DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN

KARNATAKA – A
CASE STUDY OF UTTAR KANNADA DISTRICT

INTRODUCTION

Once upon a time man used to live a very primitive life. His wants were
very limited and limited only to the basic needs. At different stages of evolution
herd living became a way of life for various animals and ultimately human beings
converted it to social living. In the process of achieving this social living, people
found the necessity of various facilities. Human settlements started at simple
places, where people could live with some level of convenience and enjoy some
measure of security against outside threats. Although hunting, gathering and
fishing were the first preoccupations of primitive man, it was soon discovered that
some kinds of tools had to be made for even these elementary activities. In
addition, they soon found out that provisions should be made to help them face the
adversities of the local weather and the hostilities of other tribes and wild animals.
These facilities were the first elemental components of an infrastructure that made
living, gathering hunting and producing possible.
All these old truths remain relevant to more recent human habitation
experiences. The first “towns” of the world almost instinctively were formed
where transport was available and where the provision of water was secure. The
ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Harappa and Mehenjodharo etc. were
known, for the various facilities available there. Settlements that neglected to pay
proper attention for the development of basic facilities or that failed to have an
elemental concern for these facilities, usually experienced an early demise.
Concerns for additional support structures continued in most settlements soon after
their establishment. A market place, some form of a city hall, school, clinic, police
station and so on tended to pop up.
Throughout history, infrastructure system and services have continuously
evolved in both technology and organization. Indeed in many instances, social
scientists measure the level of civilization or advancement of a society on the basis
of the richness and articulation of the infrastructure systems that society has in
place. Another way to gauge the importance of infrastructure is to note that all the
progressive movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have, in essence,
focused on the need to improve one or another infrastructure system in meeting
one or another social, humanitarian or economic need. In the case of metropolitan
cities of the early twenty-first century, one can easily distinguish at least fifty
systems and subsystems that constitute the city’s infrastructure ranging from large-
scale transportation and water projects to neighbourhood medical clinic, beauty
parlors, libraries etc.
Development implies a passage from a lower to a higher stage. Economic
development is a long-term dynamic process, which enables a country to attain
high levels of income, output and employment and secure better standards of
living. It is associated with progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of
a country. There is a close link between economic development and infrastructure
facilities. No nation can build the structure of the social and economic well-being
of its people on weak foundations. We cannot visualise a country’s solid progress
in all spheres of life without a well conceived and well built social and economic
infrastructure. Given the crucial linkage of infrastructure with economic-growth,
poverty alleviation and human development, emphasis on infrastructure is critical
in achieving economic development. Infrastructure is quintessence of economic
development. It comprises all those activities and facilities which support
production functions. Like factors of production, infrastructural facilities are not
factor inputs which directly produce. They are facilitative in character and they
contribute indirectly but importantly to productivity. Their influence is diffused
and pervasive. It is used as an umbrella term for several activities referred to as
‘social overhead capital’, ‘Economic overheads’, ‘overhead capital’, ‘Basic
Economic Facilities’ and so on.
We require good hospitals, properly staffed by doctors and paramedical
staff and we require schools and colleges with libraries laboratories and sports
facilities for the growing children and a good transport and communication system
at the local, state, national and international levels. In the globalised era, we notice
drastic changes and shrinking global boundaries which magnify the need for
proper infrastructure. Today repeatedly we talk about the global village and global
connectivity. Good roads, highways, bridges, railway lines, airports, seaports, tele-
communications, twenty-four hour uninterrupted power supply these are no longer
luxury items, but a basic necessity in today’s world. India is a nation on the move
and in a highly competitive and globalised society, we will be left far behind if we
do not build proper social and economic infrastructure. Ever since we entered
liberalization era fifteen years ago, we have laid greater emphasis on infrastructure
development in order to attract foreign investment.
Infrastructure is required for social and economic growth and for
promoting the quality of life both in urban and rural areas. For instance in urban
areas, lack of adequate mass transport facilities has spawned an explosion of
personalized transport especially of two wheelers and cars. The proliferating
automobiles in cities have hiked pollution and accidents as never before. The
clogged arteries of the cityscape have paradoxically slowed down mobility. And
the urban-rural divide is manifest in every field of infrastructure development
including transport. A large number of villages lack a reliable all weather road
connection with near-by markets and towns.
If we are striving for the total development of the country, can we afford to
overlook the widening hiatus between urban growth and rural growth? Much of the
infrastructure facilities are geared to the needs of the urban economy, while the
vast rural hinter lands are very poorly served by these facilities. For example, of
nearly six lakh villages, only about three fifths are known to be connected by all
weather roads. . . !

