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    7-Hist of Evolution

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    Marife
    The traditional pre-Darwinian view was that the universe and all life within it was designed perfectly and remained static and unchanging over time. However, evidence such as fossils challenged this view. Alternative views proposed gradual change over long periods of time in response to environmental conditions or the use and disuse of traits, but these did not propose a mechanism for the origin of new species. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a mechanism for gradual change and the emergence of new species over generations in response to the struggle for survival and reproduction.

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    7-Hist of Evolution

    Uploaded by

    Marife
    35 views23 pages
    The traditional pre-Darwinian view was that the universe and all life within it was designed perfectly and remained static and unchanging over time. However, evidence such as fossils challenged this view. Alternative views proposed gradual change over long periods of time in response to environmental conditions or the use and disuse of traits, but these did not propose a mechanism for the origin of new species. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a mechanism for gradual change and the emergence of new species over generations in response to the struggle for survival and reproduction.

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    The traditional pre-Darwinian view was that the universe and all life within it was designed perfectly and remained static and unchanging over time. However, evidence such as fossils challenged this view. Alternative views proposed gradual change over long periods of time in response to environmental conditions or the use and disuse of traits, but these did not propose a mechanism for the origin of new species. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a mechanism for gradual change and the emergence of new species over generations in response to the struggle for survival and reproduction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 views23 pages

    7-Hist of Evolution

    Uploaded by

    Marife
    The traditional pre-Darwinian view was that the universe and all life within it was designed perfectly and remained static and unchanging over time. However, evidence such as fossils challenged this view. Alternative views proposed gradual change over long periods of time in response to environmental conditions or the use and disuse of traits, but these did not propose a mechanism for the origin of new species. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a mechanism for gradual change and the emergence of new species over generations in response to the struggle for survival and reproduction.

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    History of Evolutionary Thought

    What was the view of the world and nature before Darwin?

    1.  Static Universe




    The universe didn’t change through time

    Problem - Fossil Evidence



    What was the view of the world and nature before Darwin?

    1.  Static Universe



    2.
    Earth Centred Universe

    Galileo - showed that this was wrong



    What was the view of the world and nature before Darwin?

    1.  Static Universe



    3.  Earth Centred Universe

    4.  Great Chain of Being

    Problem - how do you incorporate new species?



    What was the view of the world and nature before Darwin?

    1.  Static Universe



    3.  Earth Centred Universe

    4.  Great Chain of Being

    5.  Argument from Design

    Each species was designed for a specific purpose

    Problem:

    How did this ‘traditional’ view (or Natural Theology)

    apply to Biology?

    1.  Argument from Design

    The design of all organisms showed that

    there was an intelligent and benevolent Creator

    BUT….

    How do disease
    organisms fit into

    this scheme ?

    Ebola

    How did this ‘traditional’ view (or Natural Theology)

    apply to Biology?

    1.  Argument from Design

    The design of all organisms showed that

    there was an intelligent and benevolent Creator

    OR….

    Why did some
    species go
    extinct?

    How did this ‘traditional’ view (or Natural Theology)

    apply to Biology?

    1.  Argument from Design

    2.  Relationship between Species


    (Great Chain of Being)

    BUT ..


    vulnerable to


    extinction

    How did this ‘traditional’ view (or Natural Theology)

    apply to Biology?

    1.  Argument from Design

    2.  Relationship between Species

    3.  Fixed Species and Relationships

    How do you incorporate new species?



    General Summary:


    The world/universe was designed by
    a benevolent Creator to function perfectly
    and its form and function were fixed
    through all time.

    But Evolution is about change

    What were the pre-Darwinian ideas of change through time?



    Pre-Darwinian Ideas of Organic Change

    1. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)


    Species - a distinct group maintained by



    reproduction

    Local
    Conditions

    Different

    species

    Ancestor

    Time

    Pre-Darwinian Ideas of Organic Change

    1.  Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)



    2.  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

    Pre-Darwinian Ideas of Organic Change

    1.  Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)



    2.  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

    Lamarck’s ideas:

    1. Spontaneous generation

    Pre-Darwinian Ideas of Organic Change

    1.  Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)



    2.  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

    Lamarck’s ideas:

    1.  Spontaneous generation

    2.  Ascent up the scale of nature

    Complexity Different species



    of the
    organism

    Time

    Pre-Darwinian Ideas of Organic Change

    1.  Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)



    2.  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

    Lamarck’s ideas:

    1.  Spontaneous generation

    2.  Ascent up the scale of nature

    3.  Acquired characteristics

    Originators of Modern Theories of Natural Selection

    Charles Darwin
    Alfred Russell Wallace

    Voyage of HMS Beagle

    Darwin’s Finches - Geospiza

    Galapagos tortoise - Geochelone



    Contributing Elements to Darwin’s theory

    1. Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)


    Gradualism (Uniformitarianism)

    All change through time can


    be explained by processes at
    work today

    No need to invoke catastrophic


    events

    Contributing Elements to Darwin’s theory

    1.  Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)



    2.  Thomas Malthus (1766 - 1834)

    Populations of organism will grow



    faster than their food supply

    Population

    Number

    Food supply

    Time

    Contributing Elements to Darwin’s theory

    1.  Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)



    2.  Thomas Malthus (1766 - 1834)

    3.  Plant and Animal Breeders

    - showed that the form of a


    species could be changed
    over time

    Logic of Darwin’s

    Theory of Natural Selection

    (or Descent with Modification)

    Observation




    Deduction

    1.  All organic populations
    can exponentially.
    1.  There is some kind
    of struggle for
    2.  In spite of Obs. 1, they existence.

    don’t.

    3.  All members of a


    species are not the 2.
    Some members of a
    same.
    species are better
    equipped to survive and
    4.  Differences in reproduce than others.

    individuals are passed
    to their offspring.

    This differential reproduction/survival is


    natural selection

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