Product Catalog Ejector

Product Catalog
Jet Pumps
Mixers, Heaters
Vacuum Systems
2
Table of contents
Page Index
Basics and worksheets 5
General information on jet pumps 7 abl1
Materials table (excerpt) 9 abl1
International System of Units 11 abl2
Conversion tables for different units of measurement 12 abl2
Measurement conversion table, conversion of english-american units in the International System of Units (SI) and vice versa 13 abl3
Temperature conversion table, °C in °F and vice versa 14 abl3
Water vapor pressure table, vacuum range (saturated steam) 15 abl5
Water vapor temperature table, vacuum range (saturated steam) 16 abl5
Water vapor pressure table, pressure range 1-70 bar (saturated steam) 17 abl6
Water vapor temperature table, temperature range 100-300 °C (saturated steam) 18 abl6
Vapors and gases in vacuum 19 abl7
Water vapor and air in vacuum 20 abl7
Air leakage in vacuum vessels 21 abl8
Admissible flow velocity in vacuum ducts 22 abl8
Pressure loss in vacuum lines with water vapor 23 abl9
Pressure loss in water pipes 24 abl9
Dimensions, velocities and mass flows in steam and water pipes 25 abl10
Vapor flows in pipes 26 abl10
Mass flow of gases and vapors through nozzles 27 abl11
Water vapor flow through motive nozzles at critical pressure ratio 28 abl11
Equivalent suction flows for steam jet vacuum pumps 29 abl12
Steam consumption of jet pumps 31 abl13
Liquid jet pumps 33

Liquid jet vacuum pumps, general information 35 fvp
o Questionnaire for liquid jet vacuum pumps, fvp1, fvp2, fvp3 36
Liquid jet vacuum pumps with threaded connections 37 fvp1
Liquid jet vacuum pumps with flanged connections 39 fvp2
Liquid jet vacuum pumps of PTFE 41 fvp3
Liquid jet gas compressors 43 fgv1
o Questionnaire for liquid jet gas compressors, fgv1 46
Liquid jet liquid pumps, general information 47 wp
o Questionnaire for liquid jet liquid pumps, wp1, wp2, wp3 49
Liquid jet liquid pumps of steel or stainless steel 50 wp1
Standard liquid jet liquid pumps of PVC/PP 51 wp2
Standard liquid jet liquid pumps of PTFE 53 wp3
Liquid jet solids pumps 55 wfp1
o Questionnaire for liquid jet solids pumps, wfp1 57
Liquid jet mixers 59 fm1
o Questionnaire for liquid jet mixers, fm1, fm2 62
Liquid jet mixers for food applications/orbitally welded design 63 fm2
Liquid jet ventilators 65 fv1
o Questionnaire for liquid jet ventilators, fv1 67
Steam jet pumps 69

Steam jet vacuum pumps 71 dvp1
o Questionnaire for steam jet vacuum pumps, dvp1 75
o Questionnaire for steam jet compressors (thermo compressors), bv1 76
Steam jet compressors (thermo compressors) 77 bv1
Steam jet ventilators 81 dv1
o Questionnaire for steam jet ventilators, dv1 83
Steam jet liquid pumps, general information 85 dfp
o Questionnaire for steam jet liquid pumps, dfp1, dfp2 86
Steam jet liquid pumps class A 87 dfp1
Steam jet liquid pumps class B 89 dfp2
Steam jet heaters, general information 91 aw
o Questionnaire for steam jet heaters for vessels, aw1 92
Steam jet heaters for vessels 93 aw1
Steam jet heaters “L” for installation in pipelines 97 aw4
Steam jet heaters “H” for passage and circulation heating systems 99 aw5
Steam jet heaters “System Ciba-Geigy” for passage and circulation heating systems 101 aw6
o Questionnaire for steam jet heaters, type “L”, aw4, steam jet heaters, type “H”, aw5, steam jet heaters “System Ciba-Geigy”, aw6 103
Gas/air jet pumps 105

Gas jet vacuum pumps and gas jet compressors 107 gp1
Air jet vacuum pumps for connections to the suction side of liquid ring vacuum pumps 109 lvp1
o Questionnaire for gas jet vacuum pumps and gas jet compressors, gp1, air jet vacuum pumps, lvp1, gas jet ventilators, gv1 110
Gas jet ventilators 111 gv1
Vacuum systems 113

Vacuum systems 115 gdp1
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps 116 gdp1
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with mixing condensers 117 dpm1
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with surface condensers 119 dpo1
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with liquid ring vacuum pumps (hybrid system) 121 dwp1
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in graphite 123 pgv1
Arrangements of steam jet vacuum pumps 125 gdp2
Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps 129 ldp1
Planning a steam jet vacuum pump 131 gdp3
o Questionnaire for the planning of a steam jet vacuum pump or a vacuum condensation plant 139
Basics and und
Grundlagen
worksheets
Arbeitsblätter
• General information on jet pumps

• Materials table (excerpt)
• International System of Units
• Conversion tables for different units of measurement
• Measurement conversion table, conversion of english-american units
in the International System of Units (SI) and vice versa
• Temperature conversion table, °C in °F and vice versa
• Water vapor pressure table, vacuum range (saturated steam)
• Water vapor temperature table, vacuum range (saturated steam)
• Water vapor pressure table, pressure range 1-70 bar (saturated steam)
• Water vapor temperature table, temperature range 100-300 °C
(saturated steam)
• Vapors and gases in vacuum
• Water vapor and air in vacuum
• Air leakage in vacuum vessels
• Admissible flow velocity in vacuum ducts
• Pressure loss in vacuum lines with water vapor
• Pressure loss in water pipes
• Dimensions, velocities and mass flows in steam and water pipes
• Vapor flows in pipes
• Mass flow of gases and vapors through nozzles
• Water vapor flow through motive nozzles at critical pressure ratio
• Equivalent suction flows for steam jet vacuum pumps
• Steam consumption of jet pumps
General information on jet pumps
Jet pumps, also referred to as ejectors, are FIG. 1 FIG. 2

devices for the conveyance, compression or
mixing of gases, vapors, liquids or solids in
which a gaseous or liquid medium serves as
the motive force. They operate by the con-
version of pressure energy into velocity in
suitable nozzles. They are “pumps without
moving parts”.
The basic principle of jet pumps consists in
the liquid or gas jet being emitted by a noz-
zle at high speed entraining and accelerating
the surrounding liquid, gas or solid matter.
The result of this action is a mixture of the
driving and entrained (sucked) fluids, the
velocity of which is reduced and the pres-
sure increased in a second nozzle.
The practical application of this principle

requires a simple apparatus which essential-
ly consists of only 3 main parts (figure 1):
• motive nozzle (1)
• diffuser (2)
• head (3)
The flow channel of the diffuser consists

of a part converging in the direction of the
flow (the inlet cone), a cylindrical piece
(the throat) and a diverging part (the out-
let cone).
The pressures at the connections and the
corresponding mass flows determine the
functional effect of a jet pump. DESIGNATIONS OF JET PUMPS
The terms of jet pumps (ejectors) are defined in DIN 24290. According to DIN 24290, jet
A jet pump is provided with at least 3 con- pumps are named according to the motive side and to the suction side. The designations in
nections (figure 1): this catalog follow this standard.
• motive medium inlet connection (A)
• suction manifold (B)
• pressure manifold (C) ACCORDING TO THE ACCORDING TO THE MOTIVE SIDE
SUCTION SIDE
The pressures prevailing there are as follows

(figure 2): GAS JET PUMP STEAM JET PUMP LIQUID JET PUMP
p1 pressure upstream of the motive nozzle =

Jet ventilator Gas jet ventilator Steam jet ventilator Liquid jet ventilator
motive medium pressure
p 0 pressure at the suction manifold =
suction pressure
Jet compressor Gas jet compressor Steam jet compressor Liquid jet compressor
p pressure at the outlet manifold =
(Vapor recompressor)
discharge pressure
The mass flows Ø1, Ø 0 and Ø for the enter- Jet vacuum pump Gas jet vacuum pump Steam jet vacuum pump Liquid jet vacuum pump
ing and exiting fluids are measured in kg/h.

For this purpose, the following equation shall
apply: Ø1 + Ø 0 = Ø. Jet liquid pump Gas jet liquid pump Steam jet liquid pump Liquid jet liquid pump
For the relationship between the various

pressures, no simple rule can be applied. The Jet solids pump Gas jet solids pump Steam jet solids pump Liquid jet solids pump
internal processes in jet pumps are complex
and only in a limited way accessible by cal-
culation. The designation of the individual parts of a jet pumps is standardized according to DIN 24 291.
GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0 7

abl1 18
Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

General information on jet pumps
SCOPE OF DELIVERY
The scope of delivery of the jet pumps 2) DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND DELIVERY OF quotation. Jet pumps can be built for very
department of GEA Wiegand is divided into SPECIAL APPARATUSES AND PLANTS small as well as for extraordinarily large
two main fields. For this purpose our well-trained staff of capacities. They can be constructed from
specialists in jet pumps and vacuum sys- most different materials and stand out for
1) DELIVERY OF STANDARD APPARATUSES tems is available. In our modern Research the following features:
This catalog gives a wide selection. The Laboratory, the required analyses, research
types and sizes are selected such that for work and tests are carried out. Special leaf- • reliability
usual tasks a suitable unit can always be lets give detailed information; they show • simplicity
found. Description and capacity curves and the general principles of these plants and • low maintenance costs
the corresponding sheets allow the correct inform the customers which data are needed • low acquisition costs
choice. for engineering and for the preparation of a
WHAT HAS TO BE BORNE IN MIND?