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Research is at the core of the knowledge that informs and supports public
policy and decision making. It helps in strategic planning for economic
development by providing a more comprehensive, rigorous and integrated
knowledge base. It is universal truth that infrastructure development is a vital
component of economic development. Infrastructural development can be
identified at various levels of geographical regions such as national levels, zonal
levels, state levels and district levels. Today, in the 21st century there is no denying
the fact that globally, there is a ‘development gap’ not only between nations but
within them as well as within the sub-regions of the nations and that this gap varies
among regions. The major cause for this development gap is the inadequate
development of infrastructure.
The economic slowdown has much to do with the Government’s inability to
allocate resources for infrastructure development especially where private
investments have not been forthcoming. There is a sign of overheating because of
infrastructure constraints, both physical and human. Almost one and a half decade
into the economic reforms programme, the country has little to show by way of
private as well as foreign investment in the infrastructure sector. There is a wide
gap between the potential demand for infrastructure for high growth and the
available supply. Poor infrastructure including power shortage, bad roads,
inadequate water and sanitation and unreliable communication is costing the
country dearly. India is a vast country with large number of villages. “The
penetration level of the infrastructure is low in rural areas as compared to the urban
sector. Providing rural connectivity infrastructure through private sector
participation will help in bridging the technological divide between rural and urban
and create an opportunity for divide convergence” 1
A few years back a task force on infrastructure was constituted by the
central Government to attract investments in infrastructural projects. On July 21st,
2007 the central Government announced, the setting up of a Revolving Fund with
an initial corpus of Rs. 100 crore to assist in infrastructure development projects of
state Governments through Public Private Partnership (PPP). The revolving fund
would be called the “India Infrastructure Project Development Fund” and would
bear up to 75% of the development costs of projects.

1. Ajay Narayanan, Akshay Jain, B. Bowonder –“ Providing Rural Connectivity

Infrastructure: ICT Diffusion through Private Sector Participation”
“Poverty reduction is a primary goal of development policy. In large parts of the
world people have to live on meager income and have limited access to
infrastructure services, such as water, safe sanitation, power supply, roads and
telephones. Infrastructure regulation plays an important role in poverty reduction
in developing countries”. 2
Extensive studies on economic development have been under taken in
India by many research scholars. But such studies mainly concentrated at national
level and state level. Infrastructure development at different levels, particularly at
district levels, has been, least studied. Building new knowledge that responds
directly to priority gaps in development of infrastructure is a must for economic
development. In view of this, the researcher has taken a topic entitled
“Development of Infrastructure in Karnataka –A case study of Uttar
Kannada District” which has got more relevance in the current times.

Statement of the Problem:

The problem chosen for the study is “Development of Infrastructure in

Karnataka-A Case Study of Uttar Kannada District”. Uttar Kannada is the fifth
largest district in the state of Karnataka. The district is blessed with enough
rainfall, fertile land, forest and the beautiful coastal belt. In spite of this, the district
has not developed to its full potential even to this day. Though there is ample
opportunity for economic development in this area in terms of resources, it has not
been fully utilised. When we go on analysing different indicators of economic
development we find that there is an inadequate infrastructure development in
this area.
There is a close link between economic development of a region and the
available infrastructure.Though the district is rich in natural resources, it has not
been harnessed due to lack of infrastructure. For instance, tourism may be

2. Infrastructure regulation and poverty reduction in developing countries: A

review of the evidence and a research agenda.- David Parker, Colin Kirkpatrick
& Catarina Figueira, Institute for Development Policy and Management,
University of Manchester, UK. Pub- The Quarterly Review of Economics &
Finance – May 2008.
developed in this area as a profitable business because of natural advantage but
there comes a problem of infrastructure facilities. There are many rivers in the
district but the irony is that many villages in the district are suffering from lack of
safe drinking water facility. Many villages lack road connectivity, electricity and
so on. The development of adequate infrastructure has got global importance in the
aftermath of Globalisation. If infrastructure is not properly developed, it will be a
hurdle for economic development. Therefore, due attention should be given to this
problem. Hence the topic “Development of Infrastructure in Karnataka – A
Case Study of Uttar Kannada District” has assumed significance.

