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VOLLEYBALL

HISTORY: -

The objective of the game is to make the ball to land in opponent court or make opponent to commit mistakes. In 1895,
William G. Morgan (American) invented this indoor game, called “Mintonette”, which later became volleyball.
Volleyball was a demonstration sport in 1924 Olympics (Paris) and became an official sport in 1947 when the Federation
International de Volleyball (FIVB) was found. In 1949, first men’s World Championship was played in Prague (CHZ).
Volleyball was part of the Olympic Games in Tokyo (1964). The men’s World League was set up in 1990.
Today a new form of volleyball is popular, it is known as beach Volleyball (played by two player team).
In India volleyball came into begin by YMCA and later Volleyball Federation of India (VFI) was formed in 1950. India
won the gold in very first Asian Games. The first National Championship for men was held in 1952 in Chennai and
Mysore won this Championship. The first Women national Championship was held in 1953 at Jabalpur where U.P. won.

RULES OF THE GAME

1. Volleyball involves two teams of 6 players who try to send the ball over the net to touch the ground on
the opposing team’s side.
2. The team that wins a rally wins a point, moreover, wins the right to serve at the same point.
3. A set is won by a score of 25 points.
4. If there is a tie at 24 points or at 14 points (in final game) then game continues until one team has a 2
points lead.
5. A match is won by 3 sets (out of 5). Fifth set for men and third set for women is of 15 points.
6. The ball is put in play by the back-row player on the right, who can serve anywhere along the 9 meters
width of the service zone.
7. The player has 8 seconds to make service in single attempt to get the ball over the net (it may touch net).
8. The rally ends when the ball touches the ground or when it is hit out of bound or the player does not
return legally.
9. When a team wins service, the players rotate one position clockwise.
10. Each team can touch the ball maximum of 3 times in addition to the block. Once a player has touched the
ball, he can not touch the it again until it has been touched by another player in either team.
11. The ball can touch any part of the body and it must be hit (not held or thrown).
12. It is illegal for a player or players to form a screen to keep the other team from seeing the server.
13. A team can make a maximum of 6 substitions per set.
14. The service touching the top of the net is a legal service.
15. A player can be substituted again on the same position, if already been replaced

Latest General Rules of Volleyball

The new rules of volleyball are given below.

1. Now, the length of service area is 9 m.
2. The attack line has been extended up to 1.75 m out sides on both sides in dotted marking.
3. ‘Libero’ is a special player in a team, plays in back zone. He is not allowed to attack from the attacking
area. He can play only for defence. He wears coloured T-shirt different from other players. Neither he can
do service nor block. He can not take part in rotation.
4. ‘Libero’ must be printed on the back side of the T-shirt. A libero can be changed any number of times.
5. Each service has a point as in TT.
6. A coloured ball is permitted in competitions.
7. Let service is allowed.
8. First four sets consist of 25 points each whereas fifth set consists of 15 points.
9. First service can be received by any part of body but it should be only in single touch.
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Specifications of Volleyball Court and Related Sports Equipments

1. Volleyball playfield 18 X 9 m
2. Free zone area 24 X 15 m ( minimum 3 m on all sides)
3. Length of service line 9m
4. Size of net 9.5 m X 1 m (width)
5. Height of net from the ground 2.43 m (men), 2.24 m (women)
6. Distance of pole from side line 50 to 100 cm
7. Height of antenna 80 cm above net (over side line)
8. Circumference of the ball 65 to 67 cm
9. Weight of the ball 270 gm + 10 gm
10 No. of players 12 (6 playing and 6 substitutes including libero)
11. Width of line 5 cm
12. No. of points in a set 25 points with lead of 2 points,
15 points in fifth set (men) or third set (women)
13. Officials 1referee1assistantreferee,1scorer,1tableofficial,
1 commissioner of match, 4 line judges
14. Time out 1time-out in each set and 2 time-outs in final set of 30 seconds
15. Tie rules At 24 points or 14 points (two consecutive points)
16 Size of marks on chest & back Length - 15 cm, Width – 10 cm (minimum)
Important Tournaments and Venues
Federation cup Grand Champions Cup
Asia Cup Shiwani Gold Cup
World Cup
Poornima Trophy (National Women) India Gold Cup
Super Challenge Cup Canada Cup
Italian open Hamburg Open
New Zealand Open Olympic Games
The brief explanation of some important tournaments is given below:

