GeriGrandRounds 2015-8-7
GeriGrandRounds 2015-8-7
GeriGrandRounds 2015-8-7
McLean, Allan J., and David G. Le Courteur., “Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology”. The American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics. 56.2 (2004) :163‐184. Print.
Aging: Distribution
• Proportion relates the amount of drug in the body to
concentration measured in biological fluid
• Protein binding
• pH
• Molecular size
• Water
• Lipid solubility
McLean, Allan J., and David G. Le Courteur., “Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology”. The American Society for Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics. 56.2 (2004) :163‐184. Print.
Aging: Distribution
• Muscle mass
• Proportion of body fat increases
• Total body water‐ water soluble drugs
• Albumin – protein bound drugs
McLean, Allan J., and David G. Le Courteur., “Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology”. The American Society for
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 56.2 (2004) :163‐184.
Aging: Metabolism
• Liver primary organ – convert substances believed to be
harmful into form that can easily be eliminated
• Aging‐ hepatic blood flow
• Aging‐ liver mass and intrinsic metabolic activity
McLean, Allan J., and David G. Le Courteur., “Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology”. The American Society for Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics. 56.2 (2004) :163‐184.
Aging: Excretion/Elimination
• Kidney‐ primary organ
• blood flow, kidney mass, number of functioning
nephrons
• glomerular filtration rate‐ considered one of the most
important changes with aging
• Cockcroft‐Gault & MDRD
McLean, Allan J., and David G. Le Courteur., “Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology”. The American Society for
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 56.2 (2004) :163‐184.
Define the difference between opioid
vs non‐opioids, types of pain
medications, and appropriate uses for
each type
http://www.avert.org/hiv‐related‐pain.htm
Analgesics‐ At a glance
Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics Non‐Opioid (Non‐Narcotic) Analgesic
Act centrally Act peripherally
Addiction, dependence, tolerance Not‐habit forming
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
Anesthesiology. 2010 Apr;112(4):810‐33.
Receptor Effects of Opioid Analgesics
Receptors: Responses:
Kappa Analgesia, dysphoria, psychosis,delusion/delirium,
miosis, respiratory depression
Delta Analgesia
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology. 2010
Apr;112(4):810‐33.
Opioids
• Derived/related to opium
• Bind to opioid receptors – 4 groups
• Act directly on CNS system
• Reduce the perception of pain
Opioids
• Codeine (Tylenol#3®)
• Fentanyl (Duragesic patch®)
• Hydrocodone (Lortab®, Vicodin®)
• Hydromorphone (Dilaudid®)
• Methadone (Dolophine®)
• Morphine (MSIR® , MsContin® Kadian®)
• Oxycodone (OxyIR®, Percocet®, Percodan®, Oxycontin®)
The person who cannot swallow
• Parenteral routes of delivery
• Topical
• Rectal
• IV
• Subcutaneous
• “Trans mucosal”
• Transdermal
Opioids ‐ Parenteral
• Morphine sulfate:
• 10mg/1ml, 4mg/1ml, 2mg/1ml, 1mg/1ml ,
• Hydromorphone:
• 10mg/1ml, 4mg/1ml, 2mg/1ml , 6mg/30ml pca
• Fentanyl:
• 1,250mcg/125ml (10mcg/1ml)
• Methadone:
• 10mg/1ml
Long‐Term Use
Benefits Risks
• Pain reduction • Dependence
• Fewer episodes of severe • Addiction
pain “spikes” • Overdose
• Increase in functionality • Withdrawal
• Constipation
• Delirium
• Worsening of pain
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
Anesthesiology. 2010 Apr;112(4):810‐33
Prevention and treatment of side effects
• Choosing the “two‐fer”
• Opioid rotation
• Pharmacologic interventions
• Non‐pharmacologic interventions
• Education
A word about tramadol
• Binds to mu opioid receptors
• Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
• Serotonin syndrome
• Parent drug and metabolites renally excreted
• Schedule IV drug
• Has potential for abuse
• New suggestions that use may lead to hypoglycemia
• May cause seizures even at therapeutic doses
Lewis. Tramadol and Hypoglycemia: One More Thing to Worry About JAMA Intern Med 2015
Opioid sparing medications
• Medications that are used to treat pain
• Analgesics
• Adjuvant medications
Non‐Opioids
• Analgesic, anti‐ inflammatory, antipyretic
• Peripheral tissues to inhibit formation of pain causing
substances
• NSAIDS : block production and inhibits cyclooxygenase
(COX)
• Do not bind to receptors
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology.
