own Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies and Skills
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(PECS) and demonstrate your understanding about the Environment and Market.
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Quarter I is composed of two lessons. Lesson I is about preparation,
cooking and presenting different kinds of egg dishes while Lesson II is on cereals
and starch dishes.
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Quarter II has two lessons, preparation of vegetable dishes and seafood

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dishes and learning the different kinds and classification of vegetables, and
seafood, cooking, plating dishes and storing food items.
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Quarter III consists of lessons on preparing stocks, sauces and soups, and
poultry and game dishes.
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Quarter IV covers lessons on how to prepare and cook different kinds of

meat like pork, beef, carabeef and others.
Enjoy using this learner’s material as your guide to become a successful

chef in the future.
HOW TO USE THIS LEARNER’S MATERIAL

Here are some reminders on how to use this material.

1. Answer the diagnostic assessment before you proceed to the different activities.
The diagnostic assessment determines how much you know about the lessons
and identifies the areas you ought to learn more. Your teacher will check and
analyze your score to determine your learning needs.
2. This learner’s material contains relevant information and activities. Go over each
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activity carefully. If you encounter difficulties, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
for assistance. Do not skip any topic unless you are told to do so. REMEMBER
that each activity is a preparation for the succeeding activities.
3. For every lesson/learning outcomes, perform the enhancement activities to enrich
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the knowledge and skills.
4. After you have successfully finished the tasks, answer the posttest to be given by
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your teacher. Your score will be analyzed and will be used by your teacher for the
computation of your grades.
5. Lastly, DO NOT mark the learner’s material in any way.
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DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
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A. Multiple Choice
Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter that best describes
the statement. Write your answer on your test notebook.
1. Which of the following is the right step-by-step procedures in manual
dishwashing.
A. drain and air-dry, scrape and pre-rinse, rinse, sanitize, and wash dishes.
B. rinse, scrape and pre-rinse, wash, drain, air-dry and sanitize dishes
C. scrape and pre-rinse, rinse, wash, sanitize, drain and air-dry dishes
D. scrape and pre-rinse, wash, rinse, sanitize, drain and air-dry dishes
2. Which of the following parts of an egg is produced by the oviduct and
consists of four alternating layers of thick and thin consistencies?
A. air cell C. chalaza
B. albumen D. yolk
3. Which of the following vitamins is found in eggs?
A. B1 C. D
B. C D. K
4. The appearance of egg is important for consumer appeal. On what basis
are shells evaluated?
A. cleanliness, shape, texture and soundness
B. grade, texture, cleanliness, shape
C. shape, texture, cleanliness and size
D. texture, soundness, size and cleanliness
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5. 5. Which of the following market forms of eggs is seldom used in cooking?
A. dried egg C. frozen egg
B. fresh egg D. shelled egg
6. Which of the following raises coagulation temperature producing softer,
weaker gel when added to egg used in culinary?
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A. alkali C. sugar
B. salt D. vinegar
7. Which kind of egg dish is prepared by slipping shelled eggs into barely
A. fried egg
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simmering water and gently cooking until the egg holds its shape?
C. scrambled egg
B. poached egg D. soft-boiled egg
8. Which of the following tools is not used in cooking omelet?
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A. bowls C. sauté pan
B. fork D. skimmer
9. Which of the following is true in plating egg dishes?
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A. Choose a serving dish small enough to let each food item stand out.
B. Play with color and texture.
C. The protein dish should cover half of the plate.
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D. Use even numbers in setting the dish.

10. Which of the following sources of starch is rarely used in manufacturing
food starch?
A. cassava C. potato
B. corn D. rice
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11. Which of the following changes in starch during cooking is the resistance to
flow; increase in thickness or consistency?
A. dextrinization C. retrogadation
B. gelatinization D. viscosity
12. Which of the following is suggested if you will hold pasta for a short time
for later service?
A. Cook pasta ahead of time and chill.
B. Drain and add sauce.
C. Drain, toss with a small amount of oil, cover and hold in warmer.
D. Undercook slightly the pasta.
13. Which is the process of making a new product to be sold to the customers?
A. product analysis C. product development
B. product conceptualization D. product Implementation
14. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the essence
of your brand.
A. branding C. tagline
B. product naming D. unique selling proposition
15. What managerial tool is used to assess the environment to gather important
information for strategic planning?
A. Environmental Scanning C. Survey Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis D. WOTS Analysis
16. From what animal does veal meat come from?
A. calf C. hog
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B. deer D. sheep
17. Which of the following market forms of meat does not undergo chilling?
A. cured meat C. frozen meat
B. fresh meat D. processed meat
18. What part of the meat helps you identify the less tender cuts?
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A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
19. What part of the meat has the greatest amount of quality protein?
A. bone
B. fat D. ligament
C C. flesh
20. Which of the following meat cuts requires long and slow cooking
temperature?
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A. less tender C. tender
B. slightly tough D. tough
21. Which of the following is a long – bladed hatchet or a heavy knife used by
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a butcher?
A. butchers knife C. cleaver knife
B. chopper knife D. set of slicing knife
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22. Which of the cooking methods does not belong to dry heat method?
A. baking C. roasting
B. broiling D. stewing
23. What do you call the cooking method when meat is cooked in steaming
liquid in which bubbles are breaking on the surface?
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A. boiling C. roasting
24. Which is an oil-acid mixture used to enhance the flavor of meat?
A. brine solution C. soy sauce and vinegar
B. marinade D. salt and calamansi
25. Which of the following tools is used for carving?
A. cleaver knife C. slicer
B. fork D. razor knife
26. To which meat cut do internal organs belong?
A. less tender cuts C. tough cuts
B. tender cuts D. variety cuts
27. Where should meat products be stored?
A. crisper C. dry shelf
B. cold shelf D. freezer
28. Which of the following is the tenderest cut of beef?
A. chunk C. sirloin
B. round cut D. tenderloin
29. Which will you consider first when buying meats?
A. brand C. quality
B. price D. round cut
30. What is your primary consideration when storing goods?
A. expiration date C. quantity
B. fragility D. size
31. What do you call a young immature pigeon of either sex with extra tender
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meat?
A. duck C. rooster
B. fryer D. squab
32. To what part of poultry does breast meat belong?
A. dark meat C. variety meat
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B. tough meat D. white meat
33. Which of the following characteristics is a good quality of a live poultry?
A. Free from pin feathers and shows no cuts.
B. Eyes are clear.
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C. Is heavy and the skin is watery.
D. Thighs are well-developed.
34. What do you call a young chicken that is usually 9 to 12 weeks old?
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A. fryer C. roaster
B. hen D. stag
35. How many days should a whole chicken be refrigerated?
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A. 1 day C. 2 to 4 days
B. 1 to 2 days D. 3 to 4 days
36. How do you classify the fleshy part of chicken like breast?
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A. entrails C. viscera
B. dark meat D. white meat
37. What cookery method is used for a matured poultry?
B. frying D. stewing
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38. What cookery method is suitable for the less tender cuts?
39. What is the best cooking temperature for poultry?
A. high temperature C. low to moderate temperature
B. low temperature D. moderate temperature
40. What factor affects the poultry meat’s tenderness and juiciness?
A. age C. cuts
B. cookery D. sex
41. What is the flavor component of vegetables which gives strong flavor and
odor to some vegetables like onions, leeks, garlic, chives, cabbage, and
broccoli?
A. flavonoids C. sugar
B. glutamic acid D. sulfur compounds
42. What is a way of cooking by placing blanched or raw vegetables in the pan,
adding liquid (stock, water, wine) then covering and cooking it slowly?
A. boiling C. braising
B. baking D. sautéing
43. Which of the following plating styles is not a classic arrangement?
A. Starch or vegetable item is heaped in the center while the main item is
sliced and lean up against it.
B. The main item is in the center, with vegetable distributed around it.
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C. The vegetable item is in the rear and main item, starch item and garnish
at the front.
D. The main item is in the center with neat piles of vegetables carefully
arranged around.
44. Which of the following vegetables is cooked uncovered?
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A. fruit vegetables C. roots and tubers
B. green vegetables D. yellow vegetables
45. Which of the following is a freshwater fish?
A. bluefish
B. catfish
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C. grouper
D. sole
46. Which is the market form of fish where both sides of a fish is still joined but
bones are removed?
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A. butterfly C. fillet
B. drawn D. steak
47. Which of the following is a characteristic of a fresh fish?
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A. With fresh and foul odor

B. Eyes are dull, shiny and bulging.
C. Gills are red or pink.
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D. Flesh shrinks when pressed.

48. Which of the following seafoods is cooked in just enough to keep it juicy
and plump?
A. fat fish C. flat fish
B. lean fish D. shellfish
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49. Which of the following is a cooking method suited to fat fish?

A. baking C. deep frying
B. boiling D. sautéing
50. What is used to baste lean fish to help prevent it from drying up?
A. butter C. soy sauce
B. cream D. tomato sauce
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
(PECs)
Content Standards Performance Standards
The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates a plan of

understanding of one’s PECs in action that strengthens and or further develops
Cookery. his or her PECs in Cookery.
Quarter I Time Allotment: 4 hours
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Module 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
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Introduction C
In this module, you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the
entrepreneurial competencies related to Cookery. You will have a first-hand
experience in educational activities leading to personal assessment of your
entrepreneurial competencies and assessment of entrepreneurial competencies
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of a successful chef within your area. You will also have some activities that will
align your competencies with those of successful practitioners. Moreover, this
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module will stimulate your mind to think about entrepreneurship and its role in the
business community, as well as in the economic and social development.
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To start with this module, let us first understand entrepreneurs and

entrepreneurship.
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Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to see and evaluate
business opportunities. They are individuals that can strategically identify products
or services needed by the community and they have the capacity to deliver these
at the right time and at the right place.
Entrepreneurs can contribute to economic change; they organize, manage

and assume risks of a business. Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur are
opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, a confident problem
solver, hardworking, persistent, and a committed worker.
Entrepreneurship is not just a simple business activity. It is a strategic
process of innovation and new venture creation. Basically, entrepreneurship is
both an art and science of converting business ideas into marketable products or
services to improve the quality of living.
Now that you have a little background knowledge about entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurship, can you now walk through in assessing your PECs? Always
remember that “Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their
PECs.”
To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master as
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you finish this module.
Objectives
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At the end of this module, you are expected to: C
• identify areas for improvement, development and growth;
• align your PECs according to your business or career choice; and
• create a plan of action that ensures success in your business or career
choice.
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Now that you have an idea about the knowledge and skill that you will develop
and master, take the first challenge in this module – the pre-assessment.
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Pre-assessment
As part of your initial activity, you will be challenged to dig deeper into your
knowledge and previous experiences on the topic. Try to diagnose or assess what you
already know about PECs by answering Task 1.
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Task 1: Matching Type
Match the entrepreneurial competencies in column A with their meaning in
column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each
number.
A B
____1. creative A. make a wise decision towards the set
objectives
____2. profit-oriented B. strategic thinking and setting of goals
____3. discipline C. trust in one’s ability
____4. decision making D. adaptable to change
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____5. people skills E. innovative to have edge over other
competitors
____6. planner F. solid dedication
____7. self-confidence G. skillful in record keeping
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____8. hardworking H. always stick to the plan
____9. ability to accept change C I. working diligently
____10. committed J effective and efficient communication
and relation to people
K. always looking for income
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Task 2: Guide Questions

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The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire module. Write
your answers on your assignment notebook and share these to the class.
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A. Explain why entrepreneurial activities are important to social development

and progress of the economy.
B. What entrepreneurial activities do you know and capable of doing which are
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related to Cookery?
C. Given the opportunity to own a business that relates with Cookery, are you
confident to manage it? Explain your answer.
D. What do you think are the most important competencies you must possess in
order to be successful in running your chosen business?
E. Name successful entrepreneurs from your area whose business is related to

Cookery. Be able to share to the class their PECs that made them successful.
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After answering all the guide questions to the best of your knowledge
and skills, share them with your classmates. You too may compare your
insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the topic to make
it more exciting and engaging.
Learning Goals and Target

Understanding the objectives of this module, having gone through pre-
assessment, and answering the guide questions, you will be asked to set your own
personal goals. These goals will trigger you to further achieve the ultimate objective of
this module. In the end, these goals will motivate you to learn more about PECs.
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Goals and Goals
Learning
and Learning
Goals and Learning Ultimate Goal Ultimate G
Targets Targets
Activities Ultimate Goal
Activities
Targets Activities
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Figure 1: Strategic process to achieve the objectives of this module
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Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
Having gone through setting your own personal goals and targets in achieving
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the objectives of this module, check your inherent knowledge of PECs. Answer the
following guide questions with the help of your classmates.
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Task 3: Group Activity

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Answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of paper. Share

your answers to the class.
1. Explain the importance of assessing one’s PECs before engaging in a particular

entrepreneurial activity.
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2. Are there other strategies or approaches where you can assess your PECs?
Explain how those strategies will become more useful in selecting a viable
business venture.
3. What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and
traits of a prospective entrepreneur? Why are these important?
4. Why is there a need to assess one’s PECs in terms of characteristics, attributes,
lifestyles, skills, and traits before starting a particular business?
5. What is the significance of evaluating PECs of a successful entrepreneur?
What helpful insights can you draw from this activity?
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How was your experience in answering the guide questions with your
classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What were the insights you have
realized?
This time you’re going to study the different topics that will enrich your knowledge
of PECs. Read carefully all the important details about the succeeding topic.
Know
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Assessment of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) and
Skills vis-à-vis a Practicing Entrepreneur or Employee in a Province
Entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics that should

be possessed by an individual in order to perform entrepreneurial functions effectively.
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In this module, you will learn some of the most important characteristics, attributes,
lifestyle, skills and traits of a successful entrepreneur in order to be successful in a
chosen career.
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Below are few important characteristics, traits, or attributes of a good
entrepreneur:
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• Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good
entrepreneur is hardworking. This means habitually working
diligently for a long period of time. Hardworking people keep on
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improving their performance to produce good products and/or

provide good services.
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• Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have confidence in one’s ability and

own judgment. They exhibit self-confidence in order to cope with
all the risks of operating their own business.
• Disciplined: Successful entrepreneurs always stick to the plan and

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fight the temptation to do what is unimportant.
• Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility of

everything in his or her business. He/She gives full commitment
and solid dedication to make the business successful.
• Able to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change. Change

occurs frequently. When you own a business, you should face
your challenges and cope with changes. Capitalize on positive
changes to make your business grow.
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• Creative: An entrepreneur should be creative and innovative to
stay in the business and in order to have an edge over the other
competitors.
• Has the Initiative: An entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must
put yourself in a position where you are responsible for the failure
or success of your business.
• Profit-oriented: An entrepreneur enters into the world of business
to generate profit or additional income. This shall become the
bread and butter for you and for your family as well. Therefore,
you must see to it that the business can generate income.
Listed below are the important skills of a successful entrepreneur:
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• Planning: Planning is strategic thinking and setting of goals
to achieve objectives by carefully maximizing all the available
resources. A good entrepreneur develops and applies step-by-step
plans to realize goals. A good entrepreneur knows that planning is
an effective skill only when combined with action.
O
• People Skills: It’s a very important skill in order to be successful in
any kind of business. People skills refer to effective and efficient
communication and relation to people working in and out of your
C
business. In day-to-day business transactions, you need to deal
with people. A well-developed people skill can spell out the
difference between success and failure of the business.
• Decision Making: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think
D
quickly, and to make a wise decision towards pre-determined set
objectives. No one can deny that the ability to make wise decisions
is an important skill that an entrepreneur should possess. Sound
E
decision should spring from given facts and information and should
be towards the pre-determined objectives.
EP
D
14
Process
In order to firm up what you have learned and to have a better appreciation of
the different entrepreneurial competencies, read the PECs checklist presented,
then answer the same.
Task 4: PECs Checklist

Using the PECs checklist, assess yourself by indicating a check () mark in
either strengths or development areas column. Interpret the results by counting the
total number of check marks in each of the columns. After accomplishing the checklist,
form a group and share your insights and experiences why you came up with that
personal assessment.
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Table 1: PECs Checklist
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies of an Personal Assessment in terms of:
Entrepreneur Strengths Development
Areas
O
Hardworking
- Working diligently
Self-confidence
- Confidence in one’s ability
C
Discipline
- Always stick to the plan
D
Committed
- Solid dedication
E
Ability to accept changes

- Adoptable to change
Creative
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- Innovative to have edge over other

competitors
Profit-oriented
- Always looking for income
Planning
D
- Strategic thinking and setting of goals

People Skills
- effective and efficient communication and
relation to people
Decision Making
- make a wise decision towards the set
objectives
TOTAL
Interpretation or Insights:
15
Reflect and Understand
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to
be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
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Interview a successful chef or entrepreneur in your area whose type of business
is related with Cookery. Focus your interview on PECs and other business-related
attributes that helped them become successful. Analyze the result of the interview and
reflect on the similarities and/or differences. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
O
Sample Interview Guide
C
Name of Proprietor/Practitioner: ____________________________________
Age: ______ Number of Years in Business: ____________
Business Name: ________________________________________________
Business Address: ______________________________________________
D
1. What are your preparations before you engaged in this type of business or
E
job?
2. What are your special skills and characteristics that are related with your
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business or job?
3. How did you solve business-related problems during the early years of
your business operation?
4. Did you follow the tips from a successful businessman or practitioner before
you engaged in your business?
D
5. What are your best business practices that you can share with aspiring
students?
6. What are the salient characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills and traits that
made you successful in your business or job?

16
Note: Cull the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s to
Row 1 on the table below. Meanwhile, fill out the second row with your PECs.
Personal
Entrepreneurial Characteristics Attributes Lifestyles Skills Traits
Competencies
Successful
entrepreneur in
the place
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My PECs
O
C
Using the information on the table above, analyze and reflect on the similarities
and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the table below. Write your
conclusion on the space provided.
D
Personal
E
Entrepreneurial Similarities Differences

Competencies
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Characteristics
Attributes
D
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
17
Transfer
After performing the activities on the importance of PECs, let’s determine

how much you have learned. Perform Task 6 to determine how well you have
understood the lesson.
Task 6: Preparation of a Plan of Action
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Using the table below, and the information generated from Task 5 (Interview),
prepare an action plan that indicates how you would align your PECs to the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur in Cookery in your place.
Objective Area
O
Activities Strategies Time Expected
C Frame Outcome
To align my Characteristics
PECs with
D
the PECs of Skills
a successful
entrepreneur
E
in Cookery.
Attribute
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Traits
Task 7: Essential Questions

D
Read and study the following questions below. You may use a separate sheet
of paper or your notebook to write your answers.
1. Why is there a need to compare and align one’s PECs with the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur?
2. How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address your
development areas?
3. What plan of action would you prepare to address your development areas?
18
ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET(EM)
Content Standards Performance Standards
The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates a

understanding of environment and business vicinity map reflective of potential
market in Cookery in one’s area. market in Cookery in a province.
Quarter I Time Allotment: 4 hours
Module 2
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Environment and Market
Introduction
O
People who aspire to start a business need to explore the economic,
cultural and social conditions prevailing in an area. Needs and wants of the people
C
in a certain area that are not met may be considered as business opportunities.
Identifying the needs of the community, its resources, available raw materials, skills,
and appropriate technology can help a new entrepreneur in seizing a business
opportunity.
E D
To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs

should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always
be watchful on the existing opportunities and constraints. The opportunities in the
EP
business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to
expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are that factor that
limit the business to grow, hence reduces the chance of generating profit. One of
the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis.
D
SWOT Analysis is a managerial tool to assess the environment. This

gathers important information which in turn is used in strategic planning. Strengths
and weaknesses are internal in an organization. Basically, they relate to resources
owned by the organization, by the things that you have control over, and as well as
to the extent of its marketing.
Opportunities and threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities

relate to the market, to the development of new technologies, and external factors
19
such as government policies, climate, and trends. Threats relate to what the
competition is doing, as well as legal and other constraints.
Now that you have read some important considerations to look into to
be successful in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the
environment and market.
To begin with, let’s find out the competencies that you will master as you
finish this module.
Objectives
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At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• identify what is of “value” to the customer;
• identify the customer to sell to;
• explain what makes a product unique and competitive;
O
• apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product;
and
• employ a unique selling proposition (USP) to the product and/or service.
C
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, take the first challenge
in this module – the pre-assessment.
D
Pre-assessment
Task 1: Multiple-Choice
E
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
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1. This is generated by examining the goods and services sold in the

community.
A. business creation C. business concept
B. business pricing D. business idea
2. A process of making a new product to be sold to the customers.
D
A. product analysis C. product development

B. product conceptualization D. product implementation
3. These are luxuries, advantages and desires that every individual considers
beyond necessity.
A. wants C. requirements
B. desires D. needs
4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason
that one product or service is different from and better than that of the
competition.
A. unique selling plan C. unique pricing policy
B. unique selling proposition D. finding value-added
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5. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified, reviewed and
evaluated.
A. concept development C. project development
B. economic analysis D. refine specification
6. This is the introduction of new ideas to make the product and services
more attractive and saleable to the target customers.
A. new idea C. product development
B. creativity D. innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment and to gather important
information that can be used for strategic planning.
A. environmental scanning C. WOTS Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis D. survey analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies and
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differentiate a product from the other products.
A. product naming C. branding
B. unique selling proposition D. tagline
9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the essence
of the brand.
O
A. product naming C. branding
B. unique selling proposition D. tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without in a society.
A. wants C. requirements
B. desires D. needs
C
Task 2: Guide Questions:
D
Read and study the guide questions below. Use a separate sheet of paper to
write your answer.
E
1. How does one determine the product or services to be produced and or to

be offered or delivered to the target customers?
EP
2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?

3. When can one say that a certain product has a “value”?
4. Are innovation and creativity to your product or services important? Why?
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
6. Express from the viewpoint of business owner the importance of scanning
D
the environment and market in generating business ideas.
After all the guide questions have been answered and skills
have been mastered, share those with your classmates. Discuss
your insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the
topic to make it more exciting and engaging.
21
Learning Goals and Target
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having gone through
the pre-assessment and guide questions, you will be asked to set your own personal
goals. These goals will trigger you to further achieve the ultimate objective of this
module. In the end, these goals will motivate you to learn more about Environment
and Market.
Goals and Goals

Learning
and Learning
Goals and Learning Ultimate Goal Ultimate Go
Targets Targets
Activities Ultimate Goal
Activities
Targets Activities
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Figure 2: Strategic process to achieve the objectives of this module.
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

After setting your own personal goals and targets in achieving the
objectives of this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more
O
about environment and market. You will also be given a chance to do practical
exercises and activities to deepen your understanding of the topic.
C
Know
D
Product Development
E
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of

EP
making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers.

Product development may involve modification of an existing product or
its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly
defined customer’s needs, wants and/or a market place.
D
The term development in this module refers collectively to the entire process
of identifying a market opportunity, creating a product to appeal to the identified
market, and finally, testing, modifying and refining the product until it becomes
ready for production.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself about product
development. When you find acceptable answers to these, you may now say that
you are ready to develop a product and/or render services:
1. For whom are the product or services aimed at?

2. What benefits will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? From its competitor?
22
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within an area should also
be taken into big consideration. Everyone has his/her own needs and wants.
However, everyone has different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business
are important things that every individual cannot live without in a society. These
include:
1. basic commodities for consumption;

2. clothing and other personal belongings;
3. shelter, sanitation and health; and
4. education.
Basic needs are essential to an individual to live with dignity and pride in
a community. These needs can obviously help you generate business ideas and
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subsequently to product development.
Wants are desires, luxury and extravagance that signify wealth and
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic
necessities of life. Some examples of wants or desires: fashion accessories,
O
expensive shoes and clothes, travelling around the world, eating in an expensive
restaurant; watching movies, concerts, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive
jewelries, perfume, living in impressive homes, among others.
C
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business
that you may engage into because they can serve as the measure of your success.
Some other good points that might be considered in business undertakings are
the kind of people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social
D
orientation that they belong to.
E
To summarize, product development entirely depends on the needs and

wants of the customers. Another important issue to deal with is the key concepts of
EP
developing a product. The succeeding topic will enlighten you about the procedure
in coming up with a product.
D
Concepts of Developing a Product

Concept development is a critical phase in the development of a product. In
this stage, the needs of the target market are identified and competitive products
are reviewed before the product specifications are defined. The product concept
is selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline of how a
product is being developed. Below is a figure that shows the stages of concept
development of a product.
23
Identify Establish Generate Select a
Refine
Customer Target Product Product
Specifications
Needs Specifications Concepts Concept
Analyze Perform
Plan
Competitive Economic
Remaining
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Products Analysis
Development
Project
O
Concept Development
C
Figure 3: Concept Development
D
The process of product development follows the following steps:
A. Identify Customer Needs: Using survey forms, interviews, researches, focus

E
group discussions, and observations, an entrepreneur can easily identify

customers’ needs and wants. In this stage, the information that can be possibly
gathered are product specifications (performance, taste, size, color, shape,
EP
life span of the product, etc.). This stage is very important because this would
determine the product to be produced or services to be provided.
B. Establish Target Specifications: Based on customers’ needs and reviews
of competitive products, you may now establish target specifications of the
prospective new product and/or services. Target specifications are essentially
D
a wish-list.
C. Analyze Competitive Products: It is imperative to analyze existing competitive
products to provide important information in establishing product or services
specifications. Other products may exhibit successful design attributes that
should be emulated or improved upon in the new product or services.
D. Generate Product Concepts: After having gone through with the previous
processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate
what types of product or services are both technically feasible and would best
meet the requirements of the target specifications.
E. Select a Product Concept: Through the process of evaluation between
24
attributes, a final concept is selected. After the final selection, additional market
research can be applied to obtain feedback from certain key customers.
F. Refine Product Specifications: In this stage, product or services specifications
are refined on the basis of input from the foregoing activities. Final specification
as the results of extensive study, expected service life, projected selling price
and among others are being considered in this stage.
G. Perform Economic Analysis: Throughout the process of product development,
it is very important to always review and estimate the economic implications
regarding development expenses, manufacturing costs, and selling price of the
product or services to be offered or provided.
H. Plan the Remaining Development Project: In this final stage of concept
development, you may prepare a detailed development plan which includes
PY
list of activities, the necessary resources and expenses, and development
schedule with milestones for tracking progress.
O
Finding Value
People buy for a reason. There should be something in your product or
C
service that would give consumers a good reason to go back and buy for more.
There must be something that has to make you the best option for your target
customers; otherwise they have no reason to buy what you’re selling. This implies
further, that you offer something to your customers that they will make them value
D
or treasure your product or service.
The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition.
E
Value proposition is “a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons people

should notice you and take the action you’re asking for.” Value is created by fulfilling
deep desires and solving deep problems. This is what gets people moving, what
EP
people gets spending for your product or service.

D
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product or service.
This may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your
sales and profit, you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your
products are change of packaging, improve taste, color, size, shape and perhaps
price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are application of
new improved methods, additional featured services and possibly freebees.
25
Unique Selling Proposition (USP)
Unique Selling Proposition is the factor or consideration presented by a
seller as the reason that one product or service is different from and better than
that of the competitions. Before you can begin to sell your product or service to
your target customers, you have to sell yourself on it. This is especially important
when your product or service is similar to those around you.
USP would require careful analysis of other businesses’ ads and marketing
messages. If you analyze what they say or what they sell, not just their product or
service characteristics, you can learn a great deal about how companies distinguish
themselves from competitors.
PY
Here’s how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales and profit:
• Use empathy: Put yourself in the shoes of your customers. Always

focus on the needs of the target customers and forget falling in
love with your own product or service. Always remember, you
O
are making this product or providing for the target customers to
eventually increase sales and earn profit and not making this
product or service for you. Essential question such as what could
C
make them come back again and ignore competition should be
asked to oneself. Most possible answers may be focused on
quality, availability, convenience, cleanliness, and reliability of the
product or service.
D
• Identify what motivates your customers. It is very important for
you to understand and find out what drives and motivates your
E
customers to buy your product or service. Make some efforts to

find out, analyze and utilize the information that motivates the
EP
customers in their decisions to purchase the product or service.
• Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy your
product instead of a competitor’s. Information is very important in
decision making. A competitive entrepreneur always improve this
D
products or services to provide satisfaction and of course retention

of customers. As your business grows, you should always consider
the process of asking your customers important information and
questions that you can use to improve your product or service.
26
Process
In order to firm up your understanding of the topic previously presented,

you will be tasked to form a group and conduct an interview with a successful
entrepreneur or practitioner. You have to document this interview and present this
to the whole class for reflection and appreciation.
Task 3: Interview
Select a successful entrepreneur or practitioner. Conduct an interview using
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the set of questions below. Document the interview and present this to the class.
1. How did you identify your customers?

2. What were your considerations in selecting your customers?
3. Explain how your product or service becomes unique compared to other
products.
O
4. Did you consult somebody before you engage in this business? Cite sample
insights that you gained from the consultation.
5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
C
6. What creative and innovative techniques did you adopt to your product or
service? What was the effect of the innovative techniques to the sales and
profits of your business?
D
7. What strategy did you consider to have a unique selling proposition to your
product or service?
E
EP

D
Task 4: Video Viewing
In order to deepen your understanding of the lesson, perform the following tasks:
1. Browse the internet and view the topics related to:

a. customers’ needs and wants
b. techniques in identifying customers’ needs and wants
c. creativity or innovations in products and services
d. unique selling proposition
e. product development
27
2. Prepare a short narrative report about the aforementioned topics. You
may highlight the “aspect” that increases your knowledge of product
development.
Transfer
Task 5: Product Conceptualization
Using the space and figures below, develop your own concept for your product or
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service. Utilize bullets in every stage of product conceptualization in listing important
key ideas.
O
7. Prepare a
Development Plan 1. Identify Customer 2. Target Specifications
- Needs -
- -
C -
-
- -
- - -
- - -
D
- - -
- - -
-
E
3. Analyze a
6. Refine Product Competitive Product
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Specification -
- -
- -
- -
- -
D
- -
-
5. Select A product 4. Generate Product

Concept Concept
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
28
Generating Ideas for Business
The process of developing and generating business idea is not a simple

process. Some people just come with a bunch of business ideas but are not really
feasible. There are two problems that arise; first is the excessive generation of
ideas that can forever remain in the dreaming stage and the second is when they
don’t have ideas and don’t want to become entrepreneurs.
The most optimal way is to have a systematic approach in generating and

selecting business idea that will be transferred in real business. Here are some
basic yet very important considerations that may be used to generate possible
ideas for business:
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1. Examine existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the product?
What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it be
improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is
made to the way it is packed and sold. You can also improve the materials
used in crafting the product. In addition, you can introduce new ways of
O
using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’
many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you
are doing an innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an
C
entirely new product to replace the old one.
Business ideas may also be generated by examining what goods and

services are sold outside of the community. Very often, these products are
D
sold in a form that can still be enhanced or improved.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
E
customers, institutions, and communities are missing in terms of goods

and services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the
moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt
EP
in the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For

example, an area will have its electrification facility in the next six months.
Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of electrically-powered
or generated business such as photo copier, computer service, digital
printing, etc.
D
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to
supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market.
The term market refers to whoever will use or buy the products or services,
and these may be people or institutions such as other businesses,
establishments, organizations, or government agencies.
There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolutely no

supply to a pressing market demand.
29
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and
services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services
such as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials or

skills are available in abundance in your area. A business can be started
out of available raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing
and manufacturing them into finished products. For example, in a copra-
producing town, there will be many coconut husks and shells available
as “waste” products. These can be collected and made into coco rags or
doormat and charcoal bricks and sold profitably outside the community.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that
can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain
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Province possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from
one generation to another. Some communities there set up weaving
businesses to produce blankets, decorative and various souvenir items for
sale to tourists and lowland communities.
O
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT
classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed
C
skills which will give you extra income, should you decide to engage in
income-generating activities. With your skills, you may also tinker around
with various things in your spare time. Many products were invented this
way.
D
5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products and
E
techniques or advances in technology. You can pick up new business ideas

from Newsweek, Reader’s Digest, Business Magazines, “Go Negosyo”,
KAB materials, and Small-Industry Journal. The Internet also serves as
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a library where you may browse and surf on possible businesses. It will
also guide you on how to put the right product in the right place, at the right
price, at the right time.
Key Concepts of Selecting a Business Idea

D
Once you have embarked on identifying business opportunities, you will

eventually see that there are many possibilities that are available for you. It is very
unlikely that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once.
You have to select the most promising one among hundreds of ideas. It
will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, you screen your ideas to narrow
them down to about few choices. In the next stage, trim down the choices to two
options. In the final stage, choose between the two and decide which business
idea is worth pursuing.
30
In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?

2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product
and will continue to need it for a long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the
needs (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now being met
(supply)?
4. Do you have the background and experiences needed to run this particular
business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable
government regulation?
6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise?
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Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones
among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
O
Branding
Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or designs that
C
identifies and differentiates product or services from the rest. It is also a promise
to your customers. It tells them what they can expect from your product or service
and it differentiates your offerings from other competitors. Your brand is derived
from who you are, who you want to be and what people perceive you to be.
D
Branding is one of the most important aspects of any business. An effective
brand strategy gives you a major edge in increasingly competitive markets.
E
The features of a good product brand are as follows:

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• Delivers the message clearly

• Confirms your credibility
• Connects your target prospects emotionally
• Motivates the buyer
D
• Concretizes user loyalty
Here are some simple tips to publicize your brand:

• Develop a tagline. Write a meaningful, unforgettable, and easy to
remember statement that captures the essence of your brand.
• Get a great logo. Create a logo suitable to your business and
consistent with your tagline and place it everywhere.
• Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
• Be true to your brand. Deliver your brand promise.
• Be consistent. Be reliable and consistent every time.
31
Process
In generating business idea, you should first identify what type of business
is suited to your business idea. You should analyze and scan the potential
environment, study the marketing practices and strategies of your competitors,
analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and the threats in your
environment to ensure that the products or services you are planning to offer will
be patronized within the easy reach by your target consumers.
Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT Analysis:
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• Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business
when conducting SWOT Analysis.
• SWOT Analysis should distinguish between where your business

is today, and where it could be in the future.
O
• SWOT Analysis should always be specific. Avoid any grey area.
C
• Always apply SWOT Analysis in relation to your competition’ i.e.
better than or worse than your competitions.
• Keep your SWOT Analysis short and simple. Avoid complexity and
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over analysis.
• SWOT Analysis is subjective.

E
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Task 6: SWOT Analysis

Utilize the SWOT Analysis table below to list up all your observations. Be guided by
the strategies in analyzing and formulating realistic and attainable activities. Write
down the activities on the available spaces provided to create the best business
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idea.
Strength (S) Weaknesses (W)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
32
Opportunities (O) Threats (T)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Strategies:
• SW - Maximize on the strengths to overcome the internal weakness.
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• OW - Capitalize on the opportunities to eliminate the internal weakness.
• ST - Maximize on your strengths to eliminate the external threats.
• OT - Take advantage of the available opportunities to eliminate the external
threats.
O
Analysis: C
Activities:
D
My Best Business Idea:
E
EP

D
In order to deepen your understanding of the topics previously discussed, you

will be asked to perform the following activities:
Task 7: Extra Readings and Video Viewing
Reading books and watching videos have been considered as one

of the most effective educational activities that can help learners deepen their
understanding on a certain topic. In this particular task, you will be asked to conduct
extra readings and video viewings on the Internet on the following topics:
33
• Steps in Selecting a Business Idea
• Criteria of a Viable Business Idea
• Benefits of a Good Brand
• Ways on Developing a Brand
After successfully performing the assigned task, make a narrative report

about it and share it to the class.
Transfer
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Task 9: Making My On Logo
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Direction: Generate a clear and appealing product brand with a logo and a
tagline.
C

D
Logo
E
Logo
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Tagline
D
34
QUARTER I
Prepare Egg, Cereal, and Starch Dishes
Overview
This quarter will provide you learners the essential knowledge and
opportunities to develop your skills and gain understanding in the preparation,
cooking, presentation, and storing egg, cereal, and starch dishes. You will be able
to know the needed tools and equipment and learn how to clean and sanitize them
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after each use. Differentiated activities and hands – on activities are given to afford
you opportunities to transfer what you have learned.
O
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
•
C
perform Mise en place;
• prepare and cook egg, cereal and starch dishes;
• present egg, cereal and starch dishes; and
D
• store egg, cereal and starch dishes.
E
EP
Let’s See What You Know

D
Pretest 1
A. Multiple Choice.
Read each question carefully. Choose the letter which corresponds to the correct
answer and write it in your test notebook.
1. It is a small hand tool used generally in decorative works such as making

garnishes.
A. bread knife C. channel knife
B. butcher knife D. paring knife
35
2. It is a perforated bowl of varying sizes made of stainless steel, aluminum or
plastic used to drain, wash or cook ingredients from liquid.
A. canister C. mixing bowl
B. colander D. soup bowl
3. It is used for turning and lifting eggs, pancakes and meat on griddles, grills,
sheet pans, and the likes and also used to scrape and clean griddles.
A. measuring spoon C. rubber scraper
B. offset spatula D. wooden spoon
4. It is used to scrape off all the contents of bowls and pans from the sides and
fold in beaten eggs in batter or whipped cream.
A. paring knife C. wire whisk
B. rubber spatula D. wooden spoon
5. It is a screen – type mesh supported by a round metal frame used for sifting
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dry ingredients like starch and flour.
A. colander C. sieve
B. funnel D. skimmer
6. It is a device with loops of stainless steel wire fastened to a handle. It is
used for blending, mixing, whipping eggs or batter, and for blending gravies,
O
sauces, and soups.
A. fork C. spoon
B. knife D. whisk
C
7. It is a miniature Bain Marie with an upper dish containing indentations each
sized to hold an egg or contains separate device for poaching.
A. egg poacher C. frying pan
B. double boiler D. omelet pan
D
8. It is a chamber or compartment used for cooking, baking, heating, or drying.
A. blender C. mixer
B. burner D. oven
E
9. It is the process of washing and sanitizing dishes, glassware, flatware, and

pots and pans either manually or mechanically.
A. bleaching C. ware washing
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B. hand washing D. washing machine

10. It requires a dishwashing machine capable of washing, rinsing, and drying
dishes, flatware, and glassware.
A. hand washing C. mechanical ware washing
B. manual ware washing D. washing machine
D
11. It is the egg’s outer covering which accounts for about 9 to 12 % of its total
weight depending on egg size.
A. chalaza C. shell
B. germinal disc D. yolk
12. This is the entrance of the latebra, the channel leading to the center of the
yolk.
A. chalaza C. shell
13. It is the yellow to yellow - orange portion which makes up to about 33% of the
liquid weight of the egg.
A. chalaza C. shell
36
14. A disease that is carried and transmitted to people by food is referred to as
food borne ________________.
A. bacteria C. infection
B. illness D. intoxication
15. It is a disease that results from eating food containing harmful
microorganisms.
A. food borne bacteria C. food borne infection
B. food borne illness D. food borne intoxication
16. It is a disease that results from eating food containing toxins from bacteria,
molds or certain plants or animals.
A. food borne bacteria C. food borne infection
B. food borne illness D. food borne intoxication
17. It is used for mixing creams, butter and for tossing salads.
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A. electric mixer C. wire whisk
B. serving spoon D. wooden spoon
18. It is used for preparing meat, chicken, and other grains or legumes, such as
mongo and white beans in lesser time.
A. double boiler C. pressure cooker
B. frying pan D. rice cooker
O
19. It is a long chainlike molecule, sometimes called the linear fraction, and is
produced by linking together 500 to 2, 000 glucose molecules which contributes
to the gelling characteristics to cooked and cooled starch mixtures.
A. amylopectin C. dextrin
C
B. amylose D. mucin
20. This problem is usually encountered when using acid or acid ingredients such
as lemon or vinegar.
D
A. scorching C. thinning of gel
B. skin formation D. weak gelling
E
21. This results when there is too much liquid in relation to the starch.
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22. This problem can be reduced by covering the container of the starch gel with
a waterproof cover.
23. This can be avoided by temperature control and constant stirring so the starch
D
granules do not settle at the bottom of the cooking pan.

24. It can be stored in the refrigerator for 2 or 3 days.
A. cooked pasta C. fresh pasta
B. dried pasta D. frozen pasta
25. FIFO stands for ___________
A. Fan In Fan On C. First In First Out
B. First In Fight Out D. Fit In Fit Out
37
B. Give one risk in the preparation and cooking of starch, cereal dishes and other
foods, and give some guidelines pertaining to food safety.
Your answer will be rated using the scoring rubric below:

SCORE CRITERIA
Explains very clearly the complete guidelines to consider
4 pertaining to food safety related to the given risk.
Explains clearly the complete guidelines to consider pertaining to
3 food safety related to the given risk.
Explains partially the guidelines to consider pertaining to food
2 safety related to the given risk.
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Was not able to explain any guidelines to consider pertaining to
1 food safety related to the given risk.
O
C
E D
EP
D
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Overview
In cookery, egg refers to poultry or fowl products. The versatility of eggs

is evident in its presence in numerous food items. Eggs may be eaten cooked in
its shell, fried or poached or may be combined with other ingredients to produce
another dish. In baking, egg acts both as an emulsifier and leavener.
The egg’s protective coating or mucin layer which aids in the maintenance
of its freshness by covering the small holes in the shell is called bloom. Bloom is
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removed during washing so it is not advisable to wash eggs prior to storage unless
it is very dirty. Removal of the mucin layer will expose the holes making the egg
susceptible to bacterial penetration and dehydration, thus hastening deterioration
of its quality.
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Eggs are produced commercially in farms with a few hundred laying
chickens, or in large laying complexes with thousands of layers. Small and micro-
sized backyard poultry either in small poultry cages or as free range chicken are
C
also producing eggs. Egg is indeed a convenient food for any meal in and out of
the house.
D
Learning Outcome 1:
E
Perform Mise’en Place

EP
1. identify tools, utensils and equipment needed in egg preparation;

2. clean, sanitize and prepare tools, utensils and equipment needed in
preparing egg dishes;
D
3. identify egg components and its nutritive value; and

4. identify and prepare ingredients according to standard recipe.
In the preparation of egg dishes, the first consideration is to identify the

needed tools and equipment and how to clean and sanitize them after each use.

39
Tools, Utensils and Equipment Needed In Egg Preparation
Kitchen Tools
1. channel knife – a small hand tool used generally in decorative works such
as making garnishes.
2. colander – a perforated bowl of varying sizes made of stainless steel,
aluminum or plastic, used to drain, wash or cook ingredients from liquid.
3. offset spatula – a broad-bladed implement bent to keep the hand off hot
surfaces. It is used for turning and lifting eggs, pan cakes, and meats on
griddles, grills, sheet pans, and the likes and also used to scrape and clean
griddles.
4. pastry brush – a small implement used to brush the surface of unbaked
pastries or cookies with egg white, egg yolk or glaze.
PY
5. rubber spatula or scraper – a broad flexible plastic or rubber scraper, that
is rectangular in shape with a curve on one side. It is used to scrape off all
the contents of bowls and pans from the sides and fold in beaten eggs in
batter or whipped cream.
6. sieve – a screen-type mesh supported by a round metal frame used for
O
sifting dry ingredients like starch and flour.
7. spoons: solid, slotted and perforated – large stainless spoons holding about
3 ounces used for mixing, stirring, and serving. Slotted and perforated
C
spoons are large, long-handled spoons with holes in the bowl used to
remove larger solid particles from liquids.
8. wire whip or whisk – a device with loops of stainless steel wire fastened to
a handle. It is used for blending, mixing,whipping eggs or batter, and for
D
blending gravies, sauces, and soups.
E
Kitchen Utensils
1. egg poacher – A miniature Bain Marie with an upper dish containing
indentations each sized to hold an egg or contains separate device for
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poaching.
2. omelet pan – a heavy-based frying usually of cast iron or copper, with
rounded sloping sides used exclusively for omelets and never washed after
used but cleaned with absorbent paper.
3. measuring cup- a kitchen utensil used for measuring liquid or bulk solid
D
cooking ingredients such as flour and sugar

4. measuring spoon- used to measure an amount of an ingredient, either
liquid or dry, when cooking. Measuring spoons may be made of plastic,
metal, and other materials.
5. sauce pan- deep cooking pan with a handle used primarily for cooking
sauce.
6. mixing bowl - these containers have smooth, rounded interior surfaces with
no creases to retain some mixture and is used for mixing ingredients.
40
Kitchen Equipment
1. oven - a chamber or compartment used for cooking, baking, heating, or
drying.
2. electric mixer - A hand-held mixer which usually comes with various
attachments including a whisk attachment for whisking cream, batters and
egg whites, and sugar.
3. refrigerator - a kitchen appliance where you store food at a cool temperature.
Cleaning and Sanitizing Tools and Equipment

A cleaning program that is an overall system should be prepared to organize
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all your cleaning and sanitizing tasks. The program should also help identify your
cleaning needs, set up a master cleaning schedule, select the supplies and tools
to use, and train yourselves to make the best of your skills.
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Cleaning is the removal of visible oil while sanitizing means reducing the
number of harmful microorganisms by using very hot water or a chemical sanitizing
solution. To be effective, cleaning and sanitizing must be two-step process.
C
Surfaces must first be cleaned and rinsed before being sanitized.
D
There are many cleaning products or agents and a variety of equipment in
the market. Choose the best for your workplace and follow instructions in the label.
E
Here are some points to support your workplace training:

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1. Clean in a logical order.

