Designation: D 6638 – 01

Standard Test Method for

Determining Connection Strength Between Geosynthetic
Reinforcement and Segmental Concrete Units (Modular
Concrete Blocks)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope from the back of segmental concrete units.

1.1 This test method is used to determine the connection 3.1.2 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
properties between a layer of geosynthetic reinforcement and polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
segmental concrete block units used in construction of rein- technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
forced soil retaining walls. The test is carried out under man-made project, structure or system. (D 4439)
conditions determined by the user that reproduce the connec- 3.1.3 granular infill, n—coarse grained soil aggregate used
tion system at full-scale. The results of a series of tests are used to fill the voids in and between segmental concrete units.
to define a relationship between connection strength for a 3.1.4 peak connection strength, n—the maximum tensile
segmental unit-geosynthetic connection system and normal capacity of the connection between geosynthetic reinforcement
load. and segmental concrete units.
1.2 This is a performance test used to determine properties 3.1.5 segmental concrete unit (modular concrete block),
for design of retaining wall systems utilizing segmental con- n—a concrete unit manufactured specifically for mortarless,
crete units and soil reinforcing geosynthetics, either geotextiles dry-stack retaining wall construction.
or geogrids. The test is performed on a full-scale construction 3.1.6 segmental concrete unit width, n—the segmental con-
of the connection and may be run in a laboratory or the field. crete unit dimension parallel to the wall face and coincident
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the with the geosynthetic reinforcement test specimen width.
standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided 3.1.7 service state connection strength, n— the connection
for information only. tensile capacity at a service state displacement criterion be-
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera- tween geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to units.
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its 3.2 For definition of other terms relating to geosynthetics,
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to refer to Terminology D 4439.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter- 4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 One end of a wide geosynthetic reinforcement test
2. Referenced Documents specimen is attached to dry stacked segmental concrete block
2.1 ASTM Standards: units assembled as specified by the user. The other end of the
D 448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and test specimen is attached to a clamp, which is part of a constant
Bridge Construction rate of extension tensile loading machine. The top course of
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing segmental concrete block units is then loaded vertically to a
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics constant normal load and the geosynthetic is then tensioned
D 4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles under constant rate of displacement until a sustained loss of
by the Wide-Width Strip Method connection capacity and/or excessive movement (greater than
150 mm) of the reinforcement out from the connection.
3. Terminology 4.1.1 Peak connection capacity, and tensile capacity after a
3.1 Definitions: user prescribed displacement criteria has occurred, is used to
3.1.1 displacement criteria, n—a user prescribed maximum define connection strength based on peak and service state
movement, mm (in.), of the geosynthetic reinforcement out criteria respectively. Both these values may be obtained from
each test that measures geosynthetic displacement. Tensile
loads and strengths are reported per unit width of geosynthetic
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on sample, kN/m (lb /ft). Generally a series of tests are performed
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-
cal Properties. to establish a mathematical relationship between connection
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001. Published April 2001. strength and normal load on the connection.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 6638
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The connection strength between geosynthetic rein-
forcement and segmental concrete block units is used in design
of reinforced soil retaining walls.
5.2 This test is used to determine the connection strength for
