Workplace Safety and

Published in May 2010 by the Workplace Safety

and Health Council in collaboration with the
Ministry of Manpower.

All rights reserved. This publication may not be

reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
Health Guidelines
means, in whole or in part, without prior written
permission. The information provided in this Safe Loading on Vehicles
publication is accurate as at time of printing. All
cases shared in this publication are meant for
learning purposes only. The learning points for each
case are not exhaustive and should not be taken to
encapsulate all the responsibilities and obligations
of the user of this publication under the law. The
Workplace Safety and Health Council does not
accept any liability or responsibility to any party
for losses or damage arising from following this
publication.

This publication is available on the

Workplace Safety and Health
Council website: www.wshc.gov.sg
Email: contact@wshc.gov.sg
 Contents

1. Preface 3

2. Introduction 4
2.1 Scope 4
2.2 Terms and Definitions 4

3. General Requirements 6
3.1 Basic Principles 6
3.2 Vehicles for Different Loads 6
3.3 Headboards 8
3.4 Stanchions 9
3.5 Anchorage Points 10
3.6 Load Securing Equipment 11
3.7 Lashing/ Tie-down 12
3.8 Stacking/ Placement of Cargoes 13

4. Hazards of Unsafe Loading 15

5. Roles and Responsibilities 16

6. Risk Assessment 17

7. Safe Loading for Different Cargo Types 18

7.1 General Load 18
7.1.1 Drums 18
7.1.2 Boxes 19
7.1.3 Sacks/ Bags 19
7.1.4 Bales/ Bundled 21
7.1.5 Tyres 22
7.1.6 Break Bulk/ Loose Cargo 22
7.2 Palletised Load 23
7.2.1 Empty Pallet 23
7.2.2 Palletised Cargo 24
7.3 Metals/ Steel Load 25
7.3.1 Steel Plates/ Structural Steel (bundled/ loose) 25
7.3.2 Pipes (bundled/ loose) 28
7.3.3 Ingot/ Bars 30
7.3.4 Coils 31
7.3.4.1 Metal Sheet Coil (on trailers) 31
7.3.4.2 Metal Sheet Coil (palletised) 33
7.3.4.3 Metal Coil (on wedge bed) 34
7.3.4.4 Steel Wire Coil 34
Year of Issue: 2010 7.3.4.5 Cable Drum 35

1 1
 7.4
7.5
Timber Load
Heavy Machines/ Equipment
36
38 1. Preface
7.6 Containers 39
7.7 Precast 39
7.8 Others 40
7.8.1 Jumbo Bags 40
7.8.2 Scrap Metal 41 This guideline is jointly developed by the Container Depot Association (Singapore),
7.8.3 Car Transporters 42 Singapore Logistics Association, Singapore Transport Association, PSA Corporation Ltd and
7.8.4 Tote Bins 43 Jurong Port Pte Ltd, with support from Ministry of Manpower (MOM) and Workplace Safety
7.8.5 Metal Panels 43 and Health (WSH) Council.
7.8.6 Other Cargo Types 44
This guideline contains general safety pointers for transport operators on loading safely on
8. Dos and Don’ts for Loading on Vehicles 46 vehicles. It is intended to be simple and easy to understand by users such as hauliers and
drivers. However, it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be relied on solely as a substitute
9. Acknowledgements 52 reference to the Motor Vehicles (construction and use) Rules 1974 or the Code of Practice
(CP30) for Safe Loading on Vehicles. Users are advised to use this guideline in conjunction
10. Annexes 53 with the other relevant materials or references where appropriate.
11. References 54 This guideline is produced for education and informational purposes by the Safe Loading
Committee and serves as a pointer for good practices.
12. List of Figures
The learning points and information are not exhaustive and should not be taken to
13. List of Tables encapsulate all the responsibilities and obligations of the reader.

All opinions, suggestions, recommendations, and conclusions in this guideline are those
of the Committee and not necessarily those of any participating person or organisation.

2 3
 cartons or cases and any types of cargoes in a single shipment,
Container
designed for efficient handling of cargo. Containers in use are
constructed to International (ISO) or British (BS) Standards.

2. Introduction Dunnage
The loose mask material or wooden block, used to hold up
the load of the cargo from the bottom of the vehicle during
transportation.

A load is prevented from being shifted by containing, blocking or

Direct Restraint
attaching it to the vehicle.

2.1 Scope A device placed between the deck of a vehicle and articles of
Friction Mat cargo, or between articles of cargo, to provide greater friction
This guideline provides information and guidance to transport operators, drivers, loading
between surfaces.
staff and key stakeholders who are involved in loading on vehicles. It aims to raise the
awareness of and inculcate the basic safety principles that must be followed, and to conduct It is anything with the potential to cause bodily injury, and
proper risk assessment for the types of cargo transported. Hazard includes any physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical
or ergonomic hazard.
Information provided in this guideline includes good practices for safe loading on vehicles,
and the different acceptable placement and securing/ restraining methods. The guideline A vertically constructed structure that is not part of the cabin
also covers other safety considerations such as the consequences of unsafe loading and risk Headboard structure. It is specially designed to withstand a certain amount
assessments on restraining some cargo types. of horizontal force.

This guideline is not intended to be prescriptive in nature; it provides reasonable practicable Material used for securing load to prevent it from moving or
Lashing
guidance to ensure loading on vehicles can be done safely to the persons involved in the falling off the vehicle.
work and the general public. The overall force to which a structure is subjected in supporting a
Load
weight or mass or in resisting externally applied forces.
2.2 Terms and Definitions Pallet A portable platform used for storing or moving cargo or freight.

It is the load difference between the maximum laden weight and

Payload
the unladen weight of the vehicle.
Term Definition
These include ropes, steel wire ropes, belts, chains and specially
Part of the structure, fitting or attachment on a vehicle to which a Restraint Devices designed webbing strappings which should only be used for
Anchorage Point tie-down is attached. It is designed to withhold the load restraints applications approved by their respective manufacturers.
to the main chassis frame of the vehicle.
It is the likelihood of a hazard causing a specific bodily injury to
Risk
Attached To prevent load from shifting by using lashing method. any person.