National Volleyball Championship:- The first Volleyball Championship was held in Chennai in 1952. This
championship is held every year. This is organized by Volleyball Federation of India.
National School Games (Volleyball Championship):- This championship is held every year as a part of National School
Games.
Poornima Trophy: - It is a national volleyball championship for women.
World Cup :- The first world cup of volleyball was held in 1949 in Prague.
Olympic Volleyball Championship:-Volleyball was included in Olympic Games in 1964 Olympics which were held in
Tokyo (Japan). Since then, this championship is held in Olympic Games.
Asian Games Volleyball Championship: - This championship is held in Asian Games. It was included in Asian Games
in 1958 in Tokya. India won a bronze medal in volleyball in these games.
Commonwealth Volleyball Championship: - The first Commonwealth Volleyball Championship was held in 1981 in
England. India won a bronze medal in this championship in 1981.
IMPORTANT VENUES:-
1 Indira Gandhi stadium ( New Delhi)
2 NS NIS Patiala
3 Katoch stadium Jalandhar
4 Sports complex Hyderabad
5 Tata steel sports complex Tata Nagar
6 Railway sports complex Mumbai
7 Sports complex Chennai
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IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES:-
(A) Arjun Award Winners: A. Palaniswamy (1961), Nripjit Singh (1962),
Balwant Singh(1972), Smt G.M Reddy 1973, MS Rao ( 1974), R Singh, KM KC Elamma (1975), Jimmi George
(1976), A Raman Rao, Kutty Krishnan (1978), S K Mishra (1979), GE Sridharan (1983), Km Saley Joseph
(1984), Abdul Bisht (1989), Dalerl Singh (1990), K Uday Kumar (1991), Sukhpal Singh (1999), PV Raman
(2000), Amir Singh (2001), Ravi Kant Reddy (2002)
(B) Dronacharya Winners:- A Raman Rao – 1990, M Shyam Sunder Rao – 1991,
G.E.Sridharan - 2002
(C) Dhyan Chand Award Winner:- Om Prakash

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF VOLLEYBALL

Service: -
(a) Simple Service
(b) Tennis Service
(c) Round Service
(d) Side arm floating service
(e) Overhead floating service
Service (Tennis) :- The server can stand any where behind the 9 m service line. Although an underhand service is legal,
good players use an over head serve, mainly the tennis or jump serve. If it is hit well, the serve is a powerful offensive
skill. Other variations of tennis serve are top, reverse spin or floating serve.

Spike or Smash: - It is a powerful attack. Contact with the ball takes place above the net. A player specialized in smash is
known as spiker. Some times a dump (a fake smash) is also practiced by spiker to dodge the opponent’s blockers.
Spiking or Attack or Smashing
(a) One-man or single spike
(b) Two-men or complex spike
Tip or Lift :- It is a rally technique used during the match. It is made with an upward movement of the arms and legs.
Contact with the ball is with the fingertips without touching palm. A player specialized in lifting is known as booster or
setter.
Boosting
(a) Low set up (b) Hard set up
(c) Diagonal set up
Bump or Underarm-Lift :- Bump is a defensive skill keeping the ball from falling; Bump is the first contact of the ball.
The bump provides the transition between defense and attack.
Passing and Placing
(a) Chest Pass (b) Under arm pass
(d) Overhead pass