the design of the connection system formed by segmental
concrete block units and geosynthetic reinforcement layers in
reinforced soil retaining walls. Performing a series of these
connection tests at varying normal loads permits development
of a relationship between connection strength and normal load.
This relationship may be linear, bi-linear, or some other
complex mathematical expression.
5.3 This connection strength test is meant to be a perfor-
mance test (laboratory or field), therefore, it should be con- FIG. 2 Connection Test Apparatus (Plan View)
ducted using full-scale system components. The conditions for
the test are selected by the user and are not for routine testing. 6.3.1 The tensile loading unit will generally be a constant
5.4 As a performance test on full-scale system components rate of extension screw jack or hydraulic actuator that can be
it accounts for some of the variables in construction procedures displacement rate controlled. The loading equipment shall have
and materials tolerance normally present for these types of a capacity that is at least equal to 120 % of the wide strip
retaining wall systems. tensile strength of the geosynthetic (Test Method D 4595)
6. Apparatus multiplied by the specimen width. The piston shall be capable
of at least 150 mm (6 inches) of movement in order to facilitate
6.1 Testing System—An example of a test apparatus and test set up and to ensure that there is adequate stroke to achieve
setup is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. The principal components failure of geosynthetic reinforcement specimens.
of the test apparatus are:
6.1.1 loading frame, NOTE 1—Some systems (that is, modular concrete units with a depth
6.1.2 normal load piston/actuator, greater than 0.5 m) may need more than 150 mm of movement to achieve
failure of the connection.
6.1.3 vertical loading platen, with stiff rubber mat or airbag
to apply uniform vertical pressure to top of concrete blocks 6.3.2 The orientation of the tensioning force shall be hori-
6.1.4 vertical load cell, to measure normal load zontal and perpendicular to the back of the segmental units and
6.1.5 geosynthetic loading clamp, shall be applied at the elevation where the geosynthetic exits
6.1.6 horizontal piston/actuator, to load geosynthetic rein- the back of the segmental units.
forcement in tension 6.4 Load Cells—A calibrated load cell shall be used to
6.1.7 horizontal load cell to measure geosynthetic tensile measure the tensile connection force and normal load during
force, and the test. The load cell used for measuring tension shall have a
6.1.8 two (2) horizontal displacement measurement de- capacity that is greater than or equal to 120 % of the wide strip
vices,to record displacement of the geosynthetic at the back of tensile strength of the geosynthetic (Test Method D 4595)
the segmental concrete blocks. multiplied by the specimen width. The load cell used for
6.2 Loading Frame—The loading frame shall have suffi- measuring the normal surcharge load shall have a capacity that
cient capacity to resist the forces developed by the horizontal is greater than or equal to 100 % of the maximum anticipated
and vertical loading pistons/actuators. normal load. The load cells shall be accurate within 6 0.5 % of
6.3 Tensile Loading Clamp and Loading Assemblies—The its full-scale range.
geosynthetic is gripped at its free end with a clamp extending 6.5 Displacement Measuring Devices— Two linear variable
the full width of the specimen. The clamp shall be capable of displacement transducers (LVDTs) or similar electronic dis-
applying a uniform force across the full width of the test placement measuring devices are recommended to continu-
specimen. A roller grip assembly may be used to apply the ously monitor the displacement of the geosynthetic out from
tensile load. For some geosynthetics it may be necessary to the back of the concrete units. Alternatively, dial gauges may
epoxy bond the geosynthetic to, or within, the clamp in order be read and recorded manually at regular intervals not greater
to obtain a uniform stress distribution across the entire width of than one minute. LVDTs, dial gauges or similar measuring
the test specimen. devices shall be accurate to 6 0.1 mm (60.005 in.).
7. Sampling
7.1 Segmental Concrete Units
7.1.1 Segmental concrete units shall be full-size blocks and
meet the manufacturer’s material and dimensional specifica-
tions. Model or prototype units shall not be used unless it can
be demonstrated that they are equivalent to production units.
7.1.2 The user shall specify and/or collect a sufficient
FIG. 1 Connection Strength Test System sample of representative segmental units, from a standard