WHEN PURCHASING JET PUMPS ACCORDING TO THE WHEN INSTALLING JET PUMPS:
CATALOG :
• T
he capacities specified in the catalog • Do not mix up connections.
sheets are only approximate values. They
will be different if operating conditions • C
onnecting pipe lines must be of equal or
change. larger diameter than the corresponding
connections on the plant.
• F
or the design in individual cases, our
order confirmation is binding and not the • V
alves, fittings, seals etc. must have the
catalog sheet. full cross sectional area and not restrict
the line.
• W
here necessary, installation and operat
ing instructions are made available. • F
or longer pipe lines, the cross sectional
area must be larger to obtain the lowest
• N
ormally, cast apparatuses are supplied possible pressure loss. In all cases, care
with flanges bored to DIN PN 10, unless must be taken to ensure that the pipe line
otherwise agreed. If specified, flanges be constructed with the most favourable
according to ASME, BS or other special flow characteristics.
flanges can be supplied, if the casting
model is available or if it is a question of • S
team lines should be well insulated. Dry
welded (fabricated) apparatus. Counter motive steam is particularly important for
flanges together with seals and screws are the good operation of steam jet vacuum
only supplied on request. pumps.
• Our General Sales Conditions are valid for • B

efore the first start-up the lines should
all supplies. be blasted and cleaned with steam or com-
pressed air. Otherwise, rust, dirt and weld
ing beads can easily block the nozzles of
the pumps.
• F
urthermore, we recommend the installa-
tion of a dirt trap in the supply lines for
motive fluids.
• F
or further details on the assembly and
operation of jet pumps please refer to the
respective operation instructions.
8 GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0

abl1 18

Materials table (excerpt)
Material no. Short name acc. to EN 10088-2 AISI/ASTM/UNS-Type UNS
1.0038 S235JRG2 (RSt 37.2) A570 Gr. 36 K03000

1.0425 P265GH A516 Gr. 60 K02505
1.0566 P355NL1 K02701
1.4016 X 6 Cr 17 430 S43000
1.4113 X6CrMo17-1 434 S43400
1.4301 X5CrNi18-10 304 S30400

1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304L S30403
1.4307 X2CrNi18-9 304L S30403
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 S31600/S31609
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316L S31603
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316L S31603

1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 316 S31600
1.4439 X2CrNiMoN17-13-5 317LMN S31726
1.4462 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 318LN S31803
1.4529 X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7 926 N08926
1.4539 X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-5 904L N08904

1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 321 S32100
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 347 S34700
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 316Ti S31635
1.4581 GX5CrNiMoNb19-11-2
1.4828 X15CrNiSi20-12 309 S30900

1.5415 16Mo3 A204 Gr. A / 4017 K11820
Availability on request

abl1 18

18

International System of Units
The units for measurement and weight are in accordance with the International
System of Units (SI) recommended by the International Organisation of Stand-
ardisation (ISO).
For the technical range which is the subject matter of this catalog, the following
basic units of measurement and the corresponding abbreviations, taken from the
International System of Units, shall apply.
THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE DERIVED UNITS ARE:
Basic parameter Basic unit Abbre- Basic Basic unit Abbreviation

viation parameter
Length meter m
Force newton N
Mass kilogramme kg
Time second s Pressure pascal Pa
Temperature kelvin K
Energy joule J
Amperage ampere A
Amount of substance mole mol Power watt W
The interdependence between derived units The unit of thermodynamic temperature is The following attachments denote decimal
and basic units is as follows: the kelvin in K. The kelvin converted to the multiples and fractions of the SI-Units.
Celsius temperature scale has the special
name of degree Celsius in °C. Temperature p pico 10-12 D deca 101
differences are indicated in K or in °C. n nano 10-9 h hecto 102
0 K correspond to -273.10 °C (degrees Cel- μ mikro 10 -6
k kilo 103
sius). The graduation within the two scales m milli 10 -3
M mega 106
is equal: one kelvin step corresponds to one c centi 10-2 G giga 109
Celsius step. d deci 10-1 T tera 1012
Technical system of units Conversion International system of units (SI)

not allowed since 1.1.1978 newly introduced since 1.1.1978
2 2 -3
Pressure 1 kp/m = 1 mm WC 1 kp/m = 0.098067 · 10 bar 1 bar = 105 Pa
1 ata 1 ata = 0.98067 bar 1 mbar = 102 Pa = 1 hPa
1 Torr 1 Torr = 1.3332 · 10-3 bar 10-2 mbar = 1 Pa
1 m WC 1 m WC = 0.098067 bar
Energy 1 kp m 1 kp m = 9.8067 J 1J = 10-3 kJ

Work 1 kcal 1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ 1J = 1 Nm
Power 1 PS 1 PS = 0.7355 kW 1W = 10-3 kW

1 kcal/h 1 kcal/h = 1.163 W
Heat transfer /
Heat transmission
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
capacity
The table Conversion from technical system of units to international system of units shows a comparison between the earlier used
Technical System of Units and the newly, legally binding, introduced International System of Units for the most important values given
in this catalog.

abl2 18

Conversion tables for different units of measurement
The following tables show the units of measurement for pressure, energy and capacity in
use ever since in comparison to the units of the international system of units (SI).
PRESSURE UNITS
Pa = N/m² bar at mm WC atm Torr psia
1 Pa = 1 N/m² 1 10-5 1.0197 · 10-5 0.10197 0.9869 · 10-5 0.75006 · 10-2 1.45037 · 10-4
5 4 3
1 bar = 1000 mbar 10 1 1.0197 1.0197 · 10 0.9869 0.75006 · 10 14.5037
1 mbar 102 1 ·10-3 1.0197 · 10-3 10.197 0.9869 · 10-3 0.75006 1.45037 · 10-2
5 4 3
1 at 0.98067 · 10 0.98067 1 1.00003 · 10 0.96784 0.73556 · 10 14.224
1 mm WC 9.8064 0.98064 · 10-4 0.99997 · 10-4 1 0.96781 · 10-4 0.73554 · 10-1 1.4224 · 10-3
5 4
1 atm 1.01325 · 10 1.01325 1.03323 1.03326 · 10 1 760 14.696
1 Torr 1.3332 · 102 1.3332 · 10-3 1.3595 · 10-3 13.595 1.3158 · 10-3 1 1.9336 · 10-2
1 psia 6.8948 · 103 6.8948 · 10-2 7.0306 · 10-2 7.0306 · 102 6.8043 · 10-2 51.716 1
ENERGY UNITS
kJ kWh kpm kcal Btu
1 kJ 1 2.7778 · 10-4 1.0197 · 102 0.23884 0.9478

3 5 2
1 kWh 3.6000 · 10 1 3.6710 · 10 8.598 · 10 3.4120 · 103
1 kpm 9.8067 · 10-3 2.7241 · 10-6 1 2.3422 · 10-3 9.2945 · 10-3

-3 2
1 kcal 4.1868 1.1630 · 10 4.2694 · 10 1 3.96825
1 Btu 1.0551 2.9308 · 10-4 1.0759 · 102 0.2520 1
CAPACITY UNITS
kW kpm/s PS kcal/s kcal/h
2
1kW 1 1.0197 · 10 1.3596 0.23884 859.824
1 kpm/s 9.80665 · 10-3 1 1.3333 · 10-2 2.3422 ·10-3 8.4319
-1
1 PS 0.7355 75 1 1.7573 · 10 6.3263 · 102
1 kcal/s 4.1868 4.2694 · 102 5.692 1 3.6 · 103