Block:- It may be executed by one, two or three players and it is the first line of defense against the spike. To block, a
player has good anticipation of the play (the tallest player is usually the main blocker).
Blocking
(a) One-man blocking
(b) Two-men blocking
(c) Three-men blocking

Dive Lift:- In this, the players dive to lift the fast coming ball as there is less time to move forward and sideward. Thus,
player dives for lifting the ball with underhand.
Terminology related to Volleyball
Libero :- A specialized defensive player (wears different colour kit) who plays in rear half to provide rest to certain
player. He can be substituted any time during match from rear row player. He can not serve, block and smash (he can
smash behind the attack line)
Players Position:- The players take positions in two rows. Where no. 1 position is of server; no.2,3,4 positions of players
are in the back zone.
Positional fault:- During service the player must stay in their position, ie., diagonally opposite player must be in the same
manner as in beginning. Otherwise positional fault is given to the opponent.
Rotation :- After every change of service; the players of serving-side, rotate in clockwise otherwise it may be foul.
Carrying the Ball :- If ball rests momentarily in the hands of the player i.e., it is illegal.
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Substitution Zone :- An area 3 m away towards side line from where the substitution is allowed to move for substitution,
otherwise they sit on the substitution bench.
Dink :- A soft push to ball by the finger tips while facking i.e., instead of spike the sotf push by the fingertips.
Setter :- A player specialized to lift the ball for the smash. It is performed over the coming ball from own team mates.
This player is also known as booster.
Side-out :- When the active ball touches the floor out side the boundary line.
Attack-Line :- An extended line behind the centre line which restricts libero to smash from front area of court. It is 3 m
away from the net.
Back-Line :- A line at the back of court at 9 m from net. It is also known as service line.
Antennae :- An extended up-right over the net which gives the idea of side line. It is 180 cm in length and 80 cm above
the net.
Ace :- A point scored over service which is unreturned.
Dig :- A hard smash near the attack-line in opponent court.
Screening:- A player of servicing team must not prevent the visibility of service player. The collective screening, from
seeing the server or the flight path of the ball is illegal.
Technical Time-out:- It is given for 60 sec in the final set when leading team reaches the 8th and 16th points. It may be
requested by each team.
Time-out:- It is temporarily interruption asked by the coach during the game. It is of 30 sec each and one team can have
one time-out in each set and two time-outs in final set.
Blocking:- It is preventing the coming smash or ball over the net so that it lands in the opponents court.
Misconduct:- It is illegal or offence or behaviour by the player or by the team member including coach; warning at first
instance and recorded over score sheet.
Penalty:- After the first warning the second misconduct is penalty. In this, team is penalized with the loss of a point or a
rally.
Expulsion:- A player or coach is expelled and not allowed to play further, if he repeatedly performs misconduct. He is not
even allowed to sit over team bench.
Warning – Verbal Penalty – Yellow card
Expulsion – Red card Disqualification – Yellow and Red jointly
Change of Court: After each set the ends are changed. In the final set it is changed at 8th point.
Duties of First Referee:-
1. He is responsible for the conduct of match under rules and regulations from the start until end.
2. He is final authority as far decision of match.
3. He can replace other officials who are not performing duty properly.
4. Referee controls all the situations of match under rules.
5. He performs toss before the start of match. 6 He whistles for service.
7 He can overrule the decisions of other officials if required.
8 He gives fault, warning etc.
Duties of Assistant Referee:
1. To provide assistance and help to first referee.
2. He looks after rotation fault, positional fault, line cut, etc.