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 D 6638
production lot, to construct the anticipated number of test have sufficient length to cover the interface surface as specified
configurations for the connection system within the testing by the user. The specimen must be trimmed to provide
agency’s load frame and testing system. sufficient anchorage at the geosynthetic loading clamp and a
7.1.3 The wall for connection testing shall be constructed free length between the back of the concrete blocks and loading
using randomly selected full-size (that is, full width) segmental clamp ranging from a minimum of 200 mm (7.9 in.) to a
units from the users sampling of a standard production lot, see maximum of 600 mm (23.6 in.), The geosynthetic reinforce-
section 7.1.2. A maximum of two half width segmental ment specimen shall be placed between the stacked segmental
concrete units may be used on only one course of the units concrete units to cover the same area that will be used in field
being tested in a confined width test apparatus. Segmental construction of the connection or as determined by the user.
concrete units may be re-used in testing if there is no cracking, 7.2.5 A new geosynthetic reinforcement test specimen shall
abrasion or wearing of the concrete surfaces between tests. be used for each test.
7.1.4 Wall Width—The wall for testing shall be constructed 7.2.6 Number of Tests—A sufficient number of tests shall be
to a minimum of 750 mm (29.5 in.) in width and contain at conducted to adequately define a relationship between connec-
least one typical segmental concrete unit running bond joint. tion strength and normal load applied to the connection. Tests
The segmental wall width for testing shall be at least as wide shall be conducted at a minimum of three unique normal loads
as the geosynthetic test specimen width (see 7.2.3). Testing of within the range of loads typical of wall design, as directed by
segmental concrete unit widths greater than 500 mm, may be the user. Additionally, at least two more tests at one normal
represented in this test by limiting the test wall to 1000 mm load will be necessary to verify repeatability (see section
(39.4 in.) in width. 7.2.7).
7.2.7 Repeatability of Test Results—The testing agency
NOTE 2—Narrower wall widths may be used for testing, provided the
connection strength is proven to be unaffected by this reduction (see shall provide evidence of test results repeatability by conduct-
section 7.2.3). ing at least three tests at one normal load level for a specific
segmental concrete units and geosynthetic reinforcement sys-
7.1.5 Conditioning—The segmental concrete unit test speci- tem. The general range for repeatability of peak connection
men shall be brought to standard temperature and relative strength of these three nominally identical tests is 6 10 % from
humidity conditions for testing in a laboratory. The temperature the mean of the three tests (see reference in X1.1). If the test
is to be 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F) and the relative humidity of 65 results are outside of this range it shall be duly noted on the
6 10 %. For field-testing the specimen shall be brought to report.
ambient conditions for not less than one hour. The temperature
and humidity at the start and end of the test shall be recorded 8. Test Procedure
for field-testing. 8.1 Install and brace lower course of concrete segmental
7.2 Geosynthetic units. Place the units such that a running joint will be
7.2.1 Sampling Requirements—The latest version of ASTM coincident with the center of pull for the geosynthetic rein-
sampling protocol for geotextiles (Practice D 4354) shall be forcement test specimen, on either this course or the course
used for the geosynthetic reinforcement material. above.
7.2.2 Conditioning—The geosynthetic reinforcement test 8.1.1 The connection shall be constructed using the geosyn-
specimen shall be brought to standard temperature and relative thetic reinforcement, granular infill, full-scale segmental con-
humidity conditions for testing in a laboratory. The temperature crete block units and connectors specified by the user. The
is to be 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F) and the relative humidity of 60 number, type and arrangement of mechanical connectors shall
6 10 %. For field-testing the specimen shall be brought to also be specified by the user.
ambient conditions for not less than one hour. The temperature 8.1.2 A single course of segmental units shall be placed on
and humidity at the start and end of the test shall be recorded a rigid base. A second course of segmental units will later (see
for field-testing. 8.5) be placed over the bottom course of units, with the
7.2.3 Specimen Width—The geosynthetic reinforcement test geosynthetic reinforcement located and placed between these
specimen shall be a minimum of 750 mm (29.5 in.) in width. courses as described by the user or in the same manner
For tests that use two or more full segmental retaining wall anticipated for field construction. Both courses of segmental
units on the bottom course, the geosynthetic shall be an exact concrete units shall be rigidly braced to prevent lateral move-
multiple of the segmental retaining wall unit width totaling ment of the units during geosynthetic tension testing.
closest to, but exceeding 750 mm (29.5 in.) in width. For 8.1.3 The minimum width of the bottom course of concrete
segmental retaining wall unit widths greater than 500 mm (19.7 units shall be at least the geosynthetic reinforcement specimen
in.) a geosynthetic specimen width of 1000 mm (39.4 in.) may width (see 7.2.3) and it must fully support the top course of
be used. segmental concrete units. Small wall widths are permissible
NOTE 3—Narrower geosynthetic reinforcement specimen widths may (see 7.1.4 and 7.2.3). Reducing the width of segmental con-
be used for a specific concrete unit, provided that sufficient testing crete units by cutting with a concrete/masonry saw is permis-
demonstrates that narrower samples provide an evaluation of connection sible, provided that the cut (rough) edges are located beyond
performance that is equivalent to the minimum 750 mm (29.5 in.) width the edge of the geosynthetic sample.
sample. This procedure may be appropriate for wall connections that are 8.1.4 Arrange the lower course units such that a minimum
primarily mechanical (non-frictional) in nature.
of one “as manufactured” running bond joint shall be located at
7.2.4 Specimen Length—The geosynthetic specimen shall the centerline of pull for the geosynthetic reinforcement test