A large package of raw or finished material often wrapped and It is the process of evaluating the probability and consequences
Bale
tightly bound with twine or wire. Risk Assessment of injury or illness arising from exposure to an identified hazard,
and determining the appropriate measures for risk control.
Blocked To restrain load from shifting by using the blocking method.
Metal bar and/or steel rod, placed at the edge of the trailers to
A structure, device or another substantial article placed against Stanchions serve as fence to prevent stacked cargoes from falling off the
Blocking
or around an article of cargo to prevent its horizontal movement. vehicle.
To prevent load from falling off the vehicles without use of any To fasten the cargo with chains, ropes, belts or straps to a vehicle’s
Contained Tie-Down
securing devices. or trailer’s anchorage point(s).
A large reusable receptacle, designed for efficient handling of
cargo, that can accommodate smaller cartons or cases and any
Container types of cargoes in a single shipment,. Containers should be
constructed to International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) or British Standards (BS).

The loose mask material or wooden block, used to hold up

4 Dunnage the load of the cargo from the bottom of the vehicle during 5
 3. General Requirements • Twistlocks must be used to lock containers immediately when they are mounted on the
trailers.
• For break bulk cargo such as iron rods, cables, steel pipes, concrete pipes, machinery,
tin ingots, steel plates, paper rolls or cargo contained in crates, cases, pallets and so on,
girders or stanchions must be used to prevent the cargo or crates from sliding sideways.
• Anchor points should be provided on trailers so that cargo can be secured with wire
3.1 Basic Principles ropes, chain slings, webbing belts, etc.
• The load in a vehicle must not endanger any person in or on the vehicle or on the road at
all times.
3
• The load on a vehicle must be properly secured so that it would not endanger any person 2
1
if it or part of it moves.
• Cargo must be contained or secured so it does not leak, spill, blow, fall from, fall through,
become dislodged, swing or shift and make the vehicle unstable.

1. Excavator 2. Crane boom’s parts 3. Engineering plant

3.2 Vehicles for Different Loads
Figure 2: Low bed trailers (low loaders) for out-of-gauge (OOG) containers and heavy cargo
• The vehicle must be strong enough to withstand the pressure when it is being used to
transport cargo.
• Appropriate type of vehicle should be used according to the type of loads it is transporting. • Low bed trailers are used for transporting out-
Alternatively, the vehicle must be made suitable by using fittings, fixtures, dunnage or of-gauge (OOG) containers and oversized/
other means. heavy cargo such as machinery, excavators,
crawler cranes, construction equipment and
• Vehicle must not exceed the maximum laden weight when carrying the load.
other heavy lifts.
• The vehicle must be designed for the load, that is, with anchor points, platform, and
• They are also used for transporting loads on
headboard.
roads with weight and height restrictions.
• Common vehicles used for transporting cargo are container trailers, lorries, low loaders/
• Some low bed trailers allow equipment to be
low bed trailers, pick-ups, car transporters and vans.
driven onto its platform. Lorry with sideboard extension
• Some lorries are fitted with panels to protect 1. Rear board
the cargo from rain and sun. 2. Sideboard Extention
3. Sideboard
1 • They are used for transporting palletised cargo 4. Headboard
1 2 and loose cargo packed in cartons, cases, bags, Figure 3: Lorry for transporting
2
bales, bundles, drums, etc. palletised cargo and loose cargo
• Lorries come in different sizes and have
different carrying capacities. Their capacities
are indicated at its side. The weight of the load
should not exceed the indicated maximum
laden weight.
Empty flatbed trailer Empty low bed trailer
• Pick-up trucks (also known as mini trucks) are
1. Anchor Points
2. Twistlocks
smaller version of lorries.
Figure 1: Flatbed cargo trailers for containers and break bulk cargo • They are used for transporting ship stores to
the vessels or engineering parts to workshops
or stores. Figure 4: Mini or pick-up trucks for ship
• Flatbed cargo trailers fixed with twistlocks are used to transport containers and break stores, engineering parts or light cargo
bulk cargo. • The loads must also be safely secured in these
vehicles.

6 7
 For Lightweight Cargo and Store Items 3.4 Stanchions
• They are used for carrying lightweight goods • Whenever stanchions are used to provide lateral 1
or stores for the vessels and workshops. restraint of the loads, they must be extended to
the height of the loads.
• Stanchions used must be strong enough to
resist any outward movement of the loads.
  • There should be sufficient number of stanchions
Figure 5: Van for light weight cargo and installed on the vehicle to restrain the loads. 1. Stanchion
store items For example, two stanchions can be installed on Figure 7: Example of stanchion
each side of a 20-footer trailer or at least four on
each side of a 40-footer trailer.
3.3 Headboards
• Headboards must be strong enough to prevent loads such as metal bars, beams,
pipes, girders, sheet metal, etc from penetrating the cab of the vehicle if the securing
devices fail.
• The top load must not be stacked above the headboard.

1. Headboard behind cabin 3. Headboard fitted on trailer

2. Headboard on lorry
Figure 6: Various designs of headboards

8 9
 3.5 Anchorage Points 3.6 Load Securing Equipment
• Vehicles are required to provide adequate and appropriate anchor points to suit the Depending on the type of loads, different securing equipments such as chains, ropes, webs,
payload capacity and the type and nature of load to be carried. strappings, etc should be considered. They should be used for the load type according to safe
• Appropriate securing devices must be used to secure the loads safely. work procedures.

