Chapter 3

18
3.1 (a) No, because f(4) is negative; (b) Yes; (c) No, because f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4) = is
19
less than 1.

3.2 (a) No, because f(1) is negative; (b) Yes; (c) No, because f(0) + f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4) +
f(5) is greater than 1.

3.3 f ( x )  0 for each value of x and

k
k ( k  1)
 f ( x)  k (k  1) (1  2    k )  k (k  1) 
2 2
1
x 1 2

1
3.4 (a) c(1  2  3  5)  1; thus C 
15

 5 5 5  12
(b) c  5     1  1 ; thus, c 
 2 3 4  137

k k
(c) 
x 1
f ( x)  c x
x 1
2
 cS ( k , 2)

1
From Theorem A.1 we obtain S (k ,2)  k ( k  1)(2k  1)
6
6
Thus, for f ( x ) to be a distribution function, c  , k 0.
k ( k  1)(2k  1)

  x
1
(d) 
x 1
f ( x)  c   
x 1 4
The right-hand sum is a geometric progression with a = 1 and r = 1/4.
For x = 1 to n, this sum equals
n
1
1  
4 1/ 4 1
Sn    as n   . Therefore, c  3 .
1 3/ 4 3
1
4

3.5 For f ( x )  (1  k )k x to converge to 1, 0 < k < 1.

3.6 For c > 0, f(x) diverges. For c = 0, f(x) = 0 for all x, and it cannot be a density function

3.9 (a) No, because F (4)  1; (b) No, because F (2)  F (1); (c) Yes.

23
24 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

4 1 2  6 12 3 4 1
3.10 f (0)   ; f (1)    , F (2)  
20 5 20 20 5 20 5

 0 x0
1 / 5
 0  x 1
F ( x)  
4 / 5 1 x  2
 1 2 x

5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3.11 (a)   ; (b)   ; (c) f (1)  , f (4)  , f (6)  and f (10)  ,
6 3 2 2 3 6 3 6 3 6
0 elsewhere.

3.12 F ( x)   0 x 1
 1 / 15 1 x  2

 3 / 15 2 x3

 6 / 15 3 x  4
10 / 15 4 x5

 1 5 x

3 3 1 1 1 1 3
3.13 (a) (b)   (c) (d) 1 
4 4 2 4 2 4 4
3 1 1 3 1
(e)   (f) 1 
4 4 2 4 4

3 4 5 6 7
3.14 f (1)  , f (2)  , f (3)  , f (4)  , f (5) 
25 25 25 25 25

 0 x 1
 3 / 25
 1 x  2
 7 / 25 2 x3
F ( x)  
12 / 25 3 x  4
18 / 25 4 x5

 1 5 x

6 3 14 7 24 12 36 18 50
F (1)   , F (2)   , F (3)   , F (4)   , F (5)   1 , checks
50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50

3.15 (a) P ( x  x1 )  1  P( x  x1 )  1  F ( x1 ) for i = 1, 2, …, n

(b) P ( x  x1 )  1  P( x  xi )  1  F ( xi 1 ) for i = 2, …, n and
P ( x  x1 )  1
Chapter 3 25

0
 1 x2
3.16 F ( x )   ( x  2) 2 x7
5 7 x
1

 7
1 1 7 1
3.17 (a) 

f ( x )dx  
2
5
dx  x  (7  2)  1
5 2 5

5
1 1 2
(b)  5 dx  5 (5  3)  5
3

 

 f ( x )dx   e
x
3.18 (a) f ( x )  0, 0  x  , and dx  e0  1
0 0



(c) P ( x  1)  e  x dx e1
1
1
3.19 (a) f ( x )  0, 0  x  1 and  f ( x )dx  1
0

0.5
(c) P (0.1  x  0.5)   3x dx  0.124
2

0.1

1  yz  3.2 1
3.2
1
3.20 (a) 
2
8
( y  1)dy    y 
8 2  2 8
 (8.32  4)  0.54

1  yx  3.2 1
3.2
1
(b) 
2.9
8
( y  1)dy    y 
8 2
 (8.32  7.105)  0.1519
 2.9 8

1  t2  y 1  y2  1 1  y2 
y
1
3.21 
2
8
(t  1)dt    y     y    4    y  4 
8 2  2 8 2  8 8 2 

 0 y2

1  y2 
F ( y)     y  4 2 y4
8  2 
1 4 y


1  3.2 2 
(a) F (3.2)    3.2  4   0.54
8 2 
26 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