Objectives of the study

The present study proposes to investigate into the role of infrastructure in

economic development and especially to bring out its catalytic role in different
dimensions. The following are the major objectives of the present study:

Specific objectives:
1. To find out the major components of existing infrastructure facilities in the
state across major districts so as to understand the position of Uttar Kannada
District.
2. To analyse the need for development of infrastructure in economic
development of the district.
3. To study the problems in developing infrastructure in the district.
4. To analyse the level of development of various infrastructural indicators across
different talukas in the district so as to understand the disparity in infrastructure
development.
5. To review the link between infrastructure and economic development of this
district.
6. To study the causes for slow development of infrastructure in this district.
7. To ascertain the infrastructure projects which are immediately required in the
district to keep pace with changing global scenario.
General Objectives:
1. To draw the attention of the public about available infrastructure facilities in
this area.
2. To bring to the notice of the policy makers about the deficiency of the
infrastructure facilities in this district.
3. To provide broader policy suggestions for development of infrastructure in
the district.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE-A SUMMARY

Sl.no Author Title Focus/Findings

1. Dieter Biehl “Determinants of Finds empirical support for the

(1980) Regional Disparities and
positive relation between regional
the Role of Public
Finance” disparities in development levels
and variations in levels of public
infrastructure.
2. Canning (1999) “Infrastructure’s Attempt has been made to estimate
Contribution to
the general productivity of
Aggregate output”
infrastructure. The outcome of this
study is that investment in some of
the specific infrastructure would
increase the productivity manifold.
3. Looney R. and “The Regional Impact of Tried to examine the effects of
Federicksn Infrastructure Investment
investment in infrastructure on
(1981) in Mexico”
GDP concluded that economic and
social infrastructure had
significantly positive parameters in
economic development.
4. Antle, John M. “Infrastructure and It was found that the contribution
(1983) Aggregate Agricultural
of a country’s infrastructure
Productivity:
 International Evidence” services in agricultural
productivity is significantly
positive both for developing
countries alone and for a mixed
sample of developed and
developing countries.
5. M. Ishaq Nadiri “The Effects of Public Examined the effects of public
and T.P. Infrastructure and R and
infrastructure on the cost structure
Mannuneas D Capital on Cost
(1994) Structure and and performance of the US
Performance of U.S.
manufacturing industries using
Manufacturing
Industries” data for 12 different industries.
They concluded that increased
availability of public infrastructure
lowered the cost structure of
manufacturing industries. This
would lead to expansion of output
and employment, increase in
disposable income level and
overall economic development.
6. Mikelbank and R. “Equity VS Efficiency: Found that investment in
W. Jackson Public Capital
infrastructure has been highest in
(1999) Investment in Ohio
1988-92”. areas of greatest distress and that
the pattern suggests an equity
driven investment decision
whereby infrastructure policy is
used to erase development
disparity across the state.
7. Munnuel Alicia “Infrastructure Those states that have invested in
(1990) Investment and
infrastructure tend to have greater
Economic Growth”
output, more private investment
and more employment growth.
 Public investment comes before the
pick-up in economic activity and
serves as a base.
8 Charles R Hulten " The Public Capital Concluded that public capital is not
and G.E. stock: Needs, Trends and
significantly important and its role
Peterson(1984) performance"
in explaining productivity of other
economic activities is negligible.
9 Paul Evans and G "Are Government They found that government
Karras (1994) Activities productive?
capital shows significant
Evidence from a panel of
US States." productivity only if production
functions are mis-specified. If
properly specified, then the
estimates are not significantly
different from zero.
10 Conard K. and H "Infrastructure Argued that studies to estimate role
Seitz (1997) Provisions And
of infrastructure must not assume
International Market
Share Rivalry" that infrastructure services are free
goods.
11 Shah Narottam "Over All Summary: Studied the pattern and level of
(1970) Infrastructure For The
infrastructural facilities at the time
Indian Economy."
of independence and attempted to
relate the level of per capita
income of Indian States with their
level of infrastructural
development.
12 Gulati S.C.(1977) "Dimensions Of Inter- He constructed a composite indices
District Disparities"
of development for 336 districts of
India. He identified nine principal
components that emerge as factors
responsible for inter-district
 variations in development.
13 Tewari R.T. "Economic Infrastructure Examined the interrelationship
(1984) And Regional
between economic infrastructure
