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DC Power Supply & Rectifier & Rectifier

The document discusses the key components of a DC power supply: a transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator. It describes how a transformer scales down AC voltage, how half-wave and full-wave rectifiers convert AC to DC, how filters use capacitors to smooth the DC output, and how regulators maintain a constant output voltage. Diagrams illustrate the circuitry and operation of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, including center-tapped and bridge configurations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views

DC Power Supply & Rectifier & Rectifier

The document discusses the key components of a DC power supply: a transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator. It describes how a transformer scales down AC voltage, how half-wave and full-wave rectifiers convert AC to DC, how filters use capacitors to smooth the DC output, and how regulators maintain a constant output voltage. Diagrams illustrate the circuitry and operation of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, including center-tapped and bridge configurations.

Uploaded by

MohdYasir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

03.

DC Power Supply
& Rectifier
• Basic blocks of power supplies
• Half wave and full wave rectifier.
• Full wave rectifier circuit analysis, filter and its
applications.

Dr Afzan Othman 1
MENJANA MINDA KREATIF DAN INOVATIF
DC power supply

2
Dc power supply

Transformer – Scale down AC voltage


Diode Rectifier – Rectify AC voltage (AC to DC)
Filter – Filter out high frequency component/smooth out input
Regulator – Regulates voltage to the load (simple circuit can be
made from zener diode)
3
AC signal

Peak voltage (Vp) =?

3 Peak-to-peak voltage (Vp-p)=?

Root mean square voltage (Vrms)=?


t1 t2 Time (s) Vp
Vrms 
-3
2
DC voltage/average voltage (Vdc)=?

If frequency=50 Hz, t1, t2=?

4
Dc power supply: Transformer

• Used to scale down the AC voltage. To transform voltage from a


high level to a low level and vice-versa.

coil n1:n2

+ +
 n2 
V1 V2 V2   V1
 n1 
- -

Input/Primary output/Secondary

magnetic
5
Dc power supply: rectifier

• Rectifier is a circuit to convert AC to pulsating DC.


• It has two types:
o Half wave rectifier
o Full wave rectifier

6
Dc power supply:
Half wave rectifier

• In half-wave rectifier, only one diode is connected and to a ac


source.

7
Dc power supply:
Half wave rectifier

• The diode only conducts when it is in forward bias, hence only half of
the AC cycle passes through the diode.
• The diode is OFF during the negative cycle since it is reverse biased.
• The average voltage VAVG or Vdc ,
Vp
V AVG  V d . c 

8
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier

• Full wave rectifier is commonly used in DC power supply.


• Its allow current flow through diode to the whole cycle of input
signal.
• Two types of full wave rectifier:
o Center-tapped transformer (using two diodes)
o Bridge configuration (using four diodes)

• The average voltage VAVG or Vdc and Vrms

2V p Vp
V AVG  V dc  V rms 
 2
9
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier

10
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

• A center tapped uses two diodes connected to secondary of ac


source.
• The peak output is only half of the transformer’s peak secondary
voltage.

V p (sec)
V p ( out )   0 . 7V use Si
2 11
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

• Positive half-cycle

• D1 is forward biased, while D2 reverse biased. Thus current flows


from D1 through RL

12
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

• Negative half-cycle

• D2 is forward biased, while D1 reverse biased. Thus current flows


from D2 through RL

13
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – PIV

• Peak Inver Voltage (PIV)


• PIV is the maximum voltage that can be applied to diode during
reverse-biased.
• For half-wave rectifier, PIV = Vp
• The PIV across either diode in full wave center-tapped rectifier;

PIV  2V p ( out )  0 . 7 V

• The PIV across either diode in full wave bridge rectifier;

PIV  V p ( out )  0 . 7 V

14
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

15
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

• The bridge uses four diodes connected to secondary of ac source.


• The peak output is same as transformer’s peak secondary voltage.

V p ( out )  V p (sec)  0 . 7V  0 . 7 V
use Si

16
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

• Positive half-cycle

• D1 and D2 is forward biased, while D3 and D4 reverse biased. Thus


current flows from D1 and D2 through RL

17
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

• Negative half-cycle

• D3 and D4 is forward biased, while D1 and D2 reverse biased. Thus


current flows from D3 and D4 through RL

18
Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

19
Dc power supply: Filter

• Output from a rectifier still has an alternating component called


ripple.
• Thus filter (comprise of a capacitor) is needed to reduce this
ripple.

20
Dc power supply: Filter

• How capacitor works as a filter?


• Positive first quarter-cycle: Capacitor charging

• Diode is forward biased, allowing capacitor to charge within 0.7V of


the input peak.

21
Dc power supply: Filter

• Positive second quarter-cycle: Capacitor discharging

• When diode is reverse biased, the capacitor is discharging

22
Dc power supply: Filter

• Positive first quarter-cycle: Capacitor charging

• Diode is again forward biased, and capacitor charging once again.

23
Dc power supply: Filter

• Filtering: half-wave vs full-wave rectifier

• The capacitor can more effectively reduce the ripple when the time
between peaks is shorter.
• Thus full-wave rectifier has smaller ripple thus indicates good
filtering process.
24
Dc power supply: Filter

• The ripple factor, r will determine the effectiveness of the filter


V r ( pp )
r 
V dc

• Thus for full-wave rectifier, ripple factor:


V r ( pp ) 1
r  
V dc 4 3 fR L C
• Thus for half-wave rectifier, ripple factor:
V r ( pp ) 1
r  
V dc 2 3 fR L C 25
Dc power supply: Regulator

• Regulation is the last step in eliminating the remaining ripple and


maintaining the output voltage to a specific value
• Most regulators are integrated circuit (ic) and has three terminals;
input, output and references.

26
Dc power supply: Regulator

• Other regulators are used zener diode to regulate the voltage.

27
Dc power supply: Regulator

• The regulation is expressed as a percentage. Two type regulation.


• Line regulation: how much change occurs in output voltage given a
change in input voltage.

  V out 
lineregula tion   100 %
  V in 

• Load regulation: how much change occurs in output voltage over a


certain range of load current values, usually from minimum current
(no load, NL) and maximum current (full load, FL)

 V  V FL 
loadregula tion   NL 100 %
 V FL 
28

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