1  2.92 
(b) F (3.2)  F (2.9)  0.54    2.9  4   0.54  0.3881  0.1519
8 2 

4 4
c x1/2 4 1
3.22 (a) 1  
0
x 0

dx  c x 1/2 dx  c
1/ 2 0
 4c c
4

1/4
 1 1 1 1/2 1 x 1/ 4 1 1 1
(b) Px 
 
4 4
0
x
dx 
4 
x dx 
4 1/ 2 0
  
2 2 4

1
1 1 1 1
P ( x  1)  1  4
0
x
dx  1 
2
x 
0 2
1
3.23 F ( x)  x
2
 0
 1 x0
F ( x)   x 0 x4
2 4 x
 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
F      and 1 = F (1)  1  
4 2 2 4 2 2

z z
1 k k

F ( z )  k ze  z dz  k 2e
u
[1  e  u ]  (1  e  z )
z z
3.24 du  k=2
0 0
2 2

 0 z0
3.25 F ( z)    zz
1  e z0

 1 1/ 4 3 1 5
3.26 P  x    (3x 2  2 x 3 )   
 4 0 16 32 32
1
 1 1 3 1 1
 2  1/2 
P  x    6 x (1  x )dx  (3x 2  2 x 3 )
1/ 2
 1    
4 4 2

x
 0 x0
 2

F ( x )  6 x (1  x )dx  3x  2 x F ( x )  3 x  2 x 0  x  1
2 3 3
3.27
0  1 1 x


 1 3 2 5  1 3 2 1
Px      and P  x    1     
 4 16 64 32  2 4 8 2
Chapter 3 27

x
x2
3.28 
F ( x )  x dx 
0
2
0 to 1

1  x2  x 1
x
1 x2 3
F ( x) 
2 1 
 (2  x )dx    2 x     2 x 
2  21 2

2 2
x2
 2x  1
2
 0 x0
 2
 x
0  x 1
 2
F ( x)   2
 2x  x  1 1  x  2
 2

 1 2 x

x
1 1 1
3.29 F ( x)   3 dx  3 x
0
0 to 1 F ( x ) 
3
1 to 2

 0 x0
 1
 x 0  x 1
 3
1  1
F ( x )  ( x  2) 2 to 4 F ( x )   1 x  2
3  3
1 1
 (x 1  3 ( x  1) 2 x4
3

 1 4 x

 x 2  1.2  1
1 1.2
x2 1   1
3.30 (a)
0.8
 x dx  
1
(2  x )dx   2x  
2 0.8  2 1
   0.32)    2.4  0.72  2    0.36
 2   2

(1.2) 2  (0.8)2 
(b) F (1.2)  F (0.8)  2(1.2)  1 
2  2 
 2.4  0.72  1  0.32  0.36

3.31 x0 F ( x)  0
x2 1
0  x 1 F ( x)  F(1) 
4 4
1 1 3
1 x  2 F ( x)  x  F(2) 
2 4 4
3 x2 5
2 x3 F ( x)  x   F (3) = 1
2 4 4
3 x F ( x)  1
28 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

1  1 3 1 1
3.32 (a) F    F      ; F (3)  F (2)  1  1  0
2  2 4 4 2

dF 1 1
3.33  , f ( x )  for 1  x  1 ; 0 elsewhere
dx 2 2
 1 1 1 1
P    x     1  ; P (2  x  3) = 0
 2 2  2 2

9 16
3.34 (a) F (5)  1  
25 25

9 9
(b) 1  F (8)  1  1  
64 64
dF 18
3.35  for y  0; elsewhere
dy y 2


9 
5
18 9 5 9 16 18 9 9
(a) 
3
y 2
dy   2    1 
y 3 25 25
; (b) y
8
2
dy   2
y 8
 0 
64 64

3.37 P ( x  2)  F (2)  1  3e2  1  3(0.1353)  1  0.4074  0.5926

P (1  x  3)  F (3)  F (1)  1  4e2  1  2e 1  4e 2

=2(0.3679)  4(0.0498)  0.7358  0.1992  0.5366

P ( x  4)  1  F (4)  5e4  5(0.0183)  0.0915

dF
3.38  xe x for > 0; 0 elsewhere
dx

3.39 (a) for x  0 F ( x)  0

1
(b) for 0  x  0.5 F ( x)  x
2
1 1 3 1
(c) for 0.5  x  1 F ( x )   x      x  1
2  2 4 2
(d) for x  1 f ( x)  0