2. Different cleaning tasks require different methods. Getting things wrong
can cause damage to surface, harm to yourself, and spread bacteria and
dirt.
3. Many cleaning agents are harmful. Their contact with your skin or eyes or
D
breathing in the fumes can cause a serious illness.

4. Mixing one agent with another can be very dangerous. A chemical reaction
can be set up, or in some cases, produce poisonous fumes.
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Ware washing
Ware washing is the process of washing and sanitizing dishes, glassware,
flatware, and pots and pans either manually or mechanically. Manual ware washing
uses a three-compartment sink and is used primarily for pots and pans. It may
be used for dishes and flatware in small operations. Mechanical ware washing
requires a dishwashing machine capable of washing, rinsing, and drying dishes,
flatware, and glassware. In large operations, heavy-duty pot and pan washing
machines have been designed to remove cooked-on food.
Manual Dishwashing
Procedure
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1. Scrape and pre-rinse.
The purpose of this step is to keep the wash water cleaner longer.
2. Wash.
Use warm water at 1100F to 1200F and a good detergent. Scrub well with a
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brush to remove all traces of leftover and grease.
3. Rinse.
C
Use clean warm water to rinse off detergent. Change the water frequently,
or use running water with an overflow.
4. Sanitize.
D
Place utensils in rack and immerse in hot water at 1700F for thirty seconds.
(A gas or electric heating element is needed to hold water at this
temperature.)
E
5. Drain and air-dry.

Do not towel-dry. This may contaminate utensils.
EP
Mechanical Dishwashing
The steps in washing dishes by machine are the same as in the manual
D
methods. Except that the machine does the washing, rinsing, and sanitizing.
Procedure:
1. Scrape and pre-rinse.

2. Rack dishes so that the dishwasher spray will strike all surfaces.
3. Run machine for a full cycle.
4. Set the sanitizing temperatures at 1800F for machine that sanitizes by heat
and at 1400F for machine that sanitizes by chemical disinfectant.
5. Air-dry and inspect dishes. Do not touch food-contact surfaces.
42
Review of Learning Outcome 1
A. YES/NO Cards:
Using a 4x6-inch index card, do the activity below:
a. Write YES on one side and NO on the other side

b. When the teacher shows you a kitchen tool, a kitchen utensil or
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equipment with label, raise the index card showing YES if the label is
correct and NO if it is wrong.
c. Do the same in the succeeding questions.
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Performance Activity 1
B. Clean and sanitize tools and equipment by performing the given activity.
C
You will be asked to clean and sanitize the tools and equipment in the
food laboratory. Follow the procedures properly in performing the task.
D
Your performance will be rated using the scoring rubric below:
Follows correctly the procedures in cleaning and sanitizing tools

E
4 and equipment and performs the skill without supervision and with
initiative and adaptability to problem situations.
EP
Follows correctly the procedures in cleaning and sanitizing tools and

3 equipment and performs the skill satisfactorily without assistance or
supervision.
Follows the procedures in cleaning and sanitizing tools and
2 equipment with minor errors and performs the skill satisfactorily
D
with some assistance and/or supervision.

Was not able to follow the procedures in cleaning and sanitizing
1
tools and equipment and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
After knowing the needed tools and equipment needed in the preparation
of egg dishes and on how to clean and sanitize them after each use, the next
consideration is to know what makes up an egg and appreciate other things
about egg.
43
Physical Structure and Composition of Eggs
We normally distinguish 3 parts of an egg: the shell, the egg white, and the egg
yolk, but a closer scrutiny reveals a much more detailed structure of an egg.
Structure
1. Shell
The egg’s outer
covering, the shell,
accounts for about
9 to 12% of its total
weight depending
on egg size. The
shell is the egg’s
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first line of defense
against bacterial
contamination. The
shell is produced
by the shell gland
O
(uterus) of the
oviduct, and has an
outer coating, the
C bloom or cuticle. The
cuticle somewhat
seals the pores and
is useful in reducing
D
moisture losses and
in preventing bacterial
penetration of the egg
E
shell.
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2. Air cell. This is the empty space between the white and shell at the large
end of the egg which is barely existent in newly laid egg. When an egg is
first laid, it is warm. As it cools, the contents contract and the inner shell
membrane separate from the outer shell membrane to form the air cell.
D
3. Albumen/Egg white. Albumen, also called egg white, accounts for most
of an egg’s liquid weight, about 67%. This is produced by the oviduct and
consists of four alternating layers of thick and thin consistencies. From
the yolk outward, they are designated as the inner thick or chalaziferous
white, the inner thin white, the outer thick white and the outer thin white.
The outer thin white is a narrow fluid layer next to the shell membrane. The
outer thick white is a gel that forms the center of the albumen. The inner
thin white is a fluid layer located next to the yolk. The inner thick white
(chalasiferous layer) is a dense, matted, fibrous capsule terminates on
each end in the chalazae, which are twisted in opposite directions and
serve to keep the yolk centered.
44
4. Chalaza.This is the ropey strands of egg white at both sides of the egg,
which anchor the yolk in place in the center of the thick white. They are
sometimes mistaken for egg imperfections or beginning embryos, which of
course they are not. The twist in the chalaza is meant to keep the germinal
disc always on top whichever way the egg may turn. The more prominent
the chalaza, the fresher is the egg.
5. Germinal Disc.This is the entrance of the latebra, the channel leading to

the center of the yolk. The germinal disc is barely noticeable as a slight
depression on the surface of the yolk. When the egg is fertilized, sperm
enter by way of the germinal disc, travel to the center and a chick embryo
starts to form. Since table eggs are not fertilized, this is not as easy to
recognize as when the egg is fertilized.
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6. Membranes. There are two kinds of membranes, one just under the shell
and the other covering the yolk. These are the shell membrane and the
vitelline membrane. Just inside the shell are two shell membranes, inner
and outer. The air cell formed due to the contraction of egg as it cools, is
O
found between the two layers of this shell membrane. The outer membrane
sticks to the shell while the inner membrane sticks to the albumen. During
storage, the egg losses water by evaporation, causing the air cell to
C
enlarge. The vitelline membrane is the covering that protects the yolk from
breaking. The vitelline membrane is weakest at the germinal disc and tends
to become more fragile as the egg ages. Every cook has experienced that
the yolk of eggs that are no longer fresh easily break.
D
7. Yolk. The yolk or the yellow to yellow- orange portion makes up about 33%
of the liquid weight of the egg. The egg yolk is formed in the ovary. On the
E
surface of the yolk, there is a small white spot about 2 mm in diameter.

This is the germinal disc and it is present even if the egg is infertile. In
infertile eggs, the germinal disc contains the genetic material from the hen
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only but when fertilized, it contains the zygote that will eventually develop
into a chick. The yolk material serves as a food source for embryonic
development. It contains all the fat in the egg and a little less than half of
the protein. The main protein in the egg yolk is vitelline, a lipoprotein. It
also contains phosvitin which is high in phosphorus and has antioxidant
D
properties, and livetin which is high in sulfur.
Composition of an Egg
% % Water % Protein % Fat % Ash

Whole Egg 100 65.5 11.8 11.0 11.7
Albumen 58 88 11.0 0.2 0.8
Yolk 31 48 17.5 32.5 2.0
45
Nutritive Value of Eggs
Eggs are indeed one of nature’s complete food. It contains high quality
protein with all the essential amino acids, all of the vitamins except vitamin C, and
many minerals. Egg products are particularly good for fortifying food low in protein
quality. Except for mother’s milk, eggs provide the best protein naturally available.
Egg protein is often used as a reference standard for biological values of their
proteins.
Egg Nutrient Chart

Nutrient Content of a Large Egg
Nutrient (unit) Whole Egg Egg White Egg Yolk
Calories (kcal) 72 17 55
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Protein (g) 6.3 3.6 2.7
Carbohydrate (g) 0.36 0.24 0.61
Carbohydrate (g) 0.36 0.24 0.61
Total fat (g) 4.8 0.06 4.5
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Monounsaturated fat (g) 1.8 0 2
Polyunsaturated fat (g) 1 0 0.72
Saturated fat (g) 1.6 0 1.6
Trans fat (g) 0.02
C 0 0.02
Cholesterol (mg) 186 0 184
Choline (mg) 126 0.4 116
D
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.15 0.09
Vitamin B12 (mcg) 0.45 0.03 0.33
E
Folate (mcg) 24 1 25
Vitamin D (IU) 41 0 37
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Vitamin A (IU) 270 0 245

Vitamin B 6 (mg) 0.09 0 0.06
Thiamin (mg) 0.02 0 0.03
Vitamin E (mg) 0.5 0 0.44
Selenium (mcg) 15.4 6.6 9.5
D
Phosphorous (mg) 99 5 66
Iron (mg) 0.88 0.03 0.46
Zinc (mg) 0.65 0.01 0.39
Calcium (mg) 28 2 22
Sodium (mg) 71 55 8
Potassium (mg) 69 54 19
Magnesium (mg) 6 4 1
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2010. USDA
National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 23. Nutrient Data
Laboratory Home Page: http://www.ars.usdA.gov/nutrientdata
46
Egg quality
Egg quality has two general components: shell quality (exterior quality)
and interior egg quality. Interior egg quality has direct bearing on the functional
properties of eggs while shell quality has direct influence on microbiological quality
Egg Grading.
Grading is a form of quality control used to classify eggs for exterior and
interior quality. In the Philippines, the grade designations are A, B, C, and D.
Egg Size.
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Several factors influence the size of the egg: breed, age of hen, weight,
feed and environmental factors. Native chickens have much smaller eggs than
commercial breeds. Some commercial breeds have bigger eggs than others. Of
the same breed, new layers tend to have smaller eggs compared to older hens.
O
Pullets that are significantly underweight at sexual maturity will also produce small
eggs. Better fed hens lay larger eggs than underfed ones. The environmental
factors that lead to smaller eggs are heat, stress and overcrowding.
C
The egg sizes are jumbo, extra large, large, medium, small and peewee.
medium, large, and extra large are the sizes commonly available.
E D
Egg Size Classification

EP
Size Jumbo Extra large Large Medium Small Peewee
Weight of 12
840 756 672 588 504 420
eggs in grams
D
Average weight
per egg in 70 63 56 49 42 35
grams
47
Philippine Standard of Quality for Chicken Eggs
Quality
A B C D
Factor
Moderately
Moderately
stained
Clean Clean stained
Unbroken
Shell Unbroken Unbroken Unbroken
May be
Normal shape Normal shape Slightly
abnormal
abnormal shape
shape
Depth of Depth of Depth of 1.0 cm

Depth of 1cm
0.3cm or less 0.5cm or less or less
Air Cell May be loose
Practically Practically May be loose or
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or bubbly
regular regular bubbly
May be weak
Clear Clear and watery
Clear
Reasonably May be slightly Small clots or
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Firm
Egg White Firm weak spots may be
72 Haugh
60 - 71 Haugh 31-59 haugh present
units or higher
units units Less than 31
C Haugh units
D
Outline may be
well defined. Outline may be
Outlined Outline fairly May be slightly well defined.
E
defined well defined enlarged and May be

Round and Round and flattened. enlarged and
Egg Yolk
firm firm Practically free flattened.
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Free from Free from from defects. May have

defects defects May have embryonic
embryonic development
development
D
The appearance of the egg, as influenced by severity of defects, is important

for consumer appeal. Egg shells are evaluated on the basis of cleanliness, shape,
texture, and soundness.
The unit for describing egg freshness, based on the thickness of the
albumen is called Haugh unit with a symbol of HU named before Raymond Haugh
in 1937.
48
Enhancement Activity
A. Minute to Write It
In your test notebook write whether you agree or disagree to the
following statements and justify your answer.
1. Egg is a complete food.

2. Egg is composed of the shell, egg white and egg yolk.
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B. Pictorial Report
Make a pictorial report with illustration showing the qualities of a
fresh egg in terms of egg size and grading.
O
C
Your output will be rated using the scoring rubric below:
SCORE CRITERIA
Compiled pictures properly and illustrated the qualities of a fresh egg
5
D
in terms of egg size and grading in a very attractive manner.
4
in terms of egg size and grading in an attractive manner.
E

3
in terms of egg size and grading in a less attractive manner.
EP

2
in terms of egg size and grading in a less attractive manner.
Improperly compiled pictures and was not able to illustrate the
1 qualities of a fresh egg in terms of egg size and grading in an orderly
manner.
D
Learning Outcome 2:
Prepare and Cook Egg Dishes
1. identify and prepare ingredients according to standard recipes;

2. identify the market forms of eggs;
3. explain the uses of eggs in culinary; and
4. cook egg dishes with appropriate taste and seasoned in accordance with
the prescribed standard.
49
Market Forms of Egg
There are three market forms of eggs namely: fresh, dried (whole, egg
whites, egg yolks), and frozen (whole, egg whites, egg yolks).
1. Fresh eggs or shell eggs may be purchased individually, by dozen or in

trays of 36 pieces.
2. Frozen eggs – are made of high quality fresh eggs. They come in the form
of whole eggs with extra yolks and whites. Frozen eggs are pasteurized
and must be thawed before use.
3. Dried eggs – are seldom used. Their whites are used for preparing
meringue. Dried eggs are used primarily as ingredients in food industry.
They are not commonly sold directly to consumers.
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Eggs are also sold in several processed forms: bulk or fluid whole eggs
(which sometimes includes a percentage of extra yolks to obtain a specific blend),
egg whites, and egg yolks. Pasteurized eggs are used in preparations such as salad
dressings, eggnog, or desserts, where the traditional recipe may have indicated
that the eggs should be raw. These products generally are available in liquid or
O
frozen form. Frozen egg products on the other hand are used as ingredients by
food processors. Products containing egg yolk usually have salt, sugar or corn
syrup added to prevent gelation or increased viscosity during freezing. They are
C
packed in 30-lB.containers and in 4-, 5-, 8-, and 10-lB.pouches or waxed or plastic
cartons.
Dried powdered eggs are also sold and may be useful for some baked
D
goods or in certain circumstances. For food service use, they are generally sold in
6-oz. pouches, and 3-lB.and 25-lB.poly packs.
E
Egg substitutes may be entirely egg-free or may be produced from egg

whites, with dairy or vegetable products substituted by yolks. These substitutes
are important for people with reduced-cholesterol diet requirement.
EP
Uses of Eggs in Culinary

D
Egg is cooked in many ways. It can be the main protein dish; it can be
a main or accessory ingredient in dishes from appetizers to desserts. It can be
cooked by dry heat, moist heat, with or without oil, as simply or as elaborately as
one’s inclination for the moment. Indeed it can be eaten anywhere.
Effect of Heat on Eggs

1. Coagulation of proteins: white at 60-650C, yolk at 65-700C.
• Beyond this temperature, over coagulation occurs and water is
squeezed out causing shrinkage resulting in a tough product.
50
2. Formation of greenish discoloration at the interface of the yolk and white
when egg is overcooked
• Due to the reaction between the iron in the yolk and the hydrogen
sulfide liberated from the sulfur containing ferrous sulfide.
• Reaction is favored by
• high cooking temperature
• prolonged cooking
• Reaction is prevented by immediate cooling of the egg (e.g.
immersing in cold water) after cooking
Uses of Eggs
A. Cooked and served “as is”, for example:
• in the shell – soft cooked (5 minutes simmering) or hard cooked
(15 minutes simmering)
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• poached – cooked in simmering water; addition of salt and vinegar
hastens coagulation
• fried – keep low to moderate temperature
• scrambled – addition of sugar delays coagulation; addition of
liquids and acids decreases coagulation point
O
• omelet
B. Eggs as emulsifier
C
• Lecithin and lysolecithin are responsible for the remarkable ability of
egg yolk to act as an emulsifying agent; both are phosphoproteins
containing polar and non-polar ends such that the polar end holds
water while the non-polar end holds the fat, thus, prevent oil
D
droplets in suspension from coalescing.
C. As binding, thickening agent, and gelling agents
• Eggs are useful as binding, thickening and gelling agents because
E
they contain proteins that are easily denatured by heat

• Using whole egg requires lower coagulation temperatures resulting
EP
in a stiffer gel
• Addition of sugar, raises coagulation temperature producing softer,
weaker gel
• Softer gel is produced with the addition of scalded milk and acid
• In cooking custards, Bain Marie, double boiler or steamer is used
D
to avoid boiling which can produce a porous custard

• Soft custards are produced by constant stirring.
D. As foam
• When egg is beaten albumen is denatured, air is incorporated as
white is stretched into thin films
• With continued beating, the air cells are subdivided and volume is
increased
• Protein network dries up and stabilizes the gas or air foams
• If only egg whites are used, the color turns white and soft peaks
are formed. The egg proteins collect at the air/liquid interface of
the air bubble and undergo surface denaturation.
• If whole eggs or only egg yolks are used, the color becomes pale
51
yellow with continued beating; volume is increased (but not as
much as when only whites are used); no surface denaturation
occurs.
• With further beating of egg whites, liquid drains out, air bubbles
coalesce and foam breaks.
• The same changes occur when the foam is allowed to stand too
long.
• Maximum stability is reached at soft stage while maximum volume
attained is at stiff stage
Stages in foam formation

1. frothy – large air bubbles that flow easily
2. soft foam – air cells are smaller and more numerous; foam becomes whiter;
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soft peaks are formed when beater is lifted
3. stiff foam – peaks hold their shape; when bowl is tipped, it holds, moist and
glossy
4. dry – moistness and glossiness disappear; specks of egg white are seen
O
Factors to be considered in foam formation (leavening agent)
1. Beating time and temperature: as the time of beating increases, both volume
and stability of the foam increases initially, then, decreases; white can be
C
beaten/whipped more readily at room temperature than at refrigerator
temperature – refrigerated eggs are more viscous, thus, hard to beat/whip.
2. Eggs beaten at room temperature whip better resulting in bigger volume

D
and finer texture.
3. Whole eggs or egg yolk require more beating to produce a good foam
E
4. Stored eggs foam faster but produce smaller volume than fresh eggs.
EP
5. Acids (e.g., cream of tartar, 1 t per cup) increase the stability of foams,
but when added too early, delay foam formation (reduced volume) thus,
increases the time necessary for beating
6. Sugar also increases the stability of foams but delays foams formation
D
(reduced volume), thus, it should be added after foaming has started and
soft peaks are formed; sugar retards the denaturation of egg white
7. Addition of soda increases stability and volume
8. Addition of salt lowers quality of the foam
9. Type of egg: duck eggs do not foam well because they lack ovumucin
10. Dilution of egg white by water produces bigger volume but lesser foam; this
produces more tender cakes, but in meringues, syneresis occurs.
52
11. Applications of foam in cookery
• as leavening (e.g., in angel cake, sponge cake, chiffon cakes)
• as meringue,
a) soft meringue for topping of cream, chocolate, or lemon pie,
requires a proportion of two tablespoons sugar per egg white
b) hard meringue for confections, base of fruit pies or Sans Rival
Cake, requires a proportion of ¼ cup sugar per egg white
• structural and textural agent – tenderness and fluffiness to products,
e.g., fluffy or foamy, soufflé, divinity, foam cakes, popovers
E. As coloring and flavoring agent
Egg Products
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1. Balut from duck eggs
2. Pidan eggs
3. Century eggs
4. Pickled eggs
O
Eggs may be cooked in a lot of ways: C
Egg Dishes
Eggs cooked in a shell
D
Hard and soft-cooked eggs are cooked this way. Eggs should only
be simmered and not boiled to prevent overcoagulation which would cause
the eggs to be tough. The optimum cooking time for eggs in shells is 20 to
E
25 minutes. To avoid cracking of the eggs during cooking, refrigerated eggs

should be warmed at ambient temperature before cooking. Before boiling,
EP
water at room temperature should be used.
Sometimes yolks of eggs may become greenish during cooking. This

color is due to the formation of iron sulfide. Darkening often occurs in eggs
wherein the pH of the albumen is high. It may also be a result of cooking too
long at very high temperature.
D
To avoid this, fresh eggs should always be used. Eggs should be

cooked within a minimum period and cooled immediately in running water after
cooking.
Eggs prepared out of the shell
This method involves breaking the egg and using both the yolk and
white during cooking. Poaching, frying, and the process of making scrambled
eggs or omelet are some of the common methods done.
53
Culinary Uses
Eggs as a thickening agent and binder
When used as a binder or thickener, the hydrophilic colloids of yolks

and whites, due to the presence of proteins are converted into a hydrophobic
colloid thus turning it into a gel.
At high temperature, the gel toughens. This explains why the white
becomes an opaque mass when cooked at a temperature of 620C. For egg
yolk, coagulation starts at 650C.
Eggs as leavening agent
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Baked products such as sponge cakes, chiffon cakes, meringues, and
soufflés make use of eggs as leavened resulting in a light, airy texture. This
is explained by the incorporation of air during the beating of eggs. Foam is
formed when the albumen surrounds a colloidal system of air bubbles. When
beating eggwhites, overbeating must be avoided as this tends to stretch the
O
albumen and would result in a dry, watery appearance.
Why do you need to eat eggs?

C
Eggs may be considered as “functional foods”. Functional foods are foods
that may have health benefits beyond their traditional nutritional value. Eggs as
D
functional foods contain lutein and zeaxanthin that reduce the risk of cataracts and
macular degeneration. Eggs may also belong to “designer foods”.Designer foods
are foods that have been modified through biotechnology to enhance their quality
E
or nutritional value. Eggs as designer foods contain omega-3-polyunsaturated

fatty acids and vitamin E. So learn now and explore the various egg dishes below.
EP
Variety of Egg Dishes
Cooking Eggs in the Shell

D
Although the term boiled may appear in the name, eggs prepared in
the shell should actually be cooked at a bare simmer for best results. Eggs
are cooked in the shell to make hard- and soft-cooked and coddled eggs.
They may be served directly in the shell or they may be shelled and used to
make another preparation, such as deviled eggs, or as a garnish for salads or
vegetable dishes.
Select a pot deep enough for the eggs to be submerged in water. Have
on hand a slotted spoon, skimmer, or spider to remove eggs from the water
once they are cooked.
54
Let’s Do It!
Given the different recipes in preparing and cooking egg dishes, perform the
suggested activities below. Your product and performance will be evaluated
using the given rubric after each activity.
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Hard-Cooked Eggs
Makes 10 servings
Tools and Equipment Needed:

• gas range
O
• saucepan
• ladle C
Ingredients Needed:
• 20 eggs
• cold water
D
Procedure:
1. Prepare tools, equipment and food items.
2. Place the eggs in a pot. Fill the pot with enough cold water to cover the
E
eggs by 2in/5in.
3. Bring the water to a boil and immediately lower the temperature to a simmer.
EP
Begin timing the cooking at this point.

4. Cook small eggs for 12 minutes, medium eggs for 13 minutes, large eggs
for 14 to 15 minutes, and extra-large eggs for 15 minutes.
5. Drain immediately and place under cold running water to stop cooking.
6. Peel as soon as possible by cracking the shell starting from the large end.
For easier peeling, peel while still warm, and hold under running water to
D
help loosen the shell.

7. Serve the eggs or refrigerate until needed.
Coddled Eggs. Put cold eggs into already simmering water and simmer for 30
seconds.
Soft-Cooked Eggs. Put cold eggs into already simmering water and simmer for 3 to
4 minutes.
Medium-Cooked Eggs. Put cold eggs into already simmering water and simmer for
5 to 7 minutes.
55
Poached Eggs
Poached eggs are prepared by slipping shelled eggs into barely simmering
water and gently cooking until the egg holds its shape. The fresher the egg, the
more centered the yolk, the less likely the white is spread and become ragged.
Poached eggs can be prepared in advance and held safely throughout a

typical service period to make the workload easier during service. Slightly under
poach the eggs, shock them in ice water to arrest the cooking process, trim them,
and hold them in cold water. At the time of service, reheat the eggs in simmering
water.
Eggs are most often poached in water, though other liquids, such as red
wine, stock, or cream, can also be used. Add vinegar and salt to the water to
encourage the egg protein to set faster. Otherwise, the egg whites can spread too
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much before they coagulate.
Standard Qualities of Poached Eggs and Cooked Eggs in the Shell
O
1. Bright, shiny appearance
2. Compact, round shore, not spread or flattened
3. Firm but tender whites
4. Warm, liquid yolks
C
Poached Eggs
Makes 10 servings
D
• saucepan
E
• skimmer
EP
Ingredients Needed:
• 1 gal/3.84L water
• 1tbsp/15g salt
• 1 floz./30mL distilled white vinegar
• 20 eggs
D
Procedure:
1. Prepare tools, equipment and food items. Be sure that eggs are chilled until
ready to poach.
2. Combine the water, salt and vinegar, in a deep pan and bring it to a bare
simmer.
3. Break each egg into a clean cup, and then slide the egg carefully into the
poaching water.
4. Cook for 3 to 5 minutes, or until the whites are set and opaque.
5. Remove the eggs from the water with a slotted spoon, blot them on
absorbent toweling, and trim the edges if desired.
6. Serve or chill and refrigerate for later use.
56
A good-cooked poached egg has a compact, glossy, tender white, and
unbroken, thickened yolk.
Critical factors:
• quality of the egg
• temperature
• amount of liquid
• the way the egg is put in the pan
Fried Eggs
Fried eggs call for perfectly fresh eggs, the correct heat level, an appropriate
amount of cooking fat, and a deft hand. Fried eggs may be served sunny side up
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(not turned) or over (turned once). Fried eggs may be basted with fat as they fry.
Using very fresh eggs is the only way to ensure a rich flavor and good appearance
of the finished dish.
Standard Qualities of Fried Eggs
O
1. White should be shiny, uniformly set, and tender, not browned, blistered or
crisp at edges. C
2. Yolk should be set properly according to desired doneness. Sunny side-
up yolks should be yellow and well rounded. In other styles, the yolk is
covered with a thin layer of coagulated white.
D
3. Relatively compact, standing high. Not spread out and thin.
4. A fried egg should have a yolk covered with a thin film of coagulated egg
E
white and still remain slightly fluid.

EP
5. The egg white should be opaque, firm and tender, not chewy, crisp or
brown.
6. A perfectly fried egg is a glory to behold – crispy edges and a wobbly,

pinkish yolk.
D
7. It will provide a fried egg with a slightly crispy, frilly edge; the white will be
set and the yolk soft and runny.
57
Types of Fried Eggs
1. Sunny side up
Cook slowly without flipping until white is
completely set but yolk is still soft and yellow. Heat
must be low or bottom will toughen or burn before
top is completely set.
2. Basted
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Do not flip. Add a few drops of water to
pan and cover to steam cook the top. A thin film
of coagulated white will cover the yolk which should
remain liquid.
O
3. Over easy
C
Fry and flip over. Cook just until the white is
just set but the yolk is still liquid.
E D
EP
4. Over medium
Fry and flip over. Cook until the yolk is
partially set.
D
5. Over hard
Fry and flip over. Cook until the yolk is
completely set.
58
Fried Eggs

• sauté pan (preferably non-stick)
• dish, turner
Ingredients Needed:
• fresh egg
• oil or clarified or whole butter, as needed for frying
• salt, as needed
• ground black pepper, as needed
Procedure:
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1. Select very fresh grade AA eggs for best results.
2. Break the eggs into a dish.
3. Add about 1/8 inch fat to the sauté pan and set it to a moderate heat. Too
much fat will make the eggs greasy. Less fat will cause them to stick,
unless a pan with the nonstick coating is used.
O
4. When the fat is hot enough, slide the egg into the pan.
5. Tilt the pan, allowing the fat to collect at the side of the pan, and baste the
eggs with the fat as they cook.
C
6. Season the eggs with salt and pepper and serve at once.
Eggs over Easy, Medium or Hard: turn the eggs over near the end of their
D
cooking time with a spatula and cook them on the other side until done as desired,
20 to 30 seconds for over easy, 1 minute for over medium, 2 minutes for over hard.
E
Desirable Qualities of Fried Eggs
• glossy
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• moist
• tender
Common pitfalls
• eggs brown and crisp

D
• eggs white blistered

• eggs odd-shaped
• eggs sticking
59
Scrambled Eggs
Scrambled eggs can be made in two ways: the eggs can be stirred
constantly over low heat for a soft delicate curd and a creamy texture, or stirred
less frequently as they cook for a larger curd and a firm texture. Whether prepared
to order or to serve on a buffet line, scrambled eggs must be served hot, fresh and
moist.
Choose eggs that are fresh, with intact shells. Adding a small amount
of water or stock (about 2tsp/10ml per egg) to the beaten eggs will make them
puffier as the water turns to steam. Milk or cream may be used to enrich the
eggs. Scrambled eggs can be seasoned with salt and pepper, and/or flavored or
garnished with fresh herbs, cheese, sautéed vegetables, smoked fish, or truffles.
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Eggs can be scrambled in a sauté pan or on a griddle. Nonstick surfaces
make it easy to prepare scrambled eggs with a minimum amount of added fat.
O
Pans used for eggs should be reserved for that use only, if possible. A table fork,
wooden spoon, or spatula is needed for stirring the eggs in cooking.
C
Do not overcook scrambled eggs or hold them too long. Overcooked eggs
are tough and watery and will turn green in steam table. Scrambled eggs should
be soft and moist.
E D
For flavor variations, the following ingredients may be added to scrambled

eggs before serving.
EP
• chopped parsley or other herbs

• grated cheese
• diced ham
• crumbled bacon
• sautéed diced onions and green bell pepper
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• diced smoked salmon

• sliced cooked breakfast sausage
A good scrambled egg must not be tough nor burned but completely
coagulated.
60
Preparing and Cooking Egg Dishes
Given the different recipes in preparing and cooking egg dishes, perform each
of the activity and you will be evaluated using a rubric.
Scrambled Eggs
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• stainless bowl
O
• fork or egg beater
C • sauté pan, steam kettle or tilting skillets
Ingredients Needed:
D
• 30 Eggs
• 1 tbsp/15g salt
E
• 1 tsp/2g ground pepper

• 5 floz./50mL water or milk (optional)
• 2 ½ floz./75 mL clarified butter or oil
EP
Procedure:
1. Collect equipment and food items.

2. Break eggs into a stainless steel bowl and beat until well blended. Season
D
with salt and pepper.

3. Add small amount of milk or cream about 1 to 1 ½ tsp., if desired.
4. Heat butter in a small sauté pan or heat nonstick pan over medium heat
and add butter or oil, tilting the pan to coat the entire surface. The pan
should be hot but not smoking.
5. Pour the egg mixture into the pan.
6. Cook over low heat, stirring frequently with the back of the fork or wooden
spoon until the eggs are soft and creamy.
7. Remove the eggs from the heat when fully cooked, but still moist.
8. Serve at once.
61
Omelets
The rolled, or French-style, omelets start out like scrambled eggs, but
when the eggs start to set, they are rolled over. A folded or American style, omelet
is prepared in much the same manner, though it is often cooked on a griddle rather
than in a pan, and instead of being rolled, the American omelet is folded in half.
There are two other styles of omelets, both based upon a beaten mixture of eggs,
cooked either over direct heat or in an oven.
Choose eggs that are fresh, with intact shells. As with scrambled eggs,
the ability of the egg to hold its shape is irrelevant, but fresh eggs are preferable.
Omelets can be seasoned with salt, pepper, and herbs. Clarified butter or oil is the
most common cooking fat.
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Omelets may be filled or garnished with cheese, sautéed vegetables
or potatoes, meats, and smoked fish, among other things. These fillings and
garnishes are incorporated at the appropriate point to be certain they are fully
cooked and hot when the eggs have been cooked. Grated or crumbled cheeses
O
will melt sufficiently from the heat of the eggs, and are often added just before an
omelet is rolled or folded. C
Two Factors in Making Quality Omelets
E D
1. High heat.
This is an opposite to the basic principle of low temperature egg
cookery. The omelet cooks so fast that its internal temperature never has
EP
time to get too high.
2. A conditioned omelet pan.

The pan must have sloping sides and be of the right size so the
D
omelet can be shaped properly. It must be well seasoned or conditioned

to avoid sticking.
62
Suggested Omelet Fillings
Cheese Sautéed or creamed mushrooms
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O
C
D
Creamed or curried chicken Creamed or buttered spinach
E
EP
D
Sautéed onions with or without bacon Sautéed onions and diced potatoes
63
Plain Rolled Omelet
• small bowls
• sauté pan
• fork
Ingredients Needed:
• 30 eggs
• 1tbsp/15g salt
• 1tsp/2g ground pepper
PY
• 5fl oz. /150 ml water, stock, milk, or cream (optional)
• 2 ½ fl.oz. /175 ml, as needed clarified butter or oil
Procedure:
O
1. Prepare equipment and food items.
2. For each portion, beat 3 eggs well and season with salt and pepper. Add
the liquid, if using.
C
3. Heat a nonstick omelet pan over high heat and add the butter or oil, tilting
the pan to coat the entire surface.
4. Pour the entire egg mixture into the pan and scramble it with the back of
the fork or wooden spoon.
D
5. Move the pan and the utensil at the same time until the egg mixture has
coagulated slightly. Smooth the eggs into an even layer.
6. Let the egg mixture finish cooking without stirring.
E
7. Tilt the pan and slide a fork or a spoon around the lip of the pan, under the
omelet, to be sure it is not sticking. Slide the omelet to the front of the pan
EP
and use a fork or a wooden spoon to fold it inside to the center.

8. Turn the pan upside down, rolling the omelet onto the plate. The finished
omelet should be oval shaped.
Notes:
D
Options for filling an omelet: A pre-cooked filling may be added to the

eggs after they have been smoothed into an even layer and before the omelet
is rolled. Alternatively, the rolled omelet can be slit open at the top, and a pre-
cooked filling can be spooned into the pocket.
To give the omelet, additional sheen, rub the surface lightly with butter.
A perfect omelet is fluffy, moist and tender, soft in the center, yellow
in color with no brown at all or just a hint of it, oval in shape, and all in one
continuous piece.
64
Ham and Cheese Frittata
• skillet/non-stick pan
• knife
• non-stick turner
• fork or wire whisk
• small bowl
• chopping board
PY
Ingredients:
• 1 cup diced cooked ham

• ½ cup sliced tomato
O
• 1pc white onion (cut into ring)
• ½ cup stripped sweet bell pepper
• 10pcs lightly beaten egg
•
•
C
¼ tsp ground black pepper
¼ cup shredded cheddar cheese
• ¼ cup evaporated milk
• ¼ tsp iodized salt
D
Procedure:
E
1. In a skillet coated non-stick turner, put little oil, sauté the ham, onion,
tomato, red bell pepper and season to taste.
EP
2. In a bowl, combine the egg and milk, salt, black pepper and pour over
ham mixture. Let eggs set on the bottom, then lift the edges to allow any
uncooked egg to flow underneath. Cover and cook until the eggs are set for
about 3 minutes. Sprinkle with cheese and cut into wedges to serve.
D
Read more: http://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/ham-and-cheese-

frittata#ixzz36CpQIoa7
Standard Recipe CMDC
65
Baked Eggs
Baked eggs are also quick and easy to prepare.
Place a little butter in a custard cup. Put the cup in 1750C (3500F) oven until
the butter melts.
Break an egg into the cup, and sprinkle with salt and pepper, then top the
egg with a little milk.
Bake 15 to 20 minutes or until the egg white is set.
PY
O
Formative Assessment:
C
Label the types of fried eggs.
E D
1. ______________
EP
D
2. _______________
3. ________________
66
4. ________________
5. _________________
PY
Let’s Do It!
O
C
A. Prepare poached egg individually following the procedures below.
D
• saucepan
E
• skimmer
EP
Ingredients Needed:
• eggs
• distilled vinegar
• water
Procedure:
D
1. Prepare mise en place
2. Add 1 teaspoon salt and 2 teaspoons

distilled vinegar per quart of water if
eggs are not very fresh. This will help to
coagulate the egg white faster and keeps
a better shape.
67
3. Bring water to a simmer.
4. Break eggs one at a time, into a dish or a

small plate and slide into the simmering
water.
5. Simmer 3 to 5 minutes, until whites are

coagulated but yolks are still soft.
PY
6. Remove eggs from pan with slotted
spoon or skimmer.
7. Drain well and trim off ragged edges.
O
8. Serve immediately.
(To hold for later service, plunge
C immediately into cold water to stop
cooking. Reheat briefly in hot water at
service time).
E D

EP
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking poached egg and
4 performs the skill very satisfactorily without supervision and with initiative
and adaptability to problem situations.
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking poached egg
3
and performs the skill satisfactorily without assistance or supervision.
D
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking poached egg with
2 minor errors and performs the skill less satisfactorily with some assistance
and/or supervision.
Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing and cooking poached
1
egg and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
68
Learning Outcome 3:
Present Egg Dishes
Part of serving food is presentation. It should appeal to your mouth, nose,
and eyes. You don’t have to be a trained chef to learn the basics of plating, which
is the art of presenting food in an attractive way.
Seven Simple Ways to Present Food Like a Chef
1. Set the table properly. Your day-to-

day meals might be free-for-all, but
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if you’ve got guests coming over, it’s
nice to have the knives and forks in
the right places.
O
http://startcooking.com/public/images/
C IMGP4143.JPG
2. Choose your plates wisely. Make sure

your serving plates are big enough to
D
let each food item stand out, but small
enough that the portions don’t look
E
tiny.
EP
3. Read the clock! A fool proof way to

D
arrange food on a plate is to place the

carbohydrate (rice, pasta, bread, etc.)
at “11 o’clock,” the vegetables at “2
o’clock,” and the protein at “6 o’clock”
from the diner’s point of view. This
will also help you portion correctly, if
you remember that vegetables should
cover about half of the plate, starch one
fourth, and protein one fourth.
http://startcooking.com/public/IMG_1389.
JPG
69
4. Just like with centerpieces, it’s good
to have a little bit of height, but don’t
overdo it or your guests won’t know
how to proceed! If you have a mound
of mashed potatoes (mid-height),
you may want to lean your pork chop
against it so that it is standing up
(high), with a row of snow peas (low)
in front. Or, top some rice (low) with
sliced grilled chicken (cut into a few
diagonal slices, and fan them out)
(mid-height) and cross asparagus
over top of it (high).
PY
5. Be odd. Don’t be strange, but things
generally look more interesting when
they’re in sets of odd numbers, rather
than even numbers.
O
C
D
6. Play with color and texture. Even if
you’re just serving Tomato Soup and
E
Grilled Cheese Sandwiches, a green

paper napkin can make this simple
meal look really special!
EP
http://startcooking.com/public/
IMG_4809.jpg
D
7. Play with Height. This Chicken Stir-fry

with Broccoli looks more interesting
because of the high mound of rice
sitting next to it.
70
8. Garnish appropriately. Don’t lose sight
of the recipe you made in the first place!
Any garnish on the plate should be
edible and should enhance the flavor of
the main dishes. Grilled salmon might
be served with a lemon wedge, for
example. Garnishes, like the cut-up fruit
with the fried egg below, are also a great
way to add color or texture.
http://startcooking.com/public/
IMG_7835-1.JPG
PY
Different Techniques in Presenting Egg Dishes Attractively.
O

C
E D

EP
Scrambled egg and bun on a plate Boiled eggs on white plate with garnish
with cereal bread
D
Scrambled egg with herbs Fried egg with bacon and toasted bread
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Egg in a sandwich Hard-boiled eggs in different sizes and

shapes
PY

O
Scrambled egg in Manhattan plate
C Deviled eggs
E D
EP

Stuffed egg Salad egg
D

Poached egg Stir-fried eggs
72

Baked eggs Hard boiled Easter eggs
PY
O

Fried egg toppings

C Soft boiled egg
E D
EP
Shaped poached egg Baked eggs in potato bowls

D
73
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a cross-disciplinary area
concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in
work or employment. Knowing OHS is essential to minimize the hazards and risks
not only to students, trainers and other people within the training institution but also
to others who will be affected.
Good OHS Practice

1. Disaster Plan. There should be a plan in place to deal with any emergency.
2. Training and providing relevant information.
3. Work and storage areas should be designed, constructed, and equipped
to ensure that there is minimum risk to archive material or staff. It should
be kept free of food and drinks, harmful contaminants, pollutants or vermin
PY
radiation.
4. Near Miss and Hazardous Incidents and Accident Investigation
5. Report of Notifiable Accidents, Incidents and Dangerous Occurrences
6. First Aid
7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
O

Basic Food Microbiology C
Certain microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, are able to invade the
human body and cause illness and sometimes death. Because contaminated
foods are the major sources of organisms transmitted to people, it is essential that
food production must have a clear understanding of food microbiology and the
D
conditions involved in it.
What is food borne illness? Food borne infection? Food borne intoxication?
E
Food borne illness is a disease that is carried and transmitted to people by food.
Food borne infection is a disease that results from eating food containing harmful
EP
microorganisms.
Food borne intoxication is a disease that results from eating food containing
toxins from bacteria, molds or certain plants or animals.
The common causes of outbreaks of food borne illness are:

D
1. Failure to properly refrigerate food.

1. Failure to thoroughly heat or cook food.
2. Infected employees/workers because of poor personal hygiene practices.
3. Foods prepared a day or more before they are served.
4. Raw, contaminated ingredients incorporated into foods that receive no
further cooking.
5. Cross-contamination of cooked food through improperly cleaned equipment.
6. Failure to reheat food to temperature that kills bacteria.
7. Prolonged exposure to temperatures favorable to bacterial growth.
74
Aside from food safety we should also be aware of the different hazards in
our workplace such as kitchen hazards, electrical hazards and others. To avoid or
control these kind of hazards the following should be observed:
1. Use caution when working around hot oil.

2. Get trained in the proper use and maintenance of your deep fryer.
3. Observe all safety procedures and wear all protective equipment provided
for your use while preparing hot items.
4. Use gloves, scrapers, and other cleaning tools with handles.
5. Use the correct grease level and cooking temperatures for your deep fryer.
6. Keep stove surfaces clean to prevent grease flare-ups.
7. Avoid reaching over or climbing on top of fryers and other hot surfaces.
Clean vents when oil is cool.
8. Keep floor surfaces clean and dry to prevent slipping or falling onto hot
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surfaces.
9. Wear slip-resistant shoes. Floors should be cleaned often with grease-
cutting solutions.
10. Do not work closely to hot fryers when the floor is wet.
11. Do not spill water or ice into hot oil as this may cause a flare-up.
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12. Do not overfill or pour excessive amount of frozen fries into deep fryer at
one time.
13. Overfilling causes excessive splashing and bubbling over of hot oil.
C
14. Do not pour excess ice from fry packages into the fryer.
15. Do not overheat the oil; use only manufacturer-recommended cooking
temperatures.
16. Do not move or strain hot oil containers; wait until the oil is cool!
D
17. Extinguish hot oil/grease fires by using a class K fire extinguisher.
E
Here are some tips on how to handle eggs:

Purchasing: Do not buy dirty, cracked, or outdated eggs.
Storage:
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• Store at 45 degrees Fahrenheit or below.