3. Help match referee for substitution, time-out.
4. He checks scorer and other officials.
5. He checks the fouls and faults at net.
6. His position is in front of match referee by side line.
7. He indicates with signals and does not use whistle.
Duties of LineMan;
1 There is 4-6 linemen for each match.
They signal their judgment regarding ‘in’ or ‘out’ of the ball bounce. During service, if ball touches the outer edge of
service line, it is signaled as out where as all of other bounce of ball over the line are considered as ‘in’ during the game.
The first referee has the right to overcome the decision of lineman.
Proper Sports Gear and their Importance:- Sports gears are related to sports equipments, protective equipments and
sports kit. Volleyball poles, net, volleyball, knee pads, shoes and sports wears, court etc. are included in sports gears
related to volleyball. These sports gears should be of high quality as well as according to international standards. For
example, the poles should be in round shape to avoid injuries to the players. The volleyball and shoes should also be in
proper shape and size. Knee pads should be of good quality.
Proper sports gears are essential in every game and sport; otherwise the chances of injury to players become more. If the
sports gears are not proper, the players may not be able to perform well in competitions.
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Specific warming-UP and Conditioning
(a) Specific warming-up: The purpose of warming-up is to prepare the body to meet the demandsof competition and
training. After performing general warming-up the specific warming-up exercises are performed. It consists of few
shuttle-runs, tug-jumps, Vertical-jumps, hoping over one leg, arch-making, dummy smash actions, dive-rolls, side-rolls,
etc. After this ball practice is done firstly by self like under-arm lifting (bump lift), tip lifting (finger lift), and Afterwards
slow smashing practice with partners, later followed by fast smashes over the net are practiced. Few practices are done
with lot of variations.
(b) Conditioning: The conditioning work for volleyball player depends upon the positional play during game. Each
positional player needs perfection in specific skills, technique and tactical approach along with high level of specific
fitness components. Conditioning workout improves its basic skills. These skills or techniques are usually practiced and
perfected under specific drills or during game practice. Good coaching skills improve it further.
Smashers are usually tall players of the team. Conditioning works for them needs to develop lot of jumping ability, high
level of explosive strength, good perception ability, fast reflex actions, good coordination ability with lot of skill
perfection. The conditioning exercises for smashers are like stair running, decline-jumps, vertical-jumps, frog-jumps etc.
Specific drills are practiced involving skills like smashing over the wall, with partners, over the net ( near the net then
from the distance); spot smashing practice; dodging, drop and fake smash practice; blocking the smash, etc. Game
practice improves their skills further by proper feedback and coaching.
Booster players in volleyball are the pace makers of the game. They require a lot of perfection in the skills like lifting
the ball-up for smashers (as per smasher need); good in tip lifting, bump lifting, dodging and fake movement; good in
taping, smashing, dropping as per game needs; good co-coordinative and reflex ability, perception of opponent attack,
blocking the opponent smashes, etc. These skills and techniques are usually practiced under specific drills or wall practice
(like volley the ball continuously at certain point by tip lifting).
Defenders and libro players need good co-coordinative abilities fast reflex actions; lot of perfection in pump lift, tip lift;
good in perception, defensive playing skills. The conditioning work of defenders improve their bump lifting with lot of
variations like dive-lift, roll-over lift, back face lift, one hand lift, body line lift, etc. Good coaching ability improves
further by developing the tactical and strategically approach.
Common Sports Injuries, their First-Aid and Prevention