1 1
3.40 (a) f ( x )  0; (b) f ( x )  ; (c) f ( x )  ; (d) f ( x )  0
2 2

2  4 1 1 5 1 3
3.41 P ( Z  2)   , P ( Z  2)  , P ( 2  Z  1)   
8 4 4 8 4 8
1 1
and P (0  z  2)  1  
2 2
Chapter 3 29

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 7
3.42 (a) ; (b)   ; (c)    ; (d)    
20 4 8 8 6 4 12 2 6 24 40 120 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 119
3.43 (a)   ; (b) 0 ; (c)    ; (d) 1  
6 12 4 12 6 24 24 120 120

3.44 c(2  5  10  1  4  9  2  5  10  10  13  18)  1

1
c
89

1 29 1 5
3.45 (a) (10  9  10)  ; (b) (1  4) 
89 89 89 89
1 55
(c) (9  5  10  13  18) 
89 89

3.46 (a) k (0  2  8  0  1  2)  1
f(3, 1) differs in sign from all other terms

3.47
x y
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
30 15 10 30 10 5
1 1 1 2 1 2 3 8
y 1 1
30 15 10 15 30 15 10 15
1 1 2 1 1 3 3
2 2 1
15 10 15 6 10 10 5
density joint distribution function

3.48 (a) P ( x  , y  )  0

(b) P ( x  , y   )  1
(c) F (b, c)  F ( a , c )  three probabilities
F (b, c)  F ( a , c )

 xy 2  x
1 x 1
3.49 k 
0 x

x ( x  y )dy dx  k  x 2 y 
0
 2   x
dx

 x3 
1 1
x3 k
0

k  x3 
 2 2 0

 x 3   dx  k 2 x 3 dx   1
2
k=2
30 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

1/2 1/2 x
xy 2 1 / 2  x
1/2 1/2 2
1 
3.50 24  
0 0
xy dy dx  24 
0
2 0 0

dx  12 x   x  dx
2 

 x2 x2 x4  1 / 2
1/2
x  1 1 1
0

 12   x 2  x 3  dx  12  
4  8 3
 
4 0
 12    
 32 24 64 
12 12 1
 (6  8  3)  
64  3 3  64 16

1
3.51 (a)
2
1 2 2 4 5
(b) 1 2     1 
2 3 3 9 9
 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1
(c) 2        
 2 3 3 2 3 3 9 3
F ( x, y )  2 xy for x  0, y  0, x  y  1

1 1 1
3.52 (a) 2  
2 2 2

1/2 y 1 y
1 1
3.53  y 
1/4 1/2  y
dx dy   
1/2
y0
dx dy

1
 1  ln 2=1-0.3466=0.6534
2

F
 2 xe  x  2 ye y  4 xy  x e  y  4 xye  ( x  y )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3.54 x  0, y  0
y x
and f ( x, y )  0 elsewhere

2
4 
2
2 2
 4
 2 xe  
 x2  y2
3.55 dx 2 ye dy   e  u du     e  u  ( e1  e 4 )2
1 1  1   1 

F 2 F
3.56  e x  e x y  e  x  y x  0, y  0
x xy
= 0 elsewhere

2
3 3
 3
e 
X
3.57 dx e dy    e  x
y 2 3 2
  (e  e )
2 2  2

3.58 F (b, d )  F (a , d )  F (b, c )  F ( a , c )

Chapter 3 31

3.59 a = 1, b = 3, c = 1, d = 2
F (3,2)  F (1,2)  F (3,1)  F (1,1)
 (1  e3 )(1  e 2 )  (1  e 1 )(1  e 2 )  (1  e 3 )(1  e 1 )  (1  e 1 )(1  e 1 )
 (1  e2 )  (1  e 3 )  (1  e 1 )   (1  e 1 )  (1  e2 )  (1  e 1 )

 (1  e 2 )(1  e1 )  (1  e3 )  (1  e 1 )