• Store in closed container.
• Store away from strong odors.
• Refrigerate leftover egg dishes in shallow containers.
• Do not allow drippings to contaminate eggs.
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Preparation/Cooking:
• Keep refrigerated before and after cooking.
• Keep everything clean.
• Use only clean, not cracked eggs.
• Cook thoroughly.
• Wash container used for egg thoroughly.
• Use egg separator
Service/Transport:
• Serve promptly after cooking.
• Keep cold food cold, hot food hot.
• Use ice or cold packs when transporting.
• Avoid eating raw eggs or food that contain raw eggs.
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Formative Assessment (Learning Outcome 3)

Identify the different ways in presenting cooked eggs. Write your answer in your
test notebook.
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O
1. __________________
C 2. ___________________
E D
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3. ___________________ 4. __________________
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5. _________________ 6. ________________
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7. ________________ 8. ____________________
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O
9. ________________ 10. ____________________
Learning Outcome 4: Evaluate the Finished Product

C
D
Let’s Do It!
E
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Prepare and cook French omelet individually using the given recipe. Present your
product in an artistic way. Your product and performance will be evaluated using
the given rubric.
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• small bowls
• sauté pan
• fork
Ingredients Needed:
• three eggs
• salt and pepper
• clarified butter
• fillings
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Procedure:
1. Prepare the necessary equipment.
2. Beat two or three eggs in a small bowl first

until well-mixed. Do not whip until frothy.
Season with salt and pepper. A tablespoon
water may be added to make the omelet
lighter.
3. Place an omelet pan over high heat.
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4. When the pan is hot, add one tablespoon
clarified butter to coat the inside of the pan.
Give it a second to get hot.
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C
5. Add eggs to the pan.
E D
6. With one hand, vigorously shake the pan

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back and forth. At the same time, stir the

eggs with a circular motion with the bottom
side of the fork, but do not let the fork scrape
the pan.
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7. Tilt the handle up and shake the pan so the

omelet slides to the opposite side.
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8. For filled omelet, spoon the filling across the
center of the egg.
9. With the fork, fold the sides of the omelet

over the center.
10. Grasp the handle of the pan, and tilt the

omelet into the plate so it inverts and keeps
an oval shape.
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P E R F O R M A N C E L E V E L
Dimension
Very Needs
Excellent Satisfactory
Satisfactory Improvement No Attempt Points
(4 pts.) (2 pts.)
(3 pts.) (1 pt.) (0 pt.) Earned
1. Use of Uses tools and Uses Uses tools and Uses tools and No attempt
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tools and equipment tools and equipment equipment
equipment correctly and equipment correctly but incorrectly and
confidently at all correctly and less confidently less confidently
times confidently sometimes most of the time
most of the
times
C
2. Application Manifests Manifests Manifests Manifests less No attempt
of procedures very clear clear understanding of understanding
understanding of understanding the step-by-step of the step- by-
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the step- by-step of the step- procedure step procedure
procedure by-step but sometimes seeking
procedure seeks clarification most
clarification of the time
E
EP
Works Works Works Works No attempt

independently independently independently independently
with ease and with ease and with ease and but with
confidence at all confidence confidence assistance from
times most of the sometimes others most of
time the time
3. Safety Observes safety Observes Observes safety Not observing No attempt
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work habits precautions at all safety precautions safety

times precautions sometimes precautions
most of the most of the time
time
4. Final Output is very Output is very Output is Output is not No attempt
Output presentable and presentable presentable so presentable
taste exceeds and taste and taste is and taste is
the standard. meets the little below the not within the
standard. standard. standard.
5. Time Work completed Work Work completed Work completed No attempt
management ahead of time completed ___(mins./hours/ ___(mins./hours/
within allotted days) beyond days) beyond
time
TOTAL POINTS
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Store Egg Dishes
Storage is done to maintain the quality of food, prolong the shelf-life,

maintain an adequate supply of food and ensure its safety for consumption.
Proper storage of food is very crucial in keeping food safe because the
manner and temperature of storage will affect the food’s susceptibility to bacterial
growth, other contaminants and infestation. Storing food will not improve its quality,
it will only delay the rate of deterioration, and thus the proper period of storage
should also be observed.
Eggs should be stored properly to prevent increase in alkalinity and bacterial

growth. They should be stored in an oval, dry place to retard deterioration, as
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enzymatic activity is greater at room temperature.
Keeping eggs as fresh as possible depends on the care taken by the farmer,
wholesaler, and grocer to refrigerate them at all times. After you have chosen your
eggs by size, grade, freshness, and type, proper storage will help maintain their
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quality.
Kinds of Storage C
• Cold Storage (refrigerated storage, deep chilling, freezer storage) keeping
potentially hazardous foods cold enough to prevent bacteria from growing.
The temperature of the freezer compartment must be at 0°F or less, and
the eggs should be stored in an area of the freezer where there is the least
D
amount of temperature fluctuation.
• Dry Storage should be dry, cool, well-ventilated, free from insects and rodents,
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clean and orderly.

In the absence of refrigerators, eggs may be stored at room temperature
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for about seven days. Left-over egg yolks and egg whites should be kept in
containers that will prevent drying.
Tips for Storing Raw and Cooked Eggs:
• Put eggs in the refrigerator as soon as possible after purchase.

D
• Keep them in their covered carton (large end up) to preserve moisture and
assure darkness. Do not put them in the egg box at the door of the refrigerator.
• Keep eggs away from strong odors. These can be absorbed through the shells,
which are porous.
• Whole eggs can be beaten slightly and placed in a container with a tight seal
and stored in the freezer for up to one year.
• Egg whites also can be stored for up to a year in a tightly sealed container in
the freezer.
• When storing egg yolks in the freezer, a small amount of sugar or salt should be
added to prevent the yolks from becoming too thick and gelatinous over time.
• Add a pinch of salt per yolk if the yolks will be used for savory dishes, or add
about a ¼ teaspoon of sugar per yolk if the yolks will be used for sweet dishes.
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• Do not wash eggs before storing them. This destroys the mineral-oil film that
coats the shells and helps keep them fresh.
• Dip the eggs in oil to cover the pores and to delay its deteriorative changes,
reduce mold penetration and retard spoilage.
• Do not keep eggs longer than 2 weeks in the refrigerator.
• Left-over raw yolks can be refrigerated for several days when covered with
water, milk, or oil. Two yolks can be used in place of 1 whole egg in a recipe.
• Left-over raw whites can be stored in a tightly covered plastic or glass container
in the refrigerator for several days or as long as they do not have any odor. They
can also be frozen, although when thawed the white is thinner. However, you
can use them successfully in recipes calling for egg whites.
Carson, Byrta, M.S., et.al., How you Plan and Prepare Meals, third edition
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copyright 1980 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp. 353 -363
Recommended Storage Time for Eggs
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Fresh shell eggs Buy best before date
Left-over yolks or whites Within 2 to 4 days
Hard-Cooked eggs
C Within 1 week
Prepared egg dishes Within 3 to 4 days
Pickled eggs Within 1 month
D
Frozen whole eggs (blended) Within 4 months
E
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A. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is incorrect. Write your answer
D
on your test notebook.
1. Eggs should be stored properly to prevent increase in alkalinity and

bacterial growth.
2. Fresh eggs can be kept more than two weeks.
3. When storing egg yolks in the freezer, a small amount of sugar or salt
should be added to prevent the yolks from becoming too thick and thin over
time.
4. To delay the deteriorative changes, reduce the penetration of mold and
retard spoilage of eggs, cover the pores by dipping the eggs in oil.
5. In the absence of refrigerator, eggs may be stored at room temperature for
about two weeks.
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Lesson 2: Prepare Cereals and
Starch Dishes
Cereals are usually starchy pods or grains. Cereal grains are the most
important group of food crops in the world named after the Roman goddess of
harvest, Ceres. Rice, wheat and corn are the three most cultivated cereals in
the world. Starch on the other hand, exists in nature as the main component of
cereals and tubers. In manufactured and processed foods, it plays an obvious role
in achieving the desired viscosity in such products as cornstarch pudding, sauces,
pie fillings, and gravies.
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Starch is the second most abundant organic substance on earth. It is found
in all forms of leafy green plants, located in the roots, fruits or grains. Many of the
food staples of man throughout the world are basically starchy foods, such as
rice, corn, cassava, wheat, potato and others. Starch is the source of up to 80% of
calories worldwide. Besides this significant role, starches have been used in food
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manufacture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, paper, construction materials,
and other industries.
Objectives
C
At the end of the module the learners are expected to:
1. perform mise en place;

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2. prepare starch and cereal dishes;
3. present starch and cereal dishes; and
4. store starch and cereal dishes.
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Learning Outcome 1:
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Perform Mise en Place

Tools and Equipment Needed
The success of cooking starch and cereal dishes depends on the proper
tools and equipment used in the preparation of food.The preparation of starch and
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cereal dishes requires the various tools and equipment below. Each tool must be
used according to its function.
1. Mixing bowl – used when preparing cake mixture, salads, creams, and
sauces.
2. Sifter – used for separating coarse particles of flour, sugar, baking powder,
and powdered ingredients to retain finer textures.
3. Wire whip – used for beating egg whites, egg yolk, creams and mayonnaise.
4. Wooden spoon – used for mixing creams, butter, and for tossing salads.
5. Slotted spoon – used to separate solid particles from soup; also for stirring
purposes, such as making egg white fine in texture for bird’s nest soup and
mock nido soup.
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6. Blending fork – used for testing the tenderness of meat, combining big cuts
and particles of meat and vegetables, and for blending other ingredients
with flour.
7. Rubber scraper – used for scraping off mixtures of butter, sugar, and egg
from the sides of the mixing bowl.
8. Strainer – used for separating liquids from fine or solid food particles, such
as coco cream from coconut and tamarind extract.
9. Tongs – used for handling hot foods.
10. Measuring Cups – used for measuring dry and liquid ingredients
11. Measuring spoon – used for measuring dry and liquid ingredients which
require a little amount
12. Sauce pan and pots – used for cooking meat and fish dishes with gravy
and sauce.
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13. Kettle and rice cooker – used for cooking rice and other foods.
14. Pressure cooker – used for tenderizing or cooking meat, chicken, and other
grains or legumes, such as mongo and white beans in lesser time..
15. Double boiler – used for preparing sauces which easily get scorched when
cooked directly on the stove.
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16. Steamer – used for cooking food by steaming.
17. Colander - a perforated bowl of varying sizes made of stainless steel,
aluminum or plastic, used to drain, wash, or cook ingredients from liquid
C
18. Canister - a plastic or metal container with a lid that is used for keeping dry
products
19. Butcher knife – used for cutting, sectioning, and trimming raw meats
20. Channel knife – a small hand tool used generally in decorative works such
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as making garnishes.
E
Tabbada, Epifania V., et.al. Technology and Home Economics. Reprinted

1997, copyright 1993 by Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pp. 77 – 80
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Sources of Starch
The parts of plants that store most starch are seeds, roots, and tubers.
Thus, the most common sources of food starch are:
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• cereal grains, including corn, wheat, rice, grain, sorghum, and

oats;
• legumes; and
• roots or tubers, including potato, sweet potato, arrowroot, and the
tropical cassava plant (marketed as tapioca)
Common Source of Manufactured Food Starch

• corn
• potato
• tapioca (cassava)
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Starches are named after its plant sources
• corn starch from corn
• rice starch from rice
• tapioca from cassava
Classification of Starch
Native or Natural starch refers to the starches as originally derived from
its plant source.
Modified starches are starches that have been altered physically or

chemically, to modify one or more of its key chemicals and/or physical property.
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Purified starch may be separated from grains and tubers by a process
called wet milling. This procedure employs various techniques of grinding,
screening, and centrifuging to separate the starch from fiber, oil, and protein.
Starch Composition and Structure
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The Starch Molecule
Starch is polysaccharide made up of hundreds or even thousands of
glucose molecules joined together. The molecules of starch are two general types,
called fractions: amylose and amylopectin.
C
Amylose is a long chain-like molecule, sometimes called the linear fraction,
and is produced by linking together 500 to 2, 000 glucose molecules. The amylose
D
fraction of starch contributes gelling characteristics to cooked and cooled starch
mixtures. A gel is rigid to a certain degree and holds a shape when molded.
E
Amylopectin has a highly branched, bushy type of structure, very different

from the long, string-like molecules of amylose. In both, amylose and amylopectin,
however, the basic building unit is glucose. Cohesion or thickening properties are
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contributed by amylopectin when a starch mixture is cooked in the presence of

water, but this fraction does not produce a gel.
Most natural starches are mixtures of the two fractions. Corn, wheat, rice,
potato, and tapioca starches contains 24 to 16 percent amylose, with the remainder
D
being amylopectin. The root starches of tapioca and potato are lower in amylose
content than the cereal starches of corn, wheat, and rice.
The Starch Granule

In the storage areas of plants, notably the seeds and roots, molecules
of starch are deposited in tiny, organized units called granules. Amylose and
amylopectin molecules are placed together in tightly packed stratified layers
formed around a central spot in the granule called the hilum. The starch molecules
are systematically structured in the granule to form crystalline-like patterns. If
the starch granules, in a water suspension, are observed microscopically under
polarized light, the highly oriented structure causes the light to be rotated so that
a Maltese cross pattern on each granule is observed. This phenomenon is called
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birefringence. The pattern disappears when the starch mixture is heated and the
structure disrupted. The sizes and shapes of granules differ among starches from
various sources, but all starch granules are microscopic in size.
Composition of Starch
Potato Cassava Wheat Cornstarch
Moisture, % 19 13 13
Ash, % 0.4 0.2 0.2
Protein, % 0.06 0.1 0.4
Lipid, % 0.05 0.1 0.8
Phosphorus % 0.08 0.01 0.06
Amylose, % 21 17 28
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Micrograph
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1. Muhrbeck, P. and A.-C.Eliasson. 1987. Influence of pH and ionic strength on the
viscoelastic properties of starch gels- a comparison of potato and cassava starches.
Carbohydrate Polymers 7: 291-300.
C
Starch Properties and Reactions
D
1. Gelatinization.The sum of changes that occur in the first stages of heating
starch granules in a moist environment which includes swelling of granules as
water is absorbed and disruption of the organized granule structure.
E
2. Viscosity. The resistance to flow; increase in thickness or consistency. When

the newly gelatinized starch is stirred, more swollen granules break and more
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starch molecules spill causing increase in viscosity or thickness.
Changes in Gelatinization of Starch
• hydration and swelling to several times original size

• loss of birefringence
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• increase in clarity
• marked, rapid increase in consistency and attainment of peak
• “dissolution” of linear molecules and diffusion from ruptured
granules.
• with heat removal, retro gradation of mixture to a paste-like mass
of gel.
The type of sugar influences the temperature and rate of gelatinization.

The effect of sugar is attributed to competition for water. It was observed that sugar
actually interacts with the amorphous areas of the starch granules.
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Different Sweeteners Added to Starch Gel Preparation.
• honey
• molasses
• panutsa or granulated sugar
3. Retrogadation is the process in which starch molecules, particularly the amylose

fraction, re-associate or bond together in an ordered structure after disruption by
gelatinization; ultimately a crystalline order appears.
4. Syneresis. Oozing of liquid from gel when cut and allowed to stand (e.g. jelly or
baked custard). The oozing of liquid from a rigid gel; sometimes called weeping.
This reaction occurs in all kinds of gels:
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• puddings
• jellies
• custards
• gelatin
• agar
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5. Dextrinization. It is the process of forming dextrin. Dextrins – are partially
hydrolyzed starches that are prepared by dry roasting. In home kitchens,
C
dextrinization is achieved by toasting flour for polvoron, rice flour for kare-kare
sauce, and bread slices for breakfast.
6. Hydrolysis. Starches undergo hydrolysis during cooking or processing and

D
during storage of food where a chemical reaction in which a molecular linkage is
broken and a molecule of water is utilized.
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Prolonged heating of starches with acid will promote hydrolysis. This can
happen when cooking an acidic food, such as: Pineapple pie resulting in reduced
viscosity or firmness of the pie filling.
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Functional Properties of Starches
Starch plays various roles in food, a typical multi-tasker
1. Thickeners in gravies, sauces and pudding. It absorbs water and become

D
a gel when cooked.

2. Colloidal stabilizers
3. Moisture retainer
4. Gel forming agents
5. Binders
6. Package
7. Flavor carriers – its ability to trap oils and fats, which absorb flavoring
substances more efficiently.
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Starches – are added to processed meats (luncheon meats, hot dogs,
sausages, etc.) as a filler, binder, moisture, retainer, and fat substitute.
The quality characteristics of the starch itself depends upon which role or
function it was used.
Cereal
Cereal is any grain that is used for food. Grains especially whole grain are
not just empty calories. These are very valuable and can contribute a great deal to
our health. You should include at least four servings from this food group each day.
Cereal-processed food:
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• A whole grain cereal is a grain product that has retained the
specific nutrients of the whole, unprocessed grain and contains
natural proportions of bran, germ and endosperm.
• Enriched cereals are excellent sources of thiamine, niacin,
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riboflavin, and iron.
• A restored cereal is one made from either the entire grain or portions
C
of one or more grains to which there have been added sufficient
amounts of thiamine, niacin, and iron to attain the accepted whole
grain levels of these three nutrients found in the original grain from
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which the cereal is prepared.
Cereals provide the body with:

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• carbohydrates
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• protein
• fat
• vitamins
• minerals
• water
• cellulose or roughage
D
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Nutritional Significance of Noodles and Pasta or Alimentary Paste
The physiological function of noodles
and pasta will depend on its starch and other
constituents. Since it is basically a starchy food,
the nutritional significance discussed for starches
also applies. In addition to starches, including
resistant starches I (RS), noodles and pasta may
contain other fibers and some proteins and fat
as well.
Nutritive value:
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• water
• protein
• fat
• carbon
• calcium
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• phosphorous
• thiamin
• riboflavin
• niacin
C
Dried Noodles and Pasta
D
• macaroni • miki
• spaghetti • chicken mami
E
• pancit canton • linguini

• bihon • lasagňa
• sotanghon
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• miswa
D
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A. Complete the table by writing the appropriate tool and equipment in

column B to perform the task given in column A. Write your answer in your
test notebook.
A B
1. Used for separating coarse particles
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of flour, sugar, baking powder, and
powdered ingredients to retain finer
textures.
2. Used for cooking meat and fish dishes
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with gravy and sauce.
3. Used for cooking food by steaming

C
4. Used for tenderizing meat, chicken, and
other grains or legumes, such as mongo
and white beans in lesser time.
D
5. Used for separating liquids from fine or
solid food particles, such as coco cream
from coconut and tamarind extract.
E
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B. Enumerate the different kinds of starch and give its nutritional value
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________
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C. Give at least three starch properties and reactions and describe these in
one sentence.
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________
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Learning Outcome 2:
Prepare and Cook Starch and Cereal Dishes
One of the properties of starch is viscosity which is the resistance to flow

of starch and modified starch paste. In the preparation and cooking of starch and
cereal dishes, factors affecting starch paste viscosity and starch gel strength
should be considered.
Factors Affecting Starch Paste Viscosity and Starch Gel Strength
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1. Stress or Other Factors, Stirring Amount and Type. This is a gelatinized
cornstarch dispersion that is likely to break; the granules broke apart due
to stirring.
2. Kind and Amount of Starch. Certain type of starch will influence the
characteristics of the starch paste viscosity and gel strength. Generally
speaking, with “native starches” the greater the amount of amylopectin
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the more viscous the starch paste, whereas, the greater the amount of
amylase, the firmer the gel is (greater the gel strength).
3. Heating Rate. The faster starch-water dispersion is heated; the thicker it
C
will be at the identical endpoint temperature.
4. Endpoint Temperature
• Each type of starch has a specific endpoint temperature at which it
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will undergo optimum gelatinization.
• Incompletely gelatinized starch will not attain optimum starch paste
viscosity or gel strength.
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• Over gelatinization results in decreased starch paste viscosity and

gel strength because the swollen granules fragmented with stirring
and/or imploded due to the extensive loss of amylase from the
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granule.
5. Cooling and Storage Conditions
• If cooled too fast, the amylase will not have time to form the vital
micelles necessary for the three dimensional structure.
• If cooled too slowly, the amylase fractions will have a chance to
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align too much and become too close together and the liquid portion
will not be trapped in the micelles. In both instances there will be
weeping and syneresis (the contraction of a gel accompanied by
the separating out of liquid.).
6. Ingredients Added (acid, enzyme, sugar, fat and emulsifiers
a. Addition of acid or enzyme can also cause dextrinization (the process
of forming dextrins).
• Dextrin – a pale powder obtained from starch, used mainly as an
adhesive.
• In making kalamansi pudding or pie, dextrinization of the starch
will occur if the juice is added early in the gelatinization process,
resulting in decreased viscosity and gel strength.
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• Sugar will delay or inhibit gelatinization of starch.
• Starch pudding with excess sugar will be less viscous or form less
firm gel.
• A cake may collapse as the structural contribution of starch is
delayed or inhibited.
• Decreased starch paste viscosity and gel strength occurs because
the sugar added to water won’t be available for gelatinization. The
kind of sugar used also affects viscosity.
• Fat and surfactants, will serve to “waterproof” the starch granules
so that water will not penetrate as readily during the gelatinization
process.
Functions of Starch and Application in Filipino Dishes
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Functions of Starch Type of Food Preparation Recipes
Thickening sauces, gravies, pie fillings Sauces: sweet sour,
and soups lechon, lumpia, kare-kare,
palabok
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Pie filling: mango, buko,
apple, pineapple
Soups: arrozcaldo, cream
C soups.
Gelling puddings, kakanin bread pudding, maja
blanca, sapin-sapin,
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kutchinta, cassava
bibingka
Binding and filling meat loaves and meat luncheon meat, hot dogs,
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emulsions Vienna sausage, chicken

nuggets, chicken balls,
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ukoy, tempura
Stabilizing beverages, syrup, salad chocolate drinks, fruits
dressing drinks, yogurt drinks,
cooked dressings
Moisture retaining cake fillings, candies cake rolls, cream fillings
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Coating or ducting bread, confectionery, pastries pan de sal, biscuits,

candies, espasol
Diluent baking powder cupcake
Coloring Toasts, bread crumbs polvoron, lechon sauce,

kare-kare sauce,
breadings
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Common Problems in Starch Cookery
1. Thinning of Gel. This problem is usually encountered when using acid or
acid ingredients such as lemon or vinegar.
2. Weak Gel. Weak gel results if there is too much liquid in relation to the
starch
3. Skin Formation. Skin formation is due to loss of water from the starch and
protein molecules near the surface of the mixture. To reduce this problem,
cover container of the starch gel with a waterproof cover.
4. Scorching. This can be avoided by temperature control and constant
stirring so the starch granules do not settle at the bottom of the cooking
pan.
5. Raw Starch Flavor. This is due to ungelatinized starch.
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Principles in Cooking Cereals
In cooking all cereal products, the following points should be observed:
1. Use a double boiler.
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2. Observe carefully the correct proportions of cereal, water and salt.
3. Cook at boiling temperature (212° F.).
4. Watch the time by the clock, and always cook the full time prescribed,
preferably longer.
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5. Serve attractively.
6. Improper cooking and poor serving are largely responsible for unpopularity
of cereal foods.
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Cooking Pasta
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Pasta should be cooked al dente, or “to the tooth”. This means the cooking
should be stopped when the pasta still feels firm to the bite, not soft and mushy.
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The pleasure of cooking pasta is its texture, and this is lost if it is overcooked. To
test for doneness, break pasta into small piece and taste it. As soon as pasta
is al dente, cooking must be stopped at once. Half a minute extra is enough to
overcook it.
Cooking times differ for every shape and size of pasta. Timing also depends
D
on the kind of flour used, and the moisture content.
Fresh egg pasta, if it has not been allowed to dry, takes only 1 to 1 ½
minutes to cook after the water has returned to a boil.
Italian practice is to toss the pasta with the sauce the minute it is drained,
the sauce immediately coats all surfaces of the pasta, and the cheese, melts in the
heat of the boiling hot noodles.
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Types of Pasta
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http://aboutallpasta.blogspot.com/2015/02/pasta-types-pasta-salad-recipes-types.html
Basic Principles in Preparing Pasta
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C
Pasta Shapes
D
There are hundreds of shapes and sizes of pasta with each shape used
for different preparations based on how the sauce will cling, the texture desired, or
how the product will be used. For example:
E
Pasta shapes with holes or ridges, such as wagon wheels or rotini,

•
are perfect for chunkier sauces.
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• Thin, delicate pastas, such as angel hair or vermicelli, are better

served with light, thin sauces.
• Thicker pasta shapes, such as fettuccine, work well with heavier
sauces.
• Very small pasta shapes, like alphabet shapes and acini di pepe,
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are good for soups.

Flavored pasta is available in a variety of shapes in both the dried and
fresh forms. Vegetable ingredients are added to pasta to provide both color and
flavor. An example of flavored pasta is spinach noodles that are green. Follow the
package directions for cooking flavored pastas.
Cooking Time Depends on the Shape

It is important to be familiar with different shapes of pasta so cooking times
can be adjusted. The larger and fuller the pasta shape, the longer the cooking time.
Most pasta recipes specify cooking times for pasta cooked al dente, tender but firm.
Al dente is an Italian phrase that means “to the tooth.” Some of the pasta shapes and
cooking times are shown in the “Cooking Chart for Various Pasta Shapes.” Just seeing
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this chart helps to emphasize how important it is to follow the recipe and cook pasta
the right way.
Pasta Gets Bigger and Heavier when Cooked

Generally, pasta doubles or triples in weight when it is cooked. Likewise, the
volume increases 2 to 2 ½ times during cooking.
Follow the Recipe

The general rule for cooking pasta in boiling water is for 1 pound of pasta, use 1
gallon of water, 1 teaspoon of salt, and 1 teaspoon of oil. For 100 servings of spaghetti,
6 gallons of water, 2 tablespoons of salt, and 2 tablespoons of oil are needed to cook
6 pounds of dried spaghetti.
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When pasta is to be used as an ingredient in a recipe that will be cooked more,
like macaroni and cheese, it should be slightly undercooked. This means reducing the
cooking time by about 2 minutes. Pasta that is not cooked enough is tough and chewy.
Pasta that is overcooked is soft and pasty. When overcooked pasta is combined with
a sauce, it often breaks apart. Handle pasta the right way after it is cooked. Like most
O
foods, pasta is best when it is cooked and served right away. However, it is sometimes
necessary to cook it ahead and hold it until time for service.
Suggestions for Holding Pasta

C
To serve immediately Drain, add sauce, and serve.
To hold for a short time Drain, toss with a small amount of oil to prevent sticking,
for service later cover, and hold in warmer.
D
To serve as part of a Cook pasta a day ahead so it will be chilled when combined
salad with the other salad ingredients. Do not combine hot pasta
E
with cold ingredients. Drain and cover with cold water just
long enough to cool. The pasta does not need refrigeration
for a short time, it is cooled in the water. When pasta is
EP
cool, drain and toss lightly with oil to prevent sticking or

drying out. Cover and refrigerate.
To cook a day ahead for Drain and cover with cold water just long enough to cool.
service in a heated dish When pasta is cool, drain and toss lightly with oil to prevent
sticking or drying out. Cover and refrigerate. When it is
D
time to use the pasta, immerse it in boiling water until just

heated through. Drain immediately and use according to
the recipe. The pasta should not be cooked more, just
heated to serving temperature.
To use in a cooked dish Slightly undercook the pasta.
Cooking Chart for Various Pasta Shapes

Cooking Time for Cooking Time for
Pasta Name Pasta Name
al dente al dente
Lasagna 15 minutes Ziti 10 minutes
Bow Ties 11 minutes Fettuccine 8 minutes
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Wagon Rotini
11 minutes 8 minutes
Wheels
Linguine Elbow
10 minutes 6 minutes
Macaroni
Rigatoni 10 minutes Noodles 6 minutes
Spaghetti 10 minutes
Let’s Do It!
PY
Given the recipe, by pair or by group, cook pasta following the procedures.
Your product and performance will be evaluated using the given rubric.
O
How to Cook Pasta
Materials needed:
• 500g pasta
• salt
C
• water
Tools and Equipment needed

D
• burner
• kettle
• ladle
E
• colander
EP
Procedure for Cooking Pasta

1. Put 4 quarter water per 500 g of pasta in a kettle. Add 1 ½ teaspoon salt.
2. Boil the water rapidly and drop in the pasta. As it softens, stir gently to keep
it from sticking together and to the bottom. Continue to boil, stirring a few
times.
D
3. Drain immediately in a colander as soon as it is al dente, and rinse with cold

running water until the pasta is completely cooled. If served immediately,
just drain well from hot water.
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking pasta and

4
performs the skill without supervision.
95
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking pasta and
3
performs the skill with some assistance or supervision.
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking pasta
2 with minor errors and performs the skill with some assistance and/or
supervision.
Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing and cooking
1
pasta and was not able to perform the skill.
Risks in the preparation and cooking of starch and cereal dishes and other food
• food handlers;
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• kitchen facilities;
• food selection and preparation; and
• safe temperatures.
Guidelines on proper and safe handling of food
O
1. Food handlers
• Undergo training on food safety and obtain medical certificates
from the local/provincial/city/municipal health office.
C
• Observe proper hand washing technique
• Wear complete cooking outfit and use disposable gloves for direct
food contact.
D
• Observe personal hygiene at all times.
• Avoid handling food if you are sick.
•
E
2. Kitchen facilities
• Use separate equipment and utensils for handling raw foods
• Sanitize all surfaces and equipment used for food preparation
EP
• Clean thoroughly the cutting-boards and work areas after each use
• Protect the kitchen areas and food from insects, pests and other
animals
• Maintain the highest standards of sanitation in the kitchen at all
times
D
• Repair immediately broken but still serviceable kitchen tools,

utensils and equipment to be ready for next use
• Sanitize completely all kitchen utensils especially cups, saucers,
flatware after each use
• Provide for adequate space, proper ventilation and window screens
in the area
• Provide garbage receptacle for proper waste disposal
3. Food Preparation and Cooking

• Check expiry dates of food commodities bought and those in stock
• Use iodized salt as a must in salt-seasoned preparations
• Cover the food properly.
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• Practice segregation of materials
• Store food properly
4. Safe temperature
• Do not leave cooked food at room temperature for more than two
hours
• Refrigerate promptly all cooked and perishable food preferably
below 50C within four hours
• Do not store food too long even in the refrigerator.
• Thaw food inside the refrigerator, not at room temperature.
• Check internal temperature during cooking to assure proper end-
point time and temperature has been met to at least 700C/1650F
• Reheat cooked food thoroughly to 700C/1650F within two hours
PY
O
C
A. Collect at least 20 different recipes of starch and cereal dishes and
compile it using any kind of paper, any decorating materials, glue, and
coloring materials.
D
E
SCORE CRITERIA
Compiled properly 20 or more recipes of starch and cereal
5
dishes in a very attractive manner
EP
Compiled properly 16-19 recipes of starch and cereal dishes

4
in an attractive manner
Compiled properly 10-15 recipes of starch and cereal dishes
3
in a simple manner
D
Compiled properly 6-9 recipes of starch and cereal dishes in

2
a simple manner
Compiled less than 6 recipes of starch and cereal dishes in a
1
disorganized manner
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Let’s Do It!
B. Given the recipe, prepare and present Fettuccine Alfredo following the
procedure.
Ingredients:
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• 1 cup heavy cream
• 2 tbsp butter
• 1 ½ lb fresh fettuccine
• 1 cup heavy cream
• 6 tbsp freshly grated parmesan
O
cheese
• salt to taste
• pepper to taste
Procedure:
C
1. Combine the cream and butter in a sauté pan. Bring to simmer, reduce by
¼ and remove from heat.
2. Drop the noodles into boiling salted water, return to a full boil and drain.
D
Undercook slightly the noodles because they will cook further in the cream.
3. Put the noodles in the pan with hot cream and butter. Toss the noodles with
E
two forks until they are well coated with the cream, over low heat.
4. Add the remainder of the cream and cheese and toss to mix well.
5. Add salt and pepper to taste.
EP
6. Plate and serve immediately.

D
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking starch dish and
4 performs the skill without supervision and with initiative and adaptability to
problem situations.
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking starch dish and
3
performs the skill satisfactorily without assistance or supervision.
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking starch dish
2 with minor errors and performs the skill satisfactorily with some assistance
and/or supervision.
Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing and cooking starch
1
dish and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
98
Learning Outcome 3:
Present Starch and Cereal Dishes
Techniques in Preparing Pasta before Plating
1. Pasta is best if cooked and served immediately. Try to cook pasta upon
order.
2. If pasta is to be served immediately, just drain and do not rinse in cold
water.
3. If pasta is to be used cold in salad, it is ready to be incorporated in the
recipe as soon as it has cooled.
4. If pasta is to be held, toss gently with a small amount of oil to keep it from
sticking.
5. Measure portions into mounds on trays. Cover with plastic film and
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refrigerate until service time.
6. To serve, place the desired number of portions in a china cap and immerse
in simmering water to reheat. Drain, plate, and add sauce.
Plating and Presenting Pasta Dishes
O
C
E D
EP
D
99
A. Make an album of twenty different kinds of starch and cereal dish

presentations, with its corresponding recipes.
Your output will be rated using the rubric below:
SCORE CRITERIA
PY
Created an album of 20 starch and cereal dish
5 presentations, with its recipes, in a very attractive
manner
Created an album of 16-19 starch and cereal dish
O
4 presentations, with its recipes, in an attractive
manner C
Created an album of(10-15) starch and cereal dish
3
presentations, with its recipes in a simple manner
D
Created an album of (6-9) starch and cereal dish
2
presentations in a simple manner
E
Created an album of less than 6 recipes of starch

1 and cereal dish presentations in a disorganized
EP
manner
D
100
Let’s Do It!
B. Given the needed tools and equipment, prepare and present Baked
Lasagna following the recipe below:
Baked Lasagna
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Ingredients:
• ¾ lb. ricotta cheese
• 2 tbsp. parmesan cheese,
O
grated
• 1 pc egg
• salt to taste
C •
•
pepper to taste
1 lb. lasagna
• 6 cups meat sauce
• ¾ lb. mozzarella cheese,
D
shredded
• 4 tbsp. parmesan cheese,
grated
E
Procedure:
1. Mix the ricotta, parmesan and eggs then season to taste with salt and
EP
pepper.
2. Cook lasagna noodles. Lay them out in a single layer on oiled sheet pans.
3. Ladle a little meat sauce into the pan. Spread it across the bottom.
D
4. Arrange a layer of noodles in the pan. Add a layer of ricotta mixture, a layer
of noodles, a layer of sauce and a layer mozzarella.
5. Continue making layers of noodles, ricotta, sauce and mozzarella until all
ingredients are used. Top with parmesan cheese.
6. Bake at 375°F (190°C. for about 30-45 minutes. Cover lightly with foil, then
remove after 15 minutes of baking time.
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Evaluate your finished product and performance using the score sheet.
Very Good Good Fair Poor
(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
1. General Appearance
a. The dish is attractive to look at and appetizing.
b. The dish has good color combination
c. The ingredients are cooked just right.
d. The dish has the correct consistency.
2. Palatability
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a. The dish tastes delicious.
b. The dish tastes just right.
3. Nutritive value
a. The dish is highly nutritious.
O
B. Procedures
1. Use of Resources:
a. Learner keeps working table orderly while preparing
the ingredients.
C
b. Learner uses only the proper and needed utensils
and dishes.
D
c. Learner uses time-saving techniques and devices.
2. Cleanliness and sanitation
E
a. Learner is well-groomed and properly dressed for

cooking, uses a clean apron, hairnet, hand towels
and pot holders.
EP
b. Learner observes proper sanitary handling of food.

3. Conservation of nutrients
a. Learner follows proper preparation and cooking
procedures.
D
b. Learner followed the recipe correctly.

Score: (maximum 46 points)
Comments:
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A. Watch a video in YouTube showing how to make a homemade pasta. Note

down the procedures in your notebook and make a narrative observation on a
short bond paper for submission next meeting. Review procedures and prepare
for actual preparation.
B. Make homemade pasta from scratch using the given raw materials. You may
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include other ingredients. Your product, performance and presentation will be
rated using the given rubric.
How to Make Homemade Pasta

Tools and Utensils:
O
• rolling pin
• mixing bowl
• measuring cup/spoon
• sharp cutter/knife
C
Ingredients:
• 2 cups all-purpose flour
D
• ¼ tsp salt
• 3 pcs egg
• 1 tbsp milk
E
• 1 tsp olive oil

EP
Procedure:
1. Combine 2 cups all-purpose flour and 1/4 teaspoon salt on pastry board,
culling board, or countertop; make well in center. Whisk 3 eggs, 1 tablespoon
milk, and 1 teaspoon olive oil in small bowl until well blended; gradually
pour into the flour mixture while mixing with fork or fingertips to form ball of
D
dough.
2. Gradually add the mixture to the flour to make a ball of dough.
3. Place dough on lightly floured surface; flatten slightly. To knead dough,

fold dough in half toward you and press dough away from you with heels
of hands. Give dough a quarter turn and continue folding, pushing, and
turning. Continue kneading for 5 minutes until smooth and elastic, adding
more flour to prevent sticking if necessary. Wrap dough in plastic and let it
stand for 15 minutes.
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4. Knead the dough until it becomes smooth and elastic.
5. Unwrap dough and knead briefly (as described in step 2) on lightly floured
surface. Using lightly floured rolling pin, roll out dough to 1/8-inch-thick
circle on lightly floured surface. Gently pick up dough circle with both
hands. Hold it up to the light to check for places where dough is too thick.
Return to board. Let rest until dough is slightly dry but can be handled
without breaking.
6. Lightly flour dough circle; roll loosely on rolling pin.
7. Loosely roll the dough on a rolling pin.
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8. Slide rolling pin out; press dough roll gently with hand and cut into strips of
desired width with sharp knife. Carefully unfold strips.
9. Cut the dough into strips of desired width.
O
10. Pasta can be dried and stored at this point. Hang strips over pasta rack
C
or clean broom handle covered with plastic wrap and propped between
two chairs. Dry for at least 3 hours; store in airtight container at room
temperature for 4 days. To serve, cook pasta in large pot of boiling salted
water 3 to 4 minutes just until al dente. Drain well.
D
11. Dry the pasta using a drying rack.

E
Your performance will be rated using the rubric below.

EP
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and

4 cooking homemade pasta and performs the skill without
supervision.
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking
D
3 homemade pasta and performs the skill without some

assistance or supervision.
2 homemade pasta with minor errors and performs the skill
Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing
1 and cooking homemade pasta and performs the skill
unsatisfactorily.
104
Learning Outcome 4:
Store Starch and Cereal Dishes
Introduction
Proper storage of food is very crucial in keeping food safe because the
manner and temperature of storage will affect the food’s susceptibility to bacterial
growth, other contaminants, and infestation. Storing food will not improve its quality,
it will only delay the rate of deterioration, and thus, the proper period of storage
should also be observed.
FIFO (First In, First Out) in storing food is very important. Though it is a
long-time method in store-keeping where the first food stored should be the first
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food to be out from the storage it is high time to make it a habit or put into practice.
Write the expiry date, date received and date of storage to the food package and
regularly check the expiration date.
O
How to Store Pasta Noodles
Pasta is stored in airtight containers.
C
Pasta noodles are usually sold dry at the grocery store, allowing you to
store them with other staples in your pantry. Dry noodles have a long storage life
when properly packaged. Improper storage causes the pasta to become moist,
which leads to mildew. Even without moisture, pasta can become stale if it’s not
D
stored correctly. Proper storage ensures your pasta to always taste its best.
1. Dry Pasta
E
• Remove the pasta from the store packaging if the noodles come in
a box or other non-airtight container.
EP
• Place the noodles in a sealable plastic bag or other container that

closes tightly. For long noodles, such as spaghetti, use a tall plastic
storage container.
• Seal the bag or screw the lid on tightly. Store the pasta in a cool,
D
dry place. Dry pasta stores indefinitely, but should be used within
two years to prevent loss of flavor. Store dried egg noodles for up
to six months.
• Dried pasta need not to be refrigerated. It can be stored on the shelf

in an airtight container in a dry area that is not exposed to extreme
temperature. Dried pasta can be stored indefinitely and still be safe
to eat but the USDA recommends storing dried pasta for no more
than two years to obtain the best quality. Some manufacturers will
stamp their packages with a “best if used by” date, which indicates
that the flavor, color and nutritional value may be affected if used
beyond that date.
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2. Cooked Pasta
• Pour the noodles into a colander. Allow as much moisture as
possible to drain. Noodles left in standing water become overly
soft and mushy.
• Sprinkle 1 tsp. salad oil over the noodles. Toss the pasta so the
noodles are evenly coated in the oil. Salad oil prevents the pasta
from sticking together.
• Place the pasta in a tight-sealed container. Store in the refrigerator

for three to five days.
• Cooked pasta can be stored unsauced in an airtight container

and refrigerated for 4 or 5 days. The sauce should be refrigerated
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separate from the pasta and can be stored for 6 or 7 days. This
prevents the pasta from soaking up too much flavor and oil from the
sauce, which causes the taste of the pasta to be drowned out. If the
pasta is stored together with the sauce, it should be eaten within 1
or 2 days to limit the amount of sauce that is absorbed. If cooked
O
pasta is not going to be used within the suggested time period,
it should be frozen and then it can be stored for approximately 3
months. Frozen cooked pasta should be thawed in the refrigerator
C
and not on the kitchen counter.
To store, cook the pasta as you normally would and then rinse with cold water
and allow it to drain well.
E D
Add a small amount of olive oil or

butter to help prevent the pasta from
EP
clumping together while it is stored.

Use only enough oil or butter to
lightly coat the pasta.
D
To refrigerate, place the pasta in

an airtight plastic bag or an airtight
container and place in the refrigerator.
To freeze, place in an airtight plastic
freezer bag and press out as much
excess air as possible and place in
the freezer.
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If storing sauced pasta, eat within 1
to 2 days to prevent it from absorbing
too much sauce.
When refrigerating or freezing cooked pasta, be sure it is stored in a well-

sealed container so that it does not absorb any odor.
PY
Cooked lasagna and baked pasta dishes can be refrigerated or frozen in
the same manner as plain cooked pasta. The lasagna and casseroles should be
first cut into individual servings before placing them in a sealed bag or container.
This will make it easier when reheating.
If you have an entire lasagna
O
or pasta dish to refrigerate
C
or freeze, it can be left in the
baking dish and tightly covered
before storing.
E D
The lasagna and baked pasta dishes can be refrigerated for 3 or 4 days
or they can be placed in a freezer and kept for approximately 3 months. If frozen,
EP
the pasta dish should be thawed in the refrigerator and not on the kitchen counter.
3. Fresh Pasta.
D
Fresh pasta should ideally be used on the same day as manufactured. This
is not always possible, but if it is used within the next two days it will give adequate
results. After this it tends to crack through excess drying. It must be stored, keep
it well-covered in the fridge, to minimize the risk of this happening. Frozen filled
pastas will keep for up to three months if held at -18°C or lower.
Fresh pasta can be stored in the refrigerator for 2 or 3 days. If the pasta
will not be used within that time, it can be frozen and stored in the freezer for 2
to 3 months. Homemade pasta can be stored in the refrigerator for 1 or 2 days or
frozen for 2 to 3 months. Homemade pasta can also be allowed to dry thoroughly
and then placed in a plastic bag or airtight container. The length of time it will take
to dry will vary depending on the type of pasta and its size, shape and thickness.
If dried completely, the pasta can then be stored in a cool dry place for a couple of
107
months. If you are going to use the pasta on the same day as it is made, you can
allow it to dry on a clean towel for a couple of hours before you cook it unless it is
stuffed pasta. Stuffed pasta, such as ravioli, should be cooked within half an hour,
otherwise it will begin to discolor and become damp.
If it is not going to be cooked immediately

it should be placed on a lightly floured
towel that is placed on a baking sheet,
sprinkled lightly with flour, and then
placed in the freezer. Once they are
frozen they can be stored in a freezer
proof bag or wrap and then place it in
the freezer for 8 or 9 months.
PY
4. Frozen pasta does not have to be thawed before it is cooked. Just place the
frozen pasta into boiling water and reheat it. It will need to cook a little longer
than unfrozen pasta.
O
Tips and Warnings
• Store pasta sauce separate from the noodles, otherwise the noodles
will become mushy.
C
• You can freeze cooked pasta but it may be too soft once thawed. Use
frozen pasta in baked dishes so the softer texture is not noticeable.
D
A. Explain the principle behind FIFO.

E
B. Create a slogan showing the importance of proper storing of food.

EP
SCORE CRITERIA
5 Done creatively and neatly showing much relevance to the given topic
D
4 Done creatively and neat enough with relevance to the given topic
3 Done creatively and neat enough but no relevance to the given topic
2 Done simply and neat enough but not so relevant to the given topic
1 Done poorly with erasures and irrelevant to the given topic
Prepare and cook any cereal dish from among those recipes which you have
compiled in the previous activity.
108
P E R F O R M A N C E L E V E L
Dimension
Very Needs
Excellent Satisfactory
Satisfactory Improvement No Attempt Points
(4 pts.) (2 pts.)
(3 pts.) (1 pt.) (0 pt.) Earned
1. Use of Uses tools and Uses Uses tools and Uses tools and No attempt
tools and equipment tools and equipment equipment
equipment correctly and equipment correctly but incorrectly and
confidently at all correctly and less confidently less confidently
times confidently sometimes most of the time
most of the
times
2. Manifests Manifests Manifests Manifests less No attempt
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Application very clear clear understanding understanding
of understanding understanding of the step-by- of the step- by-
procedures of the step- by- of the step- step procedure step procedure
step procedure by-step but sometimes seeking
procedure seeks clarification most
clarification of the time
O
Works Works Works Works No attempt
independently independently independently independently
with ease and with ease and with ease and but with
confidence at all confidence confidence assistance from
times
time
C
most of the sometimes others most of
the time
3. Safety Observes safety Observes Observes safety Not observing No attempt
work habits precautions at safety precautions safety
D
all times precautions sometimes precautions
most of the most of the time
time
4. Final Output is very Output is very Output is Output is not so No attempt
E
Output presentable and presentable presentable and presentable and

taste exceeds and taste taste is within taste is within
the standard. meets the the standard. the standard.
EP
standard.
5. Time Work completed Work Work completed Work completed No attempt
management ahead of time completed ___(mins./ ___(mins./hours/
within allotted hours/days) days) beyond
time beyond
D
TOTAL POINTS
109
Let’s See How Much You Learned
Posttest 1
A. Multiple Choice
Read each question carefully. Choose the letter which corresponds to the correct
answer and write it in your test notebook.
1. Knife is chef’s best buddy. It is the busiest tool being used by people
assigned inside the kitchen. Which of the following knives is used for
decorative works such as garnishes?
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A. bread knife C. channel knife
B. butcher knife D. paring knife
2. It is a perforated bowl of varying sizes made of stainless steel, aluminum or
plastic used to drain washed or cooked ingredients from liquid.
A. canister C. mixing bowl
O
B. colander D. soup bowl
3. It is used for turning and lifting eggs, pan cakes and meats on griddles,
grills, sheet pans, and the likes and also used to scrape and clean griddles.
A. measuring spoon
C
C. rubber scraper
B. offset spatula D. wooden spoon
4. It is used to scrape off all the contents of bowls and pans from the sides and
fold in beaten eggs in batter or whipped cream.
D
A. paring knife C. wire whisk
B. rubber spatula D. wooden spoon
5. It is a screen – type mesh supported by a round metal frame used for sifting
E
dry ingredients like starch and flour.