(a) Common Injuries : In this game common injuries are contusion, abrasion, cramp, strain, sprain, dislocation and
fracture. Most of the injuries occur to smashers and boosters over ankle, knee, wrist and fingers. The main cause of
injuries are lack of fitness, poor or faulty skill actions, poor perception, not doing proper warming-up, accidents during
playing, during landing of jumps, not proper safety guards or equipments, lack of concentration, poor co-ordination
among team members, playfield not as per game rules, etc.
(b) First-aid and Rehabilitation: Most of common injuries of sports are treated with ‘RICE’ principle (Rest, Ice,
Compression and Elevation) like contusion, cramp, strain, sprain etc. Injuries like abrasion, laceration, need proper care
like cleaning, dressing and preventing infection. Dislocations and fractures should be treated by experts.
After the first-aid steps, the player should be given full rest up to recovery of injury. Afterwards, the rehabilitation process
is followed where the lost strength is regained gradually in progressive way. Physiotherapy treatment helps and it has
many types of corrective exercises in its treatment.
(c) Preventive Steps:
1. Proper warming-up should be performed before the activity. It should consist of general and specific warming-up
exercises.
2. Regular conditioning under experts should be given importance, as it develops the weak joints, strengths weak muscles,
good perception ability and good co-ordination. It also improves the skill ability.
3. Well awareness of rules, regulations and its implementation under experts.
4. Proper team co-ordination among team members and good practice of team tactics.
5. Proper safety guards like proper shoes, wearing knee pads, elbow, guards, proper kit etc. should be compulsory worn-
up during practice or regular play.
6. Proper medical check-up before play, full recovery of past injuries and following doctor’s advice, etc. should be given
importance.
7. Proper playfields as per rules, it’s maintenance and sufficient free space around the playfield should be checked-up
before the match.
8. Follow hygienically habits and consider health principles.
9. Over training and over stress should be avoided during the match. Replacement of substitute should be done in case of
over fatigue or unfit player.
10. Sufficient stretching exercises should be done during time-out or change of set or during rest time. Try to drink
sufficient water during heavy sweating while playing and practicing.
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PREVENTION AND FIRST AID FOR COMMON SPORTS INJURIES