 ( e 1  e 2 )( e 1  e 3 )  0.074

3.60 F (2,2)  F (1,2)  F (2,1)  F (1,1)

 (1  e4 )(1  e 4 )  (1  e1 )(1  e 4 )  (1  e 1 )(1  e4 )  (1  e 1 )(1  e 1 )
 (1  e4 )  (1  e 4 )  (1  e 1 )  (1  e 1 )  (1  e 4 )  (1  e1 )
 (1  e4 )( e1  e 4 )  (1  e 1 )( e1  e 4 )
 ( e 1  e 4 )( e 1  e 4 )  ( e 1  e 4 )2

3.61 F (3,3)  F (2,3)  F (3,2)  F (2,2)

 (1  e3  e 3  e 6 )
(1  e 2  e 3  e5 )  (1  e 2  e2  e 5  (1  e 2  e2  e 4 )
 e 4  2e 5  e 6  ( e2  e 3 )2 QED

3.62 x = 1, 2
y = 1, 2, 3
z = 1, 2
(1  2  2  4  3  6  2  4  4  8  6  12)k  1
1
k
54

1 1
3.63 (a) (1  2) 
54 18
1 14 7
(b) (8  6)  
54 54 27

1 9 1
3.64 (a) (1  2  2  4)   ; (b) 0; (c) 1
54 54 6

1 1 z 1 y  z
3.65  
0 0 0
xy (1  z ) dx dy dz

1 1 z
1
  2 (1  y  z) y (1  z ) dy dz
2

0 0

1 1 z 1 y  z
k  
0 0 0
xy (1  z ) dx dy dz  1 k = 144
32 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

1/2 1/2  x 1 x  y
3.66   
0 0 0
144 xy (1  z ) dz dy dx  0.15625

1/2 1/2 1/2

1
3.68 (a)
3    (2 x  3 y  z) dz dy dx
0 0 0

 z2 1 / 2
1/2 1/2
1

3 
0 0


(2 x  3 y ) z  
2 0
dy dx

1/2 1/2
1  3 1

3    x  2 y  8  dy dx
0 0
1/2 1/2
1  3 2 1  1/ 2 1 1 3 1

3 0
 xy  y  y  0 dx 
4 8 3   2 x  16  16  dx
0

1 1 3 1 1 6 1
      
3  16 32 32  3 32 16

1 3
3.69 (a) g ( 1)  , g (1) 
4 4
5 1 1
(b) h (1)  , h (0)  , h(1) 
8 4 8
1/ 8 1 1/ 2 4
(c) f ( 1 1)   ; f (1 1)  
1/ 8 1/ 2 5 1/ 8 1/ 2 5

1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
3.70 (a) g (0)      ; g (1)    
12 4 8 120 15 6 4 20 15
1 1 1
g(2)   
24 40 15

1 1 1 7 1 1 1 21
(b) h (0)     ; h (1)    
12 6 24 24 4 4 40 40

1 1 7 1
h (2)    ; h(3) 
8 20 40 120

1/ 4 10 10 1 / 40 1
(c) f (0 1)   ; f (1 1)  ; f (2 1)  
21 / 40 21 21 21 / 20 21

1 / 12 5 1/ 4 15 1/8 15
(d) w(0 0)   ; w(1 0)   ; w(2 0)  
56 / 120 28 56 / 120 28 56 / 120 56
1 / 120 1
w(3 0)  
56 / 120 56
Chapter 3 33

xy xy
3.71 (a) m( x, y )  (1  2)  for x  1,2,3 ; y  1,2,3
108 36
xz xz
(b) n ( x, z )  (1  2  3)  for x  1,2,3 ; z  1,2
108 18
x x
(c) g ( x )  (1  2  3)  for x  1,2,3
36 6
z / 64 z
(d) φ ( z 1,2)   for z  1,2
2 / 36 3
yz / 36 yz
(e) ψ ( y , z 3)   for y  1,2,3 ; z  1,2
1/ 2 18

 0 x0
 5 / 12
5 1 1  0  x 1
3.72 (a) g(0)  , g(1)  ; g(2)  G( x)  
12 2 12 11 / 12 1 x  2
 1 2 x

2/9 4 0 x0
f (0 1)  
7 / 18 7 
(b) F ( x 1)  4 / 7 0  x 1
1/ 6 3 1
f (1 1)    1 x
7 / 18 7

1 1 1 1 1
3.73 (a) f ( x)  for x  1, 1 ; g ( y )  for y  1, 1 ;   , independent
2 2 2 2 4

2 1 1 2
(b) f (0)  , f (1)  , g (0)  , g(1) 
3 3 3 3
1 2 1 2
f (0,0)     not independent
3 3 3 9