1 kcal/h 1.163 · 10-3 1.1859 · 10-1 1.5811 · 10-3 2.7778 · 10-4 1
PRESSURE, DEFINITION OF TERMS AND UNITS The indices used are derived from the Latin
pe = pabs. – pamb.
In technology, various units of pressure are words:
used. A differentiation is made between Pressure gauge pe will have a positive value
abs = absolutus; detached, independent
absolute pressure, differential pressure and if the absolute pressure is greater than
amb = ambiens; environs, ambient
gauge pressure. atmospheric pressure and it will have a e = excedens; exceed
negative value if the absolute pressure is
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE pabs. takes as its basis zero smaller than atmospheric pressure. (see also DIN 1314 “Pressure, basic defini-
pressure of a pure vacuum. tions and units”)
“Negative Pressure” may no longer be used
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSUREΔp is the difference as a designation of a parameter, but only as The unit of pressure is the pascal in Pa. For
between two pressures. a qualitative term for a condition, e.g. “A practical purposes the bar (1 bar = 105 Pa)
negative pressure prevails in the suction is used as a convenient unit for calculation.
GAUGE PRESSURE pe is the difference between line”. The range of pressure below atmospheric
an absolute pressure p abs. and the actual pressure is also be called the vacuum range.
(absolute) atmospheric pressure pamb.. In vacuum technology absolute pressure is
always used.

abl2 18

Measurement conversion table
Conversion of english-american units in the International System of Units (SI) and vice versa
English- Internat. Internat. English- English- Internat. Internat. English-

american system of system of american american system of system of american
units units units units units units units units
Length Length Heat / heat units Heat / heat units
1 in 25.4 mm 1 mm 0.0394 in 1 Btu 1.055 kJ 1 kJ 0.948 Btu

1 ft (12 in) 0.305 m 1m 3.28 ft
1 yd (3 ft) 0.914 m 1m 1.093 yd
Area Area Heat capacity Heat capacity
1 in2 6.45 cm2 1 cm2 0.155 in2

1 ft2 9.29 dm2 1 dm2 0.1076 ft2
Volume Volume Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity
1 in3 16.4 cm3 1 cm3 0.061 in3

3 3 3
1 ft 28.3 dm 1 dm 0.0353 ft3
1 lmp. gal 4.55 ltr. 1 ltr. 0.22 lmp. gal
1 U.S. gal 3.785 ltr. 1 ltr. 0.264 U.S. gal
Mass Mass Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity
1 oz 28.35 g 1g 0.0353 oz
1 lb (16 oz) 0.454 kg 1 kg 2.205 lb
1 U.S. ton 0.907 t 1t 1.1023 U.S. ton
1 Brit. ton 1.016 t 1t 0.984 Brit.ton
Density Density Heat transfer Heat transfer
1 lb/ft3 16.02 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 0.0624 lb/ft3
Temperature Temperature Fouling factor Fouling factor
1 °F 5/9 °C 1 °C 9/5 °F
1 °F 5/9 K 1K 9/5 °F
Pressure Pressure Heat flux density Heat flux density
1 lbf/in2 (psi) 6.895 · 10-2 bar 1 bar 14.5 lbf/in2

1 lbf/ft2 4.788 · 10-4 bar 1 bar 20.88 lbf/ft2

abl3 18

Temperature conversion table
°C in °F and vice versa
°C °F °C °F °C °F
– 28.8 – 20 – 4.0 4.4 40 104.0 37.7 100 212.0
– 28.3 – 19 – 2.2 5.0 41 105.8 38.3 101 213.8
– 27.7 – 18 – 0.4 5.5 42 107.6 38.8 102 215.6
– 27.2 – 17 1.4 6.1 43 109.4 39.4 103 217.4
– 26.6 – 16 3.2 6.6 44 111.2 40.0 104 219.2
– 26.1 – 15 5.0 7.2 45 113.0 40.5 105 221.0

– 25.5 – 14 6.8 7.7 46 114.8 41.1 106 222.8
– 25.0 – 13 8.6 8.3 47 116.6 41.6 107 224.6
– 24.4 – 12 10.4 8.8 48 118.4 42.2 108 226.4
– 23.8 – 11 12.2 9.4 49 120.2 42.7 109 228.2
– 23.3 – 10 14.0 10.0 50 122.0 43.3 110 230.0

– 22.7 –9 15.8 10.5 51 123.8 43.8 111 231.8
– 22.2 –8 17.6 11.1 52 125.6 44.4 112 233.6
– 21.6 –7 19.4 11.6 53 127.4 45.0 113 235.4
– 21.1 –6 21.2 12.2 54 129.2 45.5 114 237.2
– 20.5 – 5 23.0 12.7 55 131.0 46.1 115 239.0

– 20.0 – 4 24.8 13.3 56 132.8 46.6 116 240.8
– 19.4 – 3 26.6 13.8 57 134.6 47.2 117 242.6
– 18.8 – 2 28.4 14.4 58 136.4 47.7 118 244.4
– 18.3 – 1 30.2 15.0 59 138.2 48.3 119 246.2
– 17.7 0 32.0 15.5 60 140.0 48.8 120 248.0

– 17.2 1 33.8 16.1 61 141.8 54.4 130 266.0
– 16.6 2 35.6 16.6 62 143.6 60.0 140 284.0
– 16.1 3 37.4 17.2 63 145.4 65.5 150 302.0
– 15.5 4 39.2 17.7 64 147.2 71.5 160 320.0
– 15.0 5 41.0 18.3 65 149.0 76.6 170 338.0

– 14.4 6 42.8 18.8 66 150.8 82.2 180 356.0
– 13.8 7 44.6 19.4 67 152.6 87.7 190 374.0
– 13.3 8 46.4 20.0 68 154.4 93.3 200 392.0
– 12.7 9 48.2 20.5 69 156.2 98.8 210 410.0
– 12.2 10 50.0 21.1 70 158.0 104.4 220 428.0

– 11.6 11 51.8 21.6 71 159.8 110.0 230 446.0
– 11.1 12 53.6 22.2 72 161.6 115.5 240 464.0
– 10.5 13 55.4 22.7 73 163.4 121.1 250 482.0
– 10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 126.6 260 500.0
– 9.4 15 59.0 23.8 75 167.0 132.2 270 518.0

– 8.8 16 60.8 24.4 76 168.8 137.7 280 536.0
– 8.3 17 62.6 25.0 77 170.6 143.3 290 554.0
– 7.7 18 64.4 25.5 78 172.5 148.8 300 572.0
– 7.2 19 66.2 26.1 79 174.2 154.4 310 590.0
– 6.6 20 68.0 26.6 80 176.0 160.0 320 608.0

– 6.1 21 69.8 27.2 81 177.8 165.5 330 626.0
– 5.5 22 71.6 27.7 82 179.6 171.1 340 644.0
– 5.0 23 73.4 28.3 83 181.4 176.6 350 662.0
– 4.4 24 75.2 28.8 84 183.2 182.2 360 680.0
– 3.8 25 77.0 29.4 85 185.0 187.7 370 698.0

– 3.3 26 78.8 30.0 86 186.8 193.3 380 716.0
– 2.7 27 80.6 30.5 87 188.6 198.8 390 734.0
– 2.2 28 82.4 31.1 88 190.4 204.4 400 752.0
– 1.6 29 84.2 31.6 89 192.2
– 1.1 30 86.0 32.2 90 194.0 The temperature values to be converted are given in
– 0.5 31 87.8 32.7 91 195.8 the coloured centre column. The corresponding values
0.0 32 89.6 33.3 92 197.6 in °C are given left of the centre column, the values in
0.5 33 91.4 33.8 93 199.4 °F are given right of the centre column.
1.1 34 93.2 34.4 94 201.2 EXAMPLES: 1. Value to be converted (centre column)
1.6 35 95.0 35.0 95 203.0 20 °C = + 68 °F (right column)

2.2 36 96.8 35.5 96 204.8 2. Value to be converted (centre column) 20 °F = – 6.6 °C
2.7 37 98.6 36.1 97 206.6 (left column)
CONVERSION EQUATION :
3.3 38 100.4 36.6 98 208.4
3.8 39 102.2 37.2 99 210.2