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 D 6638
specimen on either the top or bottom course of segmental units. units and the loading clamp. Measure and record the free
8.2 Place and compact granular infill within (if required) length between the concrete units and the loading clamp.
and between the segmental concrete units to the density 8.10 Attach displacement recording devices to a bar clamp
specified by the user. attached to the geosynthetic reinforcement immediately adja-
8.2.1 The granular infill for testing shall be specified by the cent to the back of the concrete units. It is recommended that
user. the bar clamp be constructed from two lightweight aluminum
NOTE 4—A typical granular infill would be crushed stone conforming angle bars that are lightly screw-clamped to the reinforcement
to the size number 57 or 67 gradations in Classification D 448. and extend the full width of the geosynthetic sample. The
displacement recording devices shall be located equi-distance
8.3 Center geosynthetic reinforcement with respect to the from the centerline of pull and on either side of the tensioning
centerline of the horizontal tension loading piston/actuator. actuator. These devices should be approximately 300 to 600
Place the geosynthetic reinforcement test specimen in the mm (12 to 24 in.) apart in order to calculate the average
user-specified position with respect to concrete keys, mechani- displacement of the geosynthetic during the test.
cal connectors, and the wall face. Record the geosynthetic
8.11 Apply a predetermined normal (vertical) load to the top
reinforcement test specimen width, length, and position on the
of the concrete units that equates to the desired normal load
concrete units.
(kN/m) or stress (kPa) for the test. Maintain this normal load
8.4 For concrete segmental wall widths greater than the
(kN/m) or stress (kPa) for the test by measuring the normal
geosynthetic reinforcement specimen width, trim two pieces of
load using a load cell and adjusting to maintain this constant
the same geosynthetic reinforcement to cover the interface
value for the duration of testing.
between courses of concrete units on either side of the
geosynthetic test specimen width. These pieces are required to 8.11.1 The normal loading arrangement shall be selected to
ensure that the top course of concrete units remain level to provide a uniform pressure distribution over the top layer of
receive uniform distribution of the normal load. Leave 10 mm concrete block units. A rigid loading platen is required below
(0.4 in.) between these pieces of geosynthetic and the edge of the vertical piston/actuator. It must have sufficient area to cover
the geosynthetic test specimen. the entire surface of the top layer of concrete units. One or
8.5 Place the top course of concrete segmental units over the more layers of stiff gum rubber mat placed between the rigid
geosynthetic sample using the drystack jointing arrangement as loading platen and concrete units is recommended to provide
described by the user or in the same manner anticipated for uniform pressure distribution. Alternatively, a pressurized air
field construction. The number, type and arrangement of bag system may be used.
mechanical connectors must also be specified by the user. NOTE 5—Many segmental concrete unit systems exhibit dilatant behav-
8.5.1 The top course of segmental concrete units shall be ior during connection testing that can produce a significant increase in
level and rigidly braced to prevent lateral movement of the normal load (kN/m) or stress (kPa).
units during geosynthetic tension testing.
8.11.2 The range of normal loads for testing should be
8.5.2 The minimum width of the top course of segmental
defined by the user (see 7.2.6).
concrete units shall be 750 mm (29.5 in.) and shall be fully
supported by the bottom course. Reducing the width of 8.12 Start the test by applying a constant rate of displace-
segmental concrete units by cutting with a concrete/masonry ment of 10 6 4 % min of all the initial free length of the
saw is permissible, provided that the cut (rough) edges are geosynthetic reinforcement to the loading clamp using the
located beyond the edge of the geosynthetic sample. horizontal actuator/piston.
8.5.3 The running joints in the top course of units shall be 8.13 During the entire test record normal load, tensile load,
positioned over the bottom course as described by the user or actuator displacement, and geosynthetic displacement at the
in the same manner anticipated for field construction. The joint back of the concrete units at regular time intervals not to
pattern/configuration shall be recorded. When two half-width exceed one minute. A minimum of 10 readings shall be taken.
units are used for one course, then standard bond is permissible When using computerized data acquisition equipment, an
at the outer edges of the sample. instrumentation recording interval of every 10 to 30 s is
8.6 Place and compact granular infill within (if required) recommended.
and between the segmental concrete units to the density 8.14 Continue the test until there is a sustained loss of
specified by the user. Ensure that the top surface of the wall is tensile resistance recorded at the loading clamp due to failure
level. of the reinforcement at or within the connection system and/or
8.7 Place and position the normal loading platen over the failure of the blocks. In some cases the failure will be defined
top of the concrete units using either an airbag or rubber mat, as excessive displacement or slippage of the reinforcement in
to ensure that there will be a uniform distribution of normal the connection without a sustained loss of tensile resistance.
pressure. (see 6.1 and 8.11.1). Failure or slippage of the geosynthetic within the loading
8.8 Position and secure vertical load frame and the vertical clamp constitutes an invalid test.
loading actuator/piston over the center of the connection 8.15 Record the type of connection failure, slippage at the
system. block geosynthetic interface, or rupture of the geosynthetic at
8.9 Attach the tensile loading clamp to the geosynthetic the connection, rupture of the geosynthetic outside the connec-
leaving a minimum free length of 200 mm (7.9 in.) and tion (between the unit and the clamp) or partial geosynthetic
maximum 600 mm (23.6 in.) between the back of the concrete rupture/slippage.