1 y2  2 1
2
1 1
3.74 (a)
40(2 x  y ) dy   2 xy    (4 x  2)  (2 x  1) for 0  x  1
4 2 0 4 2
= 0 elsewhere

11 
  y
 1 4 2  1
(b) f y    (2 y  1) for 0  y  2
 4 1

3 6
2 2
= 0 elsewhere
34 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

1
1 1 1 1
3.75 (a)
40(2 x  y ) dx  ( x 2  xy )  (1  y ) for 0  y  2
4 0 4
= 0 elsewhere

1
(2 x  1) 1
(b) f ( x 1)  4  (2 x  1) for 0  x  1
1 2
(2)
4
= 0 elsewhere

1 x
 y xy 2 y 3  1  x
3.76 (a) f ( x )  24 
0
( y  xy  y 2 )dy  24  
2 2
 
3 0
 12(1  x )2  12 x (1  x )2  8(1  x )3
 12(1  x )3  8(1  x )3  4(1  x )3

4(1  x )3 0  x 1
f ( x)  
0 elsewhere

1 y
 1 
g ( y )  24  ( y  xy  y )dy  24  y (1  y )  y (1  y )2  y 2 (1  y )
2
(b)
0
 2 
 1  1 y
 24(1  y ) 1  (1  y )  y   24 y    (1  y )
 2   2 2
12 y (1  y )2 0 y 1

 0 elsewhere

f ( x, y )  f ( x )  g ( y ) not independent

3.77

  ln x 0 x 1
1
1 1
(a) g ( x)   y dy  ln y x  ln1  ln x  
x
0 elsewhere

0 x 1
y
1 1 1
(b) h( y )   y dx  y ( y  0)   0
0
elsewhere
1
 1  (  ln x ) not independent
y
Chapter 3 35

( x1  x2 )e  x3 x1  x2
3.78 (a) f ( x2 x1 , x3 )  
 1  x2
x1 
1
 2
x   e
2 2

1
 x2  2  6 x
2
 1   0  x2  1
f  x2 ,2   3  5
 3  1 1 

3 2 
0 elsewhere

 1  x
( x1  x2 )e x3    x2  e 3 0  x2  1, x3  0
(b) g ( x2 , x3 x1 )  
 2 
1
x2  
2  0 elsewhere

 x 
3.79 g ( x)  
-
f ( x, y ) dy G( x)  
0 
f ( x, y ) dy  F ( x, )

1  e x 2 x0
G ( x )  F ( x, )  
 0 elsewhere


3.80 M ( x1 , x3 ) 

 f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) dx2  F ( x1 , , x3 )

 
G ( x1 )    f ( x , x , x ) dx
 
1 2 3 2 dx3  F ( x1 , , )

0 x1  0 or x3  0
1

(a) M ( x2 , x3 )   x1 ( x1  1)( 1  e x3 ) 0  x1  1, x3  0
2
1  e x3 x1  1, x3  0

 0 x1  0
 1
(b) G ( x1 )   x1 ( x1  1) 0  x1  1
2
 1 1  x1
36 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

 1  1
x  0  x1  1 x  0  x2  1
3.81 g ( x1 )   1 2 h ( x2 )   2 2
 0 elsewhere  0 elsewhere
e 3
x
x3  1
φ ( x3 )  
 0 elsewhere
f ( x1, x2 , x3 )  g ( x1 )  h( x2 )  φ ( x3 ) not independent
m( x1 , x3 )  g ( x1 )φ ( x3 ) independent
n ( x2 , x3 )  h( x2 )φ ( x3 ) independent

1
 0  x  2, 0  y  3
g ( x, y )   6
3.82 (a) 0 elsewhere

π /4 π
(b) 1  1
6 24

5 5 3
(a) g(0)  , g(1)  , g(2) 
14 28 28
3.28 3 6 / 28 6 1 / 28 1
(b) φ (0 0)   , φ (1 0)   , φ (2 0)  
10 / 28 10 10 / 28 10 10 / 28 10