abl3 18

Water vapor pressure table
Vacuum range (saturated steam)
p J v” h” Dhv p J v” h” Dhv
mbar °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg mbar °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
0.001 -76.19 909000 2344 2852 35 26.69 39.5 2551 2439
0.002 -71.74 465000 2355 2851 36 27.17 38.5 2551 2438
0.003 -69.04 314000 2361 2850 37 27.64 37.5 2552 2437
0.004 -67.08 238000 2365 2850 38 28.10 36.6 2553 2435
39 28.54 35.7 2554 2434
0.005 -65.53 192000 2368 2849
0.006 -64.25 160700 2371 2849 40 28.98 34.8 2555 2433
0.007 -63.15 138500 2374 2849 42 29.83 33.3 2556 2431
0.008 -62.19 121700 2376 2848 44 30.64 31.8 2558 2429
0.009 -61.34 108600 2377 2848 46 31.42 30.5 2559 2428
48 32.17 29.3 2560 2426
0.01 -60.57 98110 2379 2848
0.02 -55.37 50250 2390 2847 50 32.90 28.2 2562 2424
0.03 -52.20 33990 2397 2846 52 33.60 27.2 2563 2422
0.04 -49.90 25760 2402 2845 54 34.27 26.2 2564 2421
56 34.93 25.4 2565 2419
0.05 -48.08 20770 2405 2844
58 35.57 24.5 2567 2418
0.06 -46.57 17430 2408 2844
0.07 -45.28 15020 2411 2844 60 36.18 23.8 2568 2416
0.08 -44.14 13210 2413 2843 62 36.78 23.0 2569 2415
0.09 -43.14 11790 2415 2843 64 37.37 22.4 2570 2413
66 37.93 21.7 2571 2412
0.1 -42.23 10660 2417 2843
68 38.49 21.1 2572 2411
0.2 -36.06 5471 2430 2841
0.3 -32.29 3705 2437 2840 70 39.03 20.5 2573 2409
0.4 -29.55 2811 2442 2839 72 39.55 20.0 2574 2408
74 40.06 19.5 2575 2407
0.5 -27.38 2269 2447 2838
76 40.57 19.0 2575 2406
0.6 -25.57 1904 2450 2838
78 41.06 18.6 2576 2404
0.7 -24.02 1643 2453 2838
0.8 -22.67 1445 2456 2837 80 41.54 18.1 2577 2403
0.9 -21.46 1291 2458 2837 85 42.69 17.1 2579 2401
90 43.79 16.2 2581 2398
1 -20.36 1167 2460 2837
95 44.84 15.4 2583 2395
1.5 -16.07 791 2469 2836
2 -12.94 600 2475 2835 100 45.84 14.7 2585 2393
2.5 -10.45 485 2479 2834 110 47.71 13.4 2588 2388
3 -8.38 407 2483 2834 120 49.45 12.4 2591 2384
130 51.06 11.5 2594 2380
3.5 -6.61 351 2487 2833
140 52.58 10.7 2597 2377
4 -5.06 309 2490 2833
4.5 -3.67 276 2492 2833 150 54.00 10.0 2599 2373
5 -2.42 250 2495 2833 160 55.34 9.44 2602 2370
5.5 -1.27 228 2497 2832 170 56.62 8.92 2604 2367
180 57.83 8.45 2606 2364
6 -0.22 210 2499 2832
190 58.99 8.03 2608 2361
7 1.89 181 2505 2497
8 3.77 160 2509 2493 200 60.09 7.65 2610 2358
9 5.46 143 2512 2489 220 62.17 7.00 2613 2353
240 64.09 6.45 2617 2348
10 6.98 129 2515 2485
260 65.88 5.98 2620 2344
11 8.38 118 2517 2482
280 67.55 5.58 2623 2340
12 9.66 109 2519 2479
13 10.86 101 2522 2476 300 69.13 5.23 2625 2336
14 11.98 94.0 2524 2474 320 70.62 4.93 2628 2332
340 72.03 4.65 2630 2329
15 13.03 88.0 2526 2471
360 73.38 4.41 2633 2325
16 14.02 82.8 2527 2469
380 74.66 4.19 2635 2322
17 14.96 78.2 2529 2467
18 15.85 74.1 2531 2464 400 75.89 4.00 2637 2319
19 16.70 70.4 2532 2462 420 77.07 3.82 2639 2316
440 78.20 3.65 2641 2313
20 17.51 67.1 2534 2460
460 79.29 3.51 2642 2311
21 18.28 64.0 2535 2459
480 80.33 3.37 2644 2308
22 19.03 61.3 2537 2457
23 19.74 58.7 2538 2455 500 81.35 3.24 2646 2305
24 20.43 56.4 2539 2454 550 83.74 2.97 2650 2299
600 85.96 2.73 2653 2294
25 21.09 54.3 2540 2452
650 88.02 2.54 2657 2288
26 21.73 52.3 2542 2451
700 89.96 2.37 2660 2283
27 22.35 50.5 2543 2449
28 22.95 48.8 2544 2448 750 91.78 2.22 2663 2279
29 23.53 47.2 2545 2446 800 93.51 2.09 2666 2274
850 95.15 1.97 2668 2270
30 24.10 45.7 2546 2445
900 96.71 1.87 2671 2266
31 24.64 44.3 2547 2444
950 98.20 1.78 2673 2262
32 25.18 43.0 2548 2442
1000 99.63 1.70 2675 2258
33 25.69 41.8 2549 2441
34 26.20 40.6 2550 2440
Documentation:
1. “Thermodynamische Diagramme” Z. Kältetechnik, 17. (1965) S. 299-301
2. VDI Water vapor tables

abl5 18

Water vapor temperature table
Vacuum range (saturated steam)
J p v” h” Dhv J p v” h” Dhv
°C mbar m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg °C mbar m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
-74 0.001411 651700 2349.3 2851.2 1 6.566 192.6 2503.4 2499.2
-73 0.001647 561000 2351.6 2851.0 2 7.054 179.9 2505.2 2496.8
-72 0.001920 483600 2353.9 2850.7 3 7.574 168.2 2507.1 2494.5
-71 0.002236 417500 2356.1 2850.5 4 8.128 157.3 2508.9 2492.1
-70 0.002598 361100 2358.4 2850.3 5 8.718 147.2 2510.7 2489.7
-69 0.003015 312600 2360.6 2850.0 6 9.345 137.8 2512.6 2487.4
-68 0.003495 271100 2362.8 2849.8 7 10.01 129.1 2514.4 2485.0
-67 0.004044 235400 2365.0 2849.6 8 10.71 121.0 2516.2 2482.6
-66 0.004672 204700 2367.2 2849.3 9 11.47 113.4 2518.1 2480.3
-65 0.005391 178300 2369.4 2849.1 10 12.27 106.4 2519.9 2477.9
-64 0.006212 155500 2371.6 2848.8 11 13.11 99.91 2521.7 2475.5
-63 0.007149 135800 2373.8 2848.5 12 14.01 93.84 2523.6 2473.2
-62 0.008215 118700 2376.0 2848.3 13 14.96 88.18 2525.4 2470.8
-61 0.00929 103900 2378.1 2848.0 14 15.97 82.90 2527.2 2468.5
-60 0.01080 91100 2380.3 2847.7 15 17.03 77.98 2529.1 2466.1
-59 0.01237 79900 2382.4 2847.5 16 18.16 73.38 2530.9 2463.8
-58 0.01414 70300 2384.5 2847.2 17 19.36 69.09 2532.7 2461.4
-57 0.01614 61600 2386.7 2846.9 18 20.62 65.09 2534.5 2459.0
-56 0.01841 54500 2388.8 2846.6 19 21.95 61.34 2536.4 2456.7
-55 0.02097 48000 2390.9 2846.4 20 23.36 57.84 2538.2 2454.3
-54 0.02385 42400 2393.0 2846.1 21 24.85 54.56 2540.0 2452.0
-53 0.02711 37500 2395.1 2845.8 22 26.41 51.49 2541.8 2449.6
-52 0.03077 33200 2397.2 2845.5 23 28.07 48.62 2543.6 2447.2
-51 0.03488 29400 2399.3 2845.2 24 29.82 45.93 2545.5 2444.9
-50 0.03949 26100 2401.3 2844.9 25 31.65 43.40 2547.3 2442.5
-49 0.04467 23200 2403.4 2844.6 26 33.59 41.03 2549.1 2440.2
-48 0.05047 20600 2405.5 2844.4 27 35.63 38.81 2550.9 2437.8
-47 0.05696 18300 2407.5 2844.1 28 37.78 36.73 2552.7 2435.4
-46 0.06422 16300 2409.6 2843.8 29 40.04 34.77 2554.5 2433.1
-45 0.07232 14600 2411.6 2843.5 30 42.41 32.93 2556.4 2430.7
-44 0.08136 13000 2413.6 2843.2 31 44.91 31.20 2558.2 2428.3
-43 0.09144 11600 2415.7 2842.9 32 47.53 29.57 2560.0 2425.9
-42 0.1026 10400 2417.7 2842.6 33 50.28 28.04 2561.8 2423.6
-41 0.1151 9312 2419.7 2842.3 34 53.18 26.60 2563.6 2421.2
-40 0.1289 8347 2421.7 2842.0 35 56.21 25.24 2565.4 2418.8
-39 0.1443 7489 2423.7 2841.7 36 59.39 23.97 2567.2 2416.4
-38 0.1614 6726 2425.7 2841.4 37 62.74 22.76 2569.0 2414.1
-37 0.1803 6046 2427.7 2841.1 38 66.24 21.63 2570.8 2411.7
-36 0.2012 5441 2429.7 2840.8 39 69.91 20.56 2572.6 2409.3
-35 0.2244 4900 2431.7 2840.6 40 73.74 19.55 2574.4 2406.9
-34 0.2500 4416 2433.7 2840.3 41 77.77 18.59 2576.2 2404.5
-33 0.2783 3985 2435.7 2840.0 42 81.98 17.69 2577.9 2402.1
-32 0.3095 3598 2437.6 2839.7 43 86.38 16.84 2579.7 2399.7
-31 0.3438 3252 2439.6 2839.4 44 90.99 16.04 2581.5 2397.3
-30 0.3816 2942 2441.6 2839.1 45 95.82 15.28 2583.3 2394.9
-29 0.4233 2663 2443.5 2838.8 46 100.8 14.56 2585.1 2392.5
-28 0.4691 2413 2445.5 2838.6 47 106.1 13.68 2586.9 2390.1
-27 0.5194 2188 2447.4 2838.3 48 111.6 13.23 2588.6 2387.7
-26 0.5746 1986 2449.4 2838.0 49 117.3 12.62 2590.4 2385.3
-25 0.6351 1804 2451.3 2837.7 50 123.3 12.05 2592.2 2382.9
-24 0.7014 1840 2453.3 2837.5 52 136.1 10.98 2595.7 2378.1
-23 0.7741 1492 2455.2 2837.2 54 150.0 10.02 2599.2 2373.2
-22 0.8536 1358 2457.1 2836.9 56 165.1 9.159 2602.7 2368.4
-21 0.9407 1237 2459.1 2836.7 58 181.4 8.381 2606.2 2363.5
-20 1.035 1129 2461.0 2836.4 60 199.2 7.679 2609.7 2358.6
-19 1.139 1030 2462.9 2836.2 62 218.3 7.044 2613.2 2353.7
-18 1.252 940.9 2464.8 2835.9 64 239.0 6.469 2616.6 2348.8
-17 1.375 859.9 2466.8 2835.7 66 261.5 5.948 2620.1 2343.9
-16 1.509 786.5 2468.7 2835.4 68 285.6 5.476 2623.5 2338.9
-15 1.656 719.8 2470.6 2835.2 70 311.6 5.046 2626.9 2334.0
-14 1.815 659.3 2472.5 2835.0 72 339.6 4.656 2630.3 2329.0
-13 1.968 604.2 2474.4 2834.7 74 369.6 4.300 2633.7 2324.0
-12 2.176 554.2 2476.3 2834.5 76 401.8 3.976 2637.1 2318.9
-11 2.380 508.6 2478.3 2834.3 78 436.4 3.660 2840.4 2313.9
-10 2.601 467.1 2480.2 2834.1 80 473.5 3.409 2643.8 2308.8
-9 2.841 429.3 2482.1 2833.9 82 513.2 3.162 2647.1 2303.8
-8 3.101 394.8 2484.0 2833.7 84 555.7 2.935 2650.4 2298.7
-7 3.363 363.3 2485.9 2833.5 86 601.0 2.727 2653.6 2293.1
-6 3.688 334.5 2487.8 2833.3 88 649.4 2.536 2656.9 2288.4
-5 4.017 308.2 2489.7 2833.1 90 701.0 2.361 2660.1 2283.2
-4 4.373 284.2 2491.6 2832.9 92 756.0 2.200 2663.4 2278.0
-3 4.758 262.1 2493.5 2832.7 94 814.6 2.052 2666.6 2272.8
-2 5.173 242.0 2495.4 2832.5 96 876.8 1.915 2669.7 2267.5
-1 5.622 223.5 2497.3 2832.4 98 943.0 1.789 2672.9 2262.2
0 6.105 206.6 2501.6 2501.6 100 1013.2 1.673 2676.0 2256.9