Chain sling hook Ratchet load binder Steel bar/ rod

1
1
Alloy steel chain with one end Lashing belt and rope
grab hook

Turn buckle Turn buckle

2 2
Figure 9: Types of load securing equipment

5
3 3

Uncontainerised cargo (UC) is secured Anchor points on a container with

to a platform. The platform is then webbing belts.
secured to the anchor points of the
trailer.
1. Anchor point 4. Webbing belt with seal buckle
2. Cargo is secured to the anchor 5. Anchor point
points on a platform.
3. The load is then secured to the
anchor points on the trailer.
Figure 8: Examples of anchor points

10 11
 3.7 Lashing / Tie-down As a general guide the minimum number of tie-downs are:

• Adequate and proper lashing device must be used to secure the loads.
• Lashing must be checked and retightened regularly. Tie-down for a load: Tie-downs for a load:
• Check and ensure that the loads are stable before lashing or loosening the straps. less than 1.52m (5ft) in length and less than less than 1.52m (5ft) in length and more than
500kg (1,100 lb) in weight. 500kg (1,100 lb) in weight.
• The load should be restrained in such a way that no part of it is free to move in any
1.21 m(4 ft) 1.21 m (4 ft)
direction independently from the rest. 200 kg (440 lb.) 600 kg (1320 lb.)
• The load restraint equipment and vehicle body must be strong enough for the type of
load carried.

Tie - Down dIRECT rESTRAINT Tie-downs (2+1): Tie-downs:

for every additional 3.02m (10ft) or part thereof for 2 units of less than 1.52m(5ft) and more than
for cargo longer than 3.02m (10ft)- 500kg (1,100lb) in weight.
Friction Containing bLOCKING attaching
3.65 m(12 ft)
600 kg (1320 lb.)
Weight of load Containers, Headboards, Lashing using chain,
+ tippers, sideboards, webbing straps, etc.
Tie-down lashings tankers rearboards

Figure 11: Minimum number of tie-downs

To prevent load To contain load To restrain load from To prevent load 3.8 Stacking / Placement of Cargoes
from toppling down (without securing shifting by using from running loose
by using tie-down devices) from falling blocking method. or shifting by using • Loads must be stacked in a manner that is
method. off the vehicle. lashing method. stable without lashing.
• Cargoes must be placed in such a way that their Light

Figure 10: Illustration of tie-down and direct restraint weight is disposed uniformly over the vehicles’ Heavy

platform. This helps to maintain the lateral and

longitudinal stability of the vehicles.
The tie-down method is the most common form of load restraint and involves the use of
lashings. This method prevents the load from sliding in any direction. The lashings are used • The position of the centre of gravity of the
to tie the load tightly to the vehicle to prevent the load from moving upwards. cargoes is critical. It should be kept as low and
as forward as possible at all times to prevent Figure 12: Light cargo should be placed
In the direct restraint method, a load can be directly restrained by containing, blocking or the vehicles from overturning. on top of heavy ones
attaching without any assistance from friction. Contained loads can be directly restrained • All loads must be restrained or secured to
without any securing devices. These include liquids in tanks, bulk solids in tanks and general
prevent unacceptable movement during all
cargo in containers. Blocked load is directly restrained by blocking against vehicle structures
expected conditions of operation.
or other items of load or packing them in contact with the structures. These structures
include headboards, sideboards and rear boards. Attached loads are directly restrained by
lashings that provide all the necessary restraint.

12 13
 4. Hazards of Unsafe Loading

Ways to strap two units and four units of drums.

Figure 13: Ways to strap drum cargoes

Figure 18: Tin ingots toppled from Figure 19: Pipes not properly secured
vehicle due to sudden braking and and truck did not have a headboard
unsafe stacking

Figure 14: Placement of cargoes on lorries and trailers with tie-down to secure the cargo from
movement
Figure 20: Metal bars and pipes not Figure 21: I-beam not properly lashed
properly stacked and secured on and secured on trailer and trailer did
trailer, hence they slided off when the not have headboard
trailer made a sharp turn

Figure 15: Load position— Figure 16: Double stacked Figure 17: Use crates or steel
weight distributed evenly loads must be locked together boxes to contain and block
across the trailer which would with no gaps “over the top” items against the headboard
improve vehicle stability chains of the vehicle cabin

15
 5. Roles and Responsibilities 6. Risk Assessment

Management should ensure that: Risk Assessment is an integral part of risk management. It is the process of:
• sufficient resources essential to the operation are made available; • Identifying and analysing safety and health hazards associated with work;
• competent persons are appointed to carry out the task; and • Assessing the risks involved; and
• risk assessment is being conducted and approved for each of the operation. • Prioritising measures to control the hazards and reduce the risks.

Person-in-charge of operation planning should: Management/ operation staff should:

• give instructions to driver for each operation; and • have adequate knowledge of the risk assessment method; and
• prepare risk assessment for each operation. • recommend appropriate risk assessment for each operation to be carried out.

Driver should: Drivers/ delivery-men should:

• check that the vehicle and all ancillary equipment are fit for the operation and that they • adhere to risk assessment established to reduce any safety and health risks
meet all requirements specified in the instructions given for the operation; in the workplace.
• take the necessary precautions to prevent the vehicle from moving during the loading/
unloading process;
• ensure that the cargo is properly loaded onto the vehicle; Refer to Annex the Sample
a Sample Risk
Risk Assessment
Assessment Form
Form forfor General
General Loads.
Loads.
• report all loading/discharge problems, unsafe situations or conditions, near misses and The sample
sample provided
providedininthis
thisguideline
guidelineis for user’s
is for reference.
user’s The The
reference. company
companyshould prepare
should
incidents as required by company procedures; proper
prepareand appropriate
proper risk assessment
and appropriate for each operation
risk assessment for eachto be carriedtoout.
operation be carried out.
• ensure that cargoes are stowed and secured with sufficient lashings in such a way that
they cannot shift in any direction; and
• not leave the loading site without checking stowage and securing.

16 17
 7. Safe Loading for Different • Rolls or cylindrical cargoes should be placed with their axis across the vehicle so that they
will tend to row more to the front or back.

Cargo Types • If the length is less than twice the diameter of the cylinder, these cargo should be placed to
the rear.
• If the length of the cylinder is longer than twice its diameter but less than the width of the
vehicle, it must be positioned so as to prevent forward movement. Each row must be in
7.1 General load contact with the row in front, and the front and rear rows must be chocked to prevent the
cylinders from rolling backward or forward.
7.1.1 Drums • Stanchions used must be able to withstand any outward movement of the cargo.