A. colander C. sieve
EP
B. funnel D. skimmer
6. It is a device with loops of stainless steel wire fastened to a handle. It is
used for blending, mixing, whipping eggs or batter, and for blending gravies,
sauces, and soups.
A. fork C. spoon
B. knife D. whisk
D
7. It is a miniature Bain Marie with an upper dish containing indentations each

sized to hold an egg or contains separate device for poaching.
A. egg poacher C. frying pan
B. double boiler D. omelet pan
8. It is a chamber or compartment used for cooking, baking, heating, or drying.
A. blender C. mixer
B. burner D. oven
9. It is the process of washing and sanitizing dishes, glassware, flatware,
pots, and pans either manually or mechanically.
A. bleaching C. ware washing
B. hand washing D. washing machine
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10. A dishwashing machine capable of washing, rinsing, and drying dishes,
flatware, and glassware.
A. hand washing C. mechanical ware washing
B. manual ware washing D. washing machine
11. It is the egg’s outer covering which accounts for about 9 to 12 % of its total
weight depending on egg size.
A. chalaza C. shell
12. This is the entrance of the latebra, the channel leading to the center of the
yolk.
A. chalaza C. shell
13. It is the yellow to yellow - orange portion which makes up to about 33% of
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the liquid weight of the egg.
A. chalaza C. shell
14. A disease that is carried and transmitted to people by food is referred to as
food borne ________________.
O
A. bacteria C. infection
B. illness D. intoxication
15. It is a disease that results from eating food containing harmful
microorganisms.
A. food-borne bacteria
C C. food-borne infection
B. food-borne illness D. food-borne intoxication
16. It is a disease that results from eating food containing toxins from bacteria,
D
molds or certain plants or animals.
A. food-borne bacteria C. food-borne infection
B. food-borne illness D. food-borne intoxication
E
17. It is used for mixing creams, butter and for tossing salads.
A. electric mixer C. wire whisk
B. serving spoon D. wooden spoon
EP
18. It is used for preparing meat, chicken, and other grains or legumes, such
as mongo and white beans in lesser time.
A. double boiler C. pressure cooker
B. frying pan D. rice cooker
19. It is a long chainlike molecule, sometimes called the linear fraction, and
D
is produced by linking together 500 to 2, 000 glucose molecules which

contributes to the gelling characteristics of cooked and cooled starch
mixtures.
A. amylopectin C. dextrin
B. amylose D. mucin
20. This problem is usually encountered when using acid or acid ingredients
such as lemon or vinegar.
21. This results when there is too much liquid in relation to the starch.
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22. This problem can be reduced by covering the container of the starch gel
with a waterproof cover.
23. This can be avoided by temperature control and constant stirring so the
starch granules do not settle at the bottom of the cooking pan.
24. Food stuff has a required shelf life and storing requirement. Which of the
following food item can be stored in the refrigerator for 2 or 3 days?
A. cooked pasta C. fresh pasta
B. dried pasta D. frozen pasta
25. FIFO stands for ___________
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A. Fan In Fan On C. First In First Out
B. First In Fight Out D. Fit In Fit Out
B. Give one risk in the preparation and cooking of starch, cereal dishes and
O
other foods and give some guidelines pertaining to food safety. (26-30)
Your answer will be rated using the scoring rubric below:
C
SCORE CRITERIA
4 Explains very clearly the complete guidelines to consider
pertaining to food safety related to the given risk.
3 Explains clearly the complete guidelines to consider
D
pertaining to food safety related to the given risk.
2 Explains partially the guidelines to consider pertaining to food
E
safety related to the given risk.

1 Was not able to explain any guidelines to consider pertaining
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to food safety related to the given risk.

D
112
Quarter 2
Prepare Vegetable and Seafood Dishes
Overview
This quarter will guide you, learners to acquire the essential knowledge and
competencies and develop your skills with understanding in the preparation, cooking,
presentation, and storing vegetables and seafood dishes. Products/performances
required in every activity will help you to practice gained understanding.
PY
Objectives
1. perform Mise en place;
2. prepare and cook vegetable and seafood dishes;
O
3. present vegetable and seafood dishes; and
4. store vegetable and seafood dishes.
C
E D

EP
Pretest 2
A. Multiple Choice
Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter that best describes the
D
statement. Write your answer in your test notebook.

1. Which of the following vegetables is rich in carbohydrates?
A. legumes, peas, and beans C. mushroom, tomatoes, and radish
B. nuts, olives, and avocado D. seeds, roots, and tubers
broccoli?
3. Which tool is used to drain excess water after washing vegetables?
A. bowls C. steamer
B. colander D. utility tray
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4. Which of the following is cooked by placing blanched or raw vegetables
in the pan, adding liquid (stock, water, wine) then covering and cooking it
slowly?
5. Which fat soluble compound is responsible for the green coloring of plants?
A. anthocyanins C. chlorophyll
B. carotenoids D. lycopene
6. Mrs. Cabrillas needs more supply of Vitamin A. Which of the following will
she eat to give her the nutrient she needs?
A. alugbati C. lettuce
B. potatoes D. saluyot
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A. The starch or vegetable item is heaped in the center while the main
item is sliced and leaned up against it.
B. The main item in the center, with vegetable distributed around it.
C. The vegetable item in front and main item, starch item and garnish at
the rear.
O
arranged around.
8. Chef Shaneshan will cook chopsuey. She is about to remove the hard core
A. butcher knife
C
of a cabbage. Which of the following knives will she use?
C. cutting knife
B. channel knife D. paring knife
9. What kind of knife is used in removing the hard core of a cabbage?
D
A. butcher knife C. cutting knife
10. At what temperature in a dry, dark place should potatoes and onions be
E
stored?
A. 50 – 650F C. 60 – 850F
B. 40 – 450F D. 70 – 950F
EP

12. What kind of fish has no internal bone structure?
A. fin fish C. round fish
D
B. freshwater fish D. shell fish

13. Which of the following fishes is high in fat?
A. bass C. mackerel
B. cod D. red snapper
14. Which of the following fishes is low in fat?
A. cod C. trout
B. salmon D. tuna
15. What market form is produced when the viscera, head, tail and fins are
removed?
B. dressed D. sticks
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A. bluefish C. grouper
B. cat fish D. sole
17. What market form is produced when both sides are still joined but bones
are removed?
A. Butterfly C. fillet
B. Drawn D. steak
18. Which of the following is the second step in scaling whole fish?
A. Begin to rake the scales from the tail towards the head.
B. Remove the scales on both sides of the fish.
C. Hold the fish down firmly with your hand near its head.
D. Lay your fish flat on the board.
19. Which of the following is the third step in opening an oyster?
PY
A. Cut muscle from bottom cup.
B. Insert oyster knife at hinge slowly but firmly
C. Push knife into oyster and slice muscle from top shell
D. Twist knife handle to open the oyster.
20. Which of the following is a characteristic of fresh fish?
O
B. Eyes are dull, shiny and bulging
C. Gills are pink or red
D. Flesh shrink when pressed
C
21. How many colors are suggested on a plate to make it balanced?
A. four to five C. three to four
B. one to two D. two to three
D
22. Which of the following seafoods is cooked with just enough to heat to keep
it juicy and plump?
E

23. Which of the following enhances baked fish when served?
A. Butter C. lemon
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B. Cream D. sauce
24. What cooking method is suited to fat fish?
A. Baking C. deep -frying
B. Boiling D. sautéing
25. Which is basted to baked lean fish to help prevent it from drying up?
D

B. Give five characteristics of fresh fish.

26. ____________________________________________________
27. ____________________________________________________
28. ____________________________________________________
29. ____________________________________________________
30. ____________________________________________________
115
Lesson 1 Prepare Vegetable Dishes
Overview
Vegetables are plants or parts of plants like leaves, fruits, tubers, roots,
bulbs, stems, shoots, and flower used in a dish either raw or cooked. Vegetables
give color, texture and flavor to our meals. They also give vitamins and minerals.
Vegetables provide nutrients vital for health and maintenance of your body.
Eating vegetables provides health benefits to people like reduced risk of some
chronic diseases including heart attack and stroke, protect them against certain
types of cancers, reduce obesity and type two diabetes, lower blood pressures,
reduce the risk of developing kidney stones and help decrease bone loss.
PY
Vegetables are important sources of many nutrients, including potassium,
dietary fiber, folate (folic acid), vitamin A, and vitamin C.
• Diets rich in potassium may help maintain normal blood pressure. Vegetable
sources of potassium include sweet potatoes, white potatoes, white beans,
O
tomato products (paste, sauce, and juice), beet greens, soybeans, lima
beans, spinach, lentils, and kidney beans.
• Dietary fiber from vegetables, as part of an overall healthy diet, helps
C
reduce blood cholesterol levels and may lower risk of heart disease. Fiber
is important for proper bowel function. It helps reduce constipation and
diverticulosis. Fiber-containing foods such as vegetables help provide a
feeling of fullness with fewer calories.
D
• Folate (folic acid) helps the body form red blood cells. Women of childbearing
age who may become pregnant should consume adequate folate from
foods, and in addition, 400 mcg of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods or
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supplements. This reduces the risk of neural tube defects, spinal bifida, and
anencephaly during fetal development.
EP
• Vitamin A keeps eyes and skin healthy and helps to protect against infections.
• Vitamin C helps heal cuts and wounds, and keeps teeth and gums healthy.
Vitamin C aids in iron absorption.
D
Learning Outcome 1:
Perform Mise En Place
Vegetables need to be prepared before they are ready to serve or used as

an ingredient in a cooked dish. Prior to preparation you need to identify the various
kinds of vegetables and different tools and equipment needed in the preparation
of vegetables. It is an important factor to consider in the preparation of vegetables.
116
Classifications of Vegetables
A. According to parts of plants
1. Gourd family
2. Seeds and pods
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- beans, peas, corn, okra
O
C
3. Fruit Vegetables
- avocado, eggplant, sweet pepper, tomato
E D
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4. Roots and tubers

- beet, carrot, radish, turnip, artichoke, potato, sweet potato
D
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5. Cabbage family
- cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, bokchoy
6. Onion family
- onion, scallion, leek, garlic, shallot
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7. Leafy greens
O
- spinach, lettuce
C
E D
8. Stalks, stems, and shoots

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- artichoke, asparagus, celery, fennel, bamboo shoots

D
9. Mushrooms
118
B. According to Chemical Composition
1. Carbohydrate-rich vegetables – seeds, roots, tubers
2. Protein-rich vegetables –legumes, peas, beans
3. Fat-rich vegetables – nuts, olives, avocado
4. High moisture content – mushroom, tomatoes, radish, green leafy
vegetables
C. According to Nutritive Value

The following is based on their nutrient content since fruits and
vegetables are good sources of vitamins and minerals.
1. Vitamin A-rich vegetables – green leafy and yellow fruits and vegetables
2. Vitamin C-rich vegetables – yellow vegetables
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3. Vitamin B (complex) – legumes, peas, beans
Tools and Equipment Needed in Preparing Vegetables
O
paring knife used in paring
C
E D
chef knife used in cutting

EP
D
chopping board used to hold item while chopping
colander used to drain excess water after

washing
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bowls used to hold vegetables
utility tray used to hold ingredients
PY
sauté pan for sautéing or stir frying
O
vegetables
C
D
steamer for steaming vegetables
E
EP
oven for cooking vegetables oven-

steam or bake
D
120
Flavor Components of Vegetables
1. Sugar –
Fructose – the natural sugar that provides the sweetness in vegetables.
2. Glutamic acid – This forms a product called monosodium glutamate when

combined with salt. It is found in large amounts in young and fresh vegetables.
3. Sulfur compounds –
Give the characteristic strong flavor and odor of some vegetables like
onions, leeks, garlic, chives, cabbage and broccoli.
Color Components
1. Chlorophyll – a fat soluble compound responsible for the green color of plants.
PY
When combined with acid, it forms pheophytin which produces an olive
green color.
When combined with alkali, it forms chlorophyllins which
produces a more intense green color. The addition of baking soda in
cooking, which results in having brighter green color, is an example.
O
2. Carotenoids – the yellow, orange to red soluble pigments found in plants.
a. beta carotene from carrots and squash
b. lycopene, from tomatoes
3. Flavonoids
C
a. Anthoxanthin – responsible for the yellow pigments
b. Anthocyanins – responsible for red and blue to violet pigments (beets)
tube, eggplants
D
Factors to consider in choosing good quality vegetables
E
1. Freshness
Fresh vegetables should be
crisp and bright in colors.
EP
D
2. Absence of decay or insect infestation
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3. No mechanical damage or injury.
4. Right degree of maturity
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5. Variety of texture and sometimes flavor.

O
C
Vegetables are good sources of food nutrients that are very important in everyday
meals.
D
Nutritional Value of Vegetables
1. Vitamin A
E
Green leafy
vegetables are sources of
EP
vitamin A.
Example:
• alugbati
• ampalaya leaves
D
• kalabasa leaves
• malunggay
• petchay
• sili leaves
122
2. Vitamin C
Example:
• cabbage – type
vegetables
• bell peppers
• lettuce
• potatoes
• dark green and
yellow vegetables
3. Vitamin B – complex
PY
Beans and leafy
greens are rich sources of
vitamin B – complex
Example:
O
• ampalaya tops
• kulitis
• pepper leaves
•
•
saluyot
dried beans
C
D
4. Complex carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates are carbohydrate molecules with more than 20 –
sugar residue. They are called as polysaccharides.
E
Functions of Carbohydrate:
EP
1. Source of energy ( protein sparing and prevents ketosis)

2. Source of B-vitamins for CHO metabolism
3. Type of carbohydrate chosen determines:
• Fiber content
• Glycemic load of diet
• Nutrient density and phytochemical content
D
Examples:
• wheat bran
• whole grain breads and cereals
• cabbage
• carrots
• Brussels sprouts
123
Preparing Fresh Vegetables
1. Washing
 Wash all vegetables thoroughly
 Scrub well unpeeled vegetables, like potatoes for baking
 Wash green leafy vegetables in several changes of cold water
 After washing, drain well and refrigerate lightly covered to prevent drying.
PY
2. Soaking
 Do not soak vegetables for long periods to prevent flavor and nutrient loss.
 Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower may be soaked for 30 minutes in cold salted
water to eliminate insects.
O
 Limp vegetables can be soaked briefly in cold water to restore crispness.
C
E D
3. Peeling and Cutting

 Peel vegetables as thinly as possible.
EP
 Cut vegetables into uniform pieces for even cooking

 Treat vegetables that brown easily with acid (potatoes, eggplants, sweet
potato) or hold under water until ready to use.
 Save edible trim for soups, stocks and purees.
D
124
Basic Cutting Techniques
1. chopping – done with a straight, downward cutting motion.
2. chiffonade (shredding) – making very fine parallel cuts.
3. dicing – producing cube shapes
4. diamond (lozenge) – thinly slicing and cutting into strips of appropriate
width
5. mincing – producing very fine cut usually for onions and garlic
6. julienne and baton net – making long rectangular cut
7. pays anne (fermi ere) – making curved or uneven cuts of the same thickness
8. rondelle – making cylindrical cut
9. bias – making a diagonal cut
10. oblique or roll cuts – making a diagonal cut by rolling the long cylindrical
vegetables
PY
Apply safe and accurate cutting techniques in preparing vegetables
according to enterprise standards.
A. Trimming Artichoke Bottoms
O 1. Start by filling a bowl with cold water

C and lemon into it. (You could also use
a dash of vinegar) this will slow the
browning on the surface of the artichoke
when it is cut and exposed to air
E D
EP
2. Pull out the tough outer, dark green

leaves of artichoke
D
3. Continue removing leaves until you are

left with light colored, tender leaves.
Rub surfaces with lemon
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4. Slice off the top one inch
5. Trim the remaining dark green surfaces
PY
at the base, including stalk and continue
to rub with lemon
O
C 6. Cut the artichoke in half
E D
7. Use spoon to remove hairy fibers in the

EP
center of the artichoke

D
8. Pull out all of the tough red fibers,

leaving the soft green leaves in place
126
9. Cut the artichokes lengthwise into sizes
that suit your recipe and place it in the
water bath with lemon before cooking.
B. Trimming Asparagus
PY
1. Hold a spear of asparagus in each
hand
O
C
E D
2. Bend downward with each end

EP
until it breaks into two

D
3. Repeat with the whole bunch of

asparagus. Purplish ends on the
left are destined for stock, and
greenish spears to be trimmed
127
4. Trim or cut them into one inch
length for cooking
C. Preparing Avocados
PY
1. Grip the avocado gently on one
side with one hand, cut the avocado
O
lengthwise around the seed
C
D
2. Open the avocado into halves to
expose the seed
E
EP
3. Scoop out the seed with the use of

D
spoon or scooper
128
4. Gently tap the seed with a knife
and twist to get the seed out and
discard.
5. Scoop out the avocado flesh with a
PY
spoon or scooper
O
C 6. Slice avocado into segments
D
D. Cutting and Shredding Cabbage

E
EP
1. Pull off any bruised or wilted outer

leaves from a red or green cabbage
head
D
2. Cut the cabbage into halves.
3. Cut the halves into quarters lying

flat side down on the cutting board.
129
4. Use a paring knife to remove the
hard core. Repeat with remaining
cabbage quarters.
5. Cut into slices or shred the cabbage
PY
to your desired thickness.
O
E. Peeling and Crushing Garlic
C
1. To remove the paper skin of garlic,
cut off the base of the clove.
E D
EP
2. Place the clove on a board and

gently slam it with flat side of a
knife.
D
3. The skin will burst and can easily

be removed.
130
4. Cut the garlic into slices as thin as
possible.
PY
5. From garlic slices, mince it.
O
C 6. Crush the garlic as you want.
E D
F. Cleaning leeks
EP
1. Cut off and discard the dark green

leaves. Trim and discard the roots.
D
2. Cut the stalk into half lengthwise.
131
3. Slice them crosswise.
PY
O 4. Transfer them to a bowl of cold
C water and swish them around a few
times.
D
5. With hands loosely cupped, lift the
leeks out of the bowl and place
E
them on a plate or work surface (or

colander).
EP
6. Discard the water with the remaining

grit.
7. Repeat until the water is clear and
ready to be cooked.
D
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Formative Assessment
Identify and classify the given pictures. Write your answer in the appropriate column.
Name Classification
PY
O
1.
C
D
2.
E
EP
3.
D
4.
5.
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6.
7.
PY
8.
O
C
9.
E D
EP
10.
D
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B. Identify the different methods of preparing fresh vegetables. Write the correct
method on the space provided.
1.______________ 3. ______________
2.______________
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O
4. ______________
C 5. _____________
E D
EP
6. _____________ 7. _____________
D
135
Learning Outcome 2:
Prepare Vegetable Dishes
Effects of Cooking Vegetables
1. Changes in texture
Fibers are either softened or toughened.
a. Cellulose and hemicellulose – heating generally softens fibers
b. Addition of acid toughen fibers
c. Addition of alkali like baking soda soften hemicellulose
d. Addition of lime causes firmness or delay softening due to the reaction
of calcium from lime (“apog”)
2. Water is either lost or absorbed.
a. Vegetables contain high amount of water, leafy and succulent vegetables
PY
lose water and become limp.
b. Vegetables with significant amount of starch (dried beans, root crops,
tubers) absorb water because of the hygroscopic property of starch.
3. Changes in color
Cooking for a short time, helps maintain color. The effect of heat, acid,
O
alkali, and metal on the pigment are summarized below:
Effect of Acid, Alkali, and Prolonged Cooking

C Effect of
Solubility
Pigment Effect of acid Effect of alkali prolonged
in water
cooking
D
Intensifies green Slightly
Chlorophyll Olive green Olive green
color Soluble
Little effect
E
unless Slightly
Carotene Little effect Little effect
excessive way Soluble
EP
darkens
Deeper red
purple or blue Very
Anthocyanin Color is stable Little effect
depending on soluble
alkalinity
D
Darken if
Very
Anthoxanthins No effect Yellow excessive in the
soluble
presence of iron
4. Changes in nutrients
a. Carbohydrate
• moist heat cooking – gelatinization of starch
• dry heat cooking – dextrinization of starch
• carmelization of sugar
b. Protein become more soluble and digestible
c. Vitamin may be destroyed in heat like vitamin C
d. Minerals are washed into the cooking liquid or oxidized
136
General Rules of Vegetable Cookery
• Don’t overcook.
• Prepare vegetables as close to service time as possible and in small
quantities.
• If the vegetable must be cooked ahead, undercook slightly and chill
rapidly. Reheat at service time.
• Never use baking soda with green vegetables.
• Cut vegetables uniformly for even cooking.
• Cook green vegetables and strong flavored vegetables uncovered.
Standard Quality of Cooked Vegetables
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1. Color
Bright, natural color
2. Appearance on plate
Cut neatly and uniformly
Attractively arranged with appropriate combinations and garnishes
3. Texture
O
Cooked to the right degree of doneness
C
Crisp tender, not overcooked and mushy
Potatoes, squash, sweet potatoes, tomatoes should be cooked through
with smooth texture.
D
4. Flavor
Natural flavor and sweetness
E
Strong flavored vegetables should be pleasantly mild, with no off flavors

or bitterness
EP
5. Seasonings
Seasonings should not mask the natural flavors
6. Sauces
Do not use heavily. Vegetable should not be greasy
D
7. Vegetable combinations
Vegetables should be cooked separately for different cooking times,
and then combined.
Combine acid vegetables like tomatoes, to green vegetables just
before service to prevent discoloration of greens.
137
Cooking Frozen and Canned Vegetables
A. Frozen Vegetables
• Examine all frozen products when
received to check quality.
• Frozen vegetables require
shorter time in cooking because
they have been partially cooked.
• Cook from the frozen state; can
cook directly into a steamer or
boiling salted water.
• Corn on the cob and vegetables
that are frozen solidly, like squash, should be thawed for even cooking.
• Add less salt. Most frozen vegetables are slightly salted during
PY
processing.
B. Canned Vegetables
• Drain vegetables and place half of the liquid in a cooking pot, and bring
to boil.
O
• Add vegetables and heat to serving time. Do not boil for a long time.
• Season liquid before adding vegetables to blend flavors of herbs and
spices.
C
• Use butter to enhance the flavor of most vegetables.
E D
EP
Terms Used for Vegetables

Here are terms used for an assortment of fresh vegetables including carrots, turnips,
D
peas, pearl onions, green beans, cauliflower, asparagus and artichokes that are
often used as garnish or accompaniment to meat dishes.
Bouquetiere bouquet of vegetables
Printaniere spring vegetables
Jardinière garden vegetables
Primeurs first spring vegetables
Clamart peas
Crecy carrots
Doria cucumbers cooked in butter
DuBarry cauliflower
138
Fermiere carrots, turnips, onions, celery cut into uniform
slices
Florentine spinach
Forestiere mushrooms
Judic braised lettuce
Lyonnaise onions
Nicoise tomatoes concasse cooked with garlic
Parmentier potatoes
Princesse asparagus
Provençale tomatoes with garlic, parsley and sometimes
mushrooms or olives
PY
O
C
Make a compilation of technical words commonly used in the world of culinary
D
for vegetable cookery. Follow concrete instructions below:
• Make a personalized and improvised dictionary (half folded bond paper).

E
• Include local and foreign terminologies which are used in vegetable cookery.
• Limit your dictionary to a minimum of 10 pages and a maximum of 20 pages.
• Bind and cover it.
EP
• You can work in collaboration with others and submit after 1 week.
Your output will be rated using the scoring rubric below.

SCORE CRITERIA
D
5 Done creatively and neatly with more than 20 pages

4 Done creatively and neat enough with 15 to 20 pages
3 Done creatively and neat enough but with10 to 14 pages
2 Done simply and neat enough but with 10 to 14 pages
1 Done poorly with less than 10 pages
139
Ways of Cooking Vegetables
1. Boiling and steaming

Vegetables are drained as soon as
they are cooked and then cool quickly
under cold water to prevent overcooking
from the residual heat. They are reheated
quickly by sautéing in butter or other fat.
Seasonings and sauces are added at
this stage.
PY
2. Sautéing and Pan-Frying
Both methods may be used to
complete cooking or precooked or
blanched vegetables. Also used for
O
complete cooking of raw vegetables.
C 3. Braising
The blanched or raw vegetable, is
placed in the pan then liquid is added
D
(stock, water, wine) to cover vegetables,
then cooked slowly.
E
4. Baking
EP
Cooking starchy vegetables using

heat of the oven, rather than range top.
Starchy vegetables are baked because
the dry heat produces a desirable texture.
D
5. Deep-frying
Vegetables large enough to coat with
breading or batter may be fried. Quick
– cooking vegetables can be fried raw.
Some, may be precooked by simmering
or steaming briefly to reduce the cooking
time in frying.
140
Let’s Do It!
Find a partner and perform the different ways of cooking vegetables. Choose at least
2 from the given recipes.
Cooking Vegetables by Boiling and Steaming
PY
• stove • knife
• pots and pan • strainer
• chopping board • ladle
Ingredients:
O
• vegetables (any kind) • water
Procedure:
C
Boiling Vegetables
1. Trim, peel and cut vegetables as required.
2. Add required amount of water to the pot.
3. Add salt and bring to boil.
D
4. Place vegetables in the pot and return the water to a boil.
5. Reduce heat to a simmer and cook vegetable, to required doneness.
*Green vegetables and strong flavored vegetables are cooked uncovered.
E
6. Drain vegetables quickly to avoid overcooking.

EP
Steaming Vegetables
1. Trim and cut vegetables as required.
2. Pre-heat the steamer.
3. Arrange vegetables in pan or baskets for cooking. Make shallow, even layers
for uniform cooking.
D
4. Steam for required time.

5. Remove vegetables from steamer.
6. Finish vegetables according to recipe and serve at once, or cool quickly.

Follows correctly the procedures in boiling/steaming vegetables and
4 performs the skill very satisfactorily without supervision and with initiative and
adaptability to problem situations.
Follows correctly the procedures in boiling/steaming vegetables and
3
performs the skill satisfactorily without assistance or supervision.
141
Follows correctly the procedures in boiling/steaming vegetables with minor
2 errors and performs the skill satisfactorily with some assistance and/or
supervision.
Was not able to follow the procedures in boiling/steaming vegetables and
1
performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
Cooking Vegetables by Sauteing and Frying
ToolsEquipment Needed:
• stove • strainer
• pots and pan • spatula
• ladle
PY
Ingredients:
• vegetables (any kind) • clarified butter, oil, or fat
Procedure:
Sautéing Vegetables
O
1. Prepare vegetables as required.
2. Place sauté pan on high heat.
3. When pot is hot, add small amount of clarified butter, oil or other fat enough to
coat the bottom of the pan.
C
4. Add vegetables. Do not overload the pan, or the temperature will be lowered
too much and the vegetables will simmer instead of sauté.
5. After the heat has recovered, flip the pan to toss vegetables.
D
6. Continue to flip as necessary.
7. As soon as vegetables are cooked, remove from pan and serve.
E
Frying Vegetables
1. Prepare mise-en place. Use a griddle if only a small amount of fat is required.
EP
2. Heat the pan and add fat, and let it heat.

3. Place prepared vegetables in the pan. Cook to desired degree of browning.
4. Turn vegetables with a spatula and continue to cook until done.
5. Remove from pan, and drain on absorbent paper to eliminate excess fat.
D

Follows correctly the procedures in sautéing/frying vegetables and performs
4 the skill very satisfactorily without supervision and with initiative and
Follows correctly the procedures in sautéing/frying vegetables and performs
3 the skill satisfactorily without assistance or supervision.
Follows correctly the procedures in sautéing/frying vegetables with minor
2 errors and performs the skill satisfactorily with some assistance and/or
supervision.
Was not able to follow the procedures in sautéing/frying vegetables and
1
performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
142
Cooking Vegetables by Braising
• stove
• pots and pan
• strainer
• ladle
Ingredients:
• vegetables
• water or wine
Procedure:
1. Heat pan, add fat.
PY
2. Place vegetables in a pan.
(Vegetables may or may not be cooked in fat before adding liquid)
3. Add liquid, stock, water or wine or combination of liquids.
4. Cover the pan and cook vegetables.
5. Remove from heat, and serve vegetables with the cooking liquid, or drained
O
off the liquid and reduced over high heat before serving to concentrate flavor.

C
Follows correctly the procedures in braising vegetables and
4 performs the skill very satisfactorily without supervision and with
initiative and adaptability to problem situations.
D
Follows correctly the procedures in braising vegetables and
3 performs the skill satisfactorily without assistance or supervision.
E
Follows correctly the procedures in braising vegetables with

2 minor errors and performs the skill satisfactorily with some
EP
assistance and/or supervision.

Was not able to follow the procedures in braising vegetables and
1 performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
D
143
Cooking Vegetables by Baking and Deep Frying

• oven, stove
• fryer
• pots and pan
• baking pan
Ingredients:
• vegetables
• breading
• oil
PY
Procedure:
Baking Vegetables
1. Collect all equipment and food products.

2. Prepare vegetables as required.
O
3. Place in appropriate pan and set in pre-heated oven.
4. Bake to desired doneness. C
Deep-Frying Vegetables
1. Collect all equipment and food products.

2. Pre-heat fryer to proper temperature (325°F - 350°F).
D
3. Prepare food items as required. Apply breading or batter if necessary.
4. Place proper amount of food in fryer. Do not overload.
5. Fry to desired doneness.
E
6. Remove from pan. Drain to remove excess fat.

7. Serve at once or if necessary, hold uncovered in a warm place for the shortest
EP
possible time.

Follows correctly the procedures in baking and deep-frying
vegetables and performs the skill very satisfactorily without
4
D
supervision and with initiative and adaptability to problem

situations.
3 vegetables and performs the skill satisfactorily without
2 vegetables with minor errors and performs the skill satisfactorily
Was not able to follow the procedures in baking anddeep-frying
1
vegetables and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
144
Performance Activity 2
Given the different recipes, follow the procedures by pair or by group.
Vegetable Tagliatelle

• chopping board
• knife
• pots and pan
• coriander
• ladle
PY
Ingredients:
• 450 grams zucchini, trimmed
• 450 grams carrots, peeled and trimmed
• 450 grams celery root, peeled
• 4tbsp butter
O
Procedure:
1. Cut vegetables lengthwise into thin slices. About 1/8 inches thick, cut into long
thin strips to resemble flat noodles.
C
2. Blanch each vegetable separately into boiling salted water. Refresh under cold
water and drain.
3. Just before serving, heat butter in saucepan over moderate heat. Add
D
vegetables and toss in butter until hot.

E
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing and cooking vegetable

4 tagliatelle and performs the skill very satisfactorily without supervision
EP
and with initiative and adaptability to problem situations.

3 tagliatelle and performs the skill satisfactorily without assistance or
supervision.
D
2 tagliatelle with minor errors and performs the skill satisfactorily with
some assistance and/or supervision.
1
vegetable tagliatelle and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
145
Sautéed Mushroom

• pan
• ladle
• plate
Ingredients:
• 1 1/2kg mushrooms, fresh
• 10 tbsp clarified butter or oil
• salt to taste
• pepper to taste
PY
Procedure:
1. Rinse the mushrooms quickly and dry them off with towels. Trim off the bottom
of the stems and slice the mushrooms.
2. Heat sauté pans over high heat. Add fat to the pan.
3. Place mushrooms in the pan. Do not overload. Sauté over high heat until
O
browned. Do not overcook.
4. Season with salt and pepper. C
sautéed mushroom and performs the skill very satisfactorily
4
without supervision and with initiative and adaptability to
D
problem situations.
E
3 sautéed mushroom and performs the skill satisfactorily without

EP
2 sautéed mushroom with minor errors and performs the skill

satisfactorily with some assistance and/or supervision.
Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing
1 and cooking sautéed mushroom and performs the skill
unsatisfactorily.
D
146
Braised Celery

• chopping board
• knife
• pan
• ladle
Ingredients:
• 1 kg celery
• 4 tbsp butter
• 1 ½ pt. brown stock or chicken stock
• salt to taste
PY
• pepper to taste
Procedure:
1. Trim and wash celery. Peel the outside part and use the tender inner stems.
Cut into 1 ½ inches lengths.
O
2. Heat the butter in a braising pot and add the celery. Cook over moderate heat
until the celery is just beginning to soften.
3. Add enough stock to cover the celery. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
C
Cover and cook slowly in an oven or range top until tender.
4. Drain the celery and keep it warm. Reduce the stock over high heat. Adjust
the seasonings and pour the sauce over the celery.
D
E
braised celery and performs the skill very satisfactorily

4
EP
problem situations.
3 braised celery and performs the skill satisfactorily without
D
2 braised celery with minor errors and performs the skill

Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing and
1
cooking braised celery and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
147
Glazed Sweet Potatoes

• pan
• ladle
• knife
• chopping board
• baking pan
Ingredients:
• 1.8 kg sweet potatoes
• 6 tbsp.water
• ¾ c light corn syrup or maple syrup
PY
• 6 tbsp. brown sugar
• 8 tbsp. orange juice
• 2 tbsp. lemon juice
• 2 tbsp. butter
• ½ tsp cinnamon
O
• 1/8 tsp ground cloves
• ¼ tsp salt C
Procedure:
1. Scrub sweet potatoes. Boil or steam until tender. Do not overcook.
2. Spread the potatoes on a sheet pan to cool.
3. Peel the potatoes when they are cool enough to handle. Cut into uniform
D
pieces. Arrange in a buttered baking pan.
4. Place water, syrup and sugar in a saucepan. Stir over heat until sugar is
dissolved. Add remaining ingredients and boil mixture to form heavy syrup.
E
5. Pour syrup over potatoes.

6. Bake at 350°F until potatoes are thoroughly cooked and glazed, about 45-60
EP
minutes.

glazed sweet potatoes and performs the skill very satisfactorily
4
D

problem situations.
3 glazed sweet potatoes and performs the skill satisfactorily
without assistance or supervision.
2 glazed sweet potatoes with minor errors and performs the skill
1
glazed sweet potatoes and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
148
Lumpiang Ubod with Egg Wrapper

• wok • knife
• colander • measuring cups
• turner • chopping board
• measuring spoon • casserole
Ingredients:
• ½ kl stripped ubod • 1 head garlic
• 1 kl stripped sweet potato • 2 pcs onion
• ½ kl carrot • ½ kl ground pork
• ½ kl cabbage • 1/4kl shrimps
PY
• 2 stalk celery • 2 tsp fish sauce
• 2 cups ground peanut • 1pc pork bouillon
Procedure:
1. Blanch the ubod first
O
2. Sauté the garlic and onion, put the ground pork and 2T fish sauce
3. Put sweet potato until tender
4. Put the ubod, carrots, cabbage and celery
5. Put the ground peanut
C
6. Season to taste
Sauce:
D
Ingredients:
• ½ kl sugar • 1 stalk chopped celery
• 1/4 tsp fish sauce • ¼ cup cornstarch mixed with ¼
E
• ½ cup ground peanut cup water

• ¼ cup minced garlic • 1.5L water
EP
Procedure:
1. Caramelize sugar, put 1.5 liter of water and let it boil
2. Put the minced garlic, celery and peanut
3. Let it boil.
D
4. Thicken with cornstarch dispensed in water
149
Make a research on various recipes of the following vegetables:

a. malunggayleaves
b. bell pepper
c. sayote
Make a research on the different ways of cooking vegetables in the Philippines and
other countries. Follow the instructions below:
PY
• Divide yourselves into 5 groups
• Assign a leader.
• Leaders will assign task to each member.
• Work on your research following the assigned country
a. Group I - Asian Countries
O
b. Group II - European Countries
c. Group III - American Countries
d. Group IV - African Countries
C
e. Group V - Ethnic cooking in the Philippines.
Learning Outcome 3
Present Vegetable Dishes
D
• Presentation of prepared vegetable dishes
• Factors to consider in plating vegetable dishes
E
Essential Factors of Food Presentation

1. Good preparation and cooking techniques –
EP
Proper cutting and cooking of vegetables

2. Professional Skills
Ability to perform according to required standards
3. Visual Sense
Effective food presentation depends on the understanding of techniques
D
involving balance, arrangement, and garniture.

• Balance
Select foods and garnishes that offer variety and contrast. This
should be applied to colors, shapes, textures and flavors.
• Portion size
 Match portion sizes and plates
 Balance the portion sizes of the items on the plate
• Arrangement on the plate
Many chefs display their creativity in plating presentations. One
important thing to keep in mind is the convenience and comfort
of the diner when plating.
150
Plating Styles with Vegetable Dishes
Classic arrangement:
Main item in front, vegetables, starch

items and garnish at the rear.
PY
Main item in the center, with
vegetable distributed around it.
O
C
Main item in the center with neat
piles of vegetables carefully
D
arranged around.
E
A starch or vegetable item heaped in the center,

the main item sliced and leaning up against it.
EP
D
151
Guidelines in Plating
1. Keep food off the rim of the plate.
Select a plate large enough to hold food without hanging off the edge.
2. Arrange the items for the convenience of the customer.
Always arrange the best side of food on plate to avoid letting the diner
rearrange them before eating.
3. Keep space between items, unless, they are stacked on one another.
Arrange vegetable on plate, that every item should be identifiable.
4. Maintain unity.
Create a center of attention and relate everything to it.
5. Make every component count.
Garnishes are not added just for color, but sometimes they are needed
to balance a plate by providing an additional element.
PY
6. Add sauce or gravy attractively on plate.
Pour sauce around or under the dish or covering only a part of the dish.
Always think of the sauce as part of the overall design of the plate.
7. Keep it simple.
Avoid making food too elaborate.
O
Creative Presentation Techniques
• Vegetable Purees
1. Cook vegetable until soft, then drain well.
C
2. In food processor, process vegetable to
smooth puree.
D
3. Add melted butter or margarine.
4. Season with salt and pepper and process
again.
E
5. Add whipping cream.

6. Using ice-cream scoop or spoon, shape
puree on heatproof plate and place in oven
EP
or microwave until hot.
• Ribbon Vegetables
1. With vegetable peeler, shred carrot,
corvette and radish into long ribbons, about
D
2.5 cm wide, pressing lightly with peeler so

ribbons will be very thin.
2. Toss vegetables with melted butter or
margarine.
3. Cook until tender crisp.
• Vegetable Rings
1. With sharp knife, cut 3 peppers, (green, yellow, red) and onion into rings.
2. Remove core, seeds and membranes from peppers.
3. Toss vegetables with melted butter or margarine.
4. Cook until tender crisp.
5. Serve hot or refrigerate to serve chilled.
152
Photo Collection
Follow instructions below:
1. Make a photo album on the creative presentation techniques for
PY
vegetable cookery.
2. It should contain a minimum of 10 pages and a maximum of 15

pages.
O
3. Label each creative presentation.
4. Your output will be rated using the scoring rubric below:

C
SCORE CRITERIA
Done creatively and neatly showing much relevance to
D
5
the given task
Done creatively and neat enough with relevance to the
4
given task
E
Done creatively and neat enough but no relevance to the

3
given task
EP
Done simply and neat enough but not so relevant to the

2
given task
Done poorly with erasures and irrelevant to the given
1
task
D
153
Let’s Do It!
Prepare and present creatively a Stir Fried Mixed Vegetables applying your own
presentation design. Follow the procedures and ingredients given.
Stir Fried Mixed Vegetables

PY
• pan
• mixing bowl
• ladle
• chopping board
O
• knife
• plate for serving C
Ingredients:
• 350 g Chinese cabbage, cut into chunks
• 8 dried black mushrooms, cut julienne
• 4tbsp.carrots, cut julienne
D
• 4tbsp baby corn, drained
• 4 scallions, cut into shreds
• 4tbsp oil
E
• garlic cloves, crushed

• slices ginger root
EP
• ½ t salt
• 12tbsp water or chicken stock
• 1/8 c cornstarch
• 12tbsp water, cold
• ½ t sesame oil
D
Procedure:
1. Heat oil in a wok.
2. Add garlic.
3. Add ginger and salt.
4. Add cabbage and stir fry.
5. Add the remaining vegetables except shredded cabbage. Continue to stir
fry for 1 -2 minutes, then add shredded cabbage.
6. Add the stock, soy sauce, and cook until vegetables are crispy.
7. Mix cornstarch with cold water, then stir into vegetables to thicken the
sauce.
8. Stir in the sesame oil and serve at once.
154
Follows correctly the procedures in preparing, cooking and presenting
4 stir fried vegetables and performs the skill very satisfactorily without
supervision and with initiative and adaptability to problem situations.
3 stir fried vegetables and performs the skill satisfactorily without
2 stir fried vegetables with minor errors and performs the skill
Was not able to follow the procedures in preparing, cooking and
1
presenting stir fried vegetables and performs the skill unsatisfactorily.
PY
Learning Outcome 4:
Store Vegetable Dishes
Fresh Vegetables
O
C
1. Potatoes and onions are stored at cool temperature. (50 -65°F) in a dry, dark
place.
2. Other vegetables must be refrigerated. To prevent drying they should be kept
covered or wrapped.
D
3. Peeled and cut vegetables should be covered or wrapped, and use quickly to
prevent spoilage.
E
4. Potatoes, eggplants and other vegetables that brown when cut should be
treated with an acid or blanched them to inactivate the enzyme that cause
browning. Raw, cut potatoes are held in cold water for a short time.
EP
5. Store all fresh vegetables for a short time.
Frozen Vegetables
1. Store at 0°F (-18°C). or colder in original container until ready for use.
D
2. Do not refreeze thawed vegetables.
Dried Vegetables
1. Store in a cool (less than 75°F) dry, well ventilated place.
2. Keep well sealed and off the floor.
Canned Vegetables
1. Keep in a cool dry place, away from sunlight and off the floor.
2. Discard cans that show signs of damage (swollen, badly dented rusted cans).
155
Leftovers
1. Don’t mix batches.
2. Store leftover creamed vegetables for one day only. Before storing, cool rapidly
by placing the container on ice.
PY
O
C
E D
EP
Learning Outcome 5. Evaluate the Finished Product

D
156
Lesson 2 Prepare and Cook
Seafood Dishes
Overview
Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Seafood includes
fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of mollusks, crustaceans, and
echinoderms. A wide variety of fish and seafood are available in the market from many
different sources. There are so many methods for cooking seafood, most of them
are fast and easy, making them the perfect choice for a quick and healthy meal. This
lesson provides information about fish and shellfish, ways on preparing and cooking
PY
fish, along with some of the most popular seafood recipes, and presenting and storing
seafood.
Learning Outcome 1: Prepare the Kitchen Tools and

Ingredients
Perform Mise’ En Place
O
C
You are about to learn the following from this lesson:
• Tools and equipment needed
• Types of seafood: shellfish, fin fish, others
• Variety of fish: structure, body shape, market forms, fat contents, water
D
source, processed fish, others
• Market forms of fish and fish products
• Fish cuts
E
• Composition and nutritive value of fish (scaling, cutting of tails and fins,
Eviscerating, cleansing, canning)
EP
D
157
Classifications of Seafood
Fish products are divided into two categories

I. Fin fish – fish with fins and internal skeletons
A. Saltwater fish
1. flatfish
a. flounder
b. sole
2. round fish
a. black sea bars
PY
b. bluefish
c. cod
d. grouper
B. Freshwater fish
O
1. cat fish
2. eel
3. tilapia
C
II. Shell fish – fish with external shells but no internal bone structure. They have hard
outer shells.
D
Two classifications of Shellfish
E
A. Mollusks – are soft sea animals

1. bivalves – they have a pair of hinged shells (clams, oysters)
2. univalves – they have a single shell (abalone)
EP
3. cephalopods – (octopus, squid)

D
B. Crustaceans – are animals with segmented shells and jointed legs (shrimps,
crabs)
158
PY
Parts of a Fish
O
Composition and Structure:
A fish is made up of water, protein, fats and small amount of minerals and
C
vitamins. It has very little connective tissue. This means that:
1. Fish cooks very quickly, even at low heat.