abl5 18

Water vapor pressure table
Pressure range 1-70 bar (saturated steam)
pabs. J v” h” Dhv pabs. J v” h” Dhv

bar °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg bar °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
1.0 99.63 1.694 2675.4 2257.9 20 212.37 0.09954 2797.2 1888.6

1.1 102.32 1.549 2679.6 2250.8 21 214.85 0.09489 2798.2 1878.2
1.2 104.81 1.428 2683.4 2244.1 22 217.24 0.09065 2799.1 1868.1
1.3 107.13 1.325 2687.0 2237.8 23 219.55 0.08677 2799.8 1858.2
1.4 109.32 1.236 2690.3 2231.9 24 221.78 0.08320 2800.4 1848.5
1.5 111.37 1.159 2693.4 2226.2 25 223.94 0.07991 2800.9 1839.0

1.6 113.32 1.091 2696.2 2220.9 26 226.04 0.07686 2801.4 1829.6
1.7 115.17 1.031 2699.0 2215.7 27 228.07 0.07402 2801.7 1820.5
1.8 116.93 0.9772 2701.5 2210.8 28 230.05 0.07139 2802.0 1811.5
1.9 118.62 0.9290 2704.0 2206.1 29 231.97 0.06893 2802.2 1802.6
2.0 120.23 0.8854 2706.3 2201.6 30 233.84 0.06663 2802.3 1793.9

2.1 121.78 0.8459 2708.5 2197.2 31 235.67 0.06447 2802.3 1785.4
2.2 123.27 0.8098 2710.6 2193.0 32 237.45 0.06244 2802.3 1776.9
2.3 124.71 0.7768 2712.6 2188.9 33 239.18 0.06053 2802.3 1768.6
2.4 126.09 0.7465 2714.5 2184.9 34 240.88 0.05873 2802.1 1760.3
2.5 127.43 0.7184 2716.4 2181.0 35 242.54 0.05703 2802.0 1752.2

2.6 128.73 0.6925 2718.2 2177.3 36 244.16 0.05541 2801.7 1744.2
2.7 129.98 0.6684 2719.9 2173.6 37 245.75 0.05389 2801.4 1736.2
2.8 131.20 0.6460 2721.5 2170.1 38 247.31 0.05244 2801.1 1728.4
2.9 132.39 0.6251 2723.1 2166.6 39 248.84 0.05106 2800.8 1720.6
3.0 133.54 0.6056 2724.7 2163.2 40 250.33 0.04975 2800.3 1712.9

3.2 135.75 0.5700 2727.6 2156.7 41 251.80 0.04850 2799.9 1705.3
3.4 137.86 0.5385 2730.3 2150.4 42 253.24 0.04731 2799.4 1697.8
3.6 139.86 0.5103 2732.9 2144.4 43 254.66 0.04617 2798.9 1690.3
3.8 141.78 0.4851 2735.3 2138.6 44 256.05 0.04508 2798.3 1682.9
4.0 143.62 0.4622 2737.6 2133.0 45 257.41 0.04404 2797.7 1675.6

4.2 145.39 0.4415 2739.8 2127.5 46 258.75 0.04304 2797.0 1668.3
4.4 147.09 0.4226 2741.9 2122.3 47 260.07 0.04208 2796.4 1661.1
4.6 148.73 0.4053 2743.9 2117.2 48 261.37 0.04116 2795.7 1653.9
4.8 150.31 0.3894 2745.7 2112.2 49 262.65 0.04028 2794.9 1646.8
5.0 151.84 0.3747 2747.5 2107.4 50 263.91 0.03943 2794.2 1639.7

5.5 155.46 0.3425 2751.6 2096.0 51 265.15 0.03861 2793.4 1632.7
6.0 158.84 0.3155 2755.5 2085.0 52 266.37 0.03782 2792.6 1625.7
6.5 161.99 0.2925 2758.8 2074.7 53 267.58 0.03707 2791.7 1618.8
7.0 164.96 0.2727 2762.0 2064.9 54 268.76 0.03633 2790.8 1611.9
7.5 167.76 0.2555 2764.9 2055.5 55 269.93 0.03563 2789.9 1605.0

8.0 170.41 0.2403 2767.5 2046.5 56 271.09 0.03495 2789.0 1598.2
8.5 172.93 0.2268 2769.9 2037.8 57 272.22 0.03429 2788.0 1591.4
9.0 175.36 0.2148 2772.1 2029.5 58 273.35 0.03365 2787.0 1584.7
9.5 177.66 0.2040 2774.2 2021.4 59 274.46 0.03303 2786.0 1578.0
10 179.88 0.1943 2776.2 2013.6 60 275.55 0.03244 2785.0 1571.3

11 184.07 0.1774 2779.7 1998.5 61 276.63 0.03186 2784.0 1564.7
12 187.96 0.1632 2782.7 1984.3 62 277.70 0.03130 2782.9 1558.0
13 191.61 0.1511 2785.4 1970.7 63 278.75 0.03076 2781.8 1551.5
14 195.04 0.1407 2787.8 1957.7 64 279.79 0.03023 2780.6 1544.9
15 198.29 0.1317 2789.9 1945.2 65 280.82 0.02972 2779.5 1538.4