7.1.2 Boxes
• The loads should be restrained in such a way
that no part of it is free to move independently
from the rest in any direction.
• All rows must be lashed.
• It is recommended that vehicles are affixed
with headboards.
Figure 24: Boxed cargo on open platform

Headboard Lashing device 7.1.3 Sacks/ Bags

Figure 22: Drums/ cylindrical loads placed vertically on open platform

• The first and last rows must be lashed. Rows towards the rear can also be lashed for
added security.
• All drums/ cylindrical loads must be in contact with one another to minimise movement.
• Each lashing line securing the side of the load must pass approximately over the centre
height of the loads.
• It is recommended to affix headboard to the vehicle.
Headboard Lashing device Straps/wire

Headboard Lashing device Stanchion Bar

Figure 25: Strapped sacked cargoes on pallets being transported on an open platform

Choking wood
• Sacks should be laid on their sides with alternate layers in opposite direction and no more
Figure 23: Drums/ cylindrical loads placed horizontally along the axis than two successive layers should be in the same direction.
• When strapping/ wrapping sacked cargoes on pallet, the straps/ wrap/ wires must be
able to hold the sacks onto the pallet as a whole.

18 19
 • Straps/ wires of strapped sacked cargoes on 7.1.4 Bales/ Bundled
pallet should be checked for damage before
loading.
• If there is one layer of strapped sacked cargoes
on pallet, lashing is required for the first
and last rows. Lashing more rows would be
recommended as that would ensure that the
cargoes are more secured.
• If there are two layers of strapped sacked Figure 26: One layer of strapped sacks
cargoes on pallet, each layer must be secured on pallet
by a lashing device. Headboard

Figure 28: Bales/ bundled loads being transported on open platform

• If the cargoes are stacked in one layer, the cargoes must be lashed at the front and
last rows.
• When the cargoes are stacked in two layers, each row must be secured by at least a
lashing device.
Headboard Canvas securing device Lashing device Side open container • It is recommended the vehicle is fitted with a headboard on the platform to prevent the
cargoes from falling onto the cabin.

Covered with canvas sheet

Figure 27: Sacked cargoes onto pallets transported by side open containers

• If the pallets of cargoes are to be transported by side open container with side canvas, two
layers can be stacked without lashing every row, but the first and last rows must be secured Figure 29: Bundled waste being Figure 30: Trailer fixed with headboard
with lashing devices. transported by lorry with headboard for transporting general cargoes e.g.,
bundled waste
• During transportation, the side canvas must be fully covered and secured.
• If sacks on pallet are not secured as a whole, only one layer is allowed on the vehicle and it
must be covered by canvas sheet.

20 21
 7.1.5 Tyres • Load should not exceed the height of the headboard or sideboards (including their extension).
• Each pile of the load must be lashed to prevent the cargo from shifting when the vehicle
is moving.
• If the cargoes are placed on a trailer/platform, all loads must be in contact with one other.
Each pile must be lashed to prevent the cargoes from falling off the trailer or moving towards
to the driver’s cabin.
• It is recommended that headboards are used when the trailers are transporting the break
bulk/ loose cargoes.

7.2 Palletised Load

7.2.1 Empty Pallet

Headboard

Figure 31: Transporting tyres on open platforms

• Each row of tyres on the platform or lorry must be lashed to prevent them from moving Headboard Lashing Device Straps/wires
sideways and falling off the vehicle.
• The height of the stacked tyres must not go beyond the height of the driver’s cabin.
• Each tie down/ lash system must be attached and secured in a manner to prevent the
tyres from loosening from the row.
• Headboards are recommended for vehicles transporting tyres.

7.1.6 Break Bulk/ Loose Cargo

Figure 34: Transportation of empty pallets on trailer

• The load must not be stacked beyond the height of the headboard.
• The loads should be restrained in such a way that no part of it is free to move independently
from the rest in any direction.
• It is recommended that headboards are fixed on vehicles to prevent cargoes from moving
towards the driver’s cabin.

 
Figure 32: Break bulk/ loose cargoes Figure 33: Vehicle for break bulk or
being transported by trailer loose cargoes

22 23
 7.2.2 Palletised Cargo 7.3 Metals/ Steel Load
7.3.1 Steel Plates/ Structural Steel (bundled/ loose)

Toppled off
Forward movement Lashing devices Dunnage wood

Stanchion Bar

Figure 36: Transportation of metals/ steel loads on open platform

• The load must not be stacked beyond the

height of the headboard.
• The load should be restrained in such a way
that no part of it is free to move in any direction
Lashing Device independently from the rest.
• The stanchions must be extended to the height
Figure 35: Palletised cargo being transported on lorry with open platform and lorry of the loads and be properly secured.
• A friction mat should be placed between the
platform and the cargo to give greater friction Figure 37: Steel plates on open platform
• The cargoes stacked on the pallet must be shrink wrapped, stable and secured. trailer
to the load to prevent the load from moving
• The pallets used must be in a good condition and are strong enough to withstand the forward.
weight of the cargoes being transported.
• Install headboards to give better protection
• Unless the pallets are adequately constrained by the vehicle’s body, sideboards and
headboards, additional means of restraining the horizontal and vertical movement of to drivers.
the pallets should be provided.
• The layer of cargo on pallets should be stable without any lashing device.
Headboard Lashing devices
• When pallets are stacked on open platform vehicles, restraining devices must be used to
prevent movement of each layer of pallets.
• The front load should be placed further from the cabin.
• Headboards are recommended for vehicles transporting palletised cargo.