2. Fish is naturally tender. High heat will result to toughening of protein.
D
3. Moist-heat methods are used not to create tenderness but to preserve
moistness and provide variety.
4. Cooked fish must be handled very carefully.
E
A. Fat fish -- are those that are high in fat. (salmon, tuna, trout, mackerel)
EP
B. Lean fish – are those that are low in fat. (sole, cod, red snapper, bass)
Market Forms
D
1. Whole or round – completely intact, as

caught
2. Drawn – viscera removed
159
3. Dressed -- viscera, scales, head, tail and
fins removed
4. Steaks – cross-section slices, each

containing a section of backbone
PY
5. Fillets – boneless side of fish, with or
O
without skin
C
6. Butterflied fillets – both sides of a fish still
D
joined, but with bones removed
E
EP
7. Sticks or tranches – cross-section slices

of fillets
D
Characteristics and Market forms of Shellfish

Shellfish
Characteristics
A. Mollusks
 Oysters have rough, irregular shells.
 Flesh of oyster is extremely soft and delicate and contains high
percentage of water.
 Hard-shell clams – can be eaten raw
 Soft-shell clams are called steamers. The usual way to cook is to
steam.
160
 The shells of mussels are not as heavy as clamshells, yellow to orange
in color and firm but tender when cooked.
 Scallops are creamy white in color and have a sweet flavor.
 Squid is somewhat chewy and are cut up or either fried quickly.
B. Crustaceans
 The lobster shell is dark green or bluish green but turns red when
cooked.
 Live lobster must be alive when cooked.
Market Forms
A. Mollusks
PY
1. live in the shell
2. shucked – fresh or frozen
3. canned
O
B. Crustaceans
1. live
2. cooked meat, fresh or frozen
C
E D
EP
D
161
Identify the market forms of fish. Write your answer in your test notebook.
PY
O
1. ___________________ 2. ___________________
C
E D
3. ___________________ 4. ___________________
EP
D
5. ___________________ 6. ___________________
7. ___________________

162
Learning Outcome 2:
Handle Fish and Seafood
Checking freshness of fish
Fin Fish
1. Fresh and mild odor

2. Eyes are clear, shiny and bulging
PY
O
3. Red or pink gills
C
D
4. Texture of flesh is firm or elastic
E
EP
5. Shiny scales, and tightly cling, on skin

D
163
Shellfish
1. Oysters, clams, mussels in the shell must be alive and tightly closes shells
when jostled.
2. Live or shucked oysters must have a very mild, sweet smell.
3. Discard any mussels that are very light in weight or seem to be hollow.
4. Strong fishy odor or a brownish color is a sign of age or spoilage.
PY
5. Live lobsters must be alive when cooked. The meat will be firm and the tail
springs back when straightened.
6. Frozen shrimps should be solidly frozen when received.
O
7. Glazed shrimps should be shiny with no freezer burn.
8. All shrimps should smell fresh and sweet. A strong fishy or iodine smell
indicates age or spoilage.
C
E D
9. Live crabs should be kept alive until cooked.

EP
10. Frozen crabmeat should be treated like any other frozen fish.
D
164
Handling and Storage of Fish
Fresh Fish
1. Store on crushed ice. Use drip pans to allow for
drainage of melted ice. Change ice daily. Cover
container or store in separate box away from
other foods.
Whole fish should be drawn because entrails
deteriorate rapidly.
Cut fish should be wrapped or left in original
moisture-proof wrap.
2. In refrigerated box at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C)
PY
3. Fresh fish may be stored for 1 to 2 days. If kept
longer, wrap and freeze immediately.
4. Check store fish for freshness just before using.
Frozen Fish
O
1. Frozen products should be frozen, not thawed
when received.
2. Items should be well wrapped, with no freezer
C burn.
3. Store at 0°F (-18°C or colder)
4. Maximum storage time
• Fat fish – 2 months
D
• Lean fish – 6 months
5. Rotate stock – first in, first out.
E
EP
Thawing and Handling of frozen fish

1. Thaw in refrigerator, never at room temperature.
If pressed for time, keep in original moisture-
proof wrapper and thaw under cold running
D
water.
2. Small pieces like fillets and steaks can be cooked
from frozen state to prevent excessive drip loss.
Large fish should be thawed for even cooking.
3. Fillets that are to be breaded can be partially
thawed.
4. Handle thawed fish as fresh fish. Do not refreeze.
5. Breaded, battered and other frozen prepared
fish items are mostly cooked from frozen state.
165
Shellfish
1. Mussels
• Keep refrigerated (32°F to 35°F/0° to 2°C). and
protect from light.
• Store in original sack and keep sack damp.
2. Scallops
• Shucked scallops can be cooked without further
preparation.
PY
• Keep scallops covered and refrigerated (30°F to
34°F). Do not let them rest directly on ice or they
will lose flavor and become watery.
O
3. Lobsters
• Live lobsters are either live or cup up before
cooking. Live lobsters are plunged head first into
C
boiling water, then simmered for 5 – 6 minutes.
If served hot, they are drained well and split in
half, and claws are cracked.
• Live lobsters can be kept in two ways.
D
• packed in moist seaweed, kept in a cool place in
saltwater.
• Cooked lobster meat must be covered and
E
refrigerated at 30° to 34°F. It is very perishable

and should be used in 1 – 2 days.
EP
4. Shrimps
• Kept frozen at 0°F (-18°C) or lower.
• Thaw in refrigerator
• Peeled shrimps should be wrapped before
D
placing on ice.
• Shrimps to be served hot must be peeled and
deveined before cooking.
• Shrimps to be served cold, must be peeled after
cooking to preserve flavor.
5. Crabs
• Live crabs should be kept alive until cooked.
• Frozen crabmeat is very perishable when
thawed. It must be treated like any other frozen
fish.
166
Follow the instructions below:
• Visit at least 2 markets or supermarkets and list down the fishes

and seafood that they are selling. Note down their characteristics.
PY
• Identify the kind and market forms of the fishes and other seafood
products available in the market visited.
• Create a documentation of the market forms, each with a picture
O
and a short description.
Your output will be rated using the given rubric.

C
SCORE CRITERIA
Done creatively and neatly showing much
5
D
relevance to the given topic
Done creatively and neat enough with rele-
4
vance to the given topic
E
Done creatively and neat enough but no

3
relevance to the given topic
EP
Done simply and neat enough but not so

2
relevant to the given topic
Done poorly with erasures and irrelevant to
1
the given topic
D
167
Learning Outcome 3:
Cook Fish and Shellfish
Here, you will learn about the following:
• Principles of cooking fish and seafood dishes (dry heat and moist heat
cookery)
• Variety of shellfish and fish dishes
Cooking Techniques for Fish and Shellfish
Fishes are very delicate and are easily overcooked. During cooking, a test for
doneness must be observed.
1. The fish just separates into flakes
PY
2. If bone is present, the flesh separates from the bone, and the bone is no longer
pink
3. The flesh becomes opaque (usually white)
O
Lean fish
 Lean fish has almost no fat, so it easily becomes dry. It is best served with
C
sauces to enhance moistness and gives richness.
 Poaching is the moist heat method suited
 Fish should be basted with butter or oil if broiled or baked.
 Lean fish maybe fried or sautéed to gain palatability from added fat.
D
Fat fish
E
 The fat in fish, enables them to tolerate more heat without becoming dry.
 Fat fish can be cooked by poaching.
EP
 Fat fish are well suited to broiling and baking. The dry heat methods eliminate
excessive oiliness.
 Large fat fish like salmon, and mackerel may be cooked in fat, but care should
be taken to avoid excessive greasiness.
D
Shellfish
 Cook oyster just enough to heat thoroughly to keep it juicy and plump.
 Clams become tough and rubbery if overcooked
 Shrimps like other shellfish, become tough and rubbery when cooked at high
temperature.
168
A. Scaling Whole Fish
Once your work area and fish are ready, you can begin the actual scaling process.
1. Lay your fish flat on the board or hold

it steady in the water.
PY
2. Hold the fish down firmly with your
hand near its head.
O
C
D
3. Begin to rake the scales from the tail
towards the head. They should start
coming off in clumps.
E
EP
4. Be sure to remove the scales on both

sides of the fish, as well as scales
near the fins, the collar and the tail.
D
5. When you think you have gotten most

of the scales, rinse the fish off again
with water. This will wash away any
loose scales and help you to identify
any remaining scales that need to be
removed.
169
B. Filleting Fish
1. First, cut behind the head while

angling the knife toward the front of
the fish. There is a lot of good flesh on
the top side where the fillet extends
under the bony plate of the skull and
angling the knife will ensure you don’t
waste it. Cut down to the bone and
follow the line through to just behind
the fins.
2. Turn the fish and run the knife
PY
just clear of the fins with a slight
downward angle. When you feel the
knife is down to the bone reduce the
angle and follow the bone until you
come up against the backbone.
O
C
3. Peel the fillet back and run the knife
over the backbone severing the small
lateral fish bones in the process. Stop
D
at this point.
E
EP
4. Turn the fish over and repeat the

procedure.
D
5. Repeat the second cut near the dorsal

fin with the knife angled slightly down.
170
6. Continue this along the length of the
fish
7. Reverse the direction of the filleting

knife and follow the bones by “feeling
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them” with the fillet knife until the fish
backbone is reached.
O 8. Peel the fillet back and cut around

the backbone and through the small
C lateral bones. Run the fillet knife right
through to the skin on the underside
of the fish.
E D
9. Cut over the belly flap either through

or over the belly bones. It can be
EP
easily cut through here with the razor

sharp filleting knife.
D
10. Cut any remaining attached sinew or

skin.
11. Remove the first fillet.
171
12. Flip the fish back to the original side
and cut the bones around the gut
cavity.
13. Release the rest of the fillet from the
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backbone.
C. Skinning Fish
O
C
When filleting or skinning fish keep the skinning knife clean and wet, this lubri-
cates the blade and gives a much cleaner cut, more control of the knife and far less
drag on the sides of the blade.
E D
1. Stop when you have an inch or two (25

to 50mm) of fillet released.
EP
2. Change your grip on the fillet to a

D
secure grip on the tab of fish skin you

created with the first cut.
3. Firmly hold the knife still and at a fixed

angle.
172
4. Wriggle the skin from side to side while
pulling backwards on the tab of fish
skin.
5. Continue this motion through the fillet;

You can see that even though the skin
in the left hand is creased under the
PY
tension it has no effect where the fillet
knife is separating the fish skin from
the flesh.
O
6. The fillet and skin are parted and no
fleshes have been wasted nor have
left any skin or scales on the fillet. If
C you scroll up you will note the knife
has not moved over the last four fish
skinning pictures.
E D
D. Deboning Fish
EP
1. Gentle strokes of a knife angled

towards the gut cavity will reveal the
position and lay of the fine bones.
Follow this line, cutting completely
D
through, to release the top part of

the fillet.
2. The line of fine bones stops around

two thirds of the way down the
fillet. At this point, put the knife on
the other side of the line of bones
and run the knife up the fillet until
the point is well under the bones
around the gut cavity.
173
3. Separate the two and reinsert the
knife at an angle suitable to cut the
flesh from the underside of the gut
bones.
4. Keep the knife following close to the

fish bones to recover as much flesh
PY
as possible.
The fillet is now deboned and the piece on the right of the picture above is
O
discarded or washed and put aside with the fish heads and back bones for making
fish stock. C
Open oysters and clams for waste minimization techniques and environmental
considerations in relation to seafood.
A. Opening Oysters
D
Hold oyster cup side down and hinge pointed towards you.
E
1. Insert oyster knife at hinge slowly but

EP
firmly and push the knife between

the shells. Use a slight side to side
rocking movement with your knife as
you push in.
D
2. Work tip of knife into the oyster (about

1/2 inch).
174
3. Twist knife handle to pop oyster open.
4. Push knife into oyster and slice
PY
muscle from top shell.
O
C 5. Open top shell.
E D
6. Cut muscle from bottom cup. Turn

EP
the meat over for most professional

appearance.
D
B. Opening Clams
1. Scrub clams under cool running water

using a stiff kitchen brush.
175
2. Over a bowl, hold the clam firmly in your
hand and insert the clam knife between
the top shell and bottom shell. A towel
can be used to protect your hand.
Work the knife around to cut through
the hinge muscle. The bowl will catch
the liquor from the clam.
3. Open the shell. Slide the knife between

the clam and the shell. Detach the
PY
clam.
O 4. The clam is now ready to be cooked or

C eaten raw.
D
C. Cleaning a Squid
E
EP
D
1. Pull off the head. 2. Remove the ink sac.
3. Cut Tentacles. 4. Remove beak from tentacles.
176
5. Pull out the tail tube and cartilage. 6. Pull off the skin.
PY
7. Cut into rings.
O
D. Splitting a Lobster
How to Cut Lobster in Lengthwise
C
1. Place the lobster on its back on a tea
towel to prevent slipping.
E D
EP
2. Using a heavy sharp knife, cut right

through the underside of the body
and tail, down the center.
D
3. Turn the lobster around and continue

the cut through the center of the head.
Place the lobster on its back on a tea
towel to prevent slipping.
177
4. Using a heavy sharp knife, cut right
through the underside of the body
and tail, down the center.
PY
A lobster split is not only an attractive style for presentation, but also enables
easy access to the delicious meat inside. Turn the lobster around and continue the
cut through the center of the head.
O
C
Let’s Do It!
E D
The following will be the different activities that you need to undertake:
EP
• By group you will do collaborative learning and study the step-

by-step procedures on how to perform scaling, filleting, skinning,
deboning, opening oysters, opening clams, cleaning a squid, and
splitting lobster. Be ready for a demonstration.
D
• You can watch a video in You Tube or visit markets to see actual
demonstration for deeper learning.
• Bring the materials needed for the purpose of demonstration of the

lesson.
• You will demonstrate the different ways of preparing fish and

seafood prior to the cooking activities.
178
Guidelines for Baking Fish
1. Fat fishes are best for baking because they are less likely to dry out.
2. Lean fishes may be baked but care should be taken not to overcook it. Basting
with butter or oil helps prevent drying.
3. Baking temperature is 350°F to 400°F.
4. Served baked fish with a sauce or seasoned butter to enhance moistness and
improve palatability.
PY
O
C
E D
EP
D
179
Guidelines for Broiling or Grilling Fish
1. Overcooking should be avoided in cooking fish.
2. Select the appropriate fish for broiling or grilling.
3. Fat fish and lean fish should be coated with fat before broiling to reduce drying.
4. Lean fish may be dredged in flour before dipping in oil or melted butter. The
flour helps form a flavorful browned crust.
5. To prevent splitting during cooking, score the skin with a sharp knife. For small
fillets, scoring may not be necessary.
PY
6. Broil fish to order and serve immediately.
7. Broiled fish may be garnished lightly with paprika if more color is desired.
8. Thick cuts should be turned once during broiling in order to cook evenly. Thin
O
pieces may be arranged on an oiled pan and broiled on one side only. Lobsters
are also broiled without turning. C
E D
EP
D
180
Let’s Do It!
Perform the given recipe. Your performance will be rated using the given rubric below.
Broiled Shrimp Campy
PY
• broiler, griller
• brush
• baking sheet
Ingredients:
O
• 680/g large shrimp, peeled and deveined, tails left
on, patted dry
• 1 tablespoon olive oil
• 2 cloves garlic, minced
C
• coarse salt and ground pepper
• 2 tablespoons freshly squeezed lemon juice
• 2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
D
• lemon wedges, for serving
Procedure:
E
1. Heat broiler with rack set 4 inches from heat. Place shrimp on a large broiler
proof rimmed baking sheet.
EP
2. Sprinkle with oil and garlic, and season generously with salt and pepper; toss
to coat. Arrange shrimp in a single layer.
3. Broil until opaque throughout, 3 to 4 minutes. Sprinkle with lemon juice and
D
parsley; toss to combine. Serve immediately; garnish with lemon wedges.

Can perform the skill without supervision and with initiative and
4
3 Can perform the skill satisfactorily without assistance or supervision.
Can perform the skill satisfactorily but requires some assistance and/
2
or supervision.
Can perform parts of the skill satisfactorily, but requires considerable
1
181
Guidelines for Sautéing and Pan Frying Fish and Shellfish
1. Lean fish are suited to sautéing because of the added fat.

2. Fat fish can be sautéed with care so as not to become greasy.
3. Breading the fish with flour or starchy products forms a crust that browns
attractively, enhances flavor, helps hold the fish and prevent sticking.
4. Use fat, enough to cover the bottom of the pan.
5. Be sure the pan is hot before adding fish. Small items are sautéed over high
heat, larger items require lower heat to cook evenly.
6. Very large fish may be browned in fat, and
finished in an oven, uncovered.
7. Brown the most attractive side – the
PY
presentation side.
8. Handle fish carefully during and after cooking
to avoid breaking the fish.
9. Sauté or fry to order and serve immediately.
O
Given the different recipes by group, prepare and cook fish and shellfish. Your
performance will be evaluated using the given rubric.
C
Fillet of Sole Meniere
D
• mixing bowl
• ladle
E
• pan
• spatula
EP
Ingredients:
• fish
• fish rub
(or any combination of seasonings you like)
• 2 tbs. butter
D
• lemon juice
Procedure:
1. Season all the fillets by sprinkling the seasoning and pressing it into the meat.
2. Get a spatula to handle the fish. If you have 10-12” fillets cut them in half
unless you’re using a fish spatula.
3. Heat the pan on medium heat and add the butter. When the butter is melted
put some fish in the pan. Leave it on one side for about three to four minutes.
4. Move them around often to assure they’re not sticking.
5. Flip one piece to check the brownness. If it’s partially browned, flip them all
and continue to cook until the other side is browned.
6. Add more oil if needed.
7. Once it’s out of the pan put six or eight drops of lemon juice on each piece.
182
You may use other sauces if you want.
Note: Testing the degree of doneness is as simple as taking your spatula
and gently pushing on the thickest part of the fillet in the spinal bone line.
When done, meat separates when you gently push with spatula.
4
Can perform the skill satisfactorily without assistance or
3
supervision.
Can perform the skill satisfactorily but requires some
2
Can perform parts of the skill satisfactorily, but requires
1
considerable assistance and/or supervision.
PY
Guidelines in Deep-Frying
O
1. Lean fish, both whole or small portions, and shellfish like shrimps, clams and
oysters are best for deep-frying.
2. Fish to be fried is breaded or buttered to prevent sticking from frying pan. The
C
batter also provides a crisp, flavorful, and attractive coating.
3. Frozen breaded fish can be fried without
thawing.
4. Fried fish is usually served with lemon or
D
cold sauce such as tartar, remoulade or
cocktail sauce on the side.
5. The oil used should be enough to
E
submerge the food item during frying.

EP
Cooking fish or shellfish by deep frying

using the standard breading procedure

• stove
D
• mixing bowls
• ladle
• refrigerator
• baking sheet
• food tong
Ingredients:
• 1 cup self-rising cornmeal • 1/4 tsp garlic salt
• 1/2 cup self-rising flour • 2 tbsp. peanut oil
• 3/4 tsp table salt • 1 large egg
• 1/2 tsp powdered white pepper • 1 tsp cool tap water
• 1/3 tsp cayenne pepper (optional)
183
Procedure:
1. Use a small bowl and prepare an egg wash by mixing 1 large egg with 1
tsp of water.
2. In another bowl, place the cornmeal, flour, salt, pepper, cayenne pepper,
garlic salt, and blend well. This breading recipe will cover about 2 pounds
of fillets.
3. Rinse the fillets and pat dry, then place them into the refrigerator for about
30 minutes.
4. Place the fillets in the egg wash, then the breading mix before placing them
on the prepared cookie sheet.
5. Prepare the cookie sheet by spreading the peanut oil evenly on the sheet.
6. The oven should be pre-heated to 375. Cook the fillets 5 minutes on each
side.
PY
Can perform the skill without supervision and with initiative
4
Can perform the skill satisfactorily without assistance or
O
3
supervision.
Can perform the skill satisfactorily but requires some
2
C
Can perform parts of the skill satisfactorily, but requires
1
considerable assistance and/or supervision.
D
You did a great job cooking. It’s now time to plate and present your dish. Go
on and enjoy learning and doing.
E
Learning Outcome 4:
Plate/Present Seafood Dishes
EP
Part of serving any kind of food is presentation. You don’t have to be a trained
chef to learn the basics of plating, which is the art of presenting food in an attractive
way. The following topics and activities will help you learn the fundamentals of plating
and perform it for better understanding.
D
Fundamentals of Plating
A. Balance – select foods and garnishes that offer variety and contrast
• color – two or three colors on a plate

• shapes – variety of shapes
• textures – variety of textures
• flavors
184
B. Portion size
• match portion sizes and plates – select plates large enough to hold all the
items without crowding
• balance the portion sizes of the items on the plate – don’t let the main item
get lost with excessive garnish
• arrangement on the plate –
Guidelines to Attractive Plating

• Keep food off the rim of the plate.
• Arrange the items for the convenience of the customer.
• Keep space between items. Each item should have its own identity.
• Maintain unity. Create a center of attention and relate everything to
it.
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• Make every component count.
• Add gravy or sauce attractively.
• Keep it simple.
C. Serve hot food hot, on hot plates
O
Serve cold food cold, on cold plates
Examples of Garnishes or Accompaniment for Plating

C
• Bouqetiere - bouquet of vegetables
• Jardinière - garden vegetables
• Clamart - peas
• Crecy - carrots
D
• Doria - cucumbers (cooked in butter)
• DuBarry - cauliflower
• Fermiere - carrots, turnips, onions and celery cut into uniform slices
E
• Forestiere - mushrooms
• Lyonnaise - onions
EP
• Nicoise - tomatoes concasse cooked with garlic
Serving Baked Fish

• Serve baked fish with a sauce or seasoned
D
butter to enhance moistness and improves

palatability. Serving with lemon also
enhances the fish.
• For service, the fish is removed from the dish,
the liquid is strained, degreased, reduced and
finished by adding butter, cream or veloute
sauce.
185
Serving Broiled Lobster
Serve immediately with melted butter or
appropriate sauce and garnish.
Serving Sautéed and Pan Fried
PY
• Remove the fish with spatula and place
on serving plate with presentation side
up.
• Sprinkle fish with lemon juice and
chopped parsley.
O
• Heat raw butter in the sauté pan until
it turns light brown. Pour over fish
immediately and serve at once.
C
Serving Poached or Simmered Fish in Court
bouillon
D
Served poached fish with appropriate
sauce, such as hollandaise for hot fish and
a mayonnaise – based sauce for cold fish.
E
Mild vinaigrette go well with both hot and

cold poached fish.
EP
Serving Poached Fish in Fumet and Wine

• Reduce the cuision over high heat to
D
about ¼ of its volume.

• Add fish veloute and heavy cream and
bring to boil.
• Adjust seasoning with salt, white pepper
and lemon juice.
• Strain the sauce.
• Arrange the fish on plates for service,
coat with sauce and serve immediately.
186
Glazing
Poached fish is sometimes glazed before serving
1. Combine the finished sauce with egg
yolk, Hollandaise sauce or lightly
whipped cream.
2. Coat the fish with the sauce and run the
plate under a broiler until the sauce is
golden brown.
PY
O
C
A. Briefly explain the relationships of the following in food preparation. Write your
answers in your test notebook.
D
1. Balance
E
2. Portion size
EP
3. Serving hot food on hot plates
4. Serving cold foods on cold plates

D
5. Garnishes
187
Let’s Do It!
Given the recipe, perform the following by group:
Broiled Fish Steaks
PY
• oven
• baking sheet
• brush
• fork
• plate
Ingredients:
• 3 fish steaks, 1” thick
O
• ½ tsp. salt
C
• dash of pepper
• 2 tsp. lemon juice
D
• 2 tbsp. butter, melted
Procedure:
E
1. Sprinkle both sides of fish with salt, pepper and lemon juice.
2. Brush with half of the butter.
3. Put fish in broiler pan in 550 °F oven, don’t cover.
EP
4. Broil with tops about 4 inches from heat until light brown.
5. Brush fish with butter turn very carefully.
6. Brush with rest of the butter.
7. Broil until fish flakes easily with fork, 4 – 6 more minutes.
D
188
Poached Fillet of Sole in White Wine Sauce

• pan
• baking dish
• food tongs
• spoon
• broiler/oven
Ingredients:
• 2 lbs. sole fillets
• 2 lbs. spinach, cooked and drained
• ½ C dry white wine
• 1 C fish stock
PY
• 3 tbsp. butter
• 4 tbsp. flour
• 1 C grated cheese
• Salt and pepper
Procedure:
O
1. Roll and secure each fillet with toothpicks
2. Poach for 8 minutes in wine/fish stock
3. Drain and save liquid
C
Sauce
1. Melt butter
2. Blend in flour, salt and pepper and fish liquid
D
3. Assemble butter in shallow serving dish
4. Arrange spinach on bottom
5. Cover with poached fish (remove toothpicks
E
6. Spoon sauce over fish

7. Sprinkle with cheese
EP
8. Broil under hot broiler a few minutes
4
D
Can perform the skill satisfactorily but requires some assistance and/
2
or supervision.
1
189
Learning Outcome 5:
Store Seafood
Storing of Fish and Shellfish
1. On crushed ice – use drip pans to allow for
drainage of melted ice. Change ice daily. Cover
container or store in separate box away from
Fresh Fish other foods.
a. Whole fish should be drawn (that is viscera
removed) as soon as possible because the
entrails deteriorate quickly.
b. Cut fish (fillets, steaks, portions) should be
wrapped or left in original moisture proof wrap.
2. Refrigerate at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C)
PY
3. Fish may be stored for 1 to 2 days. If it must
be kept longer, you must wrap and freeze it
immediately.
4. Check stored fish for freshness just before you
use it. Even if it was fresh when received, it may
O
not be fresh after few days in storage.
Frozen Fish
1. Store at 0°F (-18°C) or colder
C
2. Keep well wrapped to prevent freezer burn
3. Maximum storage time: Fat fish – 2 months;
Lean fish – 6 months;
D
4. Rotate stock – first in, first out.
E
Shellfish- Oyster
1. Keep live oysters in a cold, wet place in the
EP
cartons or sacks.
2. Store fresh shucked oysters in original container
in refrigerator at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C). They
will keep up to 1 week.
3. Keep frozen oysters in freezer at 0°F (-18°C. or
colder, until ready for use.
D
Lobster and Shrimp

1. Store at 0°F (-18°C or colder).
2. Fresh or thawed shrimp in shell are stored on
crushed ice, like whole fish.
3. Peeled shrimp lose soluble nutrients and flavor
when stored unwrapped on ice. They should be
wrapped before placing on ice or covered and
simply refrigerated.
4. Packed in moist seaweed or in moist, heavy
paper, kept in a cool place.
190
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct letter of your answer in
your test notebook. Items in column B may be answered twice or more.
Column A Column B
1. Removed viscera first before storing A. fresh fish
2. Wrapped to prevent freezer burns B. frozen fish
PY
3. Kept in cold, wet cartons C. lobster and shrimp
4. Packed in moist seaweed D. shellfish
5. First in, first out E. all of the above
6. Wrapped before freezing
7. Left in original moisture proof wrapped
O
8. Refrigerate at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C)
9. Store at 0°F ( -18°C or colder)
10. Stored for 1 to 2 days
C
D
Let’s Do It!
E
EP
Perform experimental fish cookery. Make your own recipe and prepare, cook and
present the product. Explain how to properly store your output. Your performance will
be evaluated using the given rubric.
D
4
Can perform the skill satisfactorily but requires some assistance and/or
2
supervision.
1
191
Posttest 2
A. Multiple Choice
Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter that best describes the
statement. Write your answer in your test notebook.
PY
1. Which of the following vegetables is rich in carbohydrates?
A. legumes, peas, and beans C. mushroom, tomatoes, and radish
B. nuts, olives, and avocado D. seeds, roots, and tubers
broccoli?
O
3. Which tool is used to drain excess water after washing vegetables?
A. bowls C. steamer
C
B. colander D. utility tray
4. Which of the following is cooked by placing blanched or raw vegetables
D
in the pan, adding liquid (stock, water, wine) then covering and cooking it
slowly?
E
5. Which fat soluble compound is responsible for the green coloring of plants?
A. anthocyanins C. chlorophyll
EP
B. carotenoids D. lycopene
6. Mrs. Cabrillas needs more supply of Vitamin A. which of the following will
she eat to give her the nutrient she needs?
A. alugbati C. lettuce
B. potatoes D. saluyot
D

B. The main item in the center, with vegetable distributed around it.
C. The vegetable item in front and main item, starch item and garnish at
the rear.
arranged around.
8. Chef Shaneshan will cook chopsuey. She is about to remove the hard core
of a cabbage. Which of the following knives will she use?
192
9. What kind of knife is used in removing the hard core of a cabbage?
10. At what temperature in a dry, dark place should potatoes and onions be
stored?
A. 50 – 650F C. 60 – 850F
B. 40 – 45 F
0
D. 70 – 950F
12. What kind of fish has no internal bone structure?
A. fin fish C. round fish
B. freshwater fish D. shell fish
PY
13. Which of the following fishes is high in fat?
A. bass C. mackerel
B. cod D. red snapper
14. Which of the following fishes is low in fat?
A. cod C. trout
O
B. salmon D. tuna
15. What market form is produced when the viscera, head, tail and fins are
removed?
A. butterfly
B. dressed D. sticks
C C. fillet

D
B. cat fish D. sole
17. What market form is produced when both sides are still joined but bones
are removed?
E
B. drawn D. steak
18. Which of the following is the second step in scaling whole fish?
EP
A. Begin to rake the scales from the tail towards the head.
B. Remove the scales on both sides of the fish.
C. Hold the fish down firmly with your hand near its head.
D. Lay your fish flat on the board.
19. Which of the following is the third step in opening an oyster?
D
A. Cut muscle from bottom cup.

B. Insert oyster knife at hinge slowly but firmly
C. Push knife into oyster and slice muscle from top shell
D. Twist knife handle to open the oyster.
C. Gills are pink or red
D. Flesh shrink when pressed
21. How many colors are suggested on a plate to make it balanced?
A. four to five C. three to four
B. one to two D. two to three
193
22. Which of the following seafoods are cooked with just enough to heat to
keep it juicy and plump?
23. Which of the following enhances baked fish when served?
A. butter C. lemon
B. cream D. sauce
24. What cooking method is suited to fat fish?
A. baking C. deep -frying
25. Which is basted to baked lean fish to help prevent it from drying up?
PY
B. Give five characteristics of a fresh fish.
26. ____________________________________________________
27. ____________________________________________________
O
28. ____________________________________________________
29. ____________________________________________________
30. ____________________________________________________
C
E D
EP
D
194
Quarter 3
Prepare Stocks, Sauces and Soups
Poultry and Game Dishes
Overview
This quarter will enable students or learners to acquire competencies in:
preparing, storing, reconstituting and evaluating stocks, sauces and soups; cooking,
plating/presenting, and storing poultry and game dishes, preparing, cooking, plating,
presenting and storing meat dishes.
Objectives:
PY
At the end of the quarter students are expected to:
1. prepare stocks required for menu item;
2. prepare soups required for menu item;
3. prepare sauces required for menu item;
O
4. store and reconstitute stocks, sauces and soups;
5. perform mise’en place;
6. cook poultry and meat dishes;
7.
C
plate and present poultry and meat dishes;
8. evaluate finished products; and
9. store poultry and meat.
D
E
Pretest 3
EP
Read and understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write it in your test notebook.
1. As a chef of a fine dining restaurant, Genie simmers meat, fish, and
vegetables. Which of the following liquids is a by-product after the different
D
food stuffs have been simmered?

A. glaze C. stock
B. sauce D. water
2. Which of the following stocks uses veal bone as its main ingredient?
A. brown stock C. prawn stock
B. ham stock D. white stock
3. What kind of stock uses fish as its main ingredient?
A. brown stock C. glace viande
B. fish stock D. ham stock
4. What stock uses chicken bone as its main ingredient?
A. fish stock C. prawn stock
B. ham stock D. chicken stock
195
5. Among the different types of stock, which one is the easiest to prepare?
A. brown stock C. white stock
B. fish stock D. vegetable stock
6. What stock is made by boiling prawn shell?
B. ham stock D. vegetable stock
7. As a rule, which should not be added to the stock because it causes
saltiness?
A. MSG C. spices
B. salt D. sugar
8. Mrs. Sante will be having visitors for dinner. If she will prepare stock for
their dinner, which of the following flavoring agents will she use to give
aroma to the stock?
PY
A. aromatic flavoring C. ginger
B. garlic D. smoke
9. What makes the stock tasty and appetizing?
A. appearance C. ingredients
B. color D. smell
O
10. Which of the following is a clear soup?
A. bisques C. cream
B. bouillon D. puree
A. bisques C. consommé
C
11. Which of the following examples is a thick soup?
B. bouillon D. fruit
12. Which of the following is not a thickening agent?
D
A. flour C. rice
B. grain D. salt
13. Which of the four basic sauces whose basic ingredient is milk is thickened
E
with flour enriched with butter?

A. Hollandaise sauce C. veloute sauce
B. savory butter D. white sauce
EP
14. Which among the four basic sauces has a chief ingredient of chicken broth
thickened with flour and enriched with butter seasoning?
15. Which of the four basic sauces has three basic ingredients like butter, egg
D
yolk, and lemon juice with seasoning for accent?

A. Hollandaise sauce C. white sauce
B. savory butter D. veloute sauce
16. Which of the four basic sauces has a basic ingredient like butter that is
creamed and blended with other ingredients to give individual flavor?
A. dairy cream C. flour
B. egg D. spice
196
18. What do you call birds that are hunted for food?
A. game C. poultry
B. livestock D. swine
19. Which of the following poultry originated from China and is noted for its
tender and flavorful meat?
A. chicken C. itik
B. goose D. peking duck
20. A young immature pigeon of either sex with extra tender meat is called___.
A. duck C. rooster
B. fryer D. squab
21. Poultry is composed of different parts. To which of the following does breast
meat belong?
PY
22. Which of the following characteristics is a good quality of live poultry?
A. free from pin feathers and shows no cuts
B. has clear eye
C. heavy and the skin is watery
O
D. well-develop thighs
23. What do you call young chickens that are usually 9 to 12 weeks of age?
A. fryer C. roaster
B. hen D. stag
C
24. How many days should a whole chicken should be refrigerated?
D
25. How do you classify the chicken breast?
E
26. In cookery, we apply different cooking methods depending on the ingredients

that we have. If you will cook a matured poultry, which of the following
methods will you apply?
EP
27. What cooking method is suitable for the less tender cuts?
D

A. age C. cuts
B. cookery D. sex
30. Which of the following can be done to prevent drying when reheating?
A. cook using sauces and gravy
B. overcook the poultry meat
C. remove fat before cooking
D. none of the above
197
Lesson 1 Prepare Stocks, Sauces And
Soups
Overview:
This lesson covers the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required to prepare
various stocks, sauces, and soups in a commercial kitchen or catering operation.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following:
PY
1. prepare stocks for required menu items;
2. prepare soups required for menu items;
3. prepare sauces required for menu items;
O
4. store and reconstitute stocks, sauces and soups; and
5. evaluate the finished product C
Learning Outcome 1:
Prepare Stocks for Required Menu Items
D
Principles of Preparing Stocks

E
Stocks are:
• among the most basic preparations found in professional kitchens.
EP
They are referred to in French as fonds de cuisine, or “the

foundation of cooking.” It is a flavorful liquid prepared by simmering
meaty bones from meat or poultry, seafood and/or vegetables in
water with aromatics until their flavor, aroma, color and body, and
nutritive value are extracted.
D
• a clear, thin liquid flavored by soluble substances extracted from

meat, poultry, and fish; and their bones, and from vegetables and
seasonings.
198
Classification of Stocks
Chicken stock –made from the chicken

bones.
PY
White stock – made from beef or veal
bones.
O
C
D
Brown stock – made from

E
beef or veal bones that have

been browned in an oven.
EP
D
Fish stock – made from fish bones and

trimmings left over after filleting
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Ingredients in Preparing Stocks
1. Bones
Most of the flavor and
body of stocks are derived from
the bones of beef, veal, chicken,
fish, and pork. The kinds of
bones used determine the kind
of stock, except vegetable stock.
2. Mirepoix
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- is the French term
for the combination of coarsely
chopped onions, carrots and
celery used to flavor stocks.
Basic formula for Mirepoix –
O
used to flavor white stocks and
soups, tomato paste or puree is
often included for brown stock,
gravy, stew or soup.
C
• 2 parts onion
• 1 part celery
• part carrot
D
3. Acid products - Acid helps dissolve connective tissues, and extract

E
flavor and body from bones.
4. Scraps and left-over -Scraps may be used in stocks if they are clear,
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wholesome, and appropriate to the stock being made.

D
5. Seasoning and spices
6. Bouquet garni – assortment of fresh herbs and aromatic ingredients tied

in a bundle with string so it can be removed easily from the stock.
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Guidelines for preparing stock
1. Follow the correct procedures for cooling and storing stock and make
sure that any stock you use is flavorful and wholesome.
2. Follow the cooking time for stock

The following are approximate cooking time for different stocks;
the time varies based on numerous factors such as ingredients quality,
volume and cooking temperature:
• white beef stock - 8 to 10 hours
• white and brown veal game stock – 6 to 8 hours
• white poultry and game bird stocks – 3 to 4 hours
• fish stock – 45 minutes to 1 hour
• vegetable stock – 45 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the specific
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ingredients and the size of vegetables cut
3. The stock ingredients are boiled starting with cold water. This promotes the
extraction of protein which may be sealed in by hot water.
4. Stocks are simmered gently, with small bubbles at the bottom but not
breaking at the surface. If a stock is boiled, it will be cloudy.
O
5. Salt is not usually added to a stock, as this causes it to become too salty,
since most stocks are preserved to make soup and sauces.
6. Meat is added to the stock before the vegetables and the “scum” that rises
C
to the surface is skimmed off before further ingredients are added.
D
Different Kinds of Spices and Seasoning
E
EP
D
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O
C
E D
EP
D
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Let’s Do It!
Activity 1. Prepare Stock (Group Activity)

Choose any of the given stocks and prepare following the given procedure. Your
performance and output will be rated using the given rubric.
Basic White stock
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Tools and Equipment:
• stove
• stock pot
• chopping board
O
• knife
• skimmer/strainer
• ladle
• container
C
Ingredients:
• 4 -5 kg bones; chicken, veal or beef
D
• 1 L water, cold
Mirepoix
• 450 g onion, chopped
E
• 16 tbsp carrot, chopped

• 16 tbsp celery, chopped
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Bouquet Garni
• 1 pc dried bay leaf
• ¼ tsp dried thyme
• ¼ tsp peppercorns
• 6-8 stems parsley
• 2 whole cloves
D
Procedure:
1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3 to 4 inches long for easy extraction.
2. Rinse in cold water to remove impurities that cloud the stock.
3. Place the bones in the stockpot and cover with cold water to speed
extraction.
4. Bring water to a boil and then, reduce to simmer. Skim the scum that
comes from the surface for a clear stock. Do not let the stock boil because
it makes the stock cloudy.
5. Keep the water level above the bones because bones cooked while
exposed to air will turn dark and darken the stock. Also, bones will not
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release flavor into the water.
6. Add the mirepoix.
7. Simmer for recommended length of time.
8. Strain through several layers of cheesecloth.
9. Cool the stock as quickly as possible by:
• setting the pot in a sink and allow cold water to flow under the pot
and around it
• stirring the pot occasionally so all the stock cools evenly
10. When cooled, refrigerate the stock properly in covered containers for 2-3
days. If properly frozen, it will last for several months.
OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
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Ask your teacher to assess Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
your performance in the
4 - Can perform the skill very satisfactorily
following critical tasks and
without supervision and with initiative and
performance criteria below
O
You will be rated based on 3 - Can perform the skill satisfactorily
the evaluation on the right without assistance or supervision.
side. 2 - Can perform the skill less satisfactorily
C but requires some assistance and/or
supervision.
1 - Can perform parts of the skill
satisfactorily, and requires considerable
D
Teacher will initial level achieved.
E
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive 1 2 3 4
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an answer.
1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3 to 4 inches long.
2. Rinse in cold water to remove impurities that cloud the
stock.
3. Place the bones in the stockpot and cover with cold
D
water to speed extraction

4. Bring water to boil and then reduce to simmer. Skim
the scum.
5. Keep the water level above the bones
6. Add mirepoix
7 Simmer for recommended length of time
8 Strain through several layers of cheesecloth
9. Cool the stock as quickly as possible
10. When cool, refrigerate the stock properly in covered
containers to keep for 2-3 days.
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Basic Brown Stock
• stove
• stock pot
• chopping board
• knife
• skimmer/strainer
• ladle
• container
Ingredients:
• 4 ½ kg. bones; chicken, veal or beef
• 10-12 qtr.water, cold
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Mirepoix
• 450 g onion, chopped
• 16 tbsp. carrot, chopped
• 16 tbsp. celery, chopped
• 450 g tomato puree
O
Bouquet Garni
• 1 pc dried bay leaf
• ¼ tsp dried thyme
C
• ¼ tsp peppercorns
• 6-8 stems parsley
• 2 whole cloves
D
Procedure:
1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3-4 inches long. Use veal or beef bones.
E
2. Do not wash or blanch the bones. The moisture would hinder browning.
3. Place the bones in a roasting pan in one layer, and brown in a hot oven
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at 375°F (190°C) or higher. The bones must be well browned to color the
stock sufficiently. Bones may be oiled lightly before browning.
4. When the bones are well browned, remove from pan and place in a
stockpot. Cover with cold water and bring to simmer.
5. Drain and reserve the fat from the roasting pan. Deglaze the pan by adding
D
water and stirring over heat until all the brown drippings are dissolved or
loosened. Add to stockpot.
6. While the stock is getting started, place the mirepoix in the roasting pan
with some of the reserved fat and brown the vegetable well in the oven.
7. When the water in the stockpot comes to a simmer, skim the scum at the
surface.
8. Add the browned vegetable and tomato puree to the stockpot.
9. Put the bouquet garni by tying it to the handle of the pot for easy removal.
10. Continue to simmer for recommended length of time, 6-8 hours.
11. Strain through several layers of cheesecloth.
12. Cool the stock and refrigerate properly in a covered container to keep for
2-3 days. If properly frozen, it will last for several months.
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How Well Did You Perform?
Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly. Remember it is your learning
at stake!
OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
Ask your teacher to assess
your performance in the
4 - Can perform the skill satisfactorily
following critical task and
without supervision and with initiative
performance criteria below
You will be rated based on the 3 - Can perform the skill satisfactorily
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evaluation on the right side. without assistance or supervision.
2 - Can perform the skill satisfactorily
but requires some assistance and/or
supervision.
O
satisfactorily, but requires considerable
C assistance and/or supervision.
Teacher will initial level achieved.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive 1 2 3 4
D
an answer.
1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3 to 4 inches long.
E
2. Rinse in cold water to remove impurities that cloud the

stock.
3. Place the bones in the stockpot and cover with cold
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water to speed extraction

4. Bring water to boil and then reduce to simmer. Skim
the scum.
5. Keep the water level above the bones
D
6. Add mirepoix
7. Simmer for recommended length of time
8. Strain through several layers of cheesecloth
9. Cool the stock as quickly as possible
10.When cool, refrigerate the stock properly in covered
containers to keep for 2-3 days.
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Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer in your test notebook.
1. What do you call the liquid in which meat, fish, and sometimes vegetables have
been cooked?
A. glaze C. stock
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B. sauce D. water
O
A. brown stock C. glace viands
A. fish stock
C
B. ham stock
C. prawn stocks
D. chicken stocks
D
5. Which one is the easiest to prepare?
E
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Learning Outcome 2:
Prepare Soups Required for Menu Items
Soups
D
Soups are based on stocks added with other ingredients for variety of flavor,
consistency, appearance and aroma.
A well-prepared soup always makes a memorable impression. Soups offer a

full array of flavoring ingredients and garnishing opportunities. Soups also allow the
use of trimmings and leftover creatively.
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Classifications of Soups
A. Clear Soups
Clear Soups are soups based on a clear,

unthickened broth or stock. They may be served plain
or garnished with a variety of vegetables and meats.
They are very similar to stocks, except that broths are
based on meats rather than bones so they are richer
and have a more defined flavor. Broths can be used
as a liquid in preparing soups. A good quality broth
should be clear, aromatic and rich-tasting with a very
evident flavor of the major ingredient. One strong and
clear broth or stock is a consommé. It is made by
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combining lean chopped meat, egg whites, mirepoix,
herbs and spices and an acidic ingredient like tomatoes, wine, or lemon juice. The
combination is called “clarification” since the particles that make the broth appear
cloudy are trapped as it cooks. A good quality consommé is crystal – clear, has a
good body, amber to brown in color, and completely fat-free.
O
1. Broth and bouillon simple clear soup without solid ingredients.
Broth and bouillon are similar to stock in technique and in cooking time.
C
The major distinction between broth and stock is that broths can be served as is,
whereas stocks are used in production of other dishes.
2. Vegetable soup – clear seasoned stock or broth with the addition of one or
D
more vegetable, meat, or poultry.
3. Consommé’ – rich, flavorful stock or broth that has been clarified to make it
E
perfectly clear and transparent.