3.83 Heads Tails Probability H-T

0 4 1/16 4
1 3 4/16 2
2 2 6/16 0
3 1 4/16 2
4 0 1/16 4

3.84 1 2 3
1 3 4
1 4 5
2 3 5
2 4 6
3 4 7

(a) x 3 4 5 6 7
f ( x) 1/6 1/6 2/6 1/6 1/6

0 x3
1 / 6 3 x  4

2 / 6 4 x5
F ( x)  
4 / 6 5 x  6
5 / 6 6 x7

1 7 x
Chapter 3 37

2
3.85 P( H ) 
3
1 6 1 2 2 12 8
(a) P (0)  , P (1)  , P (2)  3, , ,  , P (3) 
27 27 3 3 3 27 27

1 6 12 19
(b)   
27 27 27 27

 0 x0
 1 / 27 0  x 1 7 20
 (a) 1  
27 27
3.86 F ( x )   7 / 27 1 x  2
19 / 27 19 8
2 x3 (b) 1  
 27 27
 1 3 x

 0 V 0
0.40 0 V 1

3.87 F (V )  0.70 1V  2
0.90 2 V  3

 1 3V

3.88 (a) 0.20  0.10  0.30

(b) 1  0.70  0.30

12
3.89 Yes; f ( x )  0 for x  2,3,12 and  f ( x)  1
x2

3.90 S 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1/36 3/36 6/36 10/36 15/36 21/36 26/36 30/36 33/36 35/36 1

1 1
3.91 (a) (228.65  227.5)  0.23 ; (b) (231.66  229.34)  0.464 ;
5 5
1
(c) (232.5  229.85)  0.53
5

1 1  x3  1
3.92 F ( x) 
288 
(36  x 2 )dx  c 
288 
36 x   so that F(6) = 0 and F(6) = 1.
3  2
1 8 1 1 208 1 7
(a) F ( 2)  ( 72  )     
288 3 2 288 3 2 27
1 1 1 1 107 1 757 1 325
(b) F (6)  F (1)  1  (36  )   1      
288 3 2 288 3 2 864 2 854
1 1  1  99 1 107 190 95
(c) F (3)  F (1)  (108  9)   36       
288 288 3 288 288 3 288  3 432
(d) 0
38 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

1  x /30 1 e  x /30
3.93 F ( x)  
30
e dx  c 
30 1 / 30
 c  c  e  x /30  1  e  x /30

(a) F (18)  1  e 18/30  1  e 0.6  1  0.5488  0.4512

(b) F (36)  F (27)  e 27/30  e 36/30  e 0.9  e1.2  0.4066  0.3012  0.1054
(c) 1  F (48)  e48/30  e 1.6  0.2019

20,000 20,000 10,000

3.94 F ( x)   ( x  100) 3
dx  c 
2( x  100) 2
1  
( x  100) 2
1

10,000 1
(a) 1  F (200)  
3002 9
10,000 3
(b) f (100)  1  
40,000 4

25 1
3.95 (a) 1  F (10)   0.25 
102 4
25 39
(b) F (8)  1  2 
8 64
25 25 25(25  16) 1
(c) F (15)  F (12)  2  2  
12 15 152  16 16

1 e x /3  1
x
1   x /3  1 
3.96 F ( x) 
90 
x e  x /3dx  c 
9 1/ 9
  x  1  c  c  e
3
 x  1
3
c =1
(a) F (6)  1  3e 2  1  3e 2  1  3(0.1353)  0.5491
(b) 1  F (9)  4e 3  4(0.0498)  0.1992

 3  2   3  3 6 1
3.97 (0,0,2)         3 f (0,0)  , f (0,1)  , f (0,2) 
 0  0   2  28 28 28
 3  2   3 9 3 6
(1,0,1)         9 f (1,0)  , f (2,0)  , f (1,1) 
1   0  1  28 28 28
 3   2   3
(0,1,1)         6
 0  1  1 
 3   2  3
(2,0,0)         3
 2   0   0
 3  2   3 
(1,1,0)         6
1  1   0 
 3  2   3
(0,2,0)         1
 0  2   0
Chapter 3 39

3.98 (b)
x
0 1 2
0 1 1 1
9 9 36
y 1 1 1
3 6
2 1
4

1 3 3 1
3.99 f (0,3)  , f (1,2)  , f (2,1)  , f (3,0) 
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1
g (0, 3)  , g (1,1)  , g (2,1)  , g (3,3) 
8 8 8 8

