Documento Laptop

A laptop computer (also shortened to just laptop; or called a notebook computer) is
a small, portable personal computer (PC) with a "clamshell" form factor, typically
having a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of
the clamshell and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. The
clamshell is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for
transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use.[1] Its name comes from lap,
as it was deemed to be placed on a person's lap when being used. Although
originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks (the former being
bigger and heavier than the latter), as of 2014, there is often no longer any
difference.[2] Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work,
in education, for playing games, Internet surfing, for personal multimedia, and
general home computer use.
Laptops combine all the input/output components and capabilities of a desktop

computer, including the display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, hard disk
drive, optical disc drive, pointing devices (such as a touchpad or trackpad), a
processor, and memory into a single unit. Most modern laptops feature integrated
webcams and built-in microphones, while many also have touchscreens. Laptops can be
powered either from an internal battery or by an external power supply from an AC
adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the processor speed and memory capacity,
significantly vary between different types, makes, models and price points.
Design elements, form factor and construction can also vary significantly between
models depending on intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include
rugged notebooks for use in construction or military applications, as well as low
production cost laptops such as those from the One Laptop per Child (OLPC)
organization, which incorporate features like solar charging and semi-flexible
components not found on most laptop computers. Portable computers, which later
developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche
market, mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for
accountants, or for traveling sales representatives. As the portable computers
evolved into the modern laptop, they became widely used for a variety of purposes.
[3]
Contents
1 Terminology variants
2 History
3 Types
3.1 Traditional laptop
3.2 Subnotebook
3.3 Netbook
3.4 Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1
3.5 Desktop replacement
3.6 Rugged laptop
3.7 Business laptop
4 Hardware
4.1 Display
4.2 Central processing unit
4.3 Graphical processing unit
4.4 Memory
4.5 Internal storage
4.6 Removable media drive
4.7 Inputs
4.8 Input/output (I/O) ports
4.9 Expansion cards
4.10 Battery and power supply
4.11 Cooling
4.12 Docking station
4.13 Charging trolleys
4.14 Solar panels
4.15 Accessories
4.16 Changes in certain features
4.17 Obsolete features
5 Comparison with desktops
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Disadvantages
6 Sales
6.1 Manufacturers
6.2 Market Share
7 Laptop Disposal
8 Extreme use
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Terminology variants
The terms laptop and notebook are used interchangeably to describe a portable
computer in English, although in some parts of the world one or the other may be
preferred. There is some question as to the original etymology and specificity of
either term�the term laptop appears to have been coined in the early 1980s to
describe a mobile computer which could be used on one's lap, and to distinguish
these devices from earlier, much heavier, portable computers (informally called
"luggables"). The term "notebook" appears to have gained currency somewhat later as
manufacturers started producing even smaller portable devices, further reducing
their weight and size and incorporating a display roughly the size of A4 paper;
these were marketed as notebooks to distinguish them from bulkier laptops.[4]
Regardless of the etymology, by the late 1990s, the terms were interchangeable.
History
Main article: History of laptops
Alan Kay holding the mockup of his Dynabook concept (photo: 2008 in Mountain View,
California)
The Epson HX-20, the first "laptop computer", was invented in 1980 and introduced
in 1981
As the personal computer (PC) became feasible in 1971, the idea of a portable
personal computer soon followed. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was
imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968,[5] and described in his 1972 paper as
the "Dynabook".[6] The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was
demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the IBM PALM processor.[7] The
IBM 5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September
1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.[8]
As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased
rapidly. The first "laptop-sized notebook computer" was the Epson HX-20,[9][10]
invented (patented) by Suwa Seikosha's Yukio Yokozawa in July 1980,[11] introduced
at the COMDEX computer show in Las Vegas by Japanese company Seiko Epson in 1981,
[12][10] and released in July 1982.[10][13] It had an LCD screen, a rechargeable
battery, and a calculator-size printer, in a 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) chassis, the size of
an A4 notebook.[10] It was described as a "laptop" and "notebook" computer in its
patent.[11]
The portable micro computer Portal of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially
appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. It was a portable
microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of
R2E Micral at the request of company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting.
It was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped
with a central 64 KB RAM, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys
( separate blocks ), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk : capacity = 140 00
characters, of a thermal printer : speed = 28 characters / second, an asynchronous
channel, a synchronous channel, a 220 V power supply. It weighed 12 kg and its
dimensions were 45 x 45 x 15 cm. It provided total mobility. Its operating system
was the aptly named Prologue.
A Siemens PCD-3Psx laptop, released in 1989

The Osborne 1, released in 1981, was a luggable computer that used the Zilog Z80
and weighed 24.5 pounds (11.1 kg).[14] It had no battery, a 5 in (13 cm) cathode
ray tube (CRT) screen, and dual 5.25 in (13.3 cm) single-density floppy drives.
Both Tandy/RadioShack and Hewlett Packard (HP) also produced portable computers of
varying designs during this period.[15][16] The first laptops using the flip form
factor appeared in the early 1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in
1981�82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984�85. The US$8,150
(US$21,160 today) GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the
military, among others. The Sharp PC-5000,[17] Ampere[18] and Gavilan SC released
in 1983. The Gavilan SC was described as a "laptop" by its manufacturer,[19] while
the Ampere had a modern clamshell design.[18][20] The Toshiba T1100 won acceptance
not only among PC experts but the mass market as a way to have PC portability.[21]
From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in
laptops, including the touchpad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM
ThinkPad 700, 1992), and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top,[22] 1987). Some
CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel i386SL, were designed to use minimum power to increase
battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic power management
features such as Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow! in some designs.
Displays reached 640x480 (VGA) resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT/286), and color
screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991, with increases in resolution and
screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in
2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction
of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the
introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically
lagged behind physically larger desktop drives. Optical storage, read-only CD-ROM
followed by writeable CD and later read-only or writeable DVD and Blu-ray players,
became common in laptops early in the 2000s.

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A laptop computer (also shortened to just laptop; or called a notebook computer) is

Laptops combine all the input/output components and capabilities of a desktop

A Siemens PCD-3Psx laptop, released in 1989

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