INTRODUCTION:- The best ways and means are adopted to reduce every possible injury, accident, problem, trouble
etc. The knowledge of athletic care guides and gives us knowledge as how to minimize the problem and improve in games
and sports. It also guides us about various principles of prevention of injury, proper training program, diet, clothing,
playing surfaces, surrounding factors, climate, rest, and relaxation etc. This knowledge is equally important as a part of
health education. So we can say that athletic care are the measures, ways and methods to care body from various hazards
while participating in games and sports to improve performance.
FIRST AID:- First Aid is defined as emergency aid or treatment given to someone injured, ill, etc. who become victim
of an accident or sudden illness before regular medical services can be obtained. The aim of first aid is to preserve life,
assist recovery and prevent aggravation of the injury, until the services of a doctor or physician can be obtained or during
transport to hospital.
There are various types of common sports injuries which are as follows:
(A) Soft Tissue Injuries
(B) Muscle Injuries
(C) Bone Injuries
(A) Soft Tissue Injuries of Skin
There are following types of soft tissue injuries:
Contusion 2. Laceration 3. Abrasion 4. Bruises

1. Contusion:- It is the crushing of soft tissue by a violent external force without breaking the continuity of
skin. It causes acute pain, loss of function of the injured part.
Treatment steps:- (a) Contusion should be treated immediately with ICE application.
(b) Apply compression for 12 hours.
(c) After two days, massage the injured part to reduce swelling.
2. Laceration:- It is the cut over the skin caused due to severe impact of an object or due to sharp edge.
Treatment steps:-
(a) Clean the surface of the affected part.
(b) Stop bleeding at the earliest.
(c) Place clean dressing or padding over the wound.
(d) Elevate the limb above the level of heart.
(e) If injury is deep, go for stitches at the earliest.
(f) Avoid infection by putting medicinal cream over it.
(g) Care should be taken till the injury is totally cured-up.
3. Abrasion:- It is caused when skin is scrapped or rubbed by friction. It causes severe pain and some times
bleeding.
Treatment steps:-
(a) Avoid further friction and infection.
(b) Clean the part with antiseptic cream/soap and water.
(c) Cover the part with medicinal cotton or band aid.
(d) Anti-tetanus injection should be given.
(e) Repeat the dressing and cleaning of part everyday till it heals.
4. Bruises:- Bruises are not clearly seen because the upper skin remains unaffected, but inner tissues are
damaged. The affected area becomes blue; the blood spreads under the skin because of rupture of blood vessels.
Treatment steps:-
(a) Proper warming-up should be performed before the activity.
(b) Keep concentration while performing activity.
(c) Follow the rules and regulations of the game.
(d) Play fields should be properly maintained.
(e) Use protective equipments.
(B) MUSCLE INJURIES:-
1. Strain:- It is the injury of muscle which is caused by the stress over the muscle or due to pull, or over
stretched of muscles beyond its normal limit.
In strain, the muscles get damaged or ruptured causing acute pain, loss of function of injured muscles, local
inflammation and swelling.
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Treatment steps:- (RICER)
(a) Complete rest to the injured muscle and restrict the movement immediately.
(b) Apply cold compression or Ice to stop internal bleeding.
(c) Elevate the injured part above the level of heart.
(d) After two days, apply inflammatory cream and give gentle massage to the muscle.
(e) After complete treatment of injury perform rehabilitation exercises or physiotherapy to
strengthen muscles.
2. Sprain:- It is the injury of ligament at the joint. It occurs due to over stretching of ligament or by the twisting
of joint. In this, there is a rupture of ligament and tissues. There is swelling and a lot of internal bleeding. This
commonly affects the knee, ankle, wrist and elbow joint.
Treatment steps:-
(a) Complete rest to the injured muscle and restrict the movement immediately.
(b) Apply cold compression or Ice to stop internal bleeding.
(c) Elevate the injured part above the level of heart.
(d)After two days, apply inflammatory cream and give gentle massage to the muscle.
(e) After 6 days apply contrast (hot & cold) bath to reduce the swelling.
(f) After complete treatment of injury perform rehabilitation exercises or physiotherapy to
strengthen muscles.
(C) BONE INJURIES: - 1.Dislocation 2.Fracture
1. Dislocation:- It is an injury of joint in which the adjoining bones are displaced from their original position. Dislocation
is mainly caused due to direct or indirect impact over the joint. It may be simple dislocation, fracture dislocation or
complicated dislocation.
2. Fracture:- In this, bone breaks-up by some external pressure. It may be simple fracture, compound, complicated, green
stick, etc. Complicated fracture may be very dangerous.
Symptoms of bone injury:-
(a) Severe pain in and around the joint/bone.
(b) The joint/bone will look deformed and out of place as well as the whole area gets swollen.
(c) The joint/bone will appear fixed with no movement being possible.
Treatment Steps of Bone Injury:-
(a) Do not move the joint/bone and keep in a comfortable position.
(b) Apply cold compression by ice packs to reduce pain and internal bleeding.
(c) Provide support by using string or bandage.
(d) X-ray and other diagnosis should be done by an expert doctor.
(e) The expert should manage immobility by applying plaster so as to enable the joint to take its real
position.
(f) This immobility should be of 3 to 4 weeks.
(g) After full treatment the progressive rehabilitation exercises or physiotherapy should be followed to
restore the strength.
Causes of Sports Injuries:-
(a) Lack of physical fitness.
(b) Lack of mental or psychological readiness.
(c) No proper warming-up.
(d) Equipment fault or failure
(e) Faulty skill actions.
(f) Not adopting rules and regulations.
(g) Poor maintenance of play fields.
(h) Over training.
(i) No utilization of protective guards.
Principles of Prevention of Sports Injuries:-
In games and sports 100% prevention is never possible but we can minimize the sports injuries by following these
principles—
1. Principle of maintaining stability and prevention of fall: - We should try our best to maintain stability by
widening the base of support or by keeping the centre of gravity low and within the base of support.
2. Principle regarding the range of motion: - We must know the limits of joint and actions must be performed
according to the range of joint.
3. Principle of catching or reception of impact: - We must know the catching technique and wear protective
gloves accordingly.
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4. Principle of lifting weight: - Weight should be lifted close to body and according to the strength of muscles.
5. Principle of weight bearing joints: - Weak joints should be well protected.
6. Principle of Circular motion: - Only those should perform circular motion or swinging activity who have
sufficient strength. Player with joint problems must not perform circular motion.
SGFI & ITS ORGANISATIONAL SET-UP