2010 Apr;112(4):810‐33
Non‐Opioids
• Salicylates • NSAIDs
• Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) • COX‐2 Inhibitors
• Pain and fever • Decreases inflammation
• Good first line, little anti‐ • Abdominal side effects,
inflammatory constipation, cramps
• Caution: alcohol use, liver, • Should take with food
kidney impairment • Steroids
• Other
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology. 2010
Apr;112(4):810‐33.
Recommended starting doses
• Salicylates
• Choline magnesium trisalicylate 500 mg every 8 hours
• Acetaminophen 325‐500 mg every 4 hours
• NSAIDs
• Ibuprofen 200 mg three times daily
• Celecoxib 100 mg daily
• Naproxen 220 mg twice daily
• Diclofenac 50 mg twice daily
American Geriatrics Society, Pharmacologic Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. JAGS 2009
Adjuvant Medications
• Antidepressants • Anticonvulsants
• Increase transmission in • Gabapentin (Neurontin®)
spinal cord to reduce pain Phenytoin (Dilantin®),
signals Carbamazepine(Tegretol®)
• Nerve pain Topiramate(Topamax ®)
• Does not work right away, • Nerve pain
dizziness, drowsiness,
decreased appetite, dry • Drowsiness, dizziness,
mouth headache, weight gain
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology.
2010 Apr;112(4):810‐33
Adjuvant Medications
• Skeletal Muscle Relaxants • Topical
• Baclofen( Lioresal®), • Capsaicin Cream
Carisoprodol(Soma®),
Cyclobenzaprine(Flexeril®) • Menthol‐ Methyl
Methocarbamol(Robaxin®), Salicylate Cream
Tizanidine(Zanaflex®) (Bengay®)
• Muscle pain, tension • Lidoderm 5% Patch
headaches, lower back pain
• Drowsiness, dizziness, dry *all work for shorter period
mouth, constipation
of time
Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology. 2010
Apr;112(4):810‐33
Non‐pharmacologic considerations
• Topical menthol • Radiation
• Massage/Range of motion • Nerve blocks
• Physical therapy • Heat/Cold
• Relaxation techniques • Aromatherapy
• Hypnosis • Psychotherapy
• Acupuncture/Acupressure • Yoga/Tai Chi
Opioid Conversion
Barriers to the use of opioids
• Fear of side effects
• Fear of addiction
• Concept of pseudo‐addiction
• The patient with current or past substance abuse
• Fear of death
• Care plan adherence due to functional limitations
• Not the best drug for chronic pain
Opioid dosing in the elderly
• Initial dosing
• Up‐titration
• “Maximum dose”
• For acute pain
• For persistent pain
• For cancer pain
• For other end of life pain
Guay, Opioid Analgesics for Persistent Pain in the Older Patient: Parts I and II. Clinical Geriatrics 2010.
Recommended starting doses
• Morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone
• 2.5 mg every 4 hours
• Scheduled vs scrupulous prn dosing
• When do you start long acting opioids?
American Geriatrics Society, Pharmacologic Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. JAGS 2009
Patient controlled analgesia
• Barriers
• The built in safety
• Negated by proxy dosing
• Consider provider administered bolus
• Hospital
• Post op
• Pain crisis
• End of life
• Transition to home
Opioid Conversion
Equianalgesic Dose
Parenteral Oral
‐Adapted from Gordan DB et al. Opioid Equianalgesic Calculations. J. Pali. Med. Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research, Management of
Cancer Pain Guidelines. Facts and Comparisons
Formulate a plan of care for pain relief
in the geriatric patient
Define pharmacologic and
non‐pharmacologic treatments
for pain
Cases
Mary
• 70 year old female
• PMH spinal stenosis with left leg pain and weakness. Not
a surgical candidate
• Lives alone in 3 story home. Independent ADLs and IADLs,
but uses single point cane successfully for balance
Does Mary have pain?
• How would one describe it?
• What else does Mary need to tell us?
• What can we give Mary for her pain?
Joe
• 90 year old man recently admitted to nursing home for
rehabilitation post hospitalization for fall.