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B. Thick Soups
Thick Soups are soups that are thickened to

provide a heavier consistency. Thick soup is a cream
soup based on béchamel sauce and is finished with a
D
heavy cream. A béchamel sauce is milk thickened with

roux. But some thick soups are veloute sauce-based,
stock thickened with roux. A veloute sauce base is
usually finished with a liaison of heavy cream egg yolk.
A thick soup should have a velvety smooth texture and
the thickness of heavy cream. It is always essential to
strain out the solids and at times to puree and put back
in the soup. Cream soups may be served hot or cold.
A kind of cream soup based on crustaceans like shrimps and lobsters is bisque.
It is made by simmering a crustacean in a stock or a fish fumet.
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Another thick vegetable soup is the chowder made with broth, milk or water
as base, then thickened with roux. Cold, thick soups such as vichyssoise are simply
cream soups served cold. Others like gazpacho or a chilled cantaloupe soup are
based on a puree of cooked or raw ingredients brought to the correct consistency by
adding fruits or vegetable juice as a liquid.
1. Cream soups – are soups thickened with roux, beurremanie, liaison or

other thickening agents, plus milk, or cream.
2. Purees – vegetable soup thickened with starch.
3. Bisques – are thickened soups made from shellfish.
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4. Chowders – are hearty soups made from fish, shellfish or vegetables
usually contain milk and potatoes.
5. Veloutes – soup thickened with egg, butter and cream.
O
C. Other types of soup
1. Dessert soup
a. Ginataan – a Filipino soup made from coconut milk, milk, fruit, and
C
tapioca pearl served hot or cold.
b. Osheriku – a Japanese asuki bean soup.
c. Tonge sui – a Chinese soup.
D
2. Fruit soup can be served hot or cold depending on the recipe where
dried fruits are used like raisins and prunes. Fruit soup may include milk,
sweet or savory dumplings, spices or alcoholic beverages like brandy and
E
champagne.
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3. Cold soup is variations on the traditional soup wherein the temperature

when served is kept at or below temperature.
4. Asian soup is a traditional soup which is typical broth, clear soup, or

starch thickened soup.
D
Other thickening agents for soup

1. rice
2. flour
3. grain
4. corn starch
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Ingredients of soup
• meat (chicken, beef, pork, lamb, • eggs
fish) • cornstarch
• salt • seasoning (msg, convenience
• pepper products)
• vegetables (carrots, string beans, • butter
turnips, tomatoes, mushrooms, • cream
celery, leak) • garnishes (slices of lemon, egg,
• onion shredded vegetables, pimiento
• garlic strips)
• water
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Basic Principles of Preparing Soup
1stPrinciple. Start with Cold Water
Why cold water? Most protein, vitamins and minerals dissolve in cold
water. Part of the flavor comes from these components. Using hot water would
lessen the flavor and nutritive content of stock

O
2ndPrinciple. Cut vegetables to appropriate size for the type of stock
The size of cut helps the maximum flavor to be extracted.
C
Example 1: A fish stock only simmer for a half hour (30 minutes) so the cut
should be julienne (thin strips: ¼ inch thick 2-3 inches long)
D
Example 2: A brown stock simmers for 4-6 hours and sometimes 24 hours, so
the cut should be 1” cubed so that stock will have time to extract the flavor and
will not fall apart after a long cooking.
E
3rd Principle. Select your protein base: beef, chicken, pork and fish
All bones are washed, roasted or blanched; roasted for brown sauce
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and blanched for white stock.
4th Principle. Simmer

Gentle extractions aid in flavor and nutrition. Boiling causes cloudiness
through agitation of the ingredients.
D
5th Principle. Skim

Keep the stock clear. The scum on top of stocks contains impurities.
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Cooking soups
Meats, Poultry and Fish
• Cuts of meat that are less tender should be added early in the cooking
process.
• Poultry needs to be added early enough so that it cooks thoroughly.
• Add fish closed to the end of the cooking process to keep it from overcooking.
Grains and Pasta

• Allow a little more time in cooking.
Beans and Legumes

• Soaked beans, lentils and black-eyed peas should be added with the liquid so
they will fully cook.
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Dense or Starchy Vegetables
• A small-diced cut of potatoes, carrots, and winter squashes will require 30–45
minutes to cook.
O
Green Vegetables:
• These vegetables should be added during the final 15–20 minutes of cooking
the soup.
C
Adjusting Consistency
Thick soups may continue to thicken during cooking and may need additional
stock or water added to adjust the consistency.
D
Degreasing
E
Broth-based soups maybe prepared in advance, cooled and refrigerated. This

facilitates removing of congealed fat from the surface. Skim the top layer of fat
from a hot soup with a ladle, alternately.
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D
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Perform the Suggested Soup Recipes

Find a partner and perform the given soup recipe.
CREAM OF POTATO SOUP
Tools and Equipment
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• casserole
• gas or electric stove
• knife
• chopping board
• strainer
O
• saucepot
• measuring cup
• measuring spoon
• wooden spoon
C
• soup ladle
Ingredients:
D
• ½ cup chopped bacon
• ¾ kg potatoes
E
• 3 cups water
• 2 bulbs onions, chopped
• 1 whole chicken bouillon cube
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• 2 cups hot water

• ¼ cups butter
• ¼ tsp pepper
• 2 tbsp all-purpose flour
• ½ tsp. salt
D
• 1½ c all-purpose cream
Procedure:
1. Cook bacon until crispy. Cool and set aside, peel potatoes and cut into
cubes;place in a saucepot and add water and chopped onions. Bring to a boil
and cook until potatoes are tender. Remove potatoes and sear the broth.
2. Add chicken bouillon cube to the reserved potato broth to make potato chicken
broth and stir until dissolved. Add the hot water. Place cooked potatoes in
blender in 2 batches, adding ¾ cup of the potato-chicken broth with each batch.
Cover and blend for 1 minute or until smooth. Set aside.
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3. Melt butter in a saucepan. Add flour, salt and pepper. Add all-purpose cream
at once. Stir while cooking until slightly thickened and bubbly. Cook for 1
minute more. Stir until heated through. If necessary, stir in additional milk to
make the desired consistency. Serve with sprinkled bacon bits.
Find out how well you performed by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly
Remember it is your learning at stake!
(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
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O
2. Palatability
C
3. Nutritive value
D
B. Procedures
E
the ingredients.
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and dishes.
D

and pot holders.
procedures.
Comments:
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Let’s Do It!
CONSOMME A LA MADRILENE
Tools and Equipment
• casserole
• knife
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• chopping board
• measuring cup
• measuring spoon
• wooden spoon
• soup ladle
Ingredients
• 1kg. lean beef, cut in 3 portions
O • 2 spring parsley
• ½ kg bone marrow
C • pinch basil
• 3 ½ liter cold water • 1 clove garlic
• 3 large carrots, cut up • 1pc bay leaf
• 2 cloves onion, stuck with 3 cloves • 3 large egg whites, beaten
D
• 2 stalks celergy with leaves • 3 crushed eggshells
• 3 leeks, sliced lengthwise and • 2 cup tomato puree
E
• 1½ tbsp. wash salt • 2tbsp finely chopped onions

• 6 peppercorns • ½ tsp dried basil
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PROCEDURE:
1. Combine the beef, bone and water in a stockpot and bring to a boil. Simmer
for 5 minutes and skim. Cover and simmer for 1 hour.
2. Add to the onion stock with cloves, the carrots, celery, leeks, salt peppercorns,
parsley, thyme, garlic and bay leaf. Cover and cook slowly for 4 – 5 hours.
D
3. Strain through a double thickness of cheesecloth and skim off fat. Use
absorbent paper towels.Remove the remaining particles and reserve the meat
for another purpose.
4. To clarify the consommé, return it to the heat and add beaten egg whites and
eggshells.
5. Bring to a rolling boil and strain once more through 3 thickness cheesecloth.
6. Pour 6 cups of consommé into a saucepan and reserve the remainder for
another use.
7. Add the tomato puree, onion, and dried basil. Simmer for 20 minutes, remove
from the heat and strain through cheesecloth.
8. Serve hot.
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Find out how well you performed by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly.
(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
PY
3. Nutritive value
B. Procedures
O
the ingredients.
C
and dishes.
D
E

and pot holders.
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procedures.
D

Comments:
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EGG DROP SOUP
Tools and Equipment
• casserole • strainer
• stockpot with cover • measuring cup
• gas or electric stove • measuring spoon
• knife • wooden spoon
• chopping board • soup ladle
• mortar and pestle
Ingredients
• 6 ½ cups prepared basic chicken stock light
• 2 tbsp soy sauce
• 2 tbsp sherry
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• ¼ tsp white pepper
• 2 large egg whites
• 1 tbsp salt
• 2 tbsp sesame oil
• 1/8 tsp cornstarch
O
• 2 large eggs
• 1 tbsp scallions, thinly sliced C
Procedure:
1. In a 2-quart soup pot, pour 6 cups of chicken broth to a simmer. Add the soy
sauce, sherry, pepper, and salt.
2. Beat the egg whites lightly. Drizzle into the chicken broth mixture.
D
3. Mix the cornstarch with the remaining ½ cup chicken stock until lump free. Add
to the soup. Stir in the sesame oil, garnish with scallions and serve hot.
E
Evaluate your finished product and performance, using the given score sheet.
EP

(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
D

2. Palatability
3. Nutritive value
216
B. Procedures
the ingredients.
and dishes.
and pot holders.
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procedures.
O
Comments:
CREAMY CARROT SOUP

C
Tools and Equipment
• casserole
• stockpot with cover
D
• knife
• chopping board
E
• measuring cup
• measuring spoon
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• wooden spoon
• soup ladle
Ingredients
• 22 grams butter • 1 pc small chicken cube
• 1 medium onion, chopped • ½ cup cream
D
• 3 strips bacon, chopped • dash salt/pepper

• 600 grams carrots, cubed
Procedure:
1. Melt butter in a large saucepan, add onion and bacon, stir constantly over heat
until onion is soft.
2. Add carrots to pan, then chicken stock and cube, bring to a boil, reduce heat,
cover, simmer for about 30 minutes or until carrots are tender. Remove
saucepan from heat.
3. Blend or process mixture in several batches until smooth.
4. Return mixture to pan, stir in cream, reheat, and stir constantly without boiling.
5. Season with salt and pepper. Serve hot
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(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
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3. Nutritive value
B. Procedures
O
the ingredients. C
and dishes.
D
E
and pot holders.

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procedures.
D
Comments:
CHICKEN AND CORN CHOWDER

Tools and Equipment
• saucepan • chopping board
• saucepot • mortar and pestle
• gas or • measuring cup
electric • measuring spoon
stove • wooden spoon
• knife • soup ladle
• strainer
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Ingredients
• 200 grams butter • ½ cup chopped onion
• 1 tsp. salt • ½ cup cubed celery
• 1 pc carrot, strips • ½ cup cubed carrot
• 1 pc onion, sliced • 7 cup chicken stock
• 6 cups water • ½ cup all-purpose flour
• 6 strips bacon strips • 1 can small corn kernels
Procedure:
1. In a saucepan, put chicken breast, salt, carrot, onion, and water. Bring to a
boil. Cook for 20 minutes.
2. Strain out chicken stock. Set aside. Remove chicken breast. Slice meat into
cubes. Set aside.
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3. In a saucepan, put bacon strips. Cook until brown. Set aside.
4. Retain about 2 tablespoons of the bacon drippings.
5. In a saucepan, using the bacon drippings, sauté onions until soft. Add
chicken meat. Mix well. Add flour. Stir well.
6. Add the chicken mixture. Let it simmer. Stir until thick.
O
7. Put soup in a bowl, top with chopped bacon. Serve while hot.
It may be served with barley-garlic, bread, and bacon at the side.
C Very Good Good Fair Poor
(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
D
E

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2. Palatability
3. Nutritive value
D

B. Procedures
the ingredients.
and dishes.
219
and pot holders.
procedures.
Comments:
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O
Read the question carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer in your test booklet.
A. bisque
B. bouillon
C. cream
D. puree
C
2. What substance is added to give taste to the food?
A. decoration C. seasoning
D
B. flavoring D. thickening
3. What type of soup can be served either hot or cold?
A. ancient soup C. dessert soup
E
B. cold soup D. fruit soup

4. What utensil is appropriate in serving hot soup?
A. bowl C. soup bowl
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B. basin D. tray
5. What makes a soup appetizing?
A. garnish C. taste
B. ingredients D. all of the above
D
Photo Gallery
• Creatively make a photo album of different soups served here and abroad.
• It should contain a minimum of 10 pages and a maximum of 15 pages.
• Label each creative presentation.
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Learning Outcome 3:
Prepare Sauces Required for Menu Item
Sauces
One of the important components of a dish is the sauce. Sauces serve a
particular function in the composition of a dish. These enhance the taste of the food
to be served as well as add moisture or succulence to food that are cooked dry.
Sauces also enhance the appearance of a dish by adding luster and sheen. A sauce
that includes a flavor complementary to a food brings out the flavor of that food. It
defines and enriches the overall taste and its texture. Sauce is a fluid dressing for
poultry, meat, fish, dessert and other culinary products.
Sauce is a flavorful liquid, usually thickened that is used to season, flavor and
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enhance other foods. It adds:
1. moistness 4. appearance (color and shine)
2. flavor 5. appeal
3. richness

O
Basic Sauces for Meat, Vegetables, and Fish
1. White sauce - Its basic ingredient is milk which is thickened with flour
enriched with butter.
C
2. Veloute sauce- Its chief ingredients are veal, chicken and fish broth,
thickened with blonde roux.
3. Hollandaise – It is a rich emulsified sauce made from butter, egg yolks,
D
lemon juice and cayenne.
4. Emulsion – (as fat in milk) consists of liquid dispersed with or without an
emulsifier in another liquid that usually would not mix together.
E
5. Brown sauce / Espagnole – It is a brown roux-based sauce made with

margarine or butter, flavor and brown stock.
6. Tomato – It is made from stock (ham/pork) and tomato products seasoned
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with spices and herbs.
A. Variation of Sauces
1. hot sauces – made just before they are to be used.
D
2. cold sauces – cooked ahead of time, then cooled, covered, and placed in
the refrigerator to chill.
B. Thickening Agents
A thickening agent thickens sauce to the right consistency. The sauce
must be thick enough to cling lightly to the food.
Starches are the most commonly used thickeners for sauce making.
Flour is the principal starch used. Other products include cornstarch, arrowroot,
waxy maize, pre-gelatinized starch, bread crumbs, and other vegetables and
grain products like potato starch and rice flour.
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Starches thicken by gelatinization, which is the process by which starch
granules absorb water and swell many times their original sizes.
Starch granules must be separated before heating in liquid to avoid

lumping. Lumping occurs because the starch on the outside of the lump quickly
gelatinizes into a coating that prevents the liquid from reaching the starch inside.
Starch granules are separated in two ways:

• Mixing the starch with fat. Example: roux
• Mixing the starch with a cold liquid. Example: slurry
Roux – is a cooked mixture of equal parts by weight of fat and flour.

1. Fat
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a. Clarified butter. Using clarified butter
results to finest sauces because of its
flavor.
O
C
b. Margarine. Used as a substitute for
butter because of its lower cost.
D
c. Animal fat. Chicken fat, beef drippings

E
and lard.
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d. Vegetable oil and shortening. Can be

used for roux, but it adds no flavor.
D
2. Flour
The thickening power of flour depends
on its starch content. Bread flour is
commonly used in commercial cooking.
It is sometimes browned for use in
brown roux. Heavily browned flour has
only 1/3 the thickening power of not
brown flour.
222
A roux must be cooked so that the sauce does not have a raw, starchy
flour taste. The kinds of roux differ on how much they are cooked.
• White roux – cooked just enough to cook the raw taste of flour;
used for béchamel and other white sauces based on milk.
• Blond roux – cooked a little longer to a slightly darker color; used

for veloutes´.
• Brown roux – cooked to a light brown color and a nutty aroma.

Flour may be browned before adding to the fat. It contributes flavor
and color to brown sauces.
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C. Common Problems in Sauce
1. discarding
2. oiling-off
3. poor texture
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4. synersis (weeping)
5. oil streaking C
Methods Of Preparing Sauces
Sauces Blanches
D
(White Sauce)
E
Liquid:
Purpose Butter Flour
Milk / Stock / Cream
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Light Sauce 1 tbsp 1 tbsp. 1 cup

General Sauce 1½ tbsps 1 ½ tbsp. 1 cup
Thick Sauce 5 tsps 2 tbsps. 1 cup
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Soufflé Sauce 2 tbsps 2 tbsps. 1 cup
Hygienic Principles and Practices in Sauce Making
1. Make sure all equipment is perfectly clean.

2. Hold sauce no longer than 1 ½ hours. Make only enough to serve in this time,
and discard any that is left over.
3. Never mix an old batch of sauce with a new batch.
4. Never hold hollandaise or béarnaise or any other acid product in aluminum.
Use stainless-steel containers.
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Making Roux
Procedure:
1. Melt fat.
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2. Add correct amount of flour, and
stir until fat and flour is thoroughly
mixed.
O
C
3. Cook to the desired degree of
white, blond or brown roux.
E D
Basic Finishing Techniques in Sauce Making

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1. Reduction
• Using reduction to concentrate basic
flavors
The water evaporates when simmered. The
sauce becomes more concentrated and more
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flavorful.
• Using reduction to adjust textures
The sauce may be simmered until it reaches
the desired thickness. Stock or other liquid may be
added to thickened sauce to thin it out, then simmer
to reduce to the right consistency.
• Using reduction to add new flavors.
Glazes or reduced stocks are added to sauces
to give flavor.
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2. Straining
This is very important in order to
produce a smooth, lump free sauce. Straining
through a china cap lined with several layers of
cheesecloth is effective
3. Deglazing
To deglaze means to swirl a liquid in a
sauté pan to cooked particles of food remaining
on the bottom.
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Liquid such as wine or stock is used
to deglaze then reduced by one-half or three-
fourths. This reduction, with the added flavor of
the pan drippings, is then added to the sauce.
O
4. Enriching with butter and cream
Liaison mixture of egg yolks and cream
added to sauce to give extra richness and
C smoothness.
• Heavy cream - add to give flavor and

richness to sauce
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• Butter - add softened butter to hot sauce
and swirl until it melts. Serve immediately
to prevent separation of butter
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Butter gives extra shine and smoothness

to the sauce.
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5. Seasoning – adds and develop flavor

Ex:
• salt
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• lemon juice
• cayenne
• white pepper
• sherry and Madeira
225
Let’s Do It!
Perform the following activities:
PAN GRAVY
• roasting pan • strainer
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• saucepan • ladle
Procedure:
Method 1
1. Remove the roast from the roasting pan.
O
2. Clarify the fat.
3. Deglaze the pan.
4. Combine with stock and simmer.
C
5. Make a roux or a slurry of arrowroot or cornstarch and water.
6. Thicken the gravy with the roux or cornstarch slurry.
7. Strain.
8. Adjust seasoning.
D
Method 2
1. Remove the roast from the roasting pan.
E
2. Clarify the fat.

3. Add flour to the roasting pan and make a roux.
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4. Add stock. Stir until thickened and the pan is deglaze.

5. Strain. Skim excess fat.
6. Adjust consistency, if necessary, with more stock or more roux.
7. Season.
D

(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
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3. Nutritive value
B. Procedures
the ingredients.
and dishes.
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and pot holders.
O
procedures.
Comments:
C
D
BÉCHAMEL SAUCE
E
• saucepan
• ladle
• cheesecloth
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• spoon
Ingredients:
• 4 tbsp clarified butter • ¼ pc onions
• 4 tbsp bread flour • salt to taste
• ¼ gal milk • nutmeg to taste
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• ¼ pc bay leaf • white pepper to taste

Procedure:
1. Heat the butter in a heavy sauce pan in a very low heat. Add the flour and make
a white roux. Cool the roux slightly.
2. In another sauce pan, scald the milk. Gradually add it to the roux, beating
constantly.
3. Bring the sauce to a boil, stirring constantly. Reduce heat to simmer.
4. Stick the bay leaf and onions and add to the sauce. Simmer at least 15 - 30
minutes or more. Stir occasionally while cooking.
5. Adjust the consistency with more hot milk if necessary.
6. Season lightly with salt, nutmeg and white pepper. Spice flavor should not
dominate.
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(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
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3. Nutritive value
B. Procedures
O
the ingredients.
C
and dishes.
D
E
and pot holders.

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procedures.
D
Comments:
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HOLLANDAISE SAUCE

• saucepan
• beater
• ladle
• spoon
• strainer
• mixing bowl
Ingredients:
• 1 kg butter • 6 tbsp lemon juice
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• 12 pcs egg yolks • Salt to taste
• 4 tbsp cold water • Cayenne to taste
Procedure:
1. Clarify the butter. Keep the butter warm but not hot.
2. Place the egg yolks and cold water in a stainless steel bowl and beat well.
O
Beat in a few drops of lemon juice.
3. Hold the bowl over a hot water bath and continue to beat until the yolks are
thickened and creamy.
C
4. Remove the bowl from the heat. Using a ladle, slowly and gradually beat in the
warm butter. Add the butter drop by drop at first. If the sauce becomes too
thick to beat before all the butter is added, beat in a little of the lemon juice.
D
5. When all the butter has been added, beat in lemon juice to taste and adjust
seasoning with salt and cayenne. Keep warm for service. Hold no longer than
1 ½ hours.
E
EP

(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
D

2. Palatability
3. Nutritive value
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B. Procedures
the ingredients.
and dishes.
and pot holders.
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procedures.
O
Comments:
C
D
E
Choose the correct answer from the given choices. Write the letter of your answer in
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your test notebook.

1. A roux-based sauce made with margarine or butter, flavor, and brown stock.
A. brown sauce C. Hollandaise sauce
B. butter sauce D. tomato sauce
2. Sauce made from melted butter or margarine to which seasonings are added.
D

3. Sauce made by forming an emulsion with fat such as margarine, butter or
salad oil and egg.
A. brown sauce C. Hollandaise sauce or Dutch
4. Sauce made with tomatoes and seasoned with spices and herbs.
5. Sauce made from a blend of salad oil, vinegar and seasoning.
A. brown sauce C. Tomato sauce
B. butter sauce D. white sauce
230
Research Hour
Make a research on at least ten sauces and the food where it is commonly used in
the Philippines, and ten from different countries. Include pictures and descriptions.
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Learning Outcome 4:
Store and Reconstitute Stocks, Sauces and Soups
Storage of Stocks/Sauces and Soups
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Stock is a clear, flavored liquid that freezes well. Chilled stock can be frozen
in 1 gallon amounts to be used for sauces. However, once a stock has been used to
C
make a sauce the sauce itself should not be frozen. Sauces do not freeze well and
should be made in amounts needed on the day of production.
The stock should never be put in the refrigerator while it is hot. The large volume of hot
D
liquid can raise the internal temperature of the refrigerator to the point that the stock
will cool sufficiently within two hours and may warm everything else in the refrigerator.
A good way to cool the stock is to place the hot stock pot in a sink full of cold water
E
and ice cubes until it is lukewarm but it should not exceed one hour. After leaving it
uncovered for the first half hour and stirring occasionally to cool, it should be covered
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with an upside down plate to prevent evaporation which would cause the stock to
become too concentrated. Refrigerated stock cools better in shallow pans. If covered,
stock lasts up to five days but it is best if used in two days.
Storage of Starch and Sauces

D
Sauces and starches should be kept in airtight container and stored in a cool dry
place away from the moisture, oxygen, lights, and pests. Food made with starches
contains egg, milk, cream of other dairy products all of which make them prone
to bacterial contamination and to food-borne illnesses. Sauces made with these
ingredients should be kept out of the temperature danger zone. Thickened sauce
should also be prepared, served, and stored with caution. These products should be
stored in the refrigerator and never left to stay for long at room temperature.
Storing Equipment
1. glass/plastic container
2. stock pot
3. refrigerator
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Ways to Reconstitute Stocks
1. Skim the surface and strain off the stock through a china cup lined with
several layers of cheesecloth.
2. Cool the stock as quickly as possible as follows:
 Set the pot in a sink with blocks, rack or some other object under it.
This is called venting. This allows cold water to flow under the pot or
around it.
 Run cold water into the sink, but not higher than the level of the stock.
 Stir the pot occasionally so the stocks cool evenly
Cooling stock quickly and properly is important. Improperly cooled
stock may spoil in 6 to 8 hrs.
3. When cool, refrigerate the stock in covered containers. Stock will keep 2
to 3 days if properly refrigerated. Stock can also be frozen and will last for
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several months.
Ways to Reconstitute Stocks, Sauce and Soup
O
1. By adding water
2. By using other liquid like evaporating milk, coconut milk, and fruit juices
C
E D
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Photo Grid
D
Make an album (collage or scrapbook) of different stocks, sauces, and soups.

Includes description, ingredients, and procedures, storing procedures and how it is
reconstituted. Your output will be evaluated using rubrics.
232
Lesson 2 Prepare Poultry
And Game Dishes
Overview
This lesson deals with the selection, preparation, cooking, presentation, and
storage of poultry and game in a commercial kitchen or catering operation.
At the end of this lesson you are expected to do the following:

1. perform mise’ en place;
2. cook poultry and game dishes;
3. plate, present and evaluate poultry and game bird dishes; and
4. store poultry and game bird
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Learning Outcome 1:
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Selecting and Purchasing Poultry and Game
Poultry consumption in the Philippines has increased remarkably in the last
decade. This is evident in the popularity of chicken dishes in restaurants all over
the country.
C
Poultry refers to several kinds of fowl that are used as food and the term
includes chicken, turkey, duck, pigeon, and quail. These are usually domesticated
D
raised mainly for meat and/or eggs. Birds such as smites that are hunted for food
are games.
E
Classification of Poultry and Games

Poultry Uses
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Chicken Meat, eggs

Duck Meat, eggs feathers
Turkey Meat
Goose Meat, feather, eggs
Quail Meat, eggs
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Pigeon Meat
Guinea fowl Meat
Wild duck Meat, feather
Pheasant Meat
Chickens and other poultry may be divided into classes which are essentially
of the same physical characteristics associated with age, sex, live weight and/or
breed.
1. Broiler or Fryer A broiler or fryer is young chicken, usually 9 to 12 weeks

of age, of either sex, is tender-meat with soft, pliable, smooth-textured skin.
2. Roaster A roaster is usually 5 to 6 months of age.
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3. Capon.A capon is a surgically desexed male chicken usually under 8 months
of age.
4. Stag A stag is a male chicken, usually under 10 months of age, with coarse
skin, with somewhat toughened and darkened flesh.
5. Hen or Stewing Chicken It is a mature female chicken which is usually more
than 10 months of age. It can also be a culled layer.
6. Cock or Rooster It is a mature male chicken with coarse skin, toughened
and darkened meat and hardened breastbone tip.
7. Jumbo Broiler This is a large chicken about 4 kg. dressed weight which are
on sale especially during the Christmas holiday.
Other Poultry
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1. Peking duck This is a breed of duck that originated from China and is noted
for its tender and flavorful meat.
2. Duck or Itik is available and popular in many towns of Rizal as fried itik.
3. Squab This is a young immature pigeon of either sex and has extra tender
meat.
Selecting Good Quality Poultry and Game

O
1. Live Poultry
C
a. It has clear eyes.
b. A young chicken has fine and soft feet. If it is old, the feet are thick and
D
scaly.
c. The bone at the tip of the breast is soft in younger chicken and thick in
older one.
E
d. Small feathers indicate that the chicken is young.
2. Whole Poultry. These are slaughtered birds that have been bled and de-
EP
feathered.
a. Their head, feet and viscera are still intact.
b. They are clean, well fleshed.
c. They have moderate fat coverings.
d. They are free from pin feathers and show no cuts, scars or missing
D
skin.
3. Dressed Poultry. These are slaughtered birds that have been bled, de-
feathered, and the visceral organs are removed.
a. The skin is smooth and yellow in color
b. The breast is plump
c. The thighs are well-developed
d. It has no objectionable odor
e. It is heavy and the skin is not watery
4. Ready-to-Cook The dressed birds may be cut up and marinated or seasoned.
234
5. Poultry Parts Several pieces of a single poultry part are usually packed in one
carton, wrapped and chilled or frozen. The various poultry parts are divided
into any of the following:
a. dark meat – drumsticks, thighs, wings, neck, backs, and rib cage
b. white meat – breasts
c. giblets – gizzard and heart
Nutritional Value/Components of Poultry And Game

Like meat, poultry contains high quality proteins. Chicken, the most consumed
among the fowls, has 22.6% protein, 76.3% water and traces of fat, vitamins and
minerals.
Poultry meat consists of dark and white muscles. Dark muscles are those
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found in parts of fowl’s body which are always used. These are the legs, thigh, wings,
neck and rib cage. These are richer in fat, have more connective tissues, and have
higher riboflavin and myoglobin content. Most people prefer the dark meat than white
meat (from the breast) because of its juiciness and flavor. Variety meats refer to the
meat of such organs as the gizzard, heart, kidneys and liver.
O
Preparation of poultry for cooking
• slaughter and bleeding
• scalding
C
• defeathering
• evisceration
• deboning
D
Market forms of poultry

E
Live poultry
Live poultry should be healthy, alert, and well-feathered. Avoid poultry which have
bruises, blisters and broken bones.
EP
Whole poultry
Though not alive, the criteria for selecting live poultry also apply to whole poultry.
Dressed poultry
D
This is the most available poultry form in the market. Dressed poultry are actually
slaughtered poultry with the head, feet, blood, feathers and internal organs removed.
Good quality dressed poultry should be free from slime, off-odors and discoloration.
Drawn poultry
These are dressed poultry that have been chilled or frozen. They are usually
available in groceries.
Ready-to cook
These are poultry parts such as wings, breast, thighs, or drumsticks which have
been separately packed in a single container and frozen or chilled.
235
Different Cuts of Poultry
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O
Whole Chicken
Whole Chickens are marketed either fresh or frozen.
C
D
Halves
The bird is split from front to back through the backbone
and keel to produce 2 halves of approximately equal
E
weight.
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Breast Quarters
Halves may be further cut into which include the wing. A
breast quarter, including portions of the back, is all white
D
meat.
Split Breast
A breast quarter with the wing removed.
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Split Breast without Back
A breast quarter with wing and back portion removed.
Boneless, Skinless Breast

Split breast that has been skinned and deboned.
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8-Piece Cut
The whole bird is cut into 2 breast halves with ribs and
O
back portion, 2 wings, 2 thighs with back portion and 2
drumsticks. The parts may be packaged together and
labelled as whole cut-up chicken. These are usually sold
C
without giblets.
D
Whole Chicken Wing
The whole chicken wing is an all-white meat portion
composed of three sections; the drumette, mid-section,
E
and tip.
EP
Wing Drummettes
The first section between the shoulder and the elbow.
D
Wing Mid-Section with Tip

The flat center section and the flipper (wing tip).
237
Wing Mid-Section
The section between the elbow and the tip, sometimes
called the wing flat or mid-joint.
Whole Chicken Leg

The whole chicken leg is the drumstick-thigh
combination. The whole leg differs from the leg quarter
and does not contain a portion of the back.
PY
O
Boneless, Skinless Leg
Whole chicken leg with skin and bone removed.
C
D
Thigh
The thigh is the portion of the leg above the knee joint.
E
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Boneless, Skinless Thigh

Thigh with skin and bone removed.
D
Drumsticks
Drumsticks include the lower portion of the leg quarter
(the portion between the knee joint and the hock).
238
Giblets
Includes heart, liver, and neck.
PY
O
Read each of the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer in your test notebook
C
1. What do you call the birds that are hunted for food?
A. game C. poultry
D
2. What do you call a desexed male chicken usually under 8 months old?
A. broiler C. hen
E
B. capon D. rooster
3. Which of the following poultry originated from China and is noted for its tender and
EP
flavorful meat?
A. chicken C. itik
B. goose D. peking duck
4. What do you call the young immature pigeon of either sex with extra tender meat?
D
A. duck C. rooster
B. fryer D. squab
5. Which of the following classes of poultry is on sale especially during the Christmas
Holiday?
A. broiler C. jumbo broiler
B. capon D. roaster
6. To what part of poultry does breast meat belong?

239
7. Which of the following characteristics is a good quality of a live poultry?
B. has clear eye
D. thighs well develop
8. What do you call a young chicken that is usually 9 to 12 weeks of age ?

A. fryer C. roaster
B. hen D. stag

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10. What is a male chicken under 10 months old?
A. fryer C. rooster
B. hen D. stag
O
C
E D
Make a research on the following:

EP
• Market forms of poultry

• Different cuts of poultry
• Characteristics of good quality poultry
• Preparation of poultry for cooking
D
240
Learning Outcome 2:
Cook Poultry and Game Dishes
Principles of Poultry Cookery
1. The fat distribution and maturity of the fowl affect the quality of the product.
Mature birds are best cooked using moist heat. Dry heat is suitable for young
birds.
2. The best cooking temperature for poultry is at low to moderate heat. This
temperature range produces a more flavorful and tender product. This also
minimizes nutrient loss and shrinkage of meat.
3. To prevent the risk of microbial contamination, stuffing of turkey and chickens
should be done immediately before roasting. It is best not to fill the cavity
completely as this will prevent the poultry from being thoroughly cooked.
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4. Because of its susceptibility to microbial growth, cooked poultry should be
eaten immediately or refrigerated if not consumed. Leftover stuffing should be
stored separately to prevent contamination.
5. Because poultry meat is pale-colored, it is best to employ dry heat cooking with
fat for a brown color.
O
6. When roasting chicken, cuts should be placed with the breast-side down to
produce a juicier and tenderer product.
7. To improve the palatability of lean poultry meat, basting can be done.
C
Causes of Food Spoilage and Contamination
All food should be safe and free from contamination and spoilage at all points in
D
its journey from its source until it reaches the consumers. However, food contamination
is a serious public health problem resulting in food borne diseases that affect many
people every year. Hence, awareness of potential sources of food contamination is an
E
important component of good nutrition and good health.
Food may be contaminated by different microorganisms or by chemicals that

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can cause health problems for anyone who eats it.
The common causes of food contamination and food spoilage are:

1. Failure to properly refrigerate food
2. Failure to thoroughly heat or cook food
D
3. Infected employees/workers because of poor personal hygiene practices

4. Foods prepared a day or more before they are served
5. Raw, contaminated ingredients incorporated into foods that receive no further
cooking
6. Cross-contamination of cooked foods through improperly cleaned equipment
7. Failure to reheat foods to temperature that kills bacteria
8. Prolonged exposure to temperatures favorable to bacterial growth
Poultry Cookery
Poultry, like meat may be cooked by either dry or moist heat method. The
choice of method depends mainly upon the age of the bird instead of location of the
241
part in the carcass as in the case of meats. Fat content should also be taken into
consideration.
1. Moist Heat Method

As discussed earlier in this lesson, chickens are categorized into
classes. All classes of chicken and other poultry for that matter may be cooked
by moist-heat cookery. Common Filipino dishes are tinola, sinampalukang
manok, manok na pinaupo, and relyeno.
2. Dry Heat Method

The dry method is usually reserved for young tender poultry. The poultry
class of these chickens is specially termed “broilers and fryers” Somewhat
older but still immature birds such as capons and roasters are also suitable
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for roasting. They are still tender but have more fat than the broilers or fryers.
Older birds need to be tenderized by moist cooking prior to dry heat
cooking.
One point to remember in poultry cookery; moist heat cookery may be
applied to all classes and kinds of poultry but dry heat cookery is reserved for
O
tender birds.
Steps in Fabricating Chicken

C
D
1. Cut along center of breast bone.

E
EP
D
2. Here you can view the cut made.
242
3. Using the knife, scimitar may be
preferred but a fillet knife would
work well too. Cut along one side of
the breast bone to the base of the
chicken.
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4. Separate skin that is attached to
breast from leg quarter.
O
C
5. With your thumb under the wing joint
D
press upward and out to separate
joint.
E
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6. With knife, cut between joint to

D
remove and cut any skin not

separated from carcass yet.
243
7. Here is a picture of detached breast
and wing.
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8. Cut around wing joint to remove
wing.
O
C
9. A small thin piece of meat located
on underside of breast that can be
D
removed by pulling the tenderloin,
good for chicken tenders. Repeat
steps 3-9 for the other side of breast.
E
EP
10. Cut around leg quarter going up high

D
towards backbone then circling down

toward other side.
244
11. Halfway through you will hit the
joint.
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12. Using your thumb push up and
out to snap apart joint.
O
C
13. Finish cut through joint to remove
D
leg quarter. Repeat steps 10-13
for other leg quarter.
E
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Deboning Chicken
D
Step 1: Place the chicken, breast side

up, on a clean cutting surface. Stretch
out each wing flat against the board by
pulling the tip. With a boning knife, cut
off the wing tip and next joint, leaving the
largest wing bone still attached.
245
Step 2: At the neck, cut out the wishbone
by pulling the skin up and out of the way
and sliding the knife along the underside
of the wishbone. Continue cutting around
and under the wishbone until it is free and
can be pulled out with your fingers.
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Step 3: Turn the bird over, and with breast
side down, cut along the backbone from
the neck to the tail.
O
C
Step 4: With short sharp strokes of your
knife, keeping the knife close to the
D
bones cut the flesh and skin, carefully
using your fingers to pull the flesh away
from the carcass.
E
EP
Cut through the ball-and-socket joints

connecting the wing and thigh bones to
the carcass, so that they are separated
from the carcass but still attached to the
D
skin. When step is completed on both

sides, meat will be attached only along
the ridge of the breastbone. Gently (the
skin tears easily) pull to separate the
breastbone and carcass from the flesh.
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Step 5: Cut the flesh from the curved
(saber) bone near the wing and remove
the bone.
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Step 6: The partially-boned bird with leg
and wing bones left in, is now ready for
stuffing.
O
C
Step 7: While holding the wing bone from
inside the bird, cut through the tendons
D
and scrape the meat from the bone with
the knife. Pull out the bone, using the
knife to free it.
E
EP
Step 8: Cut off end of the leg bone using a

cleaver or thick-bladed cook’s knife. Note:
The use of a cook’s knife for chopping
D
through chicken bone is acceptable for

this application but not recommended for
cutting through other bone.
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Step 9: Repeat Step 7 to remove the leg
bone. Reposition wing and leg meat so
skin side is out.
Step 10: The whole chicken is now

completely deboned, with the skin intact
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and ready to be stuffed, rolled, and
roasted.
Now, you are ready for Rellenong Manok

Recipe (Stuffed deboned Chicken)
O
C
E D
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Activity No.2 – Market Visit
This will be a collaborative activity. Follow the instructions below:

 Find a partner
 Visit a supermarket or a wet market near you and do the following:
D
• List down the market forms of poultry being sold

• Take note of the appearance, color, odor and its cuts
• Make a report of your activity
• Submit your report in a short bond paper with folder
248
Let’s Do It!
Demonstrate the steps in fabricating and deboning chicken by following the procedures
on page 242.
Your performance will be evaluated using the rubric below:
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SCORING RUBRICS
Level
Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
Ask the teacher to
assess your performance
10 - Can perform the skill very
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in the following critical
satisfactorily without supervision
task and performance
and with initiative and adaptability to
criteria below
problem situations.
C 7 - Can perform the skill satisfactorily
You will be rated based
on the overall evaluation without assistance or supervision.
on the right side. 4 - Can perform the skill less
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satisfactorily but requires some
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satisfactorily, but requires

considerable assistance and/or
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supervision.
Instructor will initial level achieved.

D
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Preparation and Cooking of Chicken
Chicken Galantina/Relleno
Find a partner and perform the given chicken recipe. Performance activity will be
evaluated based on the given rubric

• knife
• chopping board
• measuring cup
• measuring spoon
• oven
• wooden spoon
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Ingredients:
• 1 whole chicken, deboned • 3/4 cup chopped Vienna sausage
• ½ k ground pork • 1/2 cup minced onions
• ½ k ground beef • 1/2 cup grated carrot
• 300 g ground chicken • 1/2 cup chopped red bell pepper
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• 4 pieces sausage • 5 tbsp bread crumbs
• 3 tbsp. sweet pickle relish • 3/4 cup soy sauce
• 1/2 cup raisins • 1 1/2 tsp juice of 1 lemon
• 2 pieces hard boiled eggs
C • 1/2 tsp salt
• 3/4 cup minced ham • ground black pepper
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Procedure:
1. Combine ground pork, ham, sausage, bell pepper, carrot, onion, raisins, sweet
pickle relish, salt, and pepper. Mix well.
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2. Add the bread crumbs and then continue mixing. Set aside.
3. Combine lemon juice and soy sauce in a large container. Stir.
4. Marinate the whole chicken in the lemon and soy sauce mixture for 30 minutes.
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5. Remove the chicken from the mixture and then stuff with half of the meat and
vegetable mixture.
6. Arrange the boiled eggs inside the chicken and then continue to put-in the rest
of the meat mixture.
7. Secure the chicken by wrapping it in aluminum foil.
D
8. Meanwhile pre heat oven at 350 degree Fahrenheit.

9. Bake the Chicken Relleno for about 1 hour.
10. Remove from oven. Remove aluminum foil on the surface then brush with
butter on top and on side.
11. Bake again for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
12. Allow to cool.
13. Slice into serving pieces.
14. Serve. Share and enjoy!
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(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
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3. Nutritive value
B. Procedures
O
the ingredients. C
and dishes.
D
E
and pot holders.

EP

procedures.
D
Comments:
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Italian Chicken Roll-Ups
• casserole
• knife
• chopping board
• measuring cup
• measuring spoon
• wooden spoon
• frying pan
Ingredients:
• 8 boneless skinless chicken breast • 1/2 cup grated cheese
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halves (4 ounces each) • 1/4 cup minced fresh parsley
• 8 thin slices (4 ounces) ham • 1/2 cup milk
• 4 slices cheese, halved • cooking spray
• 2/3 cup seasoned bread crumbs
O
Procedure:
1. Preheat oven to 425°.
2. Flatten chicken to 1/4-in. thickness.
C
3. Place a slice of ham and half slice of provolone cheese on each piece of
chicken.
4. Roll up from a short side and tuck in ends; secure with a toothpick.
5. In a shallow bowl, combine crumbs, Romano cheese and parsley.
D
6. Pour milk into another bowl. Dip chicken rolls in milk, then roll in crumb
mixture.
7. Place roll-ups, seam side down, on a greased baking sheet. Spritz chicken
E
with cooking spray.

8. Bake uncovered for 25 minutes or until meat is no longer pink.
EP
9. Remove toothpicks.
Yield: 8 servings.
D
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Evaluate your finished product and performance using the score sheet below.

(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
PY
3. Nutritive value
O
B. Procedures
the ingredients.
C
and dishes.
D
E

and pot holders.
EP

procedures.
D

Comments:
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Learning Outcome 3:
Plate/Present Poultry and Game Dishes
Portion Control for Cooked Poultry and Game

Chicken
• Meat shrinks about 25% when cooked. A quarter-pound hamburger (4
oz.) will actually yield a 3 ounce portion after cooking. An 8 ounce steak
will yield about 6 ounces of cooked meat.
• A chicken breast is generally 3 - 4 ounces.
• A chicken thigh is usually 2 ounces, while a leg is 1 - 2 ounces.
• Chicken wings are high in fat. It takes 2 wings to equal a 1 ounce choice
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(or exchange) with that.
How to Control Portion Sizes – Portion Control Secrets

It’s not always what you eat, but how much you eat - It’s the size of your
servings that really counts!
O
Most of us tend to underestimate the amount of food we eat and tend to
overestimate the recommended portion sizes for many foods. Almost everyone
C
underestimates the amount of calories they consume, and people who weigh more
do so, to a greater degree.
Portion: A “portion” is how much food you choose to eat at one time (breakfast,
D
lunch, dinner, or snack), whether in a restaurant, from a package, or in your own
kitchen. Portions can be bigger or smaller than the recommended food servings.
There is no standard portion size and no single right or wrong portion size.
E
Serving: A “serving” size is the amount of food listed (and recommended)

on a product’s Nutrition Facts (panel of packaged food) or the amount of food
EP
recommended in the Food Guide Pyramid and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Sometimes, the portion size and serving size match; sometimes they do not.
A serving is a standard amount used to help give advice about how much to eat,
or to identify how many calories and nutrients are in a food.
D
How to Control Portion Sizes:

Eating smaller portions of food is one of the easiest ways to cut back on
calories—but it can also be one of the most challenging, with the current trend
of super-sizing. How do you know a reasonable portion of food when you see
it? Visualize the objects mentioned below when eating out, planning a meal, or
grabbing a snack.
Factors to consider in presenting/plating poultry dishes

• Types of service wares • Sauces
• Plating • Accompaniments
• Garnishing
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Plating/ Presenting Poultry Dishes
Creative Food Presentation Techniques
The way food is presented affects a
person’s perception of how it will taste. People
instinctively reject bruised apples and browned
bananas, and recognize well-marbled beef
and perfectly ripe produce. Prepared dishes
work in the same manner. The perfect dish
includes food that tastes as good as it looks.
Much of the artistry of cooking comes after the

food has been cooked and it is time to transfer
it from pot to plate. Here, chefs rise above cooks as they arrange the different
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components on a plate like interior designers place furniture to create culinary
masterpieces.
The home chef faces similar circumstances on a nightly basis. Whether

you’re entertaining, preparing a special meal or jazzing up an old favorite, these
O
food presentation tips will set your dishes apart from the crowd.
Plating the Food

Plating is the act of arranging the meal on
C
the individual plate immediately before it’s served.
Presentation should look natural. It should feel
as though everything that is on the plate is meant
to be exactly where it is. Try to strike a balance
D
between having enough food on the plate to
convey hospitality without overcrowding the
E
plate—and potentially offending your guest. Try

to leave one-third of the plate empty, and plate
your dish immediately before you serve it. It goes
EP
without saying that hot food should be hot and cold food should be cold; always
check the temperature of your food before you serve it to a guest. After you have
put the food on the plate, check to see that the plate is clean. Plate edges should
be especially immaculate. Clean spills or sauces away with a moistened clean
sponge or paper towel.
D
Decorate the Frame

If the food is the masterpiece, then the
plate is its frame. Adapt artistic framing strategies
to your cooking for a quick way to improve your
food’s presentation. Buy beautiful bowls and
plates in a variety of shapes and colors. The
same bowl of soup looks dramatically different
in a small Asian ceramic cup and an oversized,
shallow white French consommé bowl.
You can also decorate the rim of a plate, just as you’d decorate a frame.
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Use culinary elements like colorful spices or confectioner’s sugar; specialty salts
like Hawaiian alaea or Himalayan pink salt which also lend themselves wonderfully
to this purpose.
For small appetizers, part of the presentation is making the display platter
look beautiful. Make a bed of uncooked soba noodles or flat rice sticks, shafts of
wheat, or large sprigs of fresh herbs like rosemary and thyme. This is also a good
trick to use if you are preparing a hors d’oeuvre platter.
If you’re decorating a plate that will hold hot food, be aware that by the time
you’re finished garnishing the plate, the food may not be hot. In some cases, you
can garnish the plate before you plate the food. If this is impossible, work quickly
and have all of your garnishes close by.
PY
Mix Shapes, Colors and Textures
Food is naturally beautiful. Combine foods
with different shapes, colors and textures on the
same plate. Grilled filet mignon becomes even
O
more decadent when it appears on the plate
with stark white mashed potatoes and a bright
green steamed vegetable.
C
In this case, these different elements
combine for a dish that catches the eye. If
your plate will contain multiple elements,
D
use an odd number of dishes rather
than an even number for further interest. Grilled filet mignon with mashed
potatoes and steamed asparagus looks great, but add a stack of sliced
E
tomatoes and the combination becomes regimented and less remarkable.