The School Games Federation of India is a voluntary organization which was established in 1955. The S.G.F.I. All the
states of India are affiliated to this federation. The School Federation of India conducts competitions at the national level
for various games and sports such as Athletics, Hockey, Badminton, Basketball, Volleyball, Kabaddi, Kho-kho, Table
Tennis, Football, Gymnastics, Swimming, Cricket, Wrestling, Handball and Judo. These competitions are organized for
various age groups, below the age of 19 years are entitled to participate. These games are organized every year. Generally,
the states teams are selected to participate in national competitions.
In these games, approximately 20,000 girls and boys participate every year at national level competitions. The Govt. of
India provides scholarships for the best individual performers and teams. The competitions organized by the S.G.F.I.
helped to improve the performance of school students and also to give them scope for developing inter state contacts,
fraternity and friendship. The S.G.F.I. is affiliated to the International School Games Federation. The S.G.F.I. also
provides opportunity to the Indian students to participate in competitions which are organized by the International School
Games Federation.
VARIOUS SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS
INTERNATIONAL
1 IOC International Olympic Committee
2 IAAF International Association of Athletics Federation
3 IBF International Badminton Federation
4 FIBA International Basketball Federation
5 FIFA International association football Federation
6 FIG International Gymnastic Federation
7 IWF International Weightlifting Federation
8 FIH International Hockey Federation
9 IHF International Handball Federation
10 IJF International Judo Federation
11 FINA International Swimming Federation
12 WTF World Taekwondo Federation
13 ITF International Tennis Federation
14 ITTF International Table Tennis Federation
15 FIVA International Volleyball Federation

INDIAN

1 IOA Indian Olympic Association

2 AFI Athletics Federation of India
3 BAI Badminton Association of India
4 BFI Basketball Federation of India
5 BCCI Board of Control for Cricket in India
6 AIFF All India Football Federation
7 GFI Gymnastics Federation of India
8 IHF Indian Hockey Federation
9 JFI Judo Federation of India
10 AKFI Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India
11 KFI Kho-kho Federation of India
12 SFI Swimming Federation of India
13 TTFI Table Tennis Federation of India
14 TFI Taekwondo Federation of India
15 AITA All India Tennis Association
16 VFI Volleyball Federation of me
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SPORTS AWARDS

Introduction:- Modern India has honoured players and their coaches for their workout by constituting Sports
Awards in their names for excellence in sports and sports coaching. They are recognized for their outstanding
achievement and performance in the field of sports and coaching.These awards encourage them. There are
various Sports Awards. Some of them are also recognized by Government of India like Arjun Award,
Dronacharya Award, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Padma Shree, etc, . Various universities of India compete
among various sports and games for the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy. This running trophy is awarded
every year to best performer of the university in various games and sports. These awards are given by the
President of India at a prestigious function in Rastrapati Bhavan (New Delhi).
Rules:-
1. Its main aim is to ameliorate the standard of sports in the country.
2. National Sports Federations submit the list of sportspersons to the Government of India every year on a fixed
date.
3. Government of India forms a special committee which inspects the list of players sent by various federations
of sports. After proper inspection, the special committee sends this list to Government of India.
4. If sports federations do not send any list then Government of India may award any specific player for that
year.
5. The final decision lies on the hands of Government of India.
6. Government of India decides the date and venue for the presentation of the sports Award.
7. Government of India can nullify the award of any sports person.