Development In India".
and development and tried to
identify the role of infrastructure in
the economic development. He
concluded that, inadequacy of
existing infrastructural facilities
seems to be the major obstacle in
the path of progress of the
developing states.
14. Alagh Y.K. " Infrastructure Planning Studied various dimensions of
J.Shah and V.K. "
infrastructure planning in India.
Shah
They concluded that infrastructural
planning in India must stress not
only on greater availability but also
on improvements in their
efficiency.
15 Amin Poornima "Infrastructure And She divided the state into three
(1990) Regional Distribution Of
regions – backward, developing
Small Scale Industries In
Gujarat". and developed on the basis of their
infrastructural development level
and found that the industrial
development level also follows
similar patterns
16 Dadibhavi R.V. "Disparities In Social Surveyed levels of social
(1991) Infrastructural
infrastructure in the states of India
Development In India".
using educational and health
facilities as indicators. A positive
and significant association was
 observed between the levels of
social infrastructure and economic
development of the states.
17 Arunkumar A.V. "Infrastructure Used deprivation index for six
and Development In India :
infrastructural indicators and
C.Upendranath A Alternative Approach
(1993) To Measurement". combined them to derive a
composite indicator of
infrastructural development using
principal component method.
18 Ghosh.B. and "Role Of Infrastructure Tested the relationship between
P.De (1998) In The Regional
physical infrastructure and regional
Development: A Study
Over The Plan Period.” economic development in the
context of Indian states using
regression method. They
formulated a physical
infrastructure development index.
19 Gayathri K.(1997) "Role Of Infrastructure She highlighted the importance of
In The Industrial
infrastructure in industrial
Development Of
Karnataka : A District development.
Level Analysis".
20 Basavaraj S Benni "Infrastructural Tried to quantify regional
( 2007) Development And
infrastructural development
Regional Disparity – A
Comparative District disparity among the districts of
Level Analysis In
Karnataka state and rank the
Karnataka".
districts on the basis of composite
development index.
21. H.H. Uliveppa “Regional Imbalances In Attempted to discuss regional
Transport And
disparities in transport and
Communication In
Karnataka” communication in Karnataka
which is one of the components of
infrastructure. He found that there
 is a need for an integrated balanced
planning for infrastructure
development.
22. K.K. Saxena and “Infrastructure And Examined the impact of major
Satyanand Sahoo Economic Development”
infrastructure facilities, viz.
transport, electricity, gas, water
supply, telecommunications etc. on
output, income and employment of
the Kanpur economy.
23. Prabir De “How Are The Indian Attempted to measure the
States Doing In
performance of Indian states in
Infrastructure Sector?
An Assessment” different categories of
infrastructure facilities over
different time spans from the pre-
reform to the post reform period.
He found that states with better
performance in overall
infrastructural development have
recorded lower percentage of
people under poverty line.
24 Kirit S. Parikh “Public Goods and Highlighted the need for
1999 Markets” redesigning the infrastructure to fill
the infrastructure gaps.
25. Joshi B. N. “Plan outlays for Emphasised the various issues in
1999 Infrastructure at the All infrastructure planning, identified
India and the state level” the various deficiencies in this
respect and presents polity
framework for infrastructure
development.
26. M.S. Bhatia “Infrastructure and Highlighted the relationship
(2000) Growth in Agriculture” between infrastructure
development and growth in
agriculture.
27. D.M. ‘Karnataka Economy- Developed the index of economic
Nanjundappa Retrospect and and social infrastructure.
(1999) prospects’
28. P.R. “Some Aspects of Explained the relative contribution
Brahmananda Growth in Karnataka” of infrastructure in different sectors
1998 to growth”
29. Khan N.A. ‘Infrastructure Focused on the relationship
2004 Development’ between infrastructure
development and economic
development of the country.

On the basis of the review of existing literature, following inferences are

drawn. First, there is no unanimity regarding the role of infrastructural facilities in
determining economic growth and development as far as empirical results are
concerned. Second, though empirical studies in the Indian context indicate that
infrastructure plays a significant role in shaping the development profile, studies
have been sparse and most of them have been at the national and state level.
Further detailed study is required to look at the regional dimension of availability
of infrastructural facilities in India and its effect on economic development. To
examine the nature and level of infrastructure available and its contribution to the
level of development, it was felt that we must proceed to the level of districts for
the study. Thus, the present study “Infrastructure Development in Karnataka - A
case study of Uttara Kannada District" seeks to analyse the infrastructure
development linkage at the state and district in particular.