1 1 1
3.100 (a) Probability = 1/8 (b)  π 
π 4 4

0.3 

0.3

 5 pe  ps ds dp   5e
 ps
3.101 (a) dp
0.2 2 0.2
2

5  e 2 p 0.3 5 0.4 0.6

0.3
  5e 2 p dp 
2 0.2 2
 e e   0.3038 
0.2

0.30 1 0.30 0.30

1
(b) 
0.25 0
5 pe ps ds dp  
0.25
0 0.25

5e  ps dp  5(1  e p ) dp

 5[ p  e  p ]0.30  5(0.30  e 0.30  0.25  e0.25 ]  0.01202

0.4 0.4 0.4

2 2 0.4
 (2 x  3 y ) dx dy   (x  3xy )
2
3.102 (a) dy
5 0 0
5 0
0
0.4
2

5  (0.16  1.2 y  dy
0

2 1.2(0.16) 
  (0.16)(0.4)    0.064
5 2
40 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

0.5 1 0.5
2 2 1
 (2 x  3 y ) dx dy   (x  3xy )
2
(b) dy
5 0 0.8
5 0
0.8
0.5 0.5
2 2

5  (1  3 y )  (0.64  2.4 y ) dy  5  (0.6 y  0.36) dy
0 0
2 2
 (0.3 y 2  0.36 y ) 0.5  (0.075  0.18)  0.102
5 0 5

5 15 3
3.103 (a) g(0)  , g(1)  and g(2) 
14 28 28

3 6 1
(b) φ (0 0)  , φ (1 0)  , and φ (2 0) 
10 10 10
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 2
3.104 (a) 
0.3 0
5
( x  4 y ) dy dx 
5 0.3 
( xy  2 y ) dx 
0 5 0.3
( x  2) dx 
2  x2 1
   2 x
5 2  0.3
21 0.09  2
   2   0.6   (1.855)  0.742
5 2 2  5

1
2 2
(b) g( x) 
50 
( x  4 y ) dy  ( x  2)
5
(2 / 5)( x  4 y ) 4 y  0.2
g ( y x)  , g ( y 0.2) 
(2 / 5)( x  2) 2.2
0.5
1 1 0.6
2.2  (4 y  0.2) dy  2.2 (0.5  0.1)  2.2  0.273
0

48 47 188 48 4 16
3.105 (a) f (0,0)    , f (0,1)   
52 51 221 52 51 221
4 48 16 48 4 16 4 3 1
f (1,0)    , f (1,1)    , f (1,2)   
52 51 221 52 51 221 52 51 221

188  16 204 16  1 17
(b) g (0)   , g (1)  
221 221 221 221

16 / 221 16 1 / 221 1
(c) φ (0 1)   , φ (11)  
17 / 221 17 17 / 221 17
Chapter 3 41

3.106 f ( p, s )  5 pe ps 0.2  p  0.4 s0


e  ps  5 0.2  p  0.4
(a) 
5 p e  ps ds  5 p
0
p
 5e  ps  
0 0 elsewhere

f ( p, s ) 5 pe  ps  pe  ps for s  0
(b)  
g ( s) 5 0 elsewhere
3
1 3
 4e ds   e  s /4 
 (1/4) s
(c)  1  e0.75
0
0

 20  x
10  x  20
x
1 20  x 
3.107 (a)
25 x x /2 
dy   50
 0 elsewhere

1  20  x 
  6  y  12
25  x  2 1 / 6
(b) φ( y x)   , φ ( y 12)  
20  x x  0 elsewhere
50

1 1 2
(c) (12  8)   4 
6 6 3

2
3.108 f ( x, y )  (2 x  3 y )
5
2 3y2  1 2  3
g ( x )   2 xy     2 x  
5 2 0 5 2
4 3
 x 0  x 1
 5 5
 0 elsewhere

2 2 1
h( y )  ( x  3 xy )
5 0
(2 / 5)(1  3 y ) 0  y 1

 0 elsewhere

f ( x , y )  g ( x )h ( y )
42 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

 (20,000)3
 x1  0, x2  0, x3  0
3.109 (a) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 )   ( x2  100)3 ( x2  100)3 ( x3  100)3

 0 elsewhere

100 100 
20,000 20,000 20,000
(b) 
0
( x1  100)3
dx1 0
( x2  100) 3
dx2 
200
( x3  100)3
dx3

3 3 1 1
   
4 4 9 16

3.110 (a) 5 9 4 5 7 9 9 8
6 1 3 5 0 2 1 7 0 8 4 5 2 0 2 1 3 1

(b) 5f 4
5s 9 5 7 9 9 8
6f 1 3 0 2 0 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 3 1
6s 5 7 8 5

(c) The double-stem display is more informative.

