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Objectives of Surveying

The document outlines the objectives, uses, principles, and classifications of surveying. The main objectives are to determine relative positions and distances between objects on Earth and to prepare maps and plans. Surveying is used to create topographic, cadastral, engineering, military, contour, archaeological, and geological maps. The key principles are working from overall control points to specific points, and fixing new stations using at least two independent measurement processes. Surveying can be classified as control, land, topographic, engineering, route, construction, astronomical, and mine surveying based on its purpose.

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35 views

Objectives of Surveying

The document outlines the objectives, uses, principles, and classifications of surveying. The main objectives are to determine relative positions and distances between objects on Earth and to prepare maps and plans. Surveying is used to create topographic, cadastral, engineering, military, contour, archaeological, and geological maps. The key principles are working from overall control points to specific points, and fixing new stations using at least two independent measurement processes. Surveying can be classified as control, land, topographic, engineering, route, construction, astronomical, and mine surveying based on its purpose.

Uploaded by

Anonymous mRBbdopMKf
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Objectives of Surveying

 To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth.


 To determine the distance and angle between different objects.
 To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan.
 To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology
and use them in the field.
 To solve measurement problems in an optimal way.

Object, Use & Principles of Surveying

Objects of surveying:

1. The primary object of survey is the preparation of plan estate or buildings roads,
railways, pipelines, canals, etc. Or to measure area of field, state, nation.
2. Object of geodetic surveying is to determine precise positions on the surface of the
earth of widely distant points.

Uses of Surveying:

1. To prepare a topographical map this shows the hills, valley, rivers, villages, town,
etc, of a country.
2. To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields houses, and other
properties.
3. To prepare an engineering map to show details like roads, railways, canals, etc.
4. To prepare military map showing roads and railways, communication with different
parts of country.
5. To prepare contour map and to determine capacity of a reservoirs and ton find the
best possible route for roads, railways etc.
6. To prepare archeological map including places where ancient relics exist.
7. To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.

Principles of surveying:

There are two fundamental principles.

1. To work from the whole to the part.

 Control points: - triangulation of traversing.


 Triangulation divided into large triangle.
 Triangles- subdivided in to small triangles
 To control and localize minor errors.
 On the other hand –It we work from the part of the whole; small errors are
magnified & uncontrollable at the end.

2. To fix the position of new stations by at least two independent process. The stations
are fixed from points already fixed by
 Linear measurement or
 Angular measurements or B
 Both the linear and angular measurements.

E.g. Chain surveying- main lines & stations points are checked by means of
check or tie lines.

Based on the purpose (for which surveying is being conducted), Surveying has been classified into:

• Control surveying : To establish horizontal and vertical positions of control points.

• Land surveying : To determine the boundaries and areas of parcels of land, also known as property survey,
boundary survey or cadastral survey.

• Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/ map of a region which includes natural as well as and man-made
features including elevation.

• Engineering survey : To collect requisite data for planning, design and execution of engineering projects. Three
broad steps are

1) Reconnaissance survey : To explore site conditions and availability of infrastructures.

2) Preliminary survey : To collect adequate data to prepare plan / map of area to be used for planning and design.

3) Location survey : To set out work on the ground for actual construction / execution of the project.

• Route survey : To plan, design, and laying out of route such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other
linear projects.

• Construction surveys : Surveys which are required for establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking out
engineering works (after the plans have been prepared and the structural design has been done).

• Astronomic surveys : To determine the latitude, longitude (of the observation station) and azimuth (of a line
through observation station) from astronomical observation.

• Mine surveys : To carry out surveying specific for opencast and underground mining purposes.

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