16 201.37 0.1237 2791.7 1933.2 66 281.84 0.02922 2778.3 1531.9
17 204.31 0.1166 2793.4 1921.5 67 282.84 0.02874 2777.1 1525.4
18 207.11 0.1103 2794.8 1910.3 68 283.84 0.02827 2775.9 1518.9
19 209.80 0.1047 2796.1 1899.3 69 284.82 0.02782 2774.7 1512.5
70 285.79 0.02737 2773.5 1506.0
Documentation: VDI Water vapor tables

abl6 18

Water vapor temperature table
Temperature range 100-300 °C (saturated steam)
J T p v” h” Dhv J T p v” h” Dhv
°C K bar m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg °C K bar m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
100 373.15 1.0133 1.673 2676.0 2256.9 170 443.15 7.920 0.2426 2767.1 2047.9
101 374.15 1.0500 1.618 2677.6 2254.3 172 445.15 8.311 0.2317 2769.0 2041.1
102 375.15 1.0878 1.566 2679.1 2251.6 174 447.15 8.716 0.2215 2770.9 2034.2
103 376.15 1.1267 1.515 2680.7 2248.9 176 449.15 9.137 0.2117 2772.7 2027.3
104 377.15 1.1668 1.466 2682.2 2246.3 178 451.15 9.574 0.2025 2774.5 2020.2
105 378.15 1.2080 1.419 2683.7 2243.6 180 453.15 10.027 0.1938 2776.3 2013.1
106 379.15 1.2504 1.374 2685.3 2240.9 182 455.15 10.496 0.1855 2778.0 2006.0
107 380.15 1.2941 1.331 2686.8 2238.2 184 457.15 10.983 0.1776 2779.6 1998.8
108 381.15 1.3390 1.289 2688.3 2235.4 186 459.15 11.488 0.1702 2781.2 1991.5
109 382.15 1.3852 1.249 2689.8 2232.7 188 461.15 12.010 0.1631 2782.8 1984.2
110 383.15 1.4327 1.210 2691.3 2230.0 190 463.15 12.551 0.1563 2784.3 1976.7
111 384.15 1.4815 1.173 2692.8 2227.3 192 465.15 13.111 0.1499 2785.7 1969.3
112 385.15 1.5316 1.137 2694.3 2224.5 194 467.15 13.690 0.1438 2787.1 1961.7
113 386.15 1.5832 1.102 2695.8 2221.8 196 469.15 14.289 0.1380 2788.4 1954.1
114 387.15 1.6362 1.069 2697.2 2219.0 198 471.15 14.909 0.1324 2789.7 1946.4
115 388.15 1.6906 1.036 2698.7 2216.2 200 473.15 15.549 0.1272 2790.9 1938.6
116 389.15 1.7465 1.005 2700.2 2213.4 202 475.15 16.210 0.1221 2792.1 1930.7
117 390.15 1.8039 0.9753 2701.6 2210.7 204 477.15 16.893 0.1173 2793.2 1922.8
118 391.15 1.8628 0.9463 2703.1 2207.9 206 479.15 17.598 0.1128 2794.3 1914.7
119 392.15 1.9233 0.9184 2704.5 2205.1 208 481.15 18.326 0.1084 2795.3 1906.6
120 393.15 1.9854 0.8915 2706.0 2202.2 210 483.15 19.077 0.1042 2796.2 1898.5
121 394.15 2.0492 0.8655 2707.4 2199.4 212 485.15 19.852 0.1003 2797.1 1890.2
122 395.15 2.1145 0.8405 2708.8 2196.6 214 487.15 20.651 0.09646 2797.9 1881.8
123 396.15 2.1816 0.8162 2710.2 2193.7 216 489.15 21.475 0.09283 2798.6 1873.4
124 397.15 2.2504 0.7928 2711.6 2190.9 218 491.15 22.324 0.08936 2799.3 1864.9
125 398.15 2.3210 0.7702 2713.0 2188.0 220 493.15 23.198 0.08604 2799.9 1856.2
126 399.15 2.3933 0.7484 2714.4 2185.2 222 495.15 24.099 0.08286 2800.5 1847.5
127 400.15 2.4675 0.7273 2715.8 2182.3 224 497.15 25.027 0.07982 2800.9 1838.7
128 401.15 2.5435 0.7069 2717.2 2179.4 226 499.15 25.982 0.07691 2801.4 1829.8
129 402.15 2.6215 0.6872 2718.5 2176.5 228 501.15 26.965 0.07412 2801.7 1820.8
130 403.15 2.7013 0.6681 2719.9 2173.6 230 503.15 27.976 0.07145 2802.0 1811.7
131 404.15 2.7831 0.6497 2721.3 2170.7 232 505.15 29.016 0.06889 2802.2 1802.5
132 405.15 2.8670 0.6319 2722.6 2167.8 234 507.15 30.086 0.06643 2802.3 1793.2
133 406.15 2.9528 0.6146 2723.9 2164.8 236 509.15 31.186 0.06408 2802.3 1783.8
134 407.15 3.041 0.5980 2725.3 2161.9 238 511.15 32.317 0.06182 2802.3 1774.2
135 408.15 3.131 0.5818 2726.6 2158.9 240 513.15 33.478 0.05965 2802.2 1764.6
136 409.15 3.223 0.5662 2727.9 2155.9 242 515.15 34.672 0.05757 2802.0 1754.9
137 410.15 3.317 0.5511 2729.2 2153.0 244 517.15 35.898 0.05558 2801.8 1745.0
138 411.15 3.414 0.5364 2730.5 2150.0 246 519.15 37.157 0.05366 2801.4 1735.0
139 412.15 3.513 0.5222 2731.8 2147.0 248 521.15 38.449 0.05181 2801.0 1724.9
140 413.15 3.614 0.5085 2733.1 2144.0 250 523.15 39.776 0.05004 2800.4 1714.6
142 415.15 3.823 0.4823 2735.6 2137.9 252 525.15 41.137 0.04833 2799.8 1704.3
144 417.15 4.042 0.4577 2738.1 2131.8 254 527.15 42.534 0.04669 2799.1 1693.8
146 419.15 4.271 0.4346 2740.6 2125.7 256 529.15 43.967 0.04511 2798.3 1683.2
148 421.15 4.510 0.4129 2743.0 2119.5 258 531.15 45.437 0.04360 2797.4 1672.4
150 423.15 4.760 0.3924 2745.4 2113.2 260 533.15 46.943 0.04213 2796.4 1661.5
152 425.15 5.021 0.3732 2747.7 2106.9 265 538.15 50.877 0.03871 2793.5 1633.6
154 427.15 5.293 0.3551 2750.0 2100.6 270 543.15 55.058 0.03559 2789.9 1604.6
156 429.15 5.577 0.3380 2752.3 2094.2 275 548.15 59.496 0.03274 2785.5 1574.7
158 431.15 5.872 0.3219 2754.5 2087.7 280 553.15 64.202 0.03013 2780.4 1543.6
160 433.15 6.181 0.3068 2756.7 2081.3 285 558.15 69.186 0.02773 2774.5 1511.3
162 435.15 6.502 0.2924 2758.9 2074.7 290 563.15 74.461 0.02554 2767.6 1477.6
164 437.15 6.836 0.2789 2761.0 2068.1 295 568.15 80.037 0.02351 2759.8 1443.6
166 439.15 7.183 0.2681 2763.1 2061.4 300 573.15 85.927 0.02165 2751.0 1406.0
168 441.15 7.545 0.2540 2765.1 2054.7
Documentation: VDI Water vapor tables

abl6 18

Vapors and gases in vacuum
If mixtures of vapors and gases are con- At 30 °C we read from the steam tables:
densed under vacuum, the gases and certain ØV Mass flow of the vapor in kg/h
portions of non-condensed vapors will pV water vapor = 42.4 mbar
Ø I Mass flow of the inert gases in kg/h
pV benzene vapor = 160 mbar
have to be drawn off by means of a vacuum øV Molecular mass of the vapor in kg/kmol
pump in order to maintain the required Total = 202.4 mbar
ø I Molecular mass of the inert gas in kg/kmol
vacuum in the condenser.
pV Partial pressure of the vapor in mbar
The drawn-off gases (e.g. air) are saturated Hence
with the vapors of the partly condensed p I Partial pressure of the inert gas in mbar
components.
In the following it is assumed that these
components are insoluble in each other in The following formula applies:
the liquid phase.
1)
Condensation of a component of such a gas-
vapor mixture will take place if this com
ponent is brought to a saturated steam con- 2)
dition (dew point) by cooling the mixture. and with equation 4) we have:
A saturated gas-vapor mixture is, therefore,
present at the condenser outlet. If equation 1) is divided by equation 2), and
if the mass is displaced by the mass flow, the
The composition of such saturated gas-vapor following results:
mixtures can be calculated as follows:
For example, for a mixture of 2 components or 3)
- an inert gas and a condensable vapor - the
following formula applies: Only if more than 904 kg/h benzene vapor
Equation 3) also applies quite generally flow into a condenser benzene can condense
p = pI + pV
where “n” different condensable compo- under the above conditions.
i.e. the total pressure = the sum of the partial nents are insoluble in each other in the
pressures. pV is the saturated steam pressure liquid phase. As one can see, the vapor quantities satu-
of the vapor, corresponding to the tem- rating such mixtures may be very large. This
perature of the gas-vapor mixture at the 4) means that very often individual compo-
condenser outlet. With pV and p, the partial nents cannot be condensed at all and have
pressure of the inert gas for j from 1 to n then to be drawn off by the vacuum pump.
pI = p – pV
For example, if a saturated mixture of air, Equation 4) and the example show how
water vapor, and benzene vapor at a tem- important it is to seal a vacuum plant prop-
can then be found. Now the general Gas perature of 30 °C is to be drawn from a con- erly i.e. to keep air leakage as low as possible
Law can be applied; imagine a space with denser at a total pressure of p = 250 mbar so that the saturation portion and, therefore,
the volume of the mixture to be drawn off. and if it is known that the mass flow the suction flow for the vacuum pump is as
On the one hand, volume V is filled with the small as possible.
inert gas at the partial pressure pI and on the of the air saturation quantities
other hand, the same volume V is filled with
the vapor at partial pressure pV. of water vapor and benzene vapors can be
found as follows:

