Analog Circuits and Systems

Prof. K Radhakrishna Rao

Lecture 35: Non-Sinusoidal Oscillators

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Review
—  Regenerative Comparator Schmitt Trigger
—  Pulse Width Modulation
—  Duty Cycle Generator
—  Inverting and Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
—  Hysteresis
—  FM and FSK Generation

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Astable multi-vibrator/Function Generator

(
Vs (1 + β ) 1 − e
− ( T 2RC )
) = 2βV
s

1+β 1
Given T = 2RC ln ;f =
1−β T

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Simulation 1
—  R1=R2=R=1k ; C=1 F;T=2RCln3=2.2msec; f=454Hz

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Simulation 2
—  Single Supply based Astable Multivibrator
—  R1=R2=R=1k ; C=1 F;T=2RCln3=2.2msec; f=454Hz

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On-Off Temperature Controller

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Monostable multivibrator
⎛ ⎛ −T ⎞
⎟⎞
⎟ = (βVs + Vr )
⎜
⎝ 2RC ⎠
Vr + Vs ⎜1 − e
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 + ( Vr Vs )
T = RC ln
1−β
LM 555 Timer; Cost = $0.48

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 Simulation- Timer Circuit
—  R1=R2=R=1k ; C=1 F;T=0.693msec; f=100Hz; Square Wave; 7V

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Function Generator

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Waveforms
Vs T 2R1
= Vs
RC 2 R2
R1
T = 4RC
R2
1 R2
f = =
T 4RCR1

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Simulation
—  R=R1=1k ; R2=2.2k ; C=1 F; T=1.82msec; f0=550Hz

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Saw-tooth Waveform Generator

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Saw-tooth Waveform Generator (contd.,)
⎛ Vs − Va ⎞ 2R1
⎜ RC ⎟ T1 = R Vs
⎝ ⎠ 2

R1 Vs
T1 = 2RC
R 2 Vs − Va
R1 Vs
T2 = 2RC
R 2 Vs + Va
T = T1 + T2
R1 ⎛ Vs2 ⎞
= 4RC ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
R2 ⎝ Vs − Va ⎠

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Simulation- Function generator with asymmetry
—  R=R1=1k ; R2=2.2k ; C=1 F;Va=5V

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Simulation- Function generator with asymmetry (contd.,)
—  R=R1=1k ; R2=2.2k ; C=1 F;Va=-5V

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Function generator with offset
—  R=R1=1k ; R2=2.2k ; C=1 F;Voff=1V

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 Function Generator and VCO

• FM (Frequency
Modulation)
generator
• FSK (Frequency
Shift Keying)
generators
Vc R 2
f =
40RC R1
∂f R2 f
Sensitivity of the VCO: K vco = = = Hz / V
∂Vc 40RCR1 Vc
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Function Generator and VCO (contd.,)
—  VCO is an important building block in a Phase Locked Loop.
—  A function generator is an oscillator which produces square wave,
triangular wave, rectangular wave with specific duty cycle and saw
tooth.
—  It can also output sine wave by converting the triangular wave to
sine wave using diode function generator.
—  It is the VCO circuit that was discussed earlier XR2206, function
generator IC manufactured by EXAR that is popularly used in all
test oscillators in laboratories today.

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Simulation – FSK Generation

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Simulation –FM Generation

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XR2206 – Features
—  Low-Sine Wave Distortion, 0.5%, Typical
—  Excellent Temperature Stability, 20ppm/°C, Typ.
—  Wide Sweep Range, 2000:1, Typical
—  Low-Supply Sensitivity, 0.01%V, Typ.
—  Linear Amplitude Modulation
—  TTL Compatible FSK Controls
—  Wide Supply Range, 10V to 26V
—  Adjustable Duty Cycle, 1% to 99%

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XR2206 – Datasheet
Min. Typ. Max. Units
Max. Operating Frequency 0.5 1 MHz
Lowest Practical Frequency 1000:1 0.01 Hz
Frequency Accuracy +1 %
Temperature Stability +10 +4 ppm/
Frequency Sine Wave 4800 +50 C
Amplitude Stability2 Supply 0.01 0.1 ppm/
Sensitivity Sweep Range 2000:1 C
%/V 22
LM 566 - Features
—  Wide supply voltage range: 10V to 24V
—  Very linear modulation characteristics
—  High temperature stability
—  Excellent supply voltage rejection
—  10 to 1 frequency range with fixed capacitor
—  Frequency programmable by means of current, voltage, resistor or
capacitor

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LM566- Data Sheet
Min. Typical Max. Units
Maximum Operating Frequency 0.5 1 MHz
VCO Free running Frequency -30 0 30 %
VCO Sensitivity 6.0 6.6 7.2 kHz/V

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Conclusion
—  Limitations due to comparator characteristics
◦  Rise time
◦  Fall time
—  Limitations due to opamp characteristics
◦  Maximum frequency of oscillation

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Conclusion

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