ARJUN AWARD;- This prestigious award was first introduced in the year 1961. This award is given to the
sports personality who excels in games and sports for three consecutive years (at National and International
level) and also shown qualities of leadership and sense of discipline. It consists of 5 lakh rupees cash, scroll of
honour and statuette of Arjun, Blazer suit and Tie. This award is decided by a ten member committee (seven
Olympic players and three SAI officials). It is given in three categories (a) Olympic/ Asian/ World Cup/ World
Championship/ Common wealth Games/ Cricket (b) Indigenous/ Indian games (c) Physically challenged games
or sports.
DRONACHARYA AWARD:- This award is given to honour those coaches who have successfully trained
sportspersons or team and enabled them to achieve outstanding results in international competitions. This
eminent award was started in the year 1985. It is given to coaches for their hard work to produce top level
sportspersons. This award is named after the legendary guru ‘Dronacharya’. In this award, the coach is given 5
lakh rupees cash, scroll of honour and statuette of guru Dronacharya.
RAJIV GANDHI KHEL RATNA AWARD:- It is the highest sports award given to a sportsperson who has
achieved the heights of skills in games and sports at International level competitions. The objective of this
award is honoring sportspersons to enhance their general status and to give them greater dignity and place of
honor in the society. To motivate the sportsperson to give their best performance. This award was introduced in
the year 1991 in the memory of late Prime Minister, Mr Rajiv Gandhi (great sports lover). In this award the
sports person is presented with scroll of honour along with cash of Rs 7 lakh fifty thousand.
DHYAN CHAND AWARD:- This newly started sports award was introduced in the year 2002. This award is
given for life time achievement in games or sports, i.e., to honour those sportspersons who have contributed to
sports by their performance and continue to contribute to promote sports even after their retirement from active
sporting career. The award carries a cash reward of Rs 3 lakh, a plaque and scroll of honour.
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD TROPHY:- The Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy was instituted in
the year 1956-57. This trophy is awarded annually to the University, which has given the best all round
performance during the year of award. The winner receives a replica of the trophy and cash award of Rs ten
lakh, which is to be utilized for acquiring sports equipment. Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU) has honors of
winning maximum number of times.
Yogic Practices

Meaning of Yoga:

It is a science of development of man’s consciousness. It also means the unification of physical, mental,
intellectual and spiritual aspects of human being.

Yoga for concentration & related Asanas (Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana & Shashank asana)

Dhyana: - It is the 7th Element of yoga after Dharana. Dhyana is a process of controlling the mind through
meditation. It develops high levels of concentration. It is a stage prior to Samadhi. It is a complete constancy of
mind.

(i) Sukh asana

It is sitting with cross legs while hand over the knees.
Benefits: - improve concentration, improve knees leg strength and flexibility, pranayams are performed in this
posture &Cure arthritis, sciatica & knock Knees

(ii) Tad asana (Palm tree posture) : - Person stands on toes, slowly raises both hands as much as possible
while coming on toes.
Benefits: - Develops leg muscles, Increases height in children, relieves leg and ankle pain, cures postural
problems like Kyphosis, scoliosis and flat-foot.

(iii) Padma Asana (Lotus posture) : - It is sitting with crossed legs in such a way that feet should touch the
opposite hip while hands are on knees and the back is straight.
Benefits: - Good meditation & pranayama posture, improve leg strength and flexibility, cures Arthritis and
knock knees etc.

(vi) Shashank Asana: - From vajra asana the person bends bodyat front while hand and head touching floor at
front.
Benefits: Improve concentration, Develops leg muscles,increase height in children ,relieves leg and ankle
pain& Cure postural problem like kyphosis , scoliosis,neck spondylitis and flatfoot.

Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration – Yog-nidra

(1) Shav Asana (Dead pose):- It is a resting pose in a lying position. Hand at fetes are motionless, face is
upward, control the breath without any disturbance. It is relaxing pose.
Benefits: - Relaxes body, stabilized breathing, reduce stress and tension &Good posture for meditation

(2) Makra Asana: - It is resting in pro-lying position in which hands are in front under the head.
Benefits: - Relaxes body, Improve breathing, reduce stress and tension & Cure Lordosis.

(3) Yog Nindra :- it is a simple lying position on supine position hands at side ,body relaxed and deep
breathing
Benefits: - Relaxes body, Improve breathing, reduce stress and tension & Cure Lordosis.-

END