abl7 18

Water vapor and air in vacuum
Condensers in which water vapor is con- vapor content is approximately 65 % or Therefore, 2 + 3.7 = 5.7 kg/h of vapor/air
densed under vacuum are built in large mathematically: mixture has to be drawn off.
numbers. Here the vacuum is maintained
by a vacuum pump extracting air or gases In the water vapor table (see “Water vapor If instead of 2 kg/h air, 2 kg/h hydroge
saturated with water vapor as described on temperature table”, o | abl 5) we find pv for
page “Vapors and gases in vacuum”. 25 °C = 31.7 mbar. with have to be drawn off under
At a total pressure of p = 42.4 mbar, the par-
In addition to the air (and other inert gases) tial pressure of air is: the same conditions, the saturating quantity
we have to know the quantity of water pA = 42.4 – 31.7 = 10.7 mbar for water vapor is found according to the
vapor with which it is saturated when it formula on page “Vapors and gases in
leaves the condenser. This saturated quan- With the formula vacuum” page 17:
tity is higher the closer the temperature of
the mixture approaches the saturated steam
temperature at the total pressure.
you will find: In this case, 2 + 53.3 = 55.3 kg/h of vapor/
The graph in fig. 1 is calculated on the basis hydrogen mixture has to be drawn off.
of the formulas indicated on page “Vapors
and gases in vacuum” and allows easier cal-
culation.
FIG. 1
% = % weight of vapor in mixture

p = Total pressure in condenser
(Index A = Air)
and with pL = p – p0 we have:
Fig. 1 shows the relation between the tem-

perature and the vapor content in vapor/
air mixtures at constant total pressures p.
For easier use, the water vapor pressures
Temperature of the vapor/air mixture in °C
corresponding to the temperatures shown

on the left hand scale of the graph have
been chosen as values for p.
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
GIVEN: Every hour 2 kg of air have to be
drawn off from a condenser working at 42.4
mbar at a condensation temperature of 30 °C.
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND: Which quantity in
kg/h of vapor/air mixture has to be drawn if
the temperature at the evacuation connec-
tion is 25 °C.
SOLUTION : From the graph it is 2.85 kg
mixture/kg air. The suction capacity must,
therefore, be approximately 5.7 kg/h. The
kg Mixture / kg Air

abl7 18

Air leakage in vacuum vessels
• H ow airtight is a vacuum plant? In the high-vacuum range the air leakage In case of normal flanged connections with
• Is the suction capacity of the vacuum rate or the quantities of gases and vapors large nominal diameter the assumed air
pump large enough? are measured in mbar · liter/s. leakage amounts to 200 to 400 g per hour
• Why does it take so long for the plant to and meter of seal length. With specially
reach the vacuum? designed flanged connections, e.g. with
• Must the vacuum pump extract leak air as groove and tongue or fine machined sealing
well as gases from the product? surfaces and with the use of special seals the
You can answer all these questions if you value can be reduced to 50 to 100 g/hm.
know the air leakage in the vacuum tank. BUDGET VALUES REGARDING AIR LEAKAGE The tightness of vacuum plant can vary,
IN VACUUM UNITS AND PLANTS depending on whether mainly welded units
It is determined as follows: The following shall apply regarding the are concerned or whether units are con-
• Evacuate the vessel to a vacuum under requirement to the tightness of a plant cerned in which flanged connections, sight
500 mbar, e.g. 60 mbar. under vacuum: The lower the pressure to glasses, valves, gate valves, glands etc. have
• Isolate the vacuum pump from the vessel be maintained in the plant, the higher the to be taken into consideration. The table on
and completely seal off the vessel. requirement to the tightness of the plant, page 20 shows values which are based on
• M easure the pressure increase in the because the expenditure for generating and experience. Depending on the overall vol-
vessel and determine the corresponding maintaining vacuum increases with decreas- ume of the unit and of the type of connec-
time. ing pressure. tions of units and ducts it shows the leakage
• The pressure increase in mbar divided by Through an opening of 1 mm² approx. air flow to be expected in kg/h.
the time in minutes gives the vacuum loss 0.83 kg/h of air flow into a vacuum unit,
in mbar/minute. independent of the amount of vacuum, if it
With this value and the volume of the vessel is only < 530 mbar. In this case, just critical
under vacuum the air leakage rate in kg/h conditions are prevailing.
can be found in the chart, fig. 1.
The chart, fig. 1, is calculated from the for-
mula:
FIG. 1
Whereby:
V = Plant volume
ØA Air leakage in
Dp Change of pressure in mbar
t Corresponing time in min
V Plant volume in m3
* The exact value is 0.071289977, based on:
Universal gas constant
Absolute temperature
Mol mass for air
EXAMPLE FOR AIR LEAKAGE

A vessel of 20 m³ volume is evacuated to
60 mbar and isolated. Within 10 minutes
there is a vacuum loss to 120 mbar. The pres-
sure change thus amounts to 60 mbar.
Therefore, the vacuum loss is
Air leakage in kg/h
With this value, the formula results in an

air leakage of
Vacuum loss in mbar/min

(The diagram is valid for pressures <
_ 500 mbar and for air of 20 °C)

abl8 18

Air leakage in vacuum vessels
Some measurements were compared with determined that the measurements are Mark-ups of 1 to 2 kg/h of air leakage per
recommended values according to “HEI according to those standards. Shaft through- shaft throughput are required with normal
standards for steam jet ejectors”, and it was puts are not considered in the table values. gland seals.
Unit volume to be maintained under 0.2 1 3 5 10 25 50 100 200 500

vacuum in m³
Leakage air flow in kg/h
Unit and duct connections
with normal seals, mainly flanged 0.15-0.3 0.5-1 1-2 1.5-3 2-4 4-8 6-12 10-20 16-32 30-60
partly flanged, partly welded 0.1-0.2 0.25-0.5 0.5-1 0.7-1.5 1-2 2-4 3-6 5-10 8-16 15-30
mainly welded or designed with special < 0.1 0.15-0.25 0.25-0.5 0.35-0.7 0.6-1.2 1-2 1.5-3 2.5-5 4-8 8-15
seals
Admissible flow velocity in vacuum ducts
The admissible velocity of flow in a vacuum EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

pipeline depends on how high the pressure CALCULATION OF THE MASS FLOW EQUIVALENT DUC T LENGTH IF PIPE BENDS AND
loss of this pipeline is allowed to be. Higher GIVEN : GATE VALVES ARE INSTALLED IN THE DUCT:
pressure loss implies increased energy Duct DN 100
requirements for the vacuum pump. A pres- Duct length l = 10 m
sure loss of up to 10 % of the total pressure Flow medium Air, 20 °C
can generally be accepted. This is shown in Total pressure p = 10 mbar lE Equivalent duct length in m
graph Fig. 1 and valid for air at 20 °C. It is Adm. pressure loss Dp = 1 mbar l Duct length in m
calculated according to the formula: d Pipe diameter in mm
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND: z Resistance coefficients:
1) Admissible velocity Pipe bend D/d = 3.90° z = 0.16
Gate valve with restriction z = 1.0
2) Volume flow
Admissible flow velocity GIVEN :
in m/s 3) Mass flow Duct DN 600
Admissible pressure loss as Pipe length l = 100 m
portion of the total pressure SOLUTION : Flowing medium air, 20 °C
Total pressure p = 10 mbar
Individual gas constant With the equation results in: Adm. pressure loss Dp = 1 mbar
in J/kg K
4 tube bends 90°, 1 gate valve
Universal gas constant
1)
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND:
ø Molecular mass in kg/mol

2) 1) Equivalent pipe length lE in m
T Temperature in K 2) Admissible flow velocity
3) Formula and
l Duct length in m
d Duct diameter in mm 3) Volume flow
with vA = Spec. volume of air at 20°C
For reasons of simplification, the calculation and p = Pressure in mbar:
4) Mass flow
is based on an average pipe friction coeffi-
cient of l = 0.04 (this is max.) and on a free-
of-loss acceleration from 0 to w m/s, i.e. with SOLUTION: The following results by way of
a well rounded duct inlet. calculation:
1)
Range of application:
2 mbar # p # 1000 mbar With the equation results in:
Furthermore, the graph contains lines for 2)
constant volume flow in m³/h. The graph is
meant for rapid, rough dimensioning of a
3)
vacuum duct. An exact pressure loss calcu-
lation can be made with the help of sheet
4)
o | abl 9.