Dunnage wood Spacer

Figure 38: Transporting metals/ steel loads of different sizes

24 25
 • Smaller plates should be placed on top of larger ones. • Friction mats can be placed between the cargo and the platform, and inbetween the
• If two or more piles are placed along the deck of the vehicle, the piles must be in contact piles. This will give greater friction to the load, preventing it from moving forward and
with one other or a spacer must be put in place to prevent the rearmost piles from sliding hitting the cabin.
into one another.
• Adequate and proper lashing devices (at least two lashing devices per pile) should be
used to secure the load to prevent the load from moving or whipping. 1 tier Headboard Lashing devices

• The top pile must not be stacked beyond the height of the headboard.
• Sufficient stanchions should be installed to prevent any outward movement of the load.
For example, two stanchions can be installed on each side of a 20-footer trailer or at least
four on each side of a 40-footer trailer.
• Install headboards to give better protection to drivers.
• Friction mats can be placed between the cargo and the platform, and inbetween the 2 tiers and above Stanchion Dunnage wood
piles. This will give greater friction to the load, preventing it from moving forward and
hitting the cabin.

1 tier Headboard Lashing devices

Headboard Lashing devices

Figure 40: Loads in piles stacked one tier and above

• Regardless of the number of tiers, the loads

2 tiers and above Stanchion bar Dunnage wood must not be stack beyond the height of the
stanchion and headboard.
• Adequate number of stanchion bars must be
provided for each pile of load. For example,
two stanchions can be installed on each side of
a 20-footer trailer or at least four on each side
of a 40-footer trailer.
Headboard Lashing devices • The height of the stanchion bars must be more Figure 41: Sufficient stanchions/ steel
than the height of the cargo. bars must be fixed onto the platform and
Figure 39: Stacking of structural steel in one layer and above (bundled/ loose) adequate lashing used on the steel pipes
• Adequate and proper lashing devices (at least
one lashing device) must be used to secure the
• The loads must not be stacked beyond the height of the stanchion and the headboard. loads to prevent any movement.
• Stanchions provided must be strong enough to withstand any outward movement of the • The loads must be stacked in a manner that is
load. For example, two stanchions can be installed on each side of a 20-footer trailer or at stable without lashing.
least four on each side of a 40-footer trailer. • There must be four to five pieces of dunnage
• The height of the stanchion must be higher than that of the cargo. wood in reasonably good condition at each
• Adequate and proper lashing devices (at least two lashing devices) must be used to layer. The cargo must be stable when placed on
secure the loads to prevent any movement. the dunnage woods.
• Four stanchion bars must be positioned
• Additional lashing devices must be used if there is more than one layer of cargo.
vertically on both sides of the trailer to prevent
• Loads must be stacked in a manner that is stable without lashing. the cargo from moving.
• Install headboards to give better protection to drivers.

26 27
 • The front and rear piles must be lashed with a chain across the top layer to prevent the
cargo from any movement (i.e., front lashing point between the first two stanchion bars,
and rear lashing point between the last two stanchion bars).
• The vehicle should be affixed with headboard to give better protection to the driver.
• Friction mats can be placed between the cargo and the platform, and inbetween the
piles. This will give greater friction to the load, preventing it from moving forward and
hitting the cabin.
• A red cloth must be tied at the rear of any overhangs.

Figure 43: Trailers affixed with stanchions and lashing to secure pipes cargo
7.3.2 Pipes (bundled/ loose)

Headboard Lashing devices Dunnage wood

Stanchion bar

Stanchion bar
Headboard Lashing devices Dunnage wood

Figure 44: Loads, two tiers and above, stacked in two or more piles
Figure 42: Loads stacked in two or more tiers

• The loads must not be stacked beyond the height of the stanchion and headboard.
• The loads must not be stacked beyond the height of the stanchion and headboard.
• Adequate and proper lashing devices (at least two lashing devices per pile) must be used
• Adequate and proper lashing devices (at least two lashing devices per pile) must be used to secure the loads to prevent any movement.
to secure the loads to prevent any movement.
• The loads must be stacked in a manner that is stable without lashing.
• The loads must be stacked in a manner that is stable without lashing.
• Adequate number of stanchions must be provided for each pile of load. For example, two
• Adequate number of stanchions must be used for each pile of load. For example, two stanchions can be installed on each side of a 20-footer trailer or at least four on each side
stanchions can be installed on each side of a 20-footer trailer or at least four on each side of a 40-footer trailer.
of a 40-footer trailer. • The height of the stanchion must be higher than the height of the cargo.
• The height of the stanchion must be higher than the height of the cargo. • The vehicle should be affixed with headboard to give better protection to the driver.
• The vehicle should be affixed with headboard to give better protection to the driver. • Friction mats can be placed between the cargo and the platform, and inbetween the
• Friction mats can be placed between the cargo and the platform, and inbetween the piles. This will give greater friction to the load, preventing it from moving forward and
piles. This will give greater friction to the load, preventing it from moving forward and hitting the cabin.
hitting the cabin.

28 29
 7.3.4 Coils
7.3.3 Ingot/ Bars
7.3.4.1 Metal Sheet Coil (on trailers)

Straps/wire Choking wood Double lashing devices

Figure 46: Metal sheet coils placed across the platform of the vehicle
Lashing devices

• All the coils must be lashed. The first and last row of coils must be double lashed, with a
chain pulled to the rear and another to the front to prevent movement.
• Each row of coils in the centre must be lashed with a chain and bind down vertically to
prevent any movement.
Straps/wire • Coils behind the first row must be kept as vertically as possible (in straight line) and in
contact with one other to prevent loose movement.
Figure 45: Stacking of ingots/ bars on trailer
• The first and last row must be chocked across the vehicle. All coils must be chocked with
dunnage wood to prevent any loose movement.
• The dimensions of the chocking wood used must be at least 100mm x 100mm (height x
• The straps/ wires should be checked for damage before loading.
width).
• The loads must be stacked close to one other, and in a manner that is stable without
• The arrangement of the rows on the vehicle is such that no row should be wider than the
lashing.
one in front of it.
• If the spaces between the cargoes cannot be filled with other cargo or blocking, tiedowns
• The vehicle should be affixed with headboard to give better protection to the driver.
can be wrapped around each cargo to secure it and prevent movement.
• The load should be placed at a distance away from the driver’s cabin.
• Adequate and proper lashing devices must be used to secure the load to prevent any
movement.
• The front and rear piles of load must be lashed.
• The vehicle should be affixed with headboard to give better protection to the driver.
• Friction mats can be placed between the cargo and the platform, and inbetween the piles.
This will give greater friction to the load, preventing it from moving forward and hitting the
cabin.