3.111 *=Station 105 o = Station 107

o
o o o o
o * * o o o
* * o o * * * * * o * * *
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

3.112 *=Lathe A o = Lathe B

* *
o o o o * * * * * * * o o o o
1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56

3.115 Class Limits Frequency

40.0  44.9 5
45.0  49.9 7
50.0  54.9 15
55.0  59.9 23
60.0  64.9 29
65.0  69.9 12
70.0  74.9 8
75.0  79.9 1
100
Chapter 3 43

3.116 Class Limits Frequency

3.0  4.9 15
5.0  6.9 25
7.0  8.9 17
9.0  10.9 11
11.0  12.9 8
13.0  14.9 4
80

3.117 The class boundaries are: 39.95, 44.95, 49.95, 54.95, 59.95, 64.95, 69.95, 79.95;
the class interval is 5;
the class marks are: 42.45, 47.45, 52.45, 57.45, 62.45, 67.45, 72.45, 77.45.

3.118 The class boundaries are: 2.95, 4.95, 6.95, 8.95, 10.95, 12.95, 14.95;
the class interval is 2;
the class marks are: 3.95, 5.95, 7.95, 9.95, 9.95, 11.95, 13.95.

3.119 Class Limits Frequency Class Boundary Class Mark

01 12 0.5  1.5 0.5
23 7 1.5  3.5 2.5
45 4 3.5  5.5 4.5
67 5 5.5  7.5 6.5
89 1 7.5  9.5 8.5
10  11 0 9.5  11.5 10.5
12  13 1 11.5  13.5 12.5
30

3.120 Class Limits Frequency Percentage

3.0  4.9 15 18.75%
5.0  6.9 25 31.25
7.0  8.9 17 21.25
9.0  10.9 11 13.75
11.0  12.9 8 10.00
13.0  14.9 4 5.00
80 100.00

3.121 Class Limits Frequency Percentage

40.0  44.9 5 5.0%
45.0  49.9 7 7.0
50.0  54.9 15 15.0
55.0  59.9 23 23.0
60.0  64.9 29 29.0
65.0  69.9 12 12.0
70.0  74.9 8 8.0
75.0  79.9 1 1.0
100 100.0
44 Mathematical Statistics, 8E

3.122 Percentage
Shipping Security
Class Limits Department Department
01 43.3% 45.0%
23 30.0 27.5
45 16.7 17.5
67 6.7 7.5
89 3.3 2.5
100.0 100.0
The patterns seem comparable for the two departments.

3.123 Cumulative
Upper Class Boundary Frequency Frequency
44.95 5 5
49.95 7 12
54.95 15 27
59.95 23 50
64.95 29 79
69.95 12 91
74.95 8 99
79.95 1 100
100

3.124 Cumulative
Upper Class Boundary Frequency Frequency
4.95 15 15
6.95 25 40
8.95 17 57
10.95 11 68
12.95 8 76
14.95 4 80
100

3.125 Cumulative Percentage

Shipping Security
Class Limits Department Department
1.5 43.3% 45.0%
3.5 73.3 72.5
5.5 90.0 90.0
7.5 96.7 97.5
9.5 100.0 100.0
Chapter 3 45

3.126 (a) Class Limits Frequency (b) No. The class interval of the last class is
01 12 greater than that of the others.
23 7
45 4
67 5
8  13 2
30

3.127 (a) Class Limits Frequency Class Marks (b) Yes, [see part (a)..
0  99 4 49.5
100  199 3 149.5
200  299 4 249.5
300  324 7 312.0
325  349 14 337.0
350  399 6 374.5
38

3.130 The class marks are found from the class boundaries by averaging them; thus, the first class
mark is (2.95 + 4.95)/2 = 3.95, and so forth.

3.135 The MINITAB output is:

MIDDLE OF NUMBER OF
INTERVAL OBSERVATIONS
6.0 2 **
6.5 5 *****
7.0 4 ****
7.5 5 *****
8.0 5 *****
8.5 3 ***
9.0 2 **
9.5 2 **
10.02 2 **

3.136 The MINITAB output is:

MIDDLE OF NUMBER OF
INTERVAL OBSERVATIONS
40 1 *
45 7 *******
50 11 ***********
55 21 *********************
60 21 *********************
65 23 ***********************
70 10 **********
75 6 ******