Hypotheses
The study aims at testing the following hypotheses:
1. Infrastructure is an Indicator of Economic Development.
2. Infrastructure Development contributed to the economic development of
Uttar Kannada District.
3. There is a disparity in infrastructure development among different talukas
of Uttara Kannada District.
Methodology
a) Research Design
Selection of the study Area:
Infrastructure development can be identified at various levels of
geographical regions such as national levels and state levels. It is quite common
that several attempts have been made at the national level due to policy
implications. The role of infrastructure in economic development at a
disaggregated level, for instance district level have been least studied. In this view,
the Uttara Kannada district is chosen as the unit for analysis in the present study.

Development Indicators:
There is no unanimity regarding the methodologies used to measure the
infrastructure development or under development in literature. In this study, an
effort has been made to measure infrastructure development through some
important economic and social infrastructure indicators like roads, railways,
waterways, communication, education, health etc.

b) Data Base:
The study is mainly based on the secondary data at district level for
all the major districts in the state regarding economic development and major
infrastructure indicators. The statistical data used in the study is published by the
state planning Department Directorate of Economics and statistics, Bangalore,
District statistical Departments etc. Published literature in the form of books,
booklets and articles on infrastructure development were made use of to provide a
general background of the study.
An attempt is also made to mobilize the primary data by conducting a
survey throughout the district and collecting the opinion of the public through
questionnaire and personal interview.
c) Tools of Analysis:
The information collected from various sources is tabulated and presented
in the form of Tables and Graphs. The infrastructure development in Uttara
Kannada District is analysed with the help of set indicators. Simple statistical tools
like average, percentage, standard deviation, co-relation, factor loading, composite
index are used to analyse the data for the purpose of finding out the disparities in
the development of infrastructure among various talukas of the district.

Scope and Coverage of the study

The study mainly concentrates on various components of infrastructure in

Uttar Kannada district. The district consists of eleven talukas and the study covers
all the talukas of the district. The study stresses on various economic and social
infrastructure facilities like roads, railways, banks, schools, hospitals etc. available
in the district. The study is an effort to assess the development of infrastructure
facilities in the U.K. District.

Limitations of the study

The study is subject to the following limitations:

i) As the district covers vast area consisting of more than 1289 villages,
assessment of infrastructure facilities in all the villages were not made,
due to lack of adequate and reliable information at the village level.
ii) Published data with regard to infrastructure were not comprehensive.
Even the available information is not fully reliable.
iii) The infrastructure as a whole is taken for the study. Hence, the minute
details of each component of the infrastructure could not be studied.
iv) The respondents were not ready to give the correct information at the
time of survey. Hence the researcher struggled hard to quantify the
information and measure the role of infrastructure in economic
development.
Chapter Scheme:
The present thesis divided into six chapters. The contents of these chapters
are outlined here.

Chapter- I Introduction:
This chapter deals with the significance of the study, statement of the
problem, objectives, Review of literature, hypotheses methodology, scope and
limitations of the study.

Chapter – II Role Infrastructure in Economic Development:

Initially the chapter throws light on the conceptual clarification with regard
to infrastructure and economic development. The chapter tells about the types of
infrastructure theories of infrastructure development and the role of infrastructure
development in economic development.

Chapter- III Place of Karnataka in Infrastructure perspectives: An

overview:
This chapter reviews the position of Karnataka in the country in respect of
infrastructure facilities and the district wise profile of infrastructure.

Chapter- IV Profile of the study Area:

This chapter presents the profile of the Uttara Kannada District. It includes
geographical area, population, historical background, climate, rainfall, soil,
availability of raw materials, occupational structure, development of agriculture
and industry etc.

Chapter-V Development of Infrastructure in U.K.- An Assessment:

This chapter provides a comprehensive picture of the infrastructure
development in Uttara Kannada District. The chapter throws light on the
development of transport and communication banking, co-operative sector, energy,
education, health etc.