30 31
 7.3.4.2 Metal Sheet Coil (palletised)

Figure 47: Each coil is secured and Figure 48: Coils must be placed in one
lashed straight line

Forward

Lashing devices Choking wood

Figure 49: Metal sheet coils placed along the platform of the vehicle
Figure 50: Coils on pallet

• The rows must be lashed and chocked along the vehicle.

For metal sheet coils strapped on pallet placed along the platform of the vehicle:
• The dimensions of the chocking wood used must be at least 100mm x 100mm
• The first and last rows must be lashed.
(height x width).
• Each row of pallet must be in contact with the one in front of it.
• The coil should be secured to the pallet to withstand any force that may act on it.
• A friction mat can be placed under the pallet to increase the friction between the pallet
and the deck, hence preventing movement.

32 33
 7.3.4.3 Metal Coil (on wedge bed) • Every row of the steel wire coil is chocked and loaded across the trailer.
• The front and last rows must be double lashed to prevent forward and backward
movement.
• The coils behind the first row must be kept as vertical as possible (in straight line) and in
contact with one other.
All angles in 30˚– 60˚
• The rows of coils must be placed in contact with one other to prevent movement.
• Dunnage wood must be placed at the front for the first three rows and at the rear for the
37˚
last three rows.
• Four stanchion bars should be positioned at the front and rear of the trailer to prevent
forward and backward movement. The height of the stanchion must be at least half the
height of the coils.

7.3.4.5 Cable Drum

• The cable drums behind the first row must be
kept as vertical as possible and close to one
other to prevent loose movement.
• All drums must be chocked with two pieces
of dunnage wood to prevent forward and
backward movement.
• All drums must also be lashed with a steel chain
and binded down vertically to prevent loose Figure 53: Cable drums must be secured
by proper chocking and lashing
movement.
Figure 51: Coils secured on special brackets

• Loop lashing or edge protection can be used to prevent movement.

• This method of loading is applicable for special requirement by customers.

7.3.4.4 Steel Wire Coil

Figure 52: Vertical steel bar placed to prevent forward and rearward movement

34 35
 7.4 Timber Load • The vehicle must be fitted with side stanchions to prevent the loads from toppling when
the loads’ sides are protruding outwards.
• The straps/ wires should be checked for
damage before loading. • The load should be secured such that no part of it is free to move in any direction
independently from the rest.
• The load should be kept to an uniform height.
Where possible, the uneven end should be at • The height of the stanchions used must be appropriate for the height of the load and
the rear of the vehicle and tied together to they should be properly secured.
prevent whipping.
Timber Cargoes
• Light timber load can be carried on vehicles
Figure 54: Light load—loose timber • The load must not be stacked above the height
with sideboards where the height of the load transported on vehicles
does not exceed the height of the sideboards. If of the vehicle’s cabin.
the height of the load exceeds the height of the • The load should be secured in a manner that
sideboards, the load must be lashed. no part of it is free to move in any direction
• Any loose ends of timber at the rear of independently from the rest.
the vehicle should be secured and pulled • Each row of the load must be properly lashed.
downward to minimise whipping.
• Vehicles with open platforms should be affixed
with headboards.
Lashing devices

Straps/wire

Straps/wire Figure 57: Timber load on open platform

Lashing device

Figure 55: Transportation of timber load on open platform

Timber Cargoes (Side Protruding Outward)

Straps/wire Lashing devices

Figure 56: Timber load with side protruding outward

36 37
 7.5 Heavy Machines / Equipment 7.6 Containers

Figure 58: Usage of proper equipment and device to secure heavy and bulky cargo on low bed trailer

Figure 60: Position of twistlocks on trailer

Figure 59: Proper chocking and lashing device applied to secure cargo from any movement

• Low bed trailers are used for the transportation of OOG containers and oversized/ heavy
cargo such as machinery, excavator, crawler crane, construction equipment and other
heavy lifts. Twistlock in locked position. Twistlock in unlocked position.
• These trailers are also used for loads with weight and height restrictions on public roads. Figure 61: Use of twistlocks to secure the container to be safely loaded onto trailer
• Some low bed trailers allow machines or equipment to be driven onto their platforms.
Container Trucking
• Trailers are used to transport various types of containers which include general purpose,
reefer, tank, open top, door open, flat rack, etc.
• Twistlocks are provided on the trailers for locking the containers.
• These twistlocks must be locked immediately when the containers are mounted onto the
trailers.

7.7 Precast

Figure 62: Trailers mounted with steel frames

38 39
 • Sling belts and stoppers should be provided on the trailer to secure precast components Jumbo bags must be loaded onto the vehicle in the following manner: each bag must be in
delivered in horizontal position. contact with the one in front of it, and there can only be one layer of bags.
• For precast components delivered in vertical position, galvansied wires and chain block • The first row of cargo should be placed as close as possible to the headboard.
should be used. Chain or sling belt can be used to further secure the load.
• The first and last rows must be properly lashed.
• Overloading of precast components on the trailer must be avoided at all times.
• It is recommended that every row of cargo is lashed from the top to both sides to prevent
• The height between the ground and the highest point on the trailer should be checked
against applicable traffic regulations to ensure compliance. movement and fall.
• Load balancing of precast components at the two sides of the trailer (with steel frames)
should be checked before leaving the precast factory. 7.8.2 Scrap Metal
• It is recommended to affix headboard to give better protection to the driver. • The vehicle should not be overloaded, so
that the cargo would not slipped off during
transportation.
7.8 Others
• It is recommended that light weight cargo
7.8.1 Jumbo Bags is covered with a net or canvas during
transportation to prevent the cargo from being
blown off.
Figure 65: The height of cargo load
should not exceed that of the bin

