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Civilisation or Indus-Saraswati Civilisation Is Justified. However, These Politically Inspired Arguments Are

The Indus Valley Civilization extended throughout much of Pakistan and parts of western India and northeastern Afghanistan, with settlements located along river valleys and the ancient seacoast. Recent discoveries of Indus sites have also been made in Pakistan's northwestern Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Some archaeologists believe that over 500 Indus Valley sites have been found along the dried river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra rivers compared to only about 100 along the Indus and its tributaries, leading them to argue for the term "Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization." However, other archaeologists dispute this, noting that the Ghaggar-Hakra region remains untouched while the Indus sites are covered by

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47 views

Civilisation or Indus-Saraswati Civilisation Is Justified. However, These Politically Inspired Arguments Are

The Indus Valley Civilization extended throughout much of Pakistan and parts of western India and northeastern Afghanistan, with settlements located along river valleys and the ancient seacoast. Recent discoveries of Indus sites have also been made in Pakistan's northwestern Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Some archaeologists believe that over 500 Indus Valley sites have been found along the dried river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra rivers compared to only about 100 along the Indus and its tributaries, leading them to argue for the term "Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization." However, other archaeologists dispute this, noting that the Ghaggar-Hakra region remains untouched while the Indus sites are covered by

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Nįkįtâ Będį
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The Indus Valley Civilisation encompassed most of Pakistan and parts of western India, and

Afghanistan, extending from PakistaniBalochistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east,
northeastern Afghanistan to the north and Maharashtra to the south.The geography of the Indus
Valley put the civilisations that arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and Peru,
with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean. Recently, Indus sites
have been discovered in Pakistan's northwestern Frontier Province as well. Other IVC colonies can be
found in Afghanistan while smaller isolated colonies can be found as far away as Turkmenistan and
inGujarat. Coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor in Western Baluchistan
to Lothal in Gujarat. An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortughai in northern
Afghanistan,in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan,at Manda, Jammuon the Beas
River near Jammu, India, and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River, only 28 km from Delhi.Indus
Valley sites have been found most often on rivers, but also on the ancient seacoast,for example,
Balakot, and on islands, for example, Dholavira.
There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Hakra channel in Pakistan and the seasonal
Ghaggar River in India. Many Indus Valley sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar-Hakra
beds. Among them are: Rupar, Rakhigarhi, Sothi, Kalibangan, and Ganwariwala.According to J. G.
Shaffer and D. A. Lichtenstein,[3 the Harappan Civilisation "is a fusion of the Bagor, Hakra, and Koti
Dij traditions or 'ethnic groups' in the Ghaggar-Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan".
According to some archaeologists, more than 500 Harappan sites have been discovered along the dried
up river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries, in contrast to only about 100 along
the Indus and its tributaries consequently, in their opinion, the appellationIndus Ghaggar-Hakra
civilisation or Indus-Saraswati civilisation is justified. However, these politically inspired arguments are
disputed by other archaeologists who state that the Ghaggar-Hakra desert area has been left
untouched by settlements and agriculture since the end of the Indus period and hence shows more
sites than those found in the alluvium of the Indus valley; second, that the number of Harappan sites
along the Ghaggar-Hakra river beds has been exaggerated and that the Ghaggar-Hakra, when it
existed, was a tributary of the Indus, so the new nomenclature is redundant. "Harappan Civilisation"
remains the correct one, according to the common archaeological usage of naming a civilisation after
its first findspot.

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