Chapter – VI Conclusion
This chapter includes the major findings of the study and the suggestions. It
highlighted the major drawbacks of the development of infrastructure sector and
also suggested some policy measures to be initiated.

Major Findings and Conclusions;

The present study highlights the infrastructure development in Uttar
Kannada District in detail. A detailed analysis of individual sectors and the
composite index discussed during the course of the study gives us macro and
micro insights into the different aspects of infrastructure development in Uttar
Kannada District. Some of the important findings drawn from the analysis related
to various components of infrastructure and disparities are presented below:

1. In Uttar Kannada district, though water transport and rail transport are
accessible, road transport is the main means of transport. The district covers
about 15055 kms of road length, comprising of National Highways, State
Highways, District Roads, Municipality roads and Village Roads. The
village roads are mainly mud roads and majority of them are not suitable for
transport during rainy season.
2. It is harsh reality that at the time of interview, public showed their anger on
the authorities for the woeful neglect of the National Highways and other
roads. Periodical maintenance of roads is a must and this is not usually done
regularly. There are roads poorly built on account of alleged lack of funds
and corruption. Funds are misused by officials in connivance with
contractors and sub-standard materials are used. Corruption is an integral
part of the story of the civil construction in India and the Uttar Kannada
District is not an exception.
3. Passenger Transport service is mainly provided by the KSRTC in the
district. However, private sector also plays an important role in providing
transport service .A Few Taluks in the district have no bus depots, which
comes on the way of efficient discharge of transport service by the
K.S.R.T.C.
4. Konkan Railway provides train service in the coastal taluks of Uttar
Kannada District. It connects the district with commercial centers like
Mumbai, Goa, Mangalore, Kerala, Chennai etc. There is no rail connectivity
from coastal talukas to commercial center Hubli and the State capital
Bangalore.
5. Except Karwar, no other ports in the district, like Tadadi, Belkere etc are
properly developed. In this connection it may be noted that the High Power
Committee on Redressal of Regional Imbalance headed by
Dr.D.M.Nanjundappa stressed the need for development of small ports like
Tadadi, Belekeri, Bhatkal etc. in order to help the people in this region.
Though the district consists of 140kms long coastal belt, the maritime
infrastructure is not properly developed.
6. The district is not connected by air transport. There is an urgent need for
development of air transport facility.
7. There is a great demand for mobile phones in the district but unfortunately
remote areas have no proper coverage as most of the towers are in taluk
areas and near taluk centers. There is a competition between various mobile
service providers. Private Sector companies pose a tuff competition to
BSNL in the district. There is more demand for establishment of mobile
towers in remote areas.
8. Internet connections are gradually increasing in the district. However,
internet connections and web-centers are mainly concentrated in taluka
place.
9. As per the report of the officials of co-operative department, as on 31-3-
2009 about 76 co-operative societies of different kinds, were liquidated in
this region due to inefficient management and non-viability.
10. The survey revealed that there were no co-operative farming societies in the
district. But such farming societies are necessary in this area as the gap
between the demand for agriculture labourers and their supply, is increasing
day by day.
11. There are three Hydel power stations and a nuclear power station in the
district generating a total of over 1700 MW of electricity. The irony of
Uttara Kannada District power generation is that – it consumes less than
20MW of over 1700MW of electricity produced from hydel and nuclear
source in this district. This is a clear indication of how little the district has
gained, especially considering the fact that over the decades, 3200 acres of
forestland has been submerged for constructing dams. Tens of villages have
been displaced due to submergence but very little in terms of rehabilitation
has ever been achieved.
12. Though there are enough facilities in Government Schools, the public
interest is levered towards private schools. In fact many people showed
their dissatisfaction about the quality of education in government schools.
As per the report of the officials of the department of education, school
drop- out rate has been significantly reduced in recent years due to the
implementation of various plans of the Government.
13. There is a strong demand for a medical college in this region as there is no
medical college in this area including the district headquarters.
14. The district is not yet provided with a university. Hence, the students
desirous of pursuing post graduation are forced to travel to the neighbouring
district. A well equipped research center is also not available in this district.
As a result the number of students going for research in the district is also
less compared to some other districts.
15. Physical Education is an important part of total education. But adequate
facilities are not provided for sports in the District. Big Indoor and out door
stadium is not yet found in the district to organize the sports meet of state
level or National level.
Suggestions:
1. Due to heavy rain fall and the movement of heavy vehicles the national and state
highways get damaged time and again. Therefore, it is better to make cement roads
as far as national highways are concerned. And these roads are to be maintained
properly and National Highway Authorities should be made more responsible for
proper maintenance of these roads.
2. There are many villages which do not have road connectivity due to lack of
population. Government should take suitable measures to provide road
connectivity to such remote places. All villages in the district should be provided
with all weather roads.
3. There are many islands in the district which do not have road connectivity. The
life in these islands is horrible particularly during rainy season. So Government
should take proper measures for construction of bridges and to provide road
connectivity.
4. The proposed projects providing rail connectivity between Ankola and Hubli
and Honnavar and Talguppa are to be implemented at the earliest.
Right now, to provide the rail connectivity to the state capital Bangalore, the
Bangalore-Mangalore Train should be extended up to Karwar. Frequency of local
passenger train from Mangalore to Margoa should be increased.
5. Banks should provide more assistance to agriculture sector, as agriculture is the
main occupation in Uttar Kannada District. Banks should give priority for research
and innovation in agriculture sector. They should provide assistance to research
projects in agriculture which are feasible in this area.
6. Micro-finance facility should be increased by increasing and strengthening self-
help groups.
7. Co-operative sector in the district should be strengthened by giving autonomy as
recommended by Prof. A. Vaidyanathan committee report on co-operative sector
reforms.
8. Proper irrigation facility should be provided in this area. Channel irrigation
should be developed in the district to solve the problem of water.
9. Adequate and timely rehabilitation facility is to be provided to the project-
displaced persons.
10. Government should give more importance for improving the quality in primary
and secondary education. Mere increase in the number of students enrolled is of no
use unless they come out with good quality. While implementing various schemes
in primary and secondary education, the Government should not concentrate much
on the records rather it should develop student centered programme which will
develop and enhance the competence of the students. Government should provide
computer education facility at higher primary level.
11. While establishing the Government degree colleges the government should
make a detailed analysis of the requirement of the college in a particular area and
must give due importance for providing basic infrastructure to these colleges and
their viability should also be looked into. Mere establishment of Government
colleges without assurance of quality will not serve any purpose. In the era of
drastic change the college education is passing through a critical stage and
phenomenal change is noticed. Therefore, it is a tough challenge for the
Government colleges to provide learner based quality education. If they fail to
provide quality education the newly established government colleges may prove to
be an unnecessary burden to the Government exchequer! They may even turn out
into factories of producing unemployable graduates!
12. At least one medical college should be established in this area as many
students are going outside for getting medical education.
13. Training programmes should be emphasized in horticulture aquaculture,
beekeeping, mobile and electronic item repairs etc.
14. Private participation in construction of infrastructure projects should be
encouraged. Schemes like BOT, BOOT BOLT should be pursued for
establishment of infrastructure projects.
15 An institution providing education specifically for handicapped and disabled
persons according to their capacity should be established in the district.
16. Agricultural infrastructure such as cold storage warehousing, agriculture
training institutes, research centers, etc. should be developed in the district, to
augment agricultural development.
17. Uttar Kannada district has a potential for tourism development. Therefore, to
develop the ecotourism in the district, tourism infrastructure should be properly
developed.
18. An IT park should be established in the district to increase the employment
avenues in the district. The establishment of IT park in each district is
recommended even by the High power committee on Redressal of Regional
Imbalance headed by Dr. D.M. Nanjundappa.
19. A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) should be set-up in the district to augment
trade and industry in the district.
20. Air transport service is to be provided to the district, as strategically important
projects like, sea-bird, Kaiga are located here.
21. A University is to be established in the district to spread the higher education
in the district.

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Dattatraya L. Hebbar Dr. H.H. Uliveppa

MA MA, Ph.D
Asst. Professor in Economics Professor, Dept. of P.G. Studies
S.D.M. Degree College and Research
Honnavar K.U. P.G Center, Belgaum
 DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN
KARNATAKA – A CASE STUDY OF UTTAR KANNADA
DISTRICT

A synopsis of the thesis to be submitted for the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in
Economics

By
DATTATRAYA L. HEBBAR
M.A.

Research Guide
Dr. H.H. ULIVEPPA
M.A., Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research

in Economics,
Karnatak University, P.G. Center
Belgaum

SEPTEMBER-2011