EP
Try to integrate a variety of shapes in each dish. Risotto is boring when paired
with rice, as the two are nearly identical in shape, color and size. Meatballs
and Brussels sprouts are different colors but the same shape. But meatballs
and rice make an interesting combination, as do risotto and Brussels sprouts.
D
For a restaurant-worthy twist on traditional side-by-side plating, stack

the components of your dish vertically. Arrange asparagus into a teepee on
the plate, with a dipping sauce in the center; make salads more cylindrical
than vertical. This approach can make any plate instantly more interesting.
Keep in mind that sometimes the most aesthetically pleasing plate of food does
not include a garnish. For example, crème brulee features a delicate, crunchy
top layer. While its appearance can certainly be improved with a small garnish or
beautiful brulee dish, the texture and color of the caramelized sugar is beautiful
enough on its own.
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Garnishes
Garnishes can be as simple or intricate as you like. For a twist on the traditional
parsley sprig, use a sprig or two of an herb or spice
that was used in the dish. A ham flavored with
rosemary might feature a sprig of rosemary on each
plate. Spicy pad Thai can include a wedge of lemon
or lime and a dash of paprika sprinkled around the
plate.
You can also garnish with small fans of fruits

and vegetables like cucumber, pineapple, avocado,
citrus, kiwi or apple. Slice the fruit or vegetable into
thin rounds, leaving ¼” of flesh connected on one side to hold the rounds together.
Gently spread out the slices and arrange them neatly in an arc. Several kitchen tools
PY
are available that will help you transform nearly any fruit into an attractive garnish for
a plate.
The key to selecting a garnish is picking a garnish that will improve the dish.
Garnishes add color and continue a theme, such as a brightly colored orchid on top
O
of passion fruit crème brulee. They can accent a dish’s color, like chives on top of a
baked potato, or a dish’s flavor. C
Garnishes can provide complementary flavor, like peanuts in pad Thai, or
contrasting flavor, like a lemon wedge with seafood. An entrée’s sauce also makes
a delicious garnish. Swirl it around or atop the plate for visual and gustatory interest.
The way food looks on the plate is the most commonly ignored facet of cooking
D
at home. Too often, other considerations such as time, money, and food allergies push
presentation out of mind. Since most children and their families eat their main meals at
E
home, attractive food presentation is just as important at home as it is in a restaurant.

A dish that looks good is more likely to be eaten. Even picky kids will forego sugary
cereal in favor of Mickey Mouse-shaped waffles or a plate with over easy egg eyes, a
EP
bacon smile and potato cheeks. You can even trick your own palate into liking Brussels
sprouts, zucchini and other healthy produce with a beautiful arrangement on a dish.
D
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Choose the correct answer from the given choices. Write the letter on your answer
sheet.
1. Act of arranging the meal on the individual plate immediately before it’s serving
A. garnishing
PY
B. cooking
C. plating
D. serving
2. If the food is the masterpiece, then the plate is its _______
O
A. accessories
B. base
C. body
D. frame
C
3. To enhance in appearance by adding decorative touches
D
A. plating
B. presenting
E
C. garnishing
D. serving
EP
D
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Learning Outcome 4:
Store Poultry and Game Bird
Techniques in Storing Poultry
Poultry may be frozen whole, in halves, cut into pieces, or parts after they
are dressed. Parts can be packed separately, ready to cook, or for easy meal
preparation and thawing.
Handling and Storage of Poultry

Poultry spoils very quickly unless it is properly handled and stored. After
being brought home from the market, it should be unwrapped as quickly as possible
and wiped off with a damp cloth. Then it should be lightly covered with waxed
PY
paper, placed in shallow utensils and stored in a cold part of the refrigerator near
the freezing unit or ice. Cooked poultry should be cooled as quickly as possible,
covered to prevent drying and refrigerated. Removing the bones saves space.
Frozen poultry must be kept in the freezing unit until it is thawed for cooking.
O
Freezing and Thawing Poultry
To prepare poultry properly for freezing, it should be wrapped tightly in a
C
moisture-vapor proof film, foil or paper and then frozen at -170oC (0oF) or lower.
Although there are no abrupt changes in quality during the first few months of
poultry storage, it has always been a good practice to use these chickens first
which have been in storage longest and those with torn wrapper.
D
Storage Time for Poultry and Game

E
Refrigerator (35-
Product Freezer ( 0oF)
40oF)
EP
Chicken and turkey (whole) 1 – 2 days 12 months

Chicken (pieces) 1 – 2 days 9 months
Turkey (pieces ) 1 – 2 days 6 months
Duck and Goose (whole) 1 – 2 days 6 months
D
Giblets 1 – 2 days 3–4 months

Wild duck, pheasant.Goose (whole) 1 – 2 days 6 months
Cooked poultry dishes 2 – 4 days 4–6 months
Canned poultry, opened 1 day NR
It is not recommended to refreeze poultry after it has been thawed. Freezing
and thawing release fluids called drip and the chances of bacterial spoilage are
increased. Water holding capacity of meat is also affected by subsequent thawing.
When thawing, it is advisable to thaw slowly inside the refrigerator to give

tissues a better chance to rehydrate. Immediately cook the thawed meat since
bacterial growth is rapid upon thawing. Slow thawing may be effected by placing
the 1 to 2 kg. chicken in the refrigerator for 12 to 24 hours or to place it under
running tap water for ½ to 1 hour, in their original wrap In both cases. However,
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frozen poultry or any other market forms of poultry should not be allowed to thaw
or soak in a bowl of water because of possible bacterial build.
Safety Practices in Handling and Storing Poultry and Game Products

How to Handle Chicken Safely
Raw chicken and poultry can carry the salmonella bacteria, which is

responsible for more cases of food poisoning than any other pathogen. Fortunately,
it’s easy to avoid getting sick from chicken and poultry, as long as you follow safe
food handling practices.
PY
Safe Shopping for Chicken and Poultry
During distribution to retail stores, fresh chicken is kept cold in order to extend
its shelf life as well as to prevent bacteria growth. Packages of chicken should feel cold
O
to the touch, and should be among the last items you select before checking out.
Packages of chicken should be wrapped in plastic bags to prevent leakage

onto other items in your grocery cart.
C
Once you’re home, you should immediately place your chicken in a
refrigerator that maintains a temperature of 40°F or colder, and use it within 2 days.
D
Otherwise, it should be frozen at 0°F.
E
Safe Handling of Chicken and Poultry

EP
Just like meat, fish or any animal-based food product, raw or undercooked
chicken carry certain bacteria. These bacteria can cause illness in large numbers.
Therefore, to avoid illness we need to limit bacteria’s ability to

multiply, or kill them altogether. Limiting their ability to multiply requires
making sure that food products are not left at room temperatures — or
D
specifically, temperatures between 40°F and 140°F — for more than an hour.
And remember, freezing doesn’t kill bacteria, either — it just makes them
cold. The only way to kill food-borne pathogens is by thoroughly cooking the food.
Another concern with respect to working with uncooked poultry is cross-

contamination. Cross-contamination can happen when raw poultry — or even
just its juices — somehow come into contact with any other food products but
especially ones that are already cooked or ones that will be eaten raw, such as
salad vegetables or greens.
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Fresh vs. Frozen Chicken and Poultry
If the label on a raw poultry product bears the term “fresh,” that indicates that
it has never been colder than 26°F. Poultry that has at any time been kept at 0°F or
colder must have a label indicating that it is “frozen” or “previously frozen,” whatever
the case may be.
Interestingly, poultry that has been kept at temperatures colder than 26°F
but warmer than 0°F can be labeled neither fresh nor frozen.
Chicken and Poultry Product Dating

Federal regulations don’t require poultry products to be dated. However,
PY
most retailers will date the chicken products that they sell.
If they do opt to date the product, regulations do require that there be a phrase
signifying whether the date is a “sell by” date or a “use before” date, and the
explanation must appear right next to the date.
Basics for Handling Food Safely

• Shopping
O
• Storage
C
• Preparation
• Thawing
D
• Cooking
• Serving
• Leftovers
E
• Refreezing
Safe steps in food handling, cooking, and storage are essential to prevent
EP
food borne illness. You can’t see, smell, or taste harmful bacteria that may cause
illness. In every step of food preparation, follow the following guidelines to keep
food safe:
• Clean — Wash hands and surfaces often.

D
• Separate — Don’t cross-contaminate.

• Cook — Cook to proper temperatures.
• Chill — Refrigerate promptly.
Shopping
• Purchase refrigerated or frozen items after selecting your non-perishables.
• Never choose meat or poultry in packaging that is torn or leaking.
• Do not buy food without expiration dates
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Storage
• Always refrigerate perishable food within 2 hours (1 hour when the temperature
is above 90 °F).
• Check the temperature of your refrigerator and freezer with an appliance

thermometer. The refrigerator should be at 40 °F or below and the freezer at 0
°F or below.
• Cook or freeze fresh poultry, fish, ground meats, and variety meats within 2
days; other beef, veal, lamb, or pork, within 3 to 5 days.
• Perishable food such as meat and poultry should be wrapped securely to

maintain quality and to prevent meat juices from getting onto other food.
PY
• To maintain quality when freezing meat and poultry in its original package,
wrap the package again with foil or plastic wrap that is recommended for the
freezer.
• In general, high-acid canned food such as tomatoes, grapefruit, and pineapple
O
can be stored on the shelf for 12 to 18 months. Low-acid canned food such
as meat, poultry, fish, and most vegetables will keep 2 to 5 years — if the can
remains in good condition and has been stored in a cool, clean, and dry place.
C
Discard cans that are dented, leaking, bulging, or rusted.
Preparation
D
• Always wash hands with warm water and soap for 20 seconds before and after
handling food.
E
• Don’t cross-contaminate. Keep raw meat, poultry, fish, and their juices away
from other food. After cutting raw meats, wash cutting board, utensils, and
countertops with hot, soapy water.
EP
• Cutting boards, utensils, and countertops can be sanitized by using a solution

of 1 tablespoon of unscented, liquid chlorine bleach in 1 gallon of water.
• Marinate meat and poultry in a covered dish in the refrigerator.

D
Thawing
• Refrigerator The refrigerator allows slow, safe thawing. Make sure thawing
meat and poultry juices do not drip onto other food.
• Cold Water For faster thawing, place food in a leak-proof plastic bag. Submerge
in cold tap water. Change the water every 30 minutes. Cook immediately after
thawing.
• Microwave Cook meat and poultry immediately after microwave thawing
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Cooking
• Cook all raw poultry, beef, pork, lamb and veal steaks, chops, and roasts to a
minimum internal temperature of 145 °F as measured with a food thermometer
before removing meat from the heat source. For safety and quality, allow meat
to rest for at least three minutes before carving or consuming. For reasons
of personal preference, consumers may choose to cook meat to higher
temperatures.
• Poultry. Cook all poultry to an internal temperature of 165 °F as measured with
a food thermometer.
Serving
• Hot food should be held at 140 °F or warmer.
PY
• Cold food should be held at 40 °F or colder.
• When serving food at a buffet, keep food hot with chafing dishes, slow cookers,
and warming trays. Keep food cold by nesting dishes in bowls of ice or use
small serving trays and replace them often.
O
Perishable food should not be left out more than 2 hours at room temperature
(1 hour when the temperature is above 90 °F).
C
Left overs
• Discard any food left out at room temperature for more than 2 hours (1 hour if
D
the temperature was above 90 °F).
• Place food into shallow containers and immediately put in the refrigerator or
E
freezer for rapid cooling.
• Use cooked leftovers within 4 days.

EP
• Reheat leftovers to 165 °F.
Refreezing
• Meat and poultry defrosted in the refrigerator may be refrozen before or after
D
cooking. If thawed by other methods, cook before refreezing.
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Posttest 3
Read and understand the statements/questions below. Choose the letter of the
correct answer and write it on your test notebook.
1. As a chef of a fine dining restaurant, Genie simmers meat, fish, and
vegetables. Which of the following liquids is a by-product after the different
food stuffs have been simmered?
A. glaze C. stock
PY
B. sauce D. water
O
A. brown stock C. glace viande
C
B. ham stock D. chicken stock
5. Among the different types of stock, which one is the easiest to prepare?
D
6. What stock is made by boiling prawn shell?
E
B. ham stock D. vegetable stock

7. As a rule, which should not be added to the stock because it causes
EP
saltiness?
A. MSG C. spices
B. salt D. sugar
8. Mrs. Sante will be having visitors for dinner. If she will prepare stock for
their dinner, which of the following flavoring agents will she use to give
D
aroma to the stock?

A. aromatic flavoring C. ginger
B. garlic D. smoke
9. What makes the stock tasty and appetizing?
A. appearance C. ingredients
B. color D. smell
A. bisques C. cream
B. bouillon D. puree
11. Which of the following examples is a thick soup?
A. bisques C. consommé
B. bouillon D. fruit
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A. flour C. rice
B. grain D. salt
13. Which of the four basic sauces whose basic ingredient is milk is thickened
with flour enriched with butter?
14. Which among the four basic sauces has a chief ingredient of chicken broth
thickened with flour and enriched with butter seasoning?
15. Which of the four basic sauces has three basic ingredients like butter, egg
yolk, and lemon juice with seasoning for accent?
PY
A. Hollandaise sauce C. white sauce
B. savory butter D. veloute sauce
16. Which of the four basic sauces has a basic ingredient like butter that is
creamed and blended with other ingredients to give individual flavor?
O
A. dairy cream C. flour
B. egg D. spice
C
18. What do you call birds that are hunted for food?
A. game C. poultry
D
19. Which of the following poultry originated from China and is noted for its
tender and flavorful meat?
A. chicken C. itik
E
B. goose D. pecking duck

20. A young immature pigeon of either sex with extra tender meat is called___.
A. duck C. rooster
EP
B. fryer D. squab
21. Poultry is composed of different parts. To which of the following does breast
meat belong?
D

B. has clear eye
D. well-develop thighs
23. What do you call young chickens that are usually 9 to 12 weeks of age?
A. fryer C. roaster
B. hen D. stag
24. How many days should a whole chicken should be refrigerated?
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25. How do you classify the chicken breast?
26. In cookery, we apply different cooking methods depending on the ingredients
that we have. If you will cook a matured poultry, which of the following
methods will you apply?
PY
O
A. age C. cuts
B. cookery D. sex
C
30. Which of the following can be done to prevent drying when reheating?
A. cook using sauces and gravy
D
B. overcook the poultry meat
C. remove fat before cooking
D. none of the above
E
EP
D
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Quarter 4
Prepare And Cook Meat
Overview
This quarter will enable students or learners to acquire competencies in:
preparing and cooking meat which includes: performing mis’ en place, cooking and
evaluating meat dishes, presenting/plating meat dishes, and storing meat.
Objectives:
At the end of the quarter students are expected to:
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1. perform mise ‘en place;
2. cook meat cuts;
3. present and evaluate meat dishes; and
4. store meat.
O
C
D
Pretest 4
Read the following statements/questions carefully and choose the letter with the
E
correct answer. Write your answers in your test notebook.

1. From what animal can you derive veal meat?
A. calf C. hog
EP
B. deer D. sheep
D
A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
temperature?
6. What is a long-bladed hatchet or a heavy knife used by a butcher?
A. butcher knife C. cleaver knife
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9. What is an oil-acid mixture which is used to enhance the flavor of meat?
PY
O
A. chunk C. sirloin
B. round cut
C
D. tenderloin
14. When buying meat, what should you consider first?
A. brand C. quality
D
E
16. These are taken from the internal organs of animals.

EP
17. A slaughtered animal is called ______________.

A. a carabeef C. a pork
B. a carcass D. a poultry
18. The most common method of preserving meat is________________.
A. curing C. refrigerating
D
B. drying D. salting
19. In this method, salt, sugar, potassium, or sodium nitrate, etc. are used in
preserving meat by drying.
A. curing C. freezing
B. dehydration D. salting
20. The following are the characteristics of good quality pork, except ____
A. breast is plump C. no foul odor
B. flesh is pink D. texture is fine and firm
21. A tool used for cutting through bones.
A. butcher knife C. cleaver
B. chef knife D. utility knife
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22. Used for carving and slicing cooked meats.
A. butcher knife C. slicer
23. A knife used for general purposes.
24. It is used in carving roasts chicken and duck.
A. carving knife C. slicer
B. cleaver knife D. utility knife
25. Used for cutting and trimming raw meats.
26. Meat of swine is called:
PY
A. beef C. chevon
B. carabeef D. pork
27. Veal is the meat of:
A. cattle over 1 year old C. sheep
B. goat D. young calf
O
28. Deer meat is called:
A. beef C. chevon
B. carabeef D. pork
A. beef
C
29. Meat of cattle over 1 year old:
C. pork
B. carabeef D. chevon
30. Meat of sheep is called:
D
A. lamb C. pork
E
EP
D
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Lesson 1 Prepare And Cook Meat
Overview:
This lesson covers the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required to prepare
and cook meat.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson you are expected to do the following:
1. perform mise’n place;
2. cook meat cuts;
3. present and evaluate meat dishes; and
4. store meat.
PY
Introduction of Meat
Meat is a term for the flesh of cattle (beef and veal), sheep (lamb) and pigs
(pork). Meat comprises water, protein, fat, and various amounts of minerals and
vitamins.
O
Beef is divided into large sections called primal cuts. These beef primal
cuts or “primal” are then broken down further into individual steak and other retail
cuts. A “side” of beef is literally one side of the beef carcass that is split through
C
the backbone. Each side is then halved between the 12th and 13th ribs into sections
called the forequarter and hindquarter.
Pork is divided into large sections called primal cuts. These primal cuts
D
are then broken down further into individual retail cuts.
Pork is another choice, as far as meat types are concerned. Pork is derived
from pig and is classified as red meat. However, this meat is less fatty than beef.
E
Beef is very popular and is used across the globe. This meat is obtained
EP
from cow and is one of the much sought-after types of red meat.
Sheep meat is also a staple food in some parts of the world and is consumed
in many regions. Sheep meat is otherwise known as mutton (meat of mature
sheep) or lamb (immature sheep) also classified as red meat.
D
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Learning Outcome 1:
Types of Knives and their Uses
1. French knife or chef’s knife – for

general purpose chopping, slicing,
and dicing.
2. Utility knife – used for carving roast
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chicken and duck.
O
3. Boning knife – used for boning raw
C meats and poultry.
D
4. Slicer – used for carving and slicing
cooked meats.
E
EP
5. Butcher knife – used for cutting,

sectioning, and trimming raw meats
in the butcher shop.
D
6. Scimitar or steak knife - used for

accurate cutting of steaks.
7. Cleaver – used for cutting through

bones.
271
Composition of Meat
1. Water – 70% of muscle tissue.
Water Content of Meat and Poultry

Product Name Percentage Water
Raw Cooked
Chicken fryer, whole 66% 60%
White meat chicken, with skin 69% 61%
Dark meat chicken, with skin 66% 59%
Ground beef, 85% lean 64% 60%
Ground beef, 73% lean 56% 55%
Beef, eye of round 73% 65%
PY
Beef, whole brisket 71% 56%
2. Protein – 20% of muscle tissue. Protein

coagulates when it is heated. It becomes
O
firmer and loses moisture. When protein has
coagulated to the desired degree, the meat is
said to be done.
C
D
3. Fat – 5% of the muscle tissue. The fat in meat
contributes to:
A. Juiciness
E
Marbling is fat that is deposited within the muscle

tissue. Surface fats protect the meat from drying
out during cooking. Adding surface fat is called
EP
barding.
B. Tenderness
Marbling separates muscle fibers, making meat
easier to chew.
C. Flavor
D
Fat is the main source of flavor in meat.
4. Carbohydrates – it plays a necessary part

in the complex reaction, called the maillard
reaction, which takes place when meats are
browned by roasting, broiling or sautéing.
Without carbohydrates, desirable flavor-
appearance of browned meats would not be
achieved.
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Structure of Meat
1. Muscle fibers
Lean meat is composed of long, thin muscle fibers
bound together in bundles. These determine the texture or
grain of a piece of meat.
• Fine – grained meat is composed of small fibers

bound in small fibers.
• Course – textured meat has large fibers.
2. Connective tissue
These are network of proteins that bind the muscle fibers together. Connective
tissue is tough. Meats are high in connective tissue if the muscles are more exercised
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like meat from legs and the meat comes from older animals.
Two Kinds of Connective Tissue

1. Collagen
• white connective tissue that dissolves or breaks down
O
by long, slow cooking with liquid. Moist-heat cooking
methods at low temperature are not effective for
turning a meat high in connective tissue into a tender,
C
juicy finished product. Acid helps dissolve collagen.
2. Elastin
• yellow connective tissue and is not broken down in
D
cooking. Tenderizing can be accomplished only by
removing the elastin, by pounding and by slicing and
grinding.
E
Basic Preparation Methods of Meat

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Washing
Generally, the only occasion in which you will have to wash meat is when it comes
into contact with blood during preparation. After washing, dry the food thoroughly
with absorbent kitchen paper.
1. Skinning
D
Most of the meat you dealt with has been already skinned by the supplier.
2. Dicing
Meat are diced when it is cut into cubes for various types of casseroles, stems,
curries, and dishes such as steak, kidney pie and pudding.
3. Trimming
Reasons for trimming:
a. Improve the appearance of the cut or joint
b. Leave as much of the meat intact as possible.
c. Leave an even thickness of fat (where fat is to be left). How much
fat you trim off will depend on the type of meat, preference, and the
cooking process to be used.
d. Remove as much gristles and sinews as possible.
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4. Slicing
It is the cutting of meat by determining the direction of the grain (the muscle
fibers), and cut across the grain. This is particularly important with tougher cuts
such as steak, in which the grain is also quite obvious.You slice meat with―instead
of against―the grain.
5. Seasoning
It is the addition of salt and white or black pepper to improve the flavor of food.
a. Use white pepper or cayenne pepper on food which you want to keep
attractive with white color.
b. Add salt to roast and grill after the meat has browned. Adding salt
before cooking will extract the juices of the meat to the surface, and
slows down the browning reactions (which need high temperature and
dry heat).
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6. Coating
The two basic coatings are:
a. Flour – coat the meat before cooking, otherwise the flour becomes
sticky and unpleasant.
b. Bread crumbs – coat the meat in flour, then egg wash (egg wash is
O
made of lightly beaten whole egg with a little water/milk) and finally with
the bread crumbs.
Different kinds of meat and its source

C
1. Pork – meat from domesticated pigs, typically high
D
in fat, commonly slaughtered one year or less of
age to ensure tender cuts.
E
EP
2. Beef -meat from cattle over one year old.

D
3. Lamb – meats of domesticated sheep. Its texture

is a direct result of what it consumes and the age
at which it is slaughtered.
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4. Carabeef – meat from carabao.
5. Chevon – meat from deer/goat.
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6. Veal – flesh of a young calf, 4-5 months old.
Because of its age, it is considered by some to be
O
the finest meat.
C
D

E
EP
Match
Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer in separate sheet.
A.
Column A Column B
_____1. used for cutting through bones A. butcher knife
D
_____2. used for carving and slicing cooked meats B. chef knife
_____3. for general purposes C. cleaver
_____4. carving roast chicken and duck D. utility knife
_____5. used for cutting, trimming raw meats E. slicer
B.
Column A Column B
_____1. young calf A. beef
_____2. goat B. carabeef
_____3. sheep C. veal
_____4. cattle over one year old D. lamb
_____5. carabao E. chevon
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Learning Outcome 2
Cook Meat Cuts
Meat Dishes and Entrees
In the classical menu, the term entrée refers to the courses after the Grosse
piece. Basically, entrees are divided into cold entrees and hot entrees. Today,
however, the entrees are usually served as the main dish with suitable vegetable
and salad garnishes. Both hot and cold entrees are frequently described as simple
dishes on the menu, where they appear in various categories, such as hot snacks
garnishes for main dishes and specialties of the day. The main difference between
main grosses piece is that the entries are cut up before being cooked. They do
not require the same methods of preparation as the grosses pieces which are
prepared in single large pieces. It is, therefore, not possible to group the two types
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of dishes in the same category.
Four kinds of doneness in meat:
1. Rare – when pressed with a finger, the meat is very soft with jelly like texture.
2. Medium Rare – when pressed with a finger, meat feels springy and resistant
O
3. Medium – when pressed with a finger, meat feels firm and there is a definite
resistance.
4. Well Done – when pressed with a finger the meat feels hard and rough.
C
Nutrient Content of Meat
Meat consists of water protein and fat, with a few minerals and some B vitamins.
D
1. Protein – High-quality protein is the major constituent of meat after water,
accounting for about 20 percent of its weight. Meat contains 7 grams of protein
per ounce.
E
2. Fat – content can vary widely, according to the grade of meat and its cut.
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3. Carbohydrates – Meat contains very little carbohydrates. Glycogen, found in

liver and muscle tissue, is present when the animal is alive, but the glucose
that makes up the glycogen is broken down to lactic acid during and after
slaughter.
D
4. Vitamins – Meat is an excellent source of certain B vitamins – thiamin (B1),

riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), cobalamin (B12), niacin (B3) and some folate.
Niacin is obtained from tryptophan, an amino acid plentiful in meats and milk.
5. Minerals – Meat is an excellent source of iron, zinc, copper, phosphorous, and

a few other trace minerals.
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Safe Cooking Temperatures for Various Meat
Meat °C °F
Beef, rare 52 125
Beef, medium 57 135
Beef, medium well 68 155
Beef, well done 71 160
Ground beef 74 165
Pork 71 160
Market Forms of Meat
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1. Fresh meat – meat that is recently slaughtered, has not been preserved
frozen
2. Chilled meat – meat that is placed in chiller or slightly cold
3. Cured meat – meat preserved by salting, smoking or aging
4. Processed meat –meat preserved by chemical process
Meat Cuts
O
Primary Cuts of Meat
C
Beef
E D
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D
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Veal
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O
C
Lamb
E D
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D
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Pork
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O
C
Marinades
Good marinade will add flavor to your favorite meat and make it more tender
D
and juicy. Making a marinade is very simple. All you need are three basic components.
The first is an acid, such as lemon juice, vinegar, yogurt, or wine. The acid is important
as it breaks down the meat and tenderizes it. The second is oil. This protects and
E
preserves the food while marinated and also when it’s being cooked. The third is
any herb and/or spice. This is what gives a marinade its unique flavor and zest.
EP
Feel free to experiment by grouping one or more ingredients from each component.
Here are some general guidelines for marinating:

• Meat and poultry are generally marinated for 2 hours up to 2 days.
• Seafood and fish should be marinated for no longer than one hour.
D
• Use a non-reactive container - steer clear of aluminum, copper, or cast iron.

• Wait for your marinade to cool down before pouring over the meat of your
choice.
• Always refrigerate your meat while it’s marinating.
• Never reuse marinades!
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Examples of Marinades
Pineapple Marinade
This sweet, fruity marinade works great on any cut of pork or chicken giving
it a great Hawaiian Teriyaki flavor. Try this marinade when you are simply
placing cut strips of pork or chicken over rice. You can make extra marinade
to use as a sauce as long as you keep it separate from the meat
Pork Chop Marinade

This is a great Asian style marinade that works well on all cuts of pork,
particularly pork chops, reminiscent of a Teriyaki marinade with a hint of heat
from the chili sauce. You can, if you like, heat this up with some extra chili
sauce.
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Pork Rib Marinade
This marinade uses a pork rub for the seasoning with vinegar and water to
turn it into a marinade.
Teriyaki Marinade
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This teriyaki marinade works particularly well with pork and poultry and gives
it a sweet salty taste. C
Mustard-Vinegar Marinade
This is a simple mustard marinade that tenderizes and adds flavor. It works
well on pork or poultry.
D
Source: http://bbq.about.com/od/marinaderecipes/tp/Top-10-Pork-Marinade-
Recipes.htm
E
Effects of Heat on Meat

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1. It tenderizes connective
D
tissue if moisture is present and

cooking is slow.
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2. It coagulates protein. Even
meats low in connective tissue
can be tough and dry if cooked
at excessively high heats for too
long.
3. High heat toughens and
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shrinks protein and results in
excessive moisture lost.
O
C
4. Roasts cooked at low
temperature shrink less and loss
less moisture.
E D
5. Moist heat penetrates meat quickly. To avoid over cooking, meat should be
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simmered, never boiled.

Methods of cooking meat
1. Dry heat cooking, such as roasting, broiling, or sautéing.
2. Moist heat cooking, like braising, steaming, or poaching.
D
Choosing the Right Cooking Technique

Using the appropriate cooking method for the type of food being prepared
is a major part of the culinary arts. Tough cuts of meat like beef brisket or lamb
shank need to be cooked slowly, at low heat, for a long time, and with plenty of
moisture. Prepared properly, these cuts can be incredibly tender and delicious. On
the other hand, dry-heat methods typically involve very high temperatures and short
cooking times. A piece of brisket cooked in this way — on a grill, let’s say would
be tough, chewy and largely inedible. Interestingly enough, a beef tenderloin steak
cooked using a slow, moist-heat method such as braising would also turn out
tough, chewy and inedible
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Dry Heat Cooking
Dry heat cooking refers to any cooking technique where the
heat is transferred to the food item without using any moisture. Dry-heat
cooking typically involves high heat, with temperatures of 300°F or hotter.
Baking or roasting in an oven is a dry heat method because it uses hot air to
conduct the heat. Pan-searing a steak is considered dry-heat cooking because the
heat transfer takes place through the hot metal of the pan.
Note: The browning of food (including the process by which meat is

browned, called the Maillard reaction) can only be achieved through dry-heat
cooking. Examples of dry-heat methods include:
Roasting and Baking
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Roasting and baking are forms of dry-
heat cooking that use hot, dry air to cook food.
Like other dry-heat cooking methods, roasting
and baking brown the surface of the food, which
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in turn develops complex flavors and aromas.
Both words describe a method of cooking an item by
enveloping it in hot, dry air, generally inside an oven and
C
at temperatures of at least 300°F and often much hotter.
A convection oven, which circulates hot air throughout the oven, can enhance the
browning reaction.
D
Grilling and Broiling
Grilling and broiling are dry-heat cooking
methods that rely on heat being conducted through the
E
air from an open flame. This type of cooking produces

browning reactions on the surface of the food, thus
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encouraging the development of complex flavors and

aromas. Grilling cooks hot and fast, because air is a
poor conductor of heat. Broiling and grilling require the
food to be quite close to the heat source, which in this
case, is likely to be an open flame.
D
Source: http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/dryheatcooking/a/grilling.htm
Sautéing and Pan-Frying
Sautéing is a form of dry-heat cooking that uses

a very hot pan and a small amount of fat to cook the
food very quickly. Like other dry-heat cooking methods,
sautéing browns the food’s surface as it cooks and
develops complex flavors and aromas.
Sautéing requires a very hot pan. When

sautéing, it’s important to heat the pan for a minute,
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then add a small amount of fat and let it gets hot as well, before adding the food to
the pan. This hot fat helps brown the surface of the food. Another key is to avoid
overloading or overcrowding the pan.
Deep-Frying
Since deep-frying involves submerging food
in hot, liquid fat, it might take some time to get used to
the idea that it’s actually a form of dry-heat cooking.
But if you’ve ever seen the violent reaction of hot oil to
even a tiny drop of water, you know that oil and water are a
couple of opposites that has nothing to do with each other.
Moist heat cooking
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Moist heat cooking methods include any technique that involves cooking
with moisture — whether it’s steam, water, stock, wine or some other liquid.
Cooking temperatures are much lower, anywhere from 140°F to a maximum of
212°F, because water doesn’t get any hotter than that. Examples of moist-heat
cooking methods include:
O
Simmering
With simmering, the cooking liquid is a bit hotter than poaching
C
from 180°F to 205°F. Here we will see bubbles forming and gently rising
to the surface of the water, but the water still isn’t at a full rolling boil.
Because it surrounds the food in water that maintains a more or less constant
temperature, simmering cooks food very evenly. It’s an excellent choice for culinary
D
preparations including stocks or soups, starchy items such as potatoes or pastas,
and many others.
E
Boiling
The hottest of these three stages is boiling, where the water reaches its
EP
highest possible temperature of 212°F. It’s actually the least likely of the three to
be used for cooking. That’s because the violent agitation caused by the rolling boil
can be too rough on food and will often damage it.
Water at a full boil would be a bad choice for cooking an egg outside its
D
shell, as we do when preparing poached eggs, because the agitation would cause
the egg to fall apart. The same holds true for delicate fish as well as some pastas.
Steaming
Steaming is a moist-heat cooking technique that
employs hot steam to conduct the heat to the food item.
Steaming can be done on a stovetop, with a pot

containing a small amount of liquid that is brought to
a simmer. The item to be cooked is then placed in a
basket suspended above the liquid and the pot covered.
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Braising and Stewing
Braising is a form of moist-heat cooking in
which the item to be cooked is partially covered with
liquid and then simmered slowly at a low temperature.
Though it can be done on the stovetop, braising is best

done in the oven, because the heat fully surrounds the
pot and causes the food to cook more evenly than if it
were only heated from below.
Begin by Searing
Because moist heat does not permit the various browning reactions that
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dry heat produces, giving cooked meats the brown, outer crust that also helps to
develop complex flavors and aromas, it’s customary to sear meat in a pan with a
small amount of hot fat before braising it. This step helps to develop flavors as well
as making the meat more appealing visually.
O
How Braising Works
Braising is a good choice of cooking method for cuts of meat that are
tougher or from older animals. The connective tissues that are more prevalent
C
in cuts like this, and which can make meats tough and chewy when improperly
cooked, are slowly dissolved through long, slow application of moist heat. So you
end up with a tender piece of meat.
D
Factors Affecting Choice of Cooking Methods in Meat
1. Cuts of meat
• Tender cuts like ribs and loin cuts
E
are used for roasting, broiling and

grilling
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• Less tender cuts from leg or round

are used for braising
• Tougher cuts from chuck or shoulder
are usually braced
• Least tender cuts from shanks,
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breast, brisket, and flank are cooked

by moist heat.
• Ground meat and cubed usually
made from trimmings can be cooked
by dry heat or moist heat.
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2. Fat content
• Meats high in fat are cooked without
added fat, such as roasting or
broiling
• Meats low in fat are often cooked
with added fat to prevent dryness,
like sautéing, pan frying or braising.
3. Desired quality
• Tenderness is not the only goal of
cooking. Flavor and appearance is
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also one of the objectives to get the
desired quality.
O
C
Let’s Do It!
E D
Prepare and Cook Meat

This will be a group collaboration activity. Perform recipes using different methods of
cooking meat. Your outputs will be evaluated using a performance score sheet.
EP
Roasted Meat
• knife
D
• chopping board
• roasting pan
• rack
• oven
• pan
• serving plate
Materials/ingredients needed:
• meat (any kind) • brown stock
• seasoning • mirepoix
Procedure:
1. Collect all equipment and food supplies. Use roasting pans that have low side
and just large enough to hold the roast.
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2. Prepare a trim meat for roasting.
3. Season meat several hours or the day before.
4. Place meat fat side up on a rack in the roasting pan.
5. Place meat in preheated oven.
6. Roast to desired doneness.
7. Remove roast from oven and let stand in a warm place for 15-30 minutes.
8. Prepare pan gravy from drippings by:
• degrees pan used in roasting meat • simmer for desired time
• add mirepoix and let brown • strain and skim fat
• deglaze with brown stock
9. Slice roast meat across the grain and serve with gravy.
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(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
O
2. Palatability
C
3. Nutritive value
D
B. Procedures
E
EP
the ingredients.
and dishes.
D

and pot holders.
procedures.
Comments:
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BRAISED SHORT RIBS
• oven
• string for tying
• pan
• ladle
• strainer
Ingredients Needed:
• 25 kg short rib sections • 25 l brown stock
• 250 ml oil • 150 ml tomato puree
• 300 g onions • 2 pcs. bay leaves
• 150 g celery • salt to taste
• 150 g carrots • pepper to taste
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• 150 g bread flour
Procedure:
1. Tie the short ribs so the meat will stay on the bone during cooking.
2. Dry the meat so it will brown easily.
O
3. Heat the oil in a heavy skillet until very hot. Brown the meat on all sides.
Transfer browned meat to a browning pan.
4. Sauté onions, celery and carrot to the skillet until lightly browned.
C
5. Stir in the bread flour to make a roux.
6. Add the brown stock and tomato puree. Simmer until thickens.
7. Add bay leaf and season to taste with salt and pepper.
8. Pour the sauce over the steaks. Cover and braise until tender.
D
9. Transfer the steaks in a serving plate.
10. Strain the sauce and pour over steaks.
E
EP
(4) (3) (2) (1)

A. Products:
D

2. Palatability
3. Nutritive value
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B. Procedures
the ingredients.
and dishes.
and pot holders.
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procedures.
O
Comments:
C
Broiling/Grilling Meats
• broiler or griller
D
• brush for meat
• fork
• knife
E
• tong
• ladle
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Ingredients Needed:
• Meat
• Oil
• Salt and pepper to taste
Procedure:
D
1. Collect and prepare all equipment and supplies. Trim excess fat from
meats to avoid flare-ups.
2. Preheat the broiler or grill.
3. Brush the meat with oil, or dip it in oil and let excess drip off. Place the meat
on the broiler or grill. The oil helps prevent sticking and keeps the product
moist.
4. When one side is brown and the meat is cooked halfway, turn it over with a
fork (piercing only the fat, not the meat, or juices will be lost) or tongs.
5. Cook the second side until the meat is cooked to the desired doneness. If
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the meat is to be brushed with a glaze or sauce, it is usually best to wait
until the product is partially cooked on each side before applying the first
coat. After the meat has been cooked on both sides ½ to ¾ done, brush
the top with a light coat of the sauce. Turnover and repeat as necessary.
6. Remove from broiler or grill and serve immediately.

(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
PY
2. Palatability
O
3. Nutritive value
C
B. Procedures
D
the ingredients.
E
and dishes.
EP

and pot holders.
D
procedures.
Comments:
289
MORCON
• measuring spoon
• measuring cup
• knife
• weighing scale
• pot or pressure cooker
Ingredients Needed:
• 1k beef, sliced 1/4 inch thick (3 • 100 grams grated cheddar cheese
pcs.) • 2 onions, chopped
• ¼ k ground beef liver • 5 pcs. bay leaf (laurel)
• 200 grams sliced sausages or ham • ½ tsp ground black pepper
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• 200 grams pork fat (cut is strips) • ½ cup vinegar
• 3 pcs. hard boiled eggs, sliced • 2 tsp. salt
• 100 grams cheddar cheese in • 2 cups water
strips • 2 meters thread or string (for tying)
O
Procedure:
1. Spread and stretch the sliced beef on your working table.
2. Arrange the filling on the sliced beef: sausage strips, cheese strips, sliced
eggs, pork fat and some ground liver.
C
3. Roll the sliced beef with all the filling inside and secure with a thread or
string.
4. Repeat the procedure for the two remaining beef slices.
D
5. On a pot, place the beef rolls and put the water, the remaining ground liver,
grated cheese, chopped onions, bay leaves, ground black pepper and salt.
6. Cover the pot and bring to a boil. Simmer for one hour.
E
7. Add the vinegar and continue to simmer for another hour or until beef is
tender.
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8. Slice the beef morcon, arrange on a platter, and top with the sauce/ gravy.
Estimated cooking time: 2 to 3 hours
Cooking Tips:
D
• A spoon or two of flour can be added to water to thicken the sauce.

• Instead of boiling in a pot, you can use a pressure cooker for faster cooking.
• Optional: Garnish with olives before serving.
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(4) (3) (2) (1)
A. Products:
2. Palatability
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3. Nutritive value
B. Procedures
O
the ingredients.
C
and dishes.
D
E
and pot holders.

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procedures.
D

Comments:
291
Learning Outcome 3:
Plate/Present Meat Dishes
Basic Principles of Platter Presentation

1. Presentation must have three elements:
• Centerpiece may be an uncut portion of
the main food item.
• Slices or serving portions of the main food
item, arrange artistically.
• Garnish, arranged artistically in proportion
to the cut slices.
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2. The food should be easy to handle and
serve, so one portion can be removed
without ruining the arrangement.
O
C
3. Simple arrangements are easier to serve,
and more likely to be still attractive when
they are half demolished by the guests.
E D
4. Attractive platter are made of metals,

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mirrors, china, plastic or woods,

presentable and suitable for use with food.
D
5. It must look attractive and appropriate

not only by itself, but among other
presentations on the table.
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How to Present Food on a Plate
When you’re plating food, the goal is to create a dining experience that
tempts all of the senses, not just the palate. When food looks appetizing the body
actually produces more fluids that aid in nutrient absorption - so you might even
say that beautiful food is more wholesome than food that doesn’t look appealing.
To achieve restaurant-quality presentation, start with brightly-colored, well-cooked
food. Layer the food and play with contrasting colors and textures to increase its
visual appeal. Finally, garnish the plate with flavorful herbs or spices to take it to
the next level. See Step 1 and beyond to learn how to make the next meal you will
cook look irresistible.
Starting with Beautiful Food

Avoid a monochromatic color scheme.
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• A plate of food looks most appealing when
there’s a high level of contrast in colors.
• When you’re planning meals, think ahead
about the colors you want to feature on the
plate. You might not be able to represent all
O
the colors of the rainbow at every meal, but
challenge yourself to have as much color as possible.
• If you’re about to serve several like-colored foods, like grilled chicken and
C
mashed potatoes, adding a serving or two of fruits and vegetables is a fantastic
and easy way to add pops of color. The richest greens, oranges, reds, purples,
blues, pinks and yellows on your plate probably take the form of fruits and
vegetables.
D
• If you’re not sure how to add color, utilize garnishes. Nearly any savory dish
is well-served by a sprinkling of fresh chives, parsley, dill, or mint. Lemon and
lime wedges are welcome alongside poultry and seafood dishes.
E
Bring out vegetables’ brightest colors.

EP
• The way you cook your vegetables has a lot of bearing on the overall visual
effect of a meal
• Lightly steam instead of boiling. Steaming vegetables makes them look
appetizing and flavorful, while boiling creates the opposite effect.
• Roast or sauté them with a little oil or butter. Roasted or sautéed vegetables
look quite appetizing when they’re allowed to caramelize a little in oil or butter.
D
Sear your meat and let it rest.

• Many meat dishes look most appetizing when the meat has been seared. The
sight of a steak or piece of grilled salmon with a brown, crispy sear will make
your dinner guests’ mouths start to water. In addition to searing your meat, you
should let it rest for several minutes before cutting it. This allows the juices to
absorb back into the meat, so that they don’t end up running all over the plate.
• There are exceptions to the rule of searing your meat. For example, if you’re
serving braised beef, you’ll have to think of creative ways to make the meat
look appetizing even though it doesn’t have a crispy crust. Serving it with a
sauce is a good way to add visual interest.
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Cook fried foods carefully.
• Underdone or overcooked fried foods are difficult to present in an appealing
way. Fried foods can look beautiful on a plate, but it’s important to fry them well
and have a plan for dealing with the oil so it doesn’t muck up the rest of the
dish. Cook fried foods until they’re golden brown, then let them drain on a plate
lined with paper towels to absorb the extra oil. Otherwise, the food will leave
streaks of grease on the plates.
• Fried foods often continue browning a bit after they’ve been removed from the
hot oil.
Take texture into account.