Figure 63: Jumbo bags on lorry, minimum lashing to first and last row is required

Lashing device

Figure 64: Jumbo bags on trailer, first and last row of the cargo must be lashed

40 41
 7.8.3 Car Transporters • Car transporters are specially designed trailers which are used to carry motor vehicles
such as cars, vans, pick-up trucks and land rovers.
• A ramp is normally provided at the back of the trailer to allow the vehicles to be moved
up and down the trailer.
• The vehicles must be secured to the platform in accordance to the requirement(s) of the
manufacturer or transport company.
• It is recommended that proper chocks are provided at the front and back of every wheel
of the vehicles to be transported.
Figure 66: Ensure that proper equipment and securing devices are used for transporting cars/ • Proper restraints should be applied to prevent accidental movement of the wheels of the
lorries on deck of trailers transported vehicles.

7.8.4 Tote Bins

• The first row of tote bins must be placed as
close as possible to the headboard.
• The tote bins behind the first row should
be placed close to one another to minimise
movement.
• Every row of tote bins must be lashed with a
lashing belt to prevent any movement.
Figure 69: Tote bins on lorry, minimum
front and last row must be lashed, to
Front Restraining Point On Vehicle Rear Restraining Point On Vehicle
prevent any movement.

7.8.5 Metal Panels

Front Restraining Point On Platform Rear Restraining Point On Platform

Figure 67: Provide proper and secure webbing system for tyres

Figure 70: Metal panels on lorry, first row of cargo is placed near the headboard;
the front and back rows must be lashed

• The first row of cargos is placed as close as possible to the headboard to prevent forward
movement.
• The side boards must be closed and secured to prevent the cargoes from sideway
movement.
• Each vertical row of cargo must be lashed with two lashing belts across the top layer from
the front to the rear to prevent forward and backward movements.
Front Wheel Chock Rear Wheel Chock
Figure 68: Provide proper chock system at the front and back of every wheel

42 43
 7.8.6 Other Cargo Types • All cargoes must be secured with proper and adequate lashing to anchor points on trailer
side members.
• Proper blocking devices should be used to restrain the loads from shifting forward.
• Loose cargo should be properly chocked and secured to prevent any movement.
• Proper equipment must be used to transport different types of cargo of different height
and weight.

Figure 71: Provide proper equipment for transporting cargoes of different sizes
with proper and adequate lashing to anchor points

44 45
 8. Dos and Don’ts for Loading on
Vehicles
The Dos and Don’ts for safe loading on vehicles, the stacking and placement of cargoes, and
the securing devices.

Use crates or steel boxes to contain and Diffficult, slippery or individual

Dos (proper) Don’ts (not proper) block items against the headboard of products that are hard to restrain,
the vehicle cabin. should not be secured as loose items.

Cargo must be loaded within the height Vehicle should not be overloaded
of the container bin so objects would to prevent objects from spilling out Load is secured and girders are used to Load is higher than the headboard and
not spill out easily during movement. during movement. prevent side movement. there is no blocking. Griders are not
used to prevent side movement.

Correct load position—weight Incorrect load position—centre of load

distributed evenly across the trailer, offsets to one side causing the vehicle More rows of the load lashed and Load is over the height of the cabin. No
improving vehicle stability. to become unstable. secured to prevent any movement. proper lashing to secure the load from
movement.

Double stacked load must be locked Outside columns not clamped by “over
together with no gaps “over the top” the top” chains. Entire load must be Cargoes are properly stacked. Cargoes are not properly stacked. Poor
chains. belly wrapped. load distribution.

46 47
 Only one layer of jumbo bag cargoes is There should not be more than one
allowed to be loaded on the vehicle. layer of jumbo bag cargoes. Proper vehicle for overheight and Improper vehicle for overheight and
overwidth container. overwidth container.

It is a good practice to hang a red cloth No proper indication for overlength

for overlength cargo to alert users on cargo causes danger to users on the Bundles of steel rods must be properly Bundles of steel rods are not properly
the roads or at workplaces. roads or at workplaces. stacked and lashed and kept within the secured.
height of the vertical girder.

More on Proper and Safe Loading

Padding

Wire ropes and tensioners are

used in the unit of the load
Ensure that the lorry’s side boards are Lorry’s side board is damaged and
in good condition so that they can giving way. Load is not properly
withhold the load of the cargoes. secured.
Twist locks are in locked position

Overheight load is well contained in Each unit of the load is tied-down by

an open top container with twistlocks wire rope. Padding is used on top edge
used to secure the container. of the load.

A good lashing device will secure the Defect lashing device should not be
cargo from any movement. used as it will give way easily.

48 49
 Loads are lashed and secured. Cargoes are stacked closed to each The cargo is not properly secured to Improper stanchion used for pipe
load and secured with lashing. the girder of the lorry. cargoes.

More on Unsafe Loading

No lashing for bundled steel pipes and Damaged stanchion.

stanchion bar is deformed.

Cargo load is above the stanchion Loose cargo is not secured by any
height and is not secured by any lashing device.
lashing device.

No lashing and headboard, improper No lashing and headboard, improper

stanchion bar used (cargo over and damaged stanchion bar used
stanchion bar). (cargo over stanchion bar).

Cargo over the height of the Timber load is not properly stacked and
headboard. there is no lashing.

Height of cargo over the height of Load not distributed uniformly on the
stanchion. platform of trailer.

50 51
52
(CDAS)
Lead Association

Jurong Port Pte Ltd (JP)

PSA Corporation Ltd (PSA)

and all the contributing organisations.