• PMH moderate dementia. Dependent in IADLs, able to feed and
dress self if set up provided. Ambulation/transfers not steady, but
he is impulsive and cannot use a walker. He keeps leaving it
behind and “wall walks” using rails in halls. Requires extensive
assistance of one person with toileting and bathing
• “New” diagnosis of prostate cancer with local invasion to bladder
and distant metastases to bone. When asked, he denies pain, but
he has been losing weight and is frequently seen grimacing and
rubbing his upper legs.
Does Joe have pain?
• How would one describe it?
• Is there anything else we can do to assess his pain?
• Is there anything else we need to know in addition to
confirming goals of care?
• What can we give Joe for his pain?
David
• 86 year old nursing home resident with end stage
dementia
• Bed bound, contracted, dependent in all ADLs
• FAST stage 7C
• Eating less, accelerating weight loss, moans with care
• New Stage 3 sacral decubitus ulcer
Does David have pain?
• How would one describe it?
• What else can we do to assess his pain?
• Is there anything else we need to know in addition to
confirming goals of care?
• What can we give David for his pain?
Jack
65 year old man with squamous cell lung cancer with progressive
right sided pelvic pain in region of known pelvic metastases. He
describes dull aching pain rated at 8/10 in the lateral pelvis and
sharp shooting pain that radiates down the right leg. The pain limits
mobility and awakens him from sleep.
He has no focal motor or sensory deficits. An X‐ray shows a large
lytic metastasis in the lateral pelvis. He is referred to radiation
oncology who recommends a course of palliative XRT.
Jack continued
Jack has been taking immediate release morphine, 30 mg
every four hours. This worked until last week.
He currently takes this dose every four hours. However, his
pain only decreases from 8/10 to 6/10 for one to two hours
at best.
Jack continued
• What type of pain is he having?
• How can you change his opioid prescription to provide
better pain control?
• Would you use an anti‐depressant as an adjuvant?
• What other adjuvant drugs might you consider?
• What non‐pharmacologic treatments might you consider?
John
• John is taking 12 oxycodone/acetaminophen tablets
(5/325) per day with only partial relief. The most
appropriate next step in drug therapy for this patient
would be to discontinue this medication and start…..
Conversion
• For patients on chronic opioids, the most appropriate
equi‐analgesic conversion ratio between oral and
intravenous morphine is:
Martha
• An 87 year old woman with advanced osteoporosis who
has chronic back and hip pain, poorly controlled on 2
tablets of oxycodone 5/acetaminophen 325 6 times each
day.
• The single best reason NOT to increase the number of
these tablets is:
References
• Chou et. al. “Methadone Safety Guidelines”. The Journal of Pain. 15.4 (2014): 321‐337
• Franklin. “Opioids for Chronic Non‐cancer Pain”. American Academy of Neurology. 83 (2014): 1277‐1284
• Guay. “Opioid Analgesics for Persistent Pain in the Older Patient Parts I and II”, Clinical Geriatrics 2010
• Kaye, Baluch, Amir., Scott. “Pain Management in the Elderly Population: A Review”, The Ochsner Journal. 10.3 (2010):
179‐187
• Nelson, Juurlink. “ Tramadol and Hypoglycemia: One More Thing to Worry About. JAMA Intern Med.
2015;175(2):194‐195.
• McLean, Le Courteur., “Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology”. The American Society for Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics. 56.2 (2004) :163‐184
• Pain Management in the Longterm Care Setting: Guideline Summary AMDA 2009
• Pharmacologic Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons AGS 2009
• Scimeca, Savage, Portenoy, Lawinson. “Treatment of Pain in Methadone‐Maintained Patients.” The Mount Sinai
Journal of Medicine 67.5 &6 (2000):412‐422
• Statement on the Use of Opioids in the Treatment of Persistent Pain in Older Adults AGS 2012
• Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
Anesthesiology. 2010 Apr;112(4):810‐33
• Toombs, Kral. “Methadone Treatment for Pain States.” American Family Physicians. 71.7 (2005): 1353‐1358
• Weissman. An Examination of Knowledge in Palliative Care. Eperc.mcw.edu 2001
• Weissman. Pain Management Case Studies. Improving End of Life Care. Medical College of Wisconsin 2004
Web References
• http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/manuals/pract/section5.html
• http://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2008/December/docs/bpj18_methadone_pages_24‐
29.pdf
• http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/overdose/facts.html