• Texture and color go hand in hand when it comes to how appetizing food looks
on the plate. If your food looks too oily, too dry, mushy, tough, or otherwise
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difficult to chew and swallow, it won’t matter how perfectly colorful it looks. Take
pains to cook food well so that it comes out to the right texture.
• The way you handle the food just after it has been cooked, and before it is
plated, can really affect the texture. Pasta, for example, should be kept in water
or tossed in a bit of oil just after cooking so that it doesn’t start to clump. Fried
O
foods should not be covered with airtight lids, because the heat from the food
will end up steaming the breading and causing the food to get soggy.
• Once the food is on the plate, a spritz of oil or water can improve its visual
appeal if it looks too dry.
C
Experiment with interesting shapes.
• Cutting vegetables in interesting shapes
D
can make the simple become special. You
can cook and serve vegetables, desserts,
pot pies and other foods inside unique-
E
shaped dishes to create attractive shapes.

EP
Plating it with Care

• When in doubt, choose white plates. White plates don’t compete visually with
the food you’re serving. They provide contrast, making colors appear brighter
and textures more interesting. . If you have a set of special plates with a pattern
or a certain color scheme, it’s fine to use them. Just make sure they complement
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the food you’re serving instead of vying for attention.

• Don’t forget to take the rest of the table into consideration, too. Cutlery, glasses
and linens will enhance the overall appearance of the dish upon the table.
Visualize the finished plate.

• Consider how to present the main portion in relation to the side dishes. Consider
where it will look best on the plate with the other elements of the dish. Consider
also how to get best impact––the appearance and symmetry are all affected by
whether the food is sliced thinly, thickly or left whole.
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Limit portion sizes.
• Only fill about two thirds of each plate with food. The rest of the plate should
be left empty. The negative space will provide contrast with the food, making it
look more appetizing. If the plate is loaded with food, the food itself won’t look
as visually pleasing. Keep standard serving sizes in mind and aim to serve just
the right amount of each part of the dish.
• As a general rule, half of the food on the plate should comprise of vegetables,
one fourth meat or another protein, and one fourth starch.
• Start plating food in the center of the dish and work outward from there, so that
the food is centered in the middle of the plate.
Follow the rule of odds.

• Having an odd number of elements on a dish is more visually appealing than
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having an even number. It creates the impression that piece of food is being
framed by the others. Keep this in mind whether you’re serving different types
of food or more than one piece of the same food. For example, if you’re serving
scallops, serve either 3 or 5 instead of 4.
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Play with different textures
• Creating a texture contrast is a good way to draw the eye. Too many soft
or crunchy foods on a plate are unappealing, but a combination of both is
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delicious. Different textures harmonize to create a pleasing dining experience.
Leaving one of the elements out would result in a less appealing dish.
• To quickly add some crunch to a dish, try topping it with some crushed, roasted
walnuts and almonds
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Layer foods to add height.
• It’s common to see food layering in
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restaurants, but home cooks don’t

usually try it. Adding height to a dish
can take it from ordinary to stunning.
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Don’t be afraid to show off your culinary

skills by using stacking and layering
methods to make your presentation
more professional.
• An easy way to start layering food is to
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serve the protein on a bed of starch. For example, serve a kabob on a heap of
rice, or serve grilled swordfish on a pile of mashed potatoes.
• Aim to make foods look bigger, not smaller. Fluff up your salads. For example,
instead of smooching them down, create a little cross-hatched stack of cooked
asparagus instead of presenting it in one flat layer.
Use sauce wisely
• If you’re serving a curry, stew or soupy casserole, drain the food of its sauce
before serving, then pour on just the right amount when you plate the dish.
That way you can control the amount of sauce and use it to make the dish look
decorative.
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Keep up with food styling trends.
• Remember that styles change even within the space of a few years or even
months; keep up-to-date by checking out cooking magazines, cooking or foodie
websites and cooking shows for current ideas.
Add appetizing touches

• Use garnishes that enhance the flavor of the meal. No matter what you’re
serving, make sure the garnish actually makes the dish better instead of just
cluttering up the plate.
Employ drizzles and swirls.

• Another way to finish food is with a drizzle or swirl of a concentrated sauce or
liquid. For savory dishes, this might be a small squeeze of remoulade, pesto,
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or flavored oil. For sweet dishes, adding chocolate sauce, fruit jam, or crème
anglaise might be the most delicious way to add that finishing touch.
• Rather than just pouring a sauce over your food, consider putting it in a squeeze
bottle so you can create a pretty swirl or pattern. If you don’t have a squeeze
bottle, put the sauce in a plastic food storage bag, cut a small piece off one of
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the corners, and squeeze the sauce through the bag.
• Don’t overdo it. The key is to add a touch of color, flavor and texture without
overpowering the main part of the dish.
Make sure the plate is clean

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• Examine the edges of the plate for fingerprints and smudges. A great way to
clean up the edges of a plate is to dip a paper towel in a cup of water with a
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dash of white vinegar. Wipe the rim of the plate so that no food residue or prints
are visible. This gives your presentation a professional touch.
E
EP
D
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THE 5 BASIC ELEMENTS OF PLATING
Create a Framework
Start with drawings and sketches to visualize the plate. Find inspiration from a
picture or object. Assemble a ‘practice’ plate to work on executing your vision.
Keep It Simple
Select one ingredient to focus on and use space to simplify the presentation.
Clutter distracts from the main elements of your dish that might confuse the diners on
what to focus on.
Balance the Dish

Play with colors, shapes, and textures to ensure diners are not overwhelmed,
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the presentation should never overpower flav;or and function.
Get the Right Portion Size

Ensure that there is the right amount of ingredients and the plate complements
the dish, not too big or too small. Strike the right proportion of protein, carbohydrates
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and vegetables to create a nutritionally balanced meal.
Highlight the Key Ingredient

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Ensure that the main ingredient stands out and pay equal attention to the
‘support’. This refers to the other elements on the plate such as garnishes, sauces
and even the plate itself.
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Select the best answer. Write only the letter on your answer sheet
1. In platter presentation, the uncut portion of the main food item is
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A. garnish B. serving portions C. centerpiece

2. It is arranged artistically in proportion to the cut slices.
A. slices B. serving portions C. garnish
3. The food should be easy to handle and
A. garnish B. serve C. arrangement
4. Use attractive platter presentation made of metal, mirrors, plastic or
wood, and
A. china B. pan C. platter
5. The act of serving or arranging portions of the main food item artistically:
A. slicing B. garnishing C. setting
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Learning Outcome 4:
Store meat
Methods of Preserving Meat
There are different methods of preserving meat. These include drying or
dehydration, smoking, salting, curing, refrigerating, freezing, canning and freeze
drying.
A. Drying – This is the most common method of preserving meat. Drying involves
the reduction of the original 70% of water content of the meat to about 15%.
The removal of the moisture content does three things, namely:
• Enzymatic changes are retarded;
• Growth of microorganisms is much hampered
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• Microbes lose water and become inert.
Ways of Drying Meat

1. Natural sun drying – Natural sunlight is used to reduce the amount of
moisture content of meat. Portable solar dyers can provide sanitary
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means of drying meat. Dryers with screen covers are recommended for
outdoor use and lengthens the storage life of meat
2. Dehydration or artificial drying – Oven is used for drying the meat.
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Although this is more expensive than sun drying, dehydration is a more
efficient method of removing moisture from meat. Products dried in this
way are of higher quality and can be sold at better prices.
B. Smoking – Meat is smoked to create a distinctive color and flavor, thus
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helping its preservation. The flavor, color, and attractive glaze on the surface
of the meat is desired like in ham, bacon, and tinapA. The heat generated
during smoking destroys the enzymes and dries the product artificially, thus
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preventing the growth of molds and vegetative bacteria on the surface. Cold
and hot smoking are the two types of smoking. Smoked meats include ham,
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bacon, and chicken.
• Cold Smoking – The temperature is held between 26 to 43ºC and the

products are smoked over a period of days or weeks. The products
thus pick up a strong smoked flavor and are dehydrated as well.
D
• Hot Smoking – The temperature is higher, from 71 to 79ºC.The high

temperature speed up the drying process, giving the product a mild
smoked flavor.
C. Salting – Salt improves the keeping quality of meat. It removes the water from
the tissue of the meat and the cells of spoilage organisms that may be present
in the meat.
D. Curing – In this method, salt, sugar, potassium or sodium nitrate, and other
curing elements such as ascorbic acid, phosphate blend, and spices are used
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to prolong the keeping quality of meat. Curing agents also help improve the
flavor and appearance of meat and retain its original color. Sugar minimizes
the hardness of the straight cure process. It also makes the product more
appetizing and provides energy to the nitrate-reducing bacteria which gives the
red color. Spices give the desired flavor and aroma.
E. Refrigerating – Meat is stored at a temperature range of 2 to 10ºC to retard

mold and bacterial growth for a limited period.
F. Freezing – Meat is preserved at a temperature of 10ºC and below. Freezing

deactivates enzymes and bacteria. Meat can be preserved for two months to
one year using this method.
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G. Canning – Meat preserved by canning is packed in sealed cans or jars which
are subjected to a temperature of 100ºC and above 5-7 kilo pressured for
a specific period of time. This process destroys the organism that causes
spoilage. It maintains the high quality of meat product and extends its life for
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about a year.
H. Freeze Drying – The process involves the removal of moisture from the meat
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tissues by transforming the moisture content into ice and gas. The product to
be dried is first frozen and the ice is sublimed from the frozen mass, removing
98% of the water content. The remaining moisture is further reduced to 0.5%
or lower by subjecting the product to high temperature as possible without
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destroying it.
The texture, appearance, flavor, and nutritive value of freeze dried
products are comparable to frozen foods. The products have a long shelf life
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and require no refrigeration. This method needs special equipment such as

modern freeze dryer.
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Evaluating the Quality of Preserved Meat Products

Good quality pork has less than 1 ¼ cm of golden brown fat that covers
the surface of the meat and a thoroughly cooked interior where meat has even
pinkish color. It has also a juicy and tender texture, a pleasing aroma and a tender
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seasoned and pleasing taste with a slight hint of smoky flavor.
Sausages of good quality are uniform in size and length. Each sausage in a
whole piece has no rupture of casing even when pricked. The interior has a pinkish
color when thoroughly cooked. A combination of juicy meat with spicy seasoning
marks their flavor.
Proper Storage of Preserved Meat

Many processed items prepared for future use may be stored in the freezer.
These should be wrapped in plastic or foil to prevent the occurrence of freezer
burn and avoid having a pulpy texture that comes from loss of moisture. Each item
should be labeled with the name of the product, date of expiry, and quantity.
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Processed food held in storage should be well-covered or wrapped to keep
them from absorbing odors and flavors from other foods. They should be held below
danger zone temperatures. Processed meat should be packed in desired and easy
to thaw market units. Thawing a 25 kilo pack of ground meat, for example, will
be difficult. Systematic freezing of food in quantity for long-term storage requires
special freezing equipment.
Food Storage Chart

Suggested
Food Maximum Recommended Maximum Storage
Temperature (ºC)
canned products 21 12 months
frozen products (beef, -18 to -29 6–12 months, in original package
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poultry)
fresh pork (not ground) -18 to 29
3-6 months, in original package
sausage, ground meat 1-3 months, in original package
18 to 29
cold cuts, sliced 3-5 days, in semi-moisture proof paper
3 to 4
cured bacon 1-4 weeks, tightly wrapped
3 to 4
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ham (tender cured) 1-6 weeks, tightly wrapped
3 to 4
ham (canned) 3 to 4
6 weeks, in original container
dried beef (unopened)
3 to 4
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6 weeks, tightly wrapped
Most canned foods can be stored at room temperature in a cold place and
hold their eating quality for several months. They are safe to eat as long as there is
no bulge on the can. Below 24ºC is a good temperature for storage. Canned ham
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and other perishable meats should be stored in the refrigerator unless storage
recommendations on the can state otherwise. These meats should not be frozen.
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Hygiene Practices in Storing Meat Products

To achieve high standards of sanitation, the following measures should be strictly
observed:
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1. See to it that physical equipment and layout are conducive to sanitary

practices.
2. Handle, store, and refrigerate food properly to prevent spoilage and
contamination.
3. Safeguard the food during distribution and service.
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4. Wash and sanitize dishes, glasses, utensils, and equipment.

5. Clean floors walls, ceilings, counters, tables, and chairs regularly.
6. Eliminate vermin and rodents from food areas.
7. Maintain adequate employer supervision and a constant program of
education in sanitation for food service workers.
8. Make sure that food service employees are in good health, and are
not carriers of communicable diseases. The three principal groups of
communicable diseases that must be guarded against in public feeding
operations are respiratory, intestinal, and skin diseases. Require medical
examinations for food service employees.
9. Provide a regular employee education on food service sanitation.
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Techniques in Storing Meat
Storage Procedures for Meat Products
Safe Storage
• Meat is among the most perishable foods. This perishable ability makes it a
potentially hazardous food. At ambient temperatures, meat spoils so fast. It is
therefore necessary to keep it in chilled storage.
Storing
• Take time to store the food items. Store new purchases behind old ones and
always use the old stock first. It is easy to put new purchases at the front.
However, older stocks are overlooked and thus cause spoilage. These
may include cereal and cereal products, sweeteners, oils, seasonings, and
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unopened cans and jars. Do not use kitchen cabinets above the refrigerator,
stove, or oven for food storage.
• Never use the area under the sink for storing food because openings around
water and drain pipes are impossible to seal. Pipes may leak and damage the
food.
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• If you reuse glass jars, wash them thoroughly, wipe, and air-dry before using.
This helps remove any trace of odors that may remain.
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1. Refrigerator storage
• A refrigerator provides cold temperature for storing perishable
foods such as dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, fruits, and
vegetables.
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• Protein foods should be stored in the coldest part of the refrigerator.
Fruits and vegetables can be stored in less cold sections or in a
special compartment such as the crisper.
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• If refrigerated foods are not properly wrapped, they will dry out and
lose nutrients and flavor. Food should be well covered with plastic,
foil or wax paper, or should be put in tightly covered containers.
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Garlic and sausages are strong-flavored foods and should be

wrapped tightly in plastic or foil and stored in an air-tight container
to prevent the transfer of aromas to other foods.
2. Freezer storage
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• For proper freezing and storage, the temperature inside the freezer
should be 18ºC or lower.
• Store frozen foods in their original packages. Foods to be frozen
should be put in moisture-vapor proof wrapping.
• If plastic containers are used, allow about 2.5 cm of headspace at
the top between the food and the lid so the food can expand when
if freezes.
• Thaw frozen foods in the refrigerator. Do not allow food to thaw at
room temperature. At this point, microorganisms will begin to grow.
• Our sanitary laws and regulations are so designed to safeguard
and promote health.
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Bacteria are all around us, but they are so small that they cannot be
seen by the naked eye. There are hundreds of different kinds of bacteria. Some
harmless bacteria are useful and necessary such as those essential in preparing
cheese. Other bacteria are essential in agriculture and industry. However, many
types of bacteria are dangerous and cause diseases if allowed to multiply and be
transmitted to humans.
Food contaminated with bacteria can make people sick. Some of the
common illnesses are salmonellosis, perfringens poisoning, staphylococcal
poisoning, and botulism.
Sanitation is the best preventive measure against food-borne diseases.

Sanitation means keeping bacteria out of food through personal hygiene and proper
handling procedures. It also means keeping the food at proper temperatures so
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bacteria already present do not have much chance to multiply.
Bacteria enter food in two ways. Some are naturally present in food when
you buy it. Others get in because of careless handling when food is prepared and
served. Bacteria cannot travel by themselves; they are carried about by people,
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animals, and insects as well as objects. Salmonella bacteria, for instance, can be
found in food such as raw meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. From these
foods, the bacteria contaminate other foods in the kitchen.
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Staphylococcus bacteria are found not only in raw meat but in food handlers
with poor personal hygiene. The bacteria from food handlers can be transmitted to
the food through sneezing and coughing.
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Bacteria thrive on food, moisture, and the right temperature in order to
grow. With carelessness, these growing conditions can occur in any kitchen.
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D
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Let’s Do It!
PORK TOCINO
Standard recipe developed by Calamba Manpower
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• knife
• chopping board
• mortar and pestle
• strainer
• measuring cup
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• measuring spoon
• wooden spoon
• mixing bowl
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Ingredients Needed:
• 1 k Pork , slice thinly
• 1 tbsp salt
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• ½ tsp curing salt
• 1 tbsp phosphate
• ¼ cup water
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Second mixture
• 1 cup garlic
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• 2 tbsp garlic
• 2 tbsp Anisado wine or rum
• 1 tsp meat enhancer (optional)
• ¼ cup pineapple juice
• 2 tsp oyster sauce
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• 1 tsp Worcestershire sauce
Procedure:
1. In a bowl, combine all ingredients for the 1st mixture together. Set aside.
2. On another bowl, mix all ingredients for the 2nd mixture.
3. Combine 1st and 2nd mixture.
4. Pack it by 250 grams.
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Posttest 4
Read the following statements/questions carefully and choose the letter with the
correct answer. Write your answer in your test note book.
A. calf C. hog
B. deer D. sheep
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A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
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A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
C
temperature?
D
6. What is a long-bladed hatchet or a heavy knife used by a butcher?
E
EP
D
9. What is an oil-acid mixture which is used to enhance the flavor of meat?

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A. chunk C. sirloin
B. round cut D. tenderloin
14. When buying meat, what should you consider first?
A. brand C. quality
16. These are taken from the internal organs of animals.
17. A slaughtered animal is called ______________.
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A. a carabeef C. a pork
B. a carcass D. a poultry
18. The most common method of preserving meat is________________.
A. curing C. refrigerating
B. drying D. salting
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19. In this method, salt, sugar, potassium, or sodium nitrate, etc. are used in
preserving meat by drying.
A. curing C. freezing
B. dehydration
C
D. salting
20. The following are the characteristics of good quality pork, except ____.
A. breast is plump C. no foul odor
B. flesh is pink D. texture is fine and firm
D
21. A tool used for cutting through bones.
E
22. Used for carving and slicing cooked meats.

A. butcher knife C. slicer
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23. A knife used for general purposes.

24. It is used in carving roasts chicken and duck.
A. carving knife C. slicer
D
B. cleaver knife D. utility knife

25. Used for cutting and trimming raw meats.
26. Meat of swine is called:
A. beef C. chevon
B. carabeef D. pork
27. Veal is the meat of:
A. cattle over 1 year old C. sheep
B. goat D. young calf
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28. Deer meat is called:
A. beef C. chevon
B. carabeef D. pork
29. Meat of cattle over 1 year old:
A. beef C. pork
30. Meat of sheep is called:
A. lamb C. pork
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A. Multiple Choice
Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter that best
describes the statement. Write your answer on your test notebook.
C
1. Which of the following sources of starch is rarely used in manufacturing
food starch?
A. cassava C. potato
D
B. corn D. rice
2. Which of the following starch properties/reactions is the resistance to flow,
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increase in thickness or consistency?

A. dextrinization C. retrogadation
B. gelatinization D. viscosity
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3. Which of the following is suggested if you will hold pasta for a short time
for later service?
A. Cook pasta ahead of time and chilled
B. Drain and add sauce
C. Drain, toss with a small amount of oil, cover and hold in warmer
D
D. Slightly undercook the pasta

4. Which is the process of making a new product to be sold to customers?
A. Product Analysis C. Product Development
B. Product Conceptualization D. Product Implementation
5. Which refers to creating a meaningful and unforgettable statement that
captures the essence of your brand?
A. branding C. tagline
B. product naming D. unique selling proposition
6. What managerial tool is used to assess the environment to gather important
information used for strategic planning?
A. Environmental Scanning C. Survey Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis D. WOTS Analysis
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7. Which of the following is the right step-by-step procedure in manual
dishwashing?
A. Drain and air-dry, scrape and pre-rinse, rinse, sanitize, and wash
dishes.
B. Rinse, scrape and pre-rinse, wash, drain, air-dry and sanitize dishes
C. Scrape and pre-rinse, rinse, wash, sanitize, drain and air-dry dishes
D. Scrape and pre-rinse, wash, rinse, sanitize, drain and air-dry dishes
8. Which of the following parts of an egg is produced by the oviduct and
consist of four alternating layers of thick and thin consistencies?
A. air cell C. chalaza
B. albumen D. yolk
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9. Egg contains high quality protein with all the essential amino acids. Which
of the following vitamins is not found in eggs?
A. B C. D
B. C D. K
10. The appearance of an egg is important for consumer appeal. How are egg
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shells evaluated?
A. cleanliness, shape, texture and soundness
B. grade, texture, cleanliness, shape
C
C. shape, texture, cleanliness and size
D. texture, soundness, size and cleanliness
11. Which of the following market forms of eggs is seldom used in cooking?
A. dried egg C. frozen egg
D
B. fresh egg D. shelled egg
12. Which of the following raises the coagulation temperature, producing softer,
weaker gel when added to egg used in culinary?
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A. alkali C. sugar
B. salt D. vinegar
13. What kind of egg dish is prepared by slipping shelled eggs into barely
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simmering water and gently cooking until the egg holds its shape?
A. fried egg C. scrambled egg
B. poached egg D. soft-boiled egg
14. Which of the following tools is not used in cooking an omelet?
A. bowls C. sauté pan
D
B. fork D. skimmer
15. Which of the following is true in plating egg dishes?
A. Choose a serving dish small enough to let each food item stand out
B. Play with color and texture
C. Protein dish should cover half of the plate
D. Use even numbers in setting the dish.
A. calf C. hog
B. deer D. sheep
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A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
A. bone C. flesh
B. fat D. ligament
temperature?
21. What do you call the young immature pigeon of either sex with extra tender
meat?
A. duck C. rooster
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B. fryer D. squab
22. What part of poultry does breast meat belongs?
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A. Free from pin feathers and shows no cuts
B. Eyes are clear
C. Skin is heavy and watery
D. Thighs well develop
C
24. What do you call a young chicken that is usually 9 to 12 weeks of age?
A. fryer C. roaster
B. hen D. stag
D
E
26. How do you classify fleshy part of chicken like breast?

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27. What cookery method is used for a matured poultry?

D
A. high temperature
B. low temperature
C. low to moderate temperature
D. moderate temperature
A. age C. cuts
B. cookery D. sex
31. What do you call a long-bladed hatchet or a heavy knife used by a butcher?
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33. What cooking method is performed when meat is cooked in steaming liquid
and bubbles are breaking on the surface?
34. What is an oil-acid mixture which is use to enhance the flavor of meat?
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O
A. chunk C. sirloin
B. round cut
C D. tenderloin
39. When buying meat, what should you first consider?
A. brand C. quality
D
E
broccoli?
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42. Which is a way of cooking by placing blanched or raw vegetables in the pan,
adding liquid (stock, water, wine) then covering and cooking it slowly?
D
B. The main item is in the center, with vegetable distributed around it.
C. The vegetable item is in front and main item, starch item and garnish
at the rear.
arranged around.
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B. cat fish D. sole
46. Which is the market form of fish wherein both sides of a fish are still joined
but bones are removed?
B. drawn D. steak
A. Fresh and foul odor
C. Red or pink gills
D. Flesh shrinks when pressed
48. Which of the following seafoods is cooked just enough to heat to keep juicy
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and plump?
49. What is the cooking method suited to fat fish?
A. baking C. deep -frying
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50. What is used to baste lean fish to help prevent it from drying up?
B. cream
C D. tomato sauce
E D
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D
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Synthesis
Over the past years, a transition in cooking and food preparation skills has
been observed. This transition in cooking and food preparation skills involves the
increased use of readily prepared or cooked food, which requires less preparation
and time than the traditional way of cooking. But cooking is an expression of
creativity, happiness, magic, and culture. The satisfaction gained by the chef and
other persons preparing, cooking, serving and storing the food is unquestionable;
not to mention the pleasure it gives to the customer.
Different food products may come and go but the demand for food cooked
in traditional way, in restaurants, food chains, and others is indispensable. Varieties
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of foods such as egg, cereal and starch, vegetables, seafood, red meat, poultry
dishes and also stocks, soups and sauces are still made available to meet the
customer’s satisfaction.
Taste is not the only sense that can motivate customers but touch also play
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with contrasts of temperatures and textures, and so with smell and sight for colors,
shapes and others, whereby the five senses become one of the main points of
reference in the creative cooking process.
C
Now, if you have a passion for delicious food and love for cooking, gain
applicable and practical guidance that will teach you to become successful chef or
businessman in the field of cookery someday.
E D
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D
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GLOSSARY
aromatic having a smell of fragrant spicy

béchamel sauce a white sauce made of cream, butter, flour and flavored with
onion and seasoning.
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birefringence When starch granules are viewed under the microscope
using polarized light, they exhibit a phenomenon known as
birefringence. The refraction of polarized light by the intact
crystalline regions in starch give characteristic “Maltese cross”
patterns on each granule. The disappearance of these crosses
on heating a starch suspension can be used to determine
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gelatinization temperature.
bouillon a clear soup from beef, chicken, and other meat
broth
C
a fluid food made by boiling meat and vegetable in water
butcher a person who slaughters animals for food
chowder a soup usually of clams or fish, stewed vegetables often in milk
D
clarification to make or become clear
coating to cover with flour
combine to mix the ingredients in the bowl
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consommé a clear soup made of meat and sometimes vegetables boiled in

water
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contamination unintended presence of harmful substances or disease-causing

microorganisms in food
damp moist; slightly wet
dark meat the dark meat parts which include the legs, drumstick, wings
and neck
D
decomposition the state of being rotten or spoiled

dressed slaughtered birds that have been bled, defeathered and the
organs are removed
drip to fall or let fall in drops
drippings the juice that drips from roasting or baking meat or a sauce
made from it.
entrails the animals internal organs such as liver, heart and gizzard
entrees main course
food handling any operation in the production, preparation, processing,
packaging, storage, transport, distribution and sale of food
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freeze to preserve meat by refrigeration below freezing point
frozen subject to long and serve cold, chilly or cold manner
fumet the savory color of meat while cooking
games birds that are hunted for food
Haugh unit for describing egg freshness, based on the thickness of the
albumen
leavener substances that are used to make bread and other baked goods
rise
marinade an oil-acid mixture used to give flavor and to tenderize meat
mirepoix a mixture of vegetable, herbs, and spices with or without meat,
used to enhance flavor of meat, fish and shell fish
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perishable food subject to decay or spoilage
pheasant long tailed domesticated bird
plump fleshy
poach to cook food in hot liquid in such a manner that it retains its
original shape
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portion a part of whole or to divide into parts
processed food meat processed by curing ingredients
quality characteristics
C
reconstitute to add appropriate amount of water to sauce or soup
roux a melted butter mixed with brown flour for thickening soup and
D
grains
sanitation keeping the food equipment, utensils, and work area clean
sauce a thickened liquid used to flavor and enhance other food
E
savory a hardy, annual aromatic culinary herb of the mint family

scum a firmly layer of impure matters on the surface of a liquid
EP
seasoning a spice for enhancing the flavor of food

simmer to cook very gently in water just below the boiling point
skim to remove floating water from the surface with a ladle
slaughter to butcher an animal for food
D
spice an aromatic, pungent vegetable substance used to flavor food

and beverages
spoilage to become rotten or decayed
stew to simmer or boil in a small quantity of liquid
stock a liquid in which meat fish and sometimes vegetables have
been cooked
storage a space for storing
stripped off to remove or to take away
suitable appropriate
tender cut part of meat that requires less period of cooking
313
thaw to change from a frozen solid to a liquid by gradual warming
tough cut part of meat that requires longer period of cooking
veloutes a rich white sauce made by thickening chicken or veal stock
with flour and water.
vermin various small animals or insects such as rats or cockroaches
that are destructive, annoying or hazardous to health.
wastage loss by use
white meat ncludes the white, fleshy part of the chicken such as the breast
PY
O
C
E D
EP
D
314
References
Bean, M.M. & Yamazaki, W.T. (1978). Wheat starch gelatinization in sugar
soutions. I. Sucrose: Microscopy and viscosity effects. Cereal Chemistry
55(6): 936-944.
Belmonte, L. M., & Del Mundo, P. B. (1993). Philippine Fiesta Recipe. pp. 82, 87
and 146.
Bennion, M. & Scheule, B. (2004). Introductory Foods, Twelfth Edition. New

Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
PY
Carson, Byrta, M.S., et.al. (1980). How you Plan and Prepare Meals, 3rd edition.
Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp. 353-363.
Chapelle, E. Around the Kitchen: Seven Ways to Present Food Like a Chef.
Retrieved from: http://startcooking.com/seven-ways-to-present-food-like-
a-chef
O
Chavez, L. C., (2006). Meat Safety. Basic Foods for Filipinos 4th Edition. pp. 323-
350
C
Chavez, L. L., De Leon, S. Y., & Claudio, V. S. (2006). Basic Foods for Filipinos,
4th edition. Manila: Merriam and Webster Bookstore, Inc.
D
Competency-based Learning Materials: Food Trades Level III. Fourth Year
E
De Leon, Sonia Y., Ph.D et al., Basic Foods for Filipino, 1999, pp. 231-253
Eggs 101: Egg Storage, Freshness & Food Safety. Retrieved from: http://www.
EP
eggs.ca/eggs101/view/39/egg-storage-freshness-and-food-safety
Gisslen, W. (2007). Professional Cooking. pp. 154
Handbook on Food Safety in Schools. Health and Nutrition Center, Department

D
of Education
Home Technology-Food Management and Service: Meat and Storage of Food,

pp. 62-113.
Ingram, G. G. Essential Dictionary of Culinary Arts. pp. 190 – 195.
Johnson, J.M., Davis, E.A., & Gordon, J. (1990). Interactions of starch and sugar
water measured by electron spin resonance and differential scanning
calorimetry. Cereal Chemistry. 67(3): 286-291.
Lewis, D. S. et al. (1955). Family Meals and Hospitality. p. 224-237.
315
Maya Kitchen Food Service and Catering Management. pp. 65 – 66.
Mondala, A. U. (2014). Catch That Daily Egg Habit. FNRI Digest. Retrieved from:
http://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=916
Muhrbeck, P. and A.-C.Eliasson. 1987. Influence of pH and ionic strength on the

viscoelastic properties of starch gels- a comparison of potato and cassava
starches. Carbohydrate Polymers 7: 291-300.
Navarro, L. S. et al. Homemaking for You and Me III. Food Management and
Consumerism. pp. 33-34.
PY
Pattee, A. F. Practical Dietetics: With Reference To Diet In Disease. Retrieved
from: http://chestofbooks.com/health/nutrition/Dietetics-3/Principles-In-
Cooking-Cereals.html#.UxVQwOPuIvg

Public Technical-Vocation High Schools. Department of Education
O
Republic of the Philippines.
Rojo, Duran, Cruz, Marquez, Agustin, Silva, Reyes, Quitoriano, & Bautista.
C
(1998) Practical Technology and Home Economics: Home Economics III.
Quezon City: Adriana Publishing.
Sandoval, M. T. G. (1993). Culinary Arts I and II. pp. 87-89.

D
Starch. (2012, May 23) Retrieved from http://fooD.oregonstate.edu/learn/starch.
html
E
Subida, R. C. (Ed.). (2004). Food service and Catering Management: A Practical

Guide. Pasig City: ANVIL Publishing Inc.
EP
Subida, R. C. (Ed.). (2007). Managing A Food-Safe Kitchen: A Guide On

Sanitation For Food Service Professionals. Pasig City: ANVIL Publishing
Inc.
D
Tabbada, E. V., et.al. (1993). Technology and Home Economics. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pp. 77 – 80.
Tadle, J. D. (2002). Technology and Home Economics, Culinary Arts Fourth Year.
Manila: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pp. 90-103
The Professional Chef 8th Edition. (2006). The Culinary Institute of America.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (2010). USDA

National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 23. Nutrient
Data Laboratory Retrieved from: http://www.ars.usdA.gov/nutrientdata
316
Online Sources:
http://eu.foodinnovation.com/dictionary/B.asp
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3lQhBUSQkFU/TnihLsD8GbI/AAAAAAAAAIU/
hw26OiyEPS4/s1600/DSC_4814.JPG
http://ayeshahaq.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/chicken-stock.jpg
http://bbq.about.com/od/marinaderecipes/tp/Top-10-Pork-Marinade-Recipes.htm
http://cbsop.com/recipes/thick-and-creamy-potato-bacon-soup/
PY
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/cookingmethods/a/dryheatmoist.htm
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/cookingmethods/a/dryheatmoist.htm
O
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/dryheatcooking/a/deepfrying.htm
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/dryheatcooking/a/grilling.htm
C
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/dryheatcooking/a/roasting.htm
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/dryheatcooking/a/sauteing.htm
D
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/moistheatcooking/a/boiling.htm
E
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/moistheatcooking/a/braising.htm
EP
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/moistheatcooking/a/steaming.htm
http://howtocook.casaveneracion.com/how-to-make-fish-stock/
http://mouthyhousewives.com/wendi/hey-hey-hey-its-a-cooking-planit-spice-
D
giveaway
http://panlasangpinoy.com/2013/02/12/chicken-galantina-recipe/
http://startcooking.com/public/images/IMGP4143.JPG
http://startcooking.com/public/IMG_1389.JPG
http://startcooking.com/public/IMG_4809.jpg
http://startcooking.com/public/IMG_7835-1.JPG
317
http://startcooking.com/seven-ways-to-present-food-like-a-chef
http://www.amazon.com/b?node=16310281
http://www.blisstree.com/2010/02/26/food/cooking-essentials-mirepoix/
http://www.chicken.org.au/page.php?id=12
http://www.ifooD.tv/recipe/white-chicken-stock
http://www.itslife.in/vegetarian-recipes/soups/carrot-cucumber-clear-vegetable-
soup
PY
http://www.lakusinA.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/image15.png
http://www.nfsmi.org/documentlibraryfiles/PDF/20100210101846.pdf
http://www.spike.com/articles/clyn4o/the-top-10-marinades-every-man-must-
O
know
http://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/ham-and-cheese-frittata#ixzz36CpQIoa7
C
http://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/ham-and-cheese-frittata#ixzz36CpQIoa7
http://www.unileverfoodsolutions.com.sg/our-services/your-menu/food-
D
presentation
http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-make-beef-stock
E
http://www.vitaille.com/reference/techniques/fabricatechicken/fabricatechicken.
EP
php
https://www.incredibleegg.org/health-and-nutrition/egg-nutrients/nutrient-chart
D
318
Key to Correction
Diagnostic Assessment
Key to Correction
1. D 11. C 21. D 31. A 41. D
2. B 12. A 22. D 32. D 42. A
3. D 13. C 23. C 33. A 43. C
4. A 14. D 24. A 34. B 44. B
5. C 15. B 25. C 35. C 45. B
PY
6. D 16. A 26. D 36. D 46. A
7. A 17. B 27. A or D 37. D 47. C
8. B 18. B 28. A or D 38. D 48. D
9. B 19. C 29. C 39. C 49. A
O
10. D 20. A 30. A 40. A 50. A
Pre-Assessment PECs Pre-Assessment Feedback

C
Environment and Market
1. E 1. D 1. D
2. K 2. C 2. C
3. H 3. A 3. A
D
4. A 4. B 4. B
5. J 5. A 5. A
E
6. B 6. D 6. D
7. C 7. B 7. B
8. I 8. C 8. C
EP
9. D 9. D 9. D
10. F 10. D 10. D
Quarter 1
D
Prepare Egg, Cereal and Starch Dishes

Pretest 1
Key to Correction
1. C 6. A 11. C 16. D 21. D
2. B 7. A 12. B 17. D 22. B
3. B 8. D 13. D 18. C 23. A
4. B 9. C 14. B 19. B 24. A
5. C 10. C 15. C 20. C 25. C
319
Formative Assessment: (Learning Outcome 2)
1. Sunny side up
2. Basted
3. Over easy
4. Over medium
5. Over hard

1. Scrambled egg and bun on a plate
2. Fried egg with bacon and toasted bread
3. Egg in a sandwich
4. Hard boiled eggs in different shapes
PY
5. Deviled eggs
6. Salad egg
7. Stuffed egg
8. Poached egg
9. Fried egg toppings
O
10. Soft boiled egg

1. True
2. True
C
3. False
4. True
D
5. True
Lesson 2
E
Prepare Cereals and Starch Dishes

A.
EP
1. Sifter
2. Sauce pan and pots
3. Steamer
4. Pressure cooker
5. Strainer
D
B.
Potato Cassava Wheat Cornstarch
Moisture,% 19 13 13
Ash,% 0.4 0.2 0.2
Protein, % 0.06 0.1 0.4
Lipid,% 0.05 0.1 0.8
Phosphorus% 0.08 0.01 0.06
Amylose,% 21 17 28
320
C.
1. Gelatinization. The sum of changes that occur in the first stages of heating starch
granules in a moist environment which includes swelling of granules as water is
absorbed and disruption of the organized granule structure.
2. Viscosity. The resistance to flow; increase in thickness or consistency. When the
newly gelatinized starch is stirred, more swollen granules break and more starch
molecules spill causing increase in viscosity or thickness.
3. Retrogadation is the process in which starch molecules, particularly the amylose
fraction, re-associate or bond together in an ordered structure after disruption by
gelatinization; ultimately a crystalline order appears.
4. Syneresis. Oozing of liquid from gel when cut and allowed to stand (e.g. jelly or
baked custard). The oozing of liquid from a rigid gel; sometimes called weeping.
5. Dextrinization. The process of forming dextrin. Dextrins – are partially hydrolyzed
PY
starches that are prepared by dry roasting starch. In home kitchens, dextrinization
is achieved by toasting of flour for polvoron, rice flour for kare-kare sauce and bread
slices for breakfast.
6. Hydrolysis Starches undergo hydrolysis during cooking or processing and during
storage of food where a chemical reaction in which a molecular linkage is broken and
O
a molecule of water is utilized.
Posttest 1
C Key to Correction
1. C 6. A 11. C 16. D 21. D
2. B 7. A 12. B 17. D 22. B
D
3. B 8. D 13. D 18. C 23. A
4. B 9. C 14. B 19. B 24. A
5. C 10. C 15. C 20. C 25. C
E
Quarter 2
EP
Prepare Vegetable and Seafood Dishes

Pretest 2
A.
1. D 6. A 11. B 16. B 21. D
D
2. D 7. C 12. D 17. A 22. D

3. B 8. D 13. C 18. C 23. C
4. A 9. D 14. A 19. D 24. A
5. C 10. A 15. B 20. C 25. A
B.
321
Lesson 1
Prepare Vegetable Dishes
A.
1. chayote - gourd family
2. corn - seeds and pods
3.bokchoy - cabbage family
4.artichoke - fruit vegetables
5.asparagus - stalks, stems and shoot
6.sweet potato - roots and tubers
7.spinach - leafy greens
8.mushroom - mushrooms
PY
9.shallot - onion family
10.bamboo shoot - stalks, stems and shoot
B.
1. Wash
2. Cutting
O
3. Soaking
4. Wash
5. Soaking
6. Peeling
7. Wash
C
Lesson 2
D
PREPARE and COOK SEAFOOD DISHES
1. Whole or round
E
2. Drawn
3. Dressed
4. Steaks
EP
5. Fillets
6. Butterflies fillet
7. Sticks or tranches
Enhancement Activity (Learning Outcome 5)

D
Answer Key
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. E
6. E
7. A
8. A
9. E
10. E
322
Posttest 2
A.
1. D 6. A 11. B 16. B 21. D
2. D 7. C 16. D 17. A 22. D
3. B 8. D 17. C 18. C 23. C
4. A 9. D 18. A 19. D 24. A
5. C 10. A 19. B 20. C 25. A
B.
PY
Quarter 3
Prepare Stocks, Sauces, Soups And Poultry And Game Dishes
Pretest 3
O
Key to Correction
1. C 6. C 11. A 16. B 21. D 26. A
2. A 7. A 12. D 17. D 22. C 27. C
3. B 8. A
C13. D 18. A 23. A 28. C
4. D 9. C 14. C 19. D 24. C 29. A
5. D 10. B 15. A 20. D 25. D 30. A
D
Lesson 1
E
Prepare Stocks, Sauces and Soups

Answer Key Formative Assessment Answer Key
(LearningOutcome 1) (Learning Outcome 2) (Learning Outcome 3)
EP
1. C 1. B 1. A
2. A 2. C 2. B
3. B 3. D 3. C
4. D 4. C 4. D
5. D 5. D 5. D
D
Lesson 2 Prepare Poultry And Game Dishes

1. C 6. D
2. B 7. C
3. D 8. A
4. D 9. C
5. C 10. D
323
1. C
2. C
3. C
Posttest 3
Key to Correction
1. C 6. C 11. A 16. B 21. D 26. A
2. A 7. A 12. D 17. D 22. C 27. C
3. B 8. A 13. D 18. A 23. A 28. C
4. D 9. C 14. C 19. D 24. C 29. A
5. D 10. B 15. A 20. D 25. D 30. A
PY
Quarter 4
O
Preparing and Cooking Meat
Pretest 4
1. D 11. D 21. C
2. D
C 12. D 22. C
3. D 13. D 23. B
4. C 14. C 24. D
D
5. A 15. A 25. A
6. D 16. D 26. D
E
7. B 17. B 27. D
8. C 18. C 28. C
9. A 19. A 29. A
EP
10. A 20. A 30. A
Review of Learning Outcome 1 Review of Learning Outcome 3

D
A. B. 1. C
1. C 1. C 2. B
2. E 2. E 3. B
3. B 3. D 4. A
4. D 4. A 5. A
5. A 5. B
324
Posttest 4
1. D 11. D 21. C
2. D 12. D 22. C
3. D 13. D 23. B
4. C 14. C 24. D
5. A 15. A 25. A
6. D 16. D 26. D
7. B 17. B 27. D
8. C 18. C 28. C
9. A 19. A 29. A
10. A 20. A 30. A
PY
Summative Assessment
Key to Correction
1. D 11. C 21. A 31. D 41. D
O
2. C 12. D 22. D 32. D 42. A
3. A 13. A 23. A 33. C 43. C
4. C 14. B
C 24. B 34. A 44. B
5. D 15. B 25. C 35. C 45. B
6. B 16. A 26. D 36. D 46. A
D
7. D 17. B 27.D 37. A or D 47. C
8. B 18. B 28.D 38. A or D 48. D
9. D 19. C 29. C 39. C 49. A
E
10. A 20. A 30. A 40. A 50. A

EP
D
325

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Module 2 of 2

This learning resource was collaboratively developed

and reviewed by educators from public and private schools,

Published by the Department of Education

Reviewer: Maila A. Dogelio

Cover Artist: Ricardo Jose V. Santillan III

Management Team of the Cookery Manual

Printed in the Philippines by: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House, Inc.

Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Quarter 1 Egg, Cereal, and Starch Dishes

LO 1 Perform Mise En Place...……………………………… 82

LO 3 Present Starch and Cereal Dishes…………………… 99

Quarter 2 Vegetable and Seafood Dishes

Overview ……………………………………………………………. 113

Lesson 1 Prepare Vegetable Dishes

Quarter III Stocks, Sauces, Soups and Poultry Dishes

Lesson 1 Prepare Stocks, Sauces and Soups

Posttest 3……………………………………………………….…… 264

Quarter IV Meat Dishes

Lesson 1 Prepare and Cook Meat

The lesson on Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) will help learners to

and productive members of the society.

The learner demonstrates understanding of core concepts and theories in

The learner independently demonstrates core competencies in cookery as

in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Home Economics should have

The student of this course must possess the following:

1. inclined in cooking and other cooking-related activities;

Learners are expected to develop their knowledge and skills in Cookery,

Before exploring the core competencies of Cookery, you will be guided

Quarter II has two lessons, preparation of vegetable dishes and seafood

Quarter IV covers lessons on how to prepare and cook different kinds of

Enjoy using this learner’s material as your guide to become a successful

Here are some reminders on how to use this material.

D. Use even numbers in setting the dish.

A. With fresh and foul odor

D. Flesh shrinks when pressed.

49. Which of the following is a cooking method suited to fat fish?

The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates a plan of

Quarter I Time Allotment: 4 hours

Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies

To start with this module, let us first understand entrepreneurs and

Entrepreneurs can contribute to economic change; they organize, manage

Task 2: Guide Questions

A. Explain why entrepreneurial activities are important to social development

E. Name successful entrepreneurs from your area whose business is related to

Learning Goals and Target

Task 3: Group Activity

Answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of paper. Share

1. Explain the importance of assessing one’s PECs before engaging in a particular

Entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics that should

improving their performance to produce good products and/or

• Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have confidence in one’s ability and

• Disciplined: Successful entrepreneurs always stick to the plan and

fight the temptation to do what is unimportant.

• Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility of

• Able to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change. Change

Listed below are the important skills of a successful entrepreneur:

Task 4: PECs Checklist

Ability to accept changes

- Innovative to have edge over other