Singapore Logistics Association (SLA)

Singapore Transport Association (STA)

Container Depot Association (Singapore)
Ministry of Manpower – OSH Inspectorate

Workplace Safety & Health Council (WSHC)

9. Acknowledgements

Mr Ivan Tan
Mr Dave Ng
Ms Laura Lim

Mr Jimmy Ng
Mr Daniel Wan

Mr Kevi Sandhu

Mr Robert Chan
Mr Eugene Seah
Mr A Sharafdeen

Mr Benjamin Lee

Mr Loh Chia Wee

Mr Lim Kian Chin

Mr Poh Key Boon

Mr Fong Kum Hor

Mr Lim Meng Ann
Ms Adeline Chang

Mr S. Gunasagaran
Mr Edd Hong Shuqi

Mr Sarbudeen Ajees
Mr Quek Keng Liang

Mr Ryan Oh Eng Wee

Mr Adrian Ng Kok Wee

Mr Thomas Chang Kong Meng

Pte Ltd, Toll Logistics (Asia) Limited, Trans Auto Logistics Pte Ltd, UBTS Pte Ltd, Yang Kee Logistics Pte Ltd
Jurong Port Pte Ltd, Poh Tiong Choon Logistics Ltd, PSA Corporation Ltd, Thong Lee Container Service
© Photographs courtesy of Bok Seng Logistics, Container Depot Association (Singapore), CWT Limited,
ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM

Company:
HSE Manager:
Conducted by:
Safety Supervisor:
Safe Loading of General Loads (Designations, Name, signature)
Operation Supervisor:
Process/Location: on vehicle
Lead Drivers:
(Trailer or Lorry)/ All Locations

Approved by: Last Review Date: 00th Nov 2009 Next Review Date: 00th Nov 2012
(Name, designation)
(Date)

1. Hazard Identification 2. Risk Evaluation 3. Risk Control

1a. 1b. 1c. 1d. 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 3a. 3b.

No. Work Activity Hazard Possible Accident/ Existing Risk Control Additional Risk Control Action Officer,
Ill Health & Persons- (if any) Designation
at-Risk
Severity
Risk Level

Likelihood

01 Loading and Forklift movement Forklift colliding All personnel to keep Vehicle to be parked at Drivers,
Unloading of during loading/ against surrounding clear from the forklift designated area for loading Supervisor
R
M

MA

general loads unloading of general vehicles/ personnel. path of travelling

loads
General loads lifted General loads fall No standing beside/ No placing/ keeping of Drivers,
by forklift is unstable off from lifting under suspended cargos dunnage wood during Supervisor
R
M

MA

equipment loading/ unloading of

cargoes
02 Securing of General loads General loads may Pre-inspection of cargo Ensure stacking of cargo Drivers
general loads unstable on trailer (or fall from trailer (or the stacking and restraints to is done properly and
L

on a trailer or on lorry) lorry) be done before moving that pallets are in good
Mo

lorry off. condition before moving

off
Faulty lashing and Lashing and dunnage Pre-inspection of Maintain all lashing Drivers
53

dunnage equipment equipment give way lashing and dunnage equipments in good
and break equipment before using working conditions;
L

Mo

Replace dunnage wood

if not in good working
condition.
R
M

Improper securing Cargos fall off during Ensure sufficient Walk around trailer (or Drivers
Ma

methods transportation lashings and correct lorry) to ensure cargos are

equipment are used for properly secured to anchor
securing of cargos points.
R
M

General loads are not General loads Visually check each load Take more care when Drivers
Ma

stable on trailer may move during is stable on trailer before unleashing belts/ straps.
unleashing process unleash of straps
R
M

Load is far from Loads may move or Secure load to trailer Restrain the loads from Drivers
Ma

headboard fall forward when in a manner to prevent shifting forward by using

braking. movement proper blocking device
R
M
10. Annex—Sample Risk Assessment Form for General Loads

Cargo with double Loads may fall from Secure entire load from Recommend providing Drivers
Ma

stacked layers upper layer. the top with lashing belt side boards or girders for
or proper lashing device. stacking two layers or more
R
M

Uneven ground, Loads fall off from Travel with low speed on Maintain a safety distance Drivers
Ma

sharp turning and trailer or the lorry. uneven ground, reduce from front vehicle to avoid
emergency brake speed when turning at emergency brake
bends or junctions
R
M

03 Unleashing of Uneven stacking, or Loads fall off from Make sure that the cargo To unleash the devices Drivers &
Ma

belts/ slings cargo stacking is not trailer or the lorry. stack is stable before one at a time; To inspect supervisors/
stable. unleashing the lashing the stability of cargo operation staff
devices before unleash; Receiving at site
party to do a RA before
unloading of cargo.

Likelihood
Remote (R) Occasional (O) Frequent (F)
Severity

Major (Ma) M H H

Moderate (Mo) L M H

Minor (Mi) L L M
H = High Risk, M = Medium Risk, L = Low Risk
53
 11. References

• A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations

http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/legislation/Occupational_Safety_and_
Health/workplace_safety_and/workplace_safety_and0.html Ministry of Manpower,
Singapore.
• Code of Practice for Safe Loading on Vehicles. Singapore Standard CP 30: 1985.
• Code of Practice “Safety of Loads on Vehicles” (3rd Edition). Department for Transport, UK.
• Drivers’ Handbook on Cargo Securement. Department of Transportation, US.
• Drivers’ Manual for the Safe Securement of Metal Coils and Other Cargoes. New York State
Department of Motor Vehicles, US.
• National Safety Code for Motor Carriers, Standard 10, Cargo Securement. Canada-US Joint
Project.
• Workplace Safety and Health, Risk Management: Risk Management Guidelines
http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_safety_and
health/maintaining_a_safe_workplace/occupation_safety/risk_management.html
Ministry of Manpower, Singapore.

Contact
• For enquiries, please email the Workplace Safety and Health Council,
contact@wshc.gov.sg
• To report unsafe practices at workplaces, please call the MOM hotline at 6317 1111.
• To report accidents, dangerous occurrences and occupational diseases, visit:
www.mom.gov.sg/ireport
• For enquiries on training programme, please call CDAS Logistics Alliance (Ltd) at 6376
5925/26/27/28, or visit: www.cdasalliance.sg for more information.

54 55