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 D 6638
9. Calculations TABLE 1 Test Results
9.1 For each test plot, the tensile load versus average Test Series Width of Normal Tensile Load Service State Peak Peak
Number Geosynthetic Load at Service State Connection Tensile Connection
geosynthetic reinforcement displacement recorded at the back (m) (kN/m) Deformation Strength Load Strength
of the concrete units (Fig. 3). (kN) (kN/m) (kN) (kN/m)
9.2 Slack Displacement (do) and Slack Tension (To)—Slack 1
in the geosynthetic reinforcement and/or connection may have 2
3
developed during test set-up or due to test equipment. For each Average
test, the tensile load-displacement curve (Fig. 3) may be 4
examined to establish an arbitrary point where the connection 5
6
starts to engage, (that is, pick-up load). The displacement 7
where this occurs shall be designated the slack displacement, 8
do. The applied tension at the slack displacement, do, shall be 9
designated the slack Tension, To. Record both on Table 1. Ultimate Tensile Strength Tindx(ASTM D 4595) = (lb/ft)
9.2.1 The slack Tension, To, shall be limited to 10 % of the
peak tensile load, Fp, or 0.5 kN/m (34.3 lb/ft), whichever is
smaller. A slack displacement, do, shall be selected such that displacement criteria, dc.
the slack Tension, To, does not violate these criteria. dm 5 dc 1 d o (3)
NOTE 6—The slack displacement, do, and the slack Tension, To may where:
both be designated equal to zero even if there is some slack behavior. dm = measured displacement, dm; mm (in.),
9.3 Peak Connection Strength—Calculate the peak connec- dc = displacement criteria, dc; mm (in.), and
tion strength, Tcp for each test using the Eq 1. This is the do = slack displacement, do; mm (in.).
maximum force per unit width generated by the connection. 9.4.2 If the prescribed displacement criterion is not
Values are to be expressed in kN/m (lb/ft) using Eq 1 as achieved before peak connection load is reached the service
follows: state connection load shall be taken as the peak load, (that is,
Tcp 5 ~Fp – To!/Ws (1)
Fsc = Fpc).

where: 10. Report

Tcp = peak connection strength per width of geosynthetic 10.1 Indicate that these specific tests of the facing connec-
test specimen, kN/m (lb/ft), tion strength between the stated segmental concrete units and
Fp = peak tensile connection load, kN (lb), geosynthetic reinforcement was in accordance with this Test
To = slack tensile load, kN (lb), and Method, or identify any deviations from this method of test.
Ws = width of geosynthetic test specimen, m (ft). 10.2 Describe in detail the segmental concrete units, me-
9.4 Service State Connection Strength— Calculate the ser- chanical connectors, the stacked segmental concrete unit joint
vice state connection strength, Tsc for each test using Eq 2: configuration and the method of sampling used.
Tsc 5 ~FMC – To!/Ws (2) 10.3 Describe the geosynthetic reinforcement with index
properties and the method of sampling used. Indicate the
where: tensile strength of the geosynthetic material per Test Method
Tsc = service state connection strength based upon a pre- D 4595 modified for geogrids by including a minimum gage
scribed displacement criterion kN/m (lb/ft), length of 2 apertures or 8 in.
Fsc = measured tensile connection load at measured dis-
10.4 For each test provide a plot of the measured tensile
placement, d; kN (lb),
(connection) load versus average geosynthetic reinforcement
To = slack tensile load kN (lb), and
Ws = width of geosynthetic test specimen, m (ft). displacement recorded at the back of the concrete units, see
9.4.1 Measured Displacement (dm)—Calculate the mea- Fig. 3.
sured displacement, dm, corresponding to the user prescribed 10.5 Provide a summary table (see Table 1) of peak and
service state connection strengths at each normal load and the
average of any repeat tests. On the same table, for each test,
report the geosynthetic sample width, slack tension/
displacement used in determining the connection strengths and
peak displacement. As a reference, at the bottom of the table
indicate the tensile strength of the geosynthetic material per
Test Method D 4595 and the service state displacement criteria
specified by the user.
10.6 Summarize the results of facing connection testing on
a plot (see Fig. 4) of: 1) connection strength (based on peak
load criterion) versus normal load, 2) connection strength
(based on displacement criterion) versus normal load.
10.7 Indicate whether these tests conform to the general
FIG. 3 Tensile Load vs Displacement range of repeatability for connection testing (see 7.2.7).

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 D 6638
infill for placement in and between segmental concrete units
(see Fig. 5, as an example).
10.11 Describe the method used to compact the granular
infill and density if measured.
11. Precision and Bias
11.1 Precision—The precision of this test method has not
been established.
11.2 Bias—The true value of this test method can only be
defined in terms of a specific test method. Within this limita-
tion, the procedure described herein has no known bias.
12. Keywords
12.1 connections; geogrid; geosynthetic; geosynthetic rein-
FIG. 4 Connection Strength vs Normal Load
forcement; geotextile; performance test; segmental concrete
units; tensile test
NOTE 7—Variability in peak load test results for nominally equivalent
tests, should be within 6 10 % of the average of at least three tests (see
7.2.7). Test result variability outside this range may indicate poor
execution of the test or questionable connection integrity. Only additional
testing will differentiate these conditions.
10.8 Report on the type of connection failure(s), its location
and description.
10.9 Include as part of the report a sketch or photograph
(optional) of the test setup, segmental concrete unit stacking
configuration and the failed geosynthetic reinforcement
sample.
10.10 Provide a grain size distribution curve of the granular FIG. 5 Grain-Size Distribution Curve

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. COMMENTARY

X1.1 This test was formulated based on the testing expe- Masonry Association (NCMA) provide more information
rience for these retaining wall systems described in the about segmental concrete units utilized in retaining wall
following reference: construction:
X1.1.1 Bathurst, R.J., and Simac, M.R., “Laboratory Test- X1.2.1 TEK 50A “Specification for Segmental Retaining
ing of Modular Concrete Block Geogrid Facing Connections,” Wall Units.”
ASTM Symposium on Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement Test-
X1.2.2 “Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls,”
ing, San Antonio, Texas, January 19, 1993, ASTM STP 1190.
Second Edition, 1997.
X1.2 The following references for the National Concrete

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