abl8 18

Pressure loss in vacuum lines with water vapor
The diagram in fig. 1, is calculat- CALCULATION

Dp Pressure loss in mbar
ed from the formula: Dp‘ Pressure loss in N/m² RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS
K Total resistance coefficient (1) Acceleration from 0 " w 1.0
= S z = sum of individual resistance (2) Inlet contraction in the case 0.4
w Flow velocity in m/s of angular inlet
r Density of the flowing Medium in kg/m³
(3) G
ate valve with full cross section 0.1 – 0.2
Error # 10 % of Dp, if Dp · 6 # p1 Gate valve with constriction 1
DIN straight-way valve DN 200 4.5
FIG. 1
(4) Pipe bend D/d = 3; 90° 0.16
Pressure loss Dp in mbar and Dp‘ in
(5) for pipe friction losses
l = Pipe friction coefficient according to fig. 2

l = Pipe length in m
d = Pipe diameter in m
EXAMPLE
Piping DN 200 d = 0.2 m
Velocity w=
Pressure (inlet) p1 = 50 mbar
(1) Acceleration from 0 " w

(2) Angular inlet
(3) 1 gate valve with full passage
(4) 3 pipe bends 90°
(5) Pipe length l = 13 m
CALCULATION
Total resistance coefficient K=Sz
(1) for acceleration z = 1.0
(2) ) for inlet contraction z = 0.4
(3) 1 gate valve z = 1 · 0.2 = 0.2
(4) 3 pipe bends z = 3 · 0.16 = 0.48
Temperature in °C
(5) f or pipe friction from fig. 2

l = 0.024
K = S z = 3.64
SL = Saturated line
Pressure loss from diagram, fig. 1
Determination of the pressure loss

The pressure loss with air at the same temperature is 1.6 times greater.
FIG. 2
Nominal diameter in mm he characteristics for the determination of the pipe friction coefficient l are
*) T
based on a wall roughness of k = 0.3 mm (according to Colebrook and White).
Pipe friction coefficient
Determination of the pipe friction coefficient l

abl9 18

Pressure loss in water pipes
CÔNG THỨC TÍNH TOÁN GIẢM ÁP TRÊN ĐƯỜNG ỐNG
The chart, fig. 1, is calculated from the fol- SOLUTION : From table:
lowing formula:
1)
lE Equivalent pipe length in m for shaped

pieces and valves
2) From diagram fig. 1:
From diagram fig. 1:
Dp Pressure loss in mbar

Dp100 Pressure loss for 100 m pipeline in mbar
l Pipe length in m FIG. 1
d Pipe diameter in m
r Density of the flowing medium in kg/m³
w Flow velocity in m/s
The chart is valid for water at 15 °C in steel

and cast iron pipes.
The formula is sufficiently accurate for

and
EXAMPLE
GIVEN :
Water flow
Piping DN 80 d = 0.08 m
Pipe nominal diameter d in mm
Pipe length l = 70 m
The following is installed in the pipe:

3 tube bends 90°
1 diaphragm valve
1) Pressure loss in the pipeline å = Water flow
2) Water velocity
Velocity w in m/s
EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTH IN m FOR SHAPED PIECES AND VALVES
Nominal diameter (mm) 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250
Pipe bend 90° 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2 4.0
Free-flow valves 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.6 4.8 6.0
Diaphragm valves 1.9 2.0 4.3 5.0 9.5 10 13.6 15 24 29 –

abl9 18

Dimensions, velocities and mass flows
in steam and water pipes
FIG. 1
Vapor flow in kg/h

Vapor flow in kg/h
Vapor velocity in m/s
Water velocity in m/s
Water flow in m3/h

abl10 18

Vapor flows in pipes
VACUUM
Vapor flows in kg/h at velocity
abs. pressure Internal pipe diameter

in mbar 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 500
0.1 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.22 0.34 0.49 0.87 1.4 2 2.7 3.5 5.4
0.2 0.04 0.07 0.1 0.2 0.26 0.41 0.64 0.93 1.6 2.6 -3.7 5 16.6 10
0.3 0.06 0.1 0.15 0.3 0.39 0.6 0.94 1.4 2.4 3.8 5.4 7.4 9.7 15
0.4 0.08 0.13 0.2 0.39 0.51 0.8 1.3 1.8 3.2 5 7.2 9.7 13 20
0.5 0.1 0.16 0.25 0.49 0.64 1 1.6 2.3 4 6.3 9 12 16 25
0.6 0.12 0.19 0.3 0.58 0.76 1.2 1.9 2.7 4.8 7.4 11 15 19 29
0.7 0.14 0.22 0.35 0.68 0.88 1.4 2.2 3.1 5.5 8.6 12 17 22 35
0.8 0.16 0.25 0.39 0.77 1 1.6 2.4 3.5 6.3 9.8 14 19 25 39
0.9 0.18 0.28 0.44 0.85 1.1 1.7 2.7 3.9 7 11 16 21 28 44

in mbar 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 500
1 0.15 0.23 0.36 0.71 0.93 1.5 2.3 3.3 5.8 9.1 13 18 23 36
2 0.29 0.45 0.71 1.4 1.8 2.8 4.4 6.4 11 18 26 35 45 70
3 0.43 0.67 1 2 2.7 4.2 6.5 9.4 17 26 37 51 67 104
5 0.7 1.1 1.7 3.3 4.3 6.8 11 15 27 42 61 83 108 170
10 1.4 2.1 3.3 6.4 8.4 13 21 30 52 82 120 160 210 330
20 2.6 4 6.3 12 16 25 40 57 100 160 230 310 400 630
30 3.8 5.9 9.3 18 24 37 58 83 150 230 335 455 595 925
50 6.2 9.7 15 30 39 61 95 136 240 380 545 740 970 1515
75 9 14 22 43 56 88 137 200 350 550 790 1075 1405 2200
100 12 19 29 57 74 120 180 260 465 725 1040 1420 1850 2900
150 17 27 42 83 108 170 265 380 670 1060 1525 2075 2710 4230
200 23 35 55 109 140 220 345 500 885 1390 1990 2720 3520 5520
300 33 52 80 160 205 325 505 725 1290 2015 2900 3950 5160 8065
400 44 68 106 210 270 425 690 955 1700 2670 3820 5200 6800 10600

in mbar 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 500
500 35 55 86 170 220 345 540 780 1380 2160 3110 4240 5530 8650
600 42 66 105 200 265 415 645 930 1660 2590 3730 5070 6630 10400
700 49 77 120 235 310 480 750 1080 1920 3000 4310 5870 7670 12000
800 55 87 135 270 350 540 850 1220 2200 3400 4900 6600 8600 13600
900 61 95 150 290 380 600 930 1340 2380 3720 5360 7300 9530 14900
1000 70 110 160 330 435 680 1060 1500 2700 4250 6100 8300 10850 17000
OVERPRESSURE
Pressure Internal pipe diameter

bar 20 25 32 40 50 70 80 100
1 38 60 98 153 240 470 615 960
1,5 47 74 121 189 296 580 755 1180
2 56 88 144 224 350 690 900 1400
2,5 65 101 166 259 405 795 1035 1620
3 74 115 188 294 460 900 1175 1840
4 90 141 232 360 565 1110 1450 2260
5 108 168 275 430 675 1320 1720 2700
6 124 194 320 500 775 1520 1990 3110
8 158 245 405 630 985 1935 2530 3950
10 192 300 490 765 1200 2350 3070 4790
12 225 350 575 900 1405 2750 3600 5620 The tables on this sheet show the vapor
15 275 430 700 1095 1710 3350 4380 6840 flows in kg/h in relation to pressure and
18 325 505 830 1290 2020 3960 5170 8080 pipe diameter, for the usual flow velocities.
20 355 550 905 1415 2210 4330 5660 8840 In the case of air the throughput is very
25 440 685 1120 1750 2740 5370 7010 10960 roughly double.

abl10 18

Mass flow of gases and vapors through nozzles
According to the Law of Continuity the fol- The mass flow through a nozzle whose inlet For water vapor the following values are
lowing shall apply: pressure is constant upstream of the noz- used
Ø = a · w · r (1) zle, first increases with decreasing pressure k = 1.3
downstream of the nozzle; the mass flow This value is valid for superheated steam
Ø Mass flow reaches its maximum at the critical pressure and for saturated steam as in spite of the
a Flow cross section ratio and from then on remains constant. expansion leading in the wet steam range,
w Velocity
the steam remains dry due to delayed con-
For the calculation of the mass flows, two densation.
r Density of the flowing medium
cases have to be considered:
p1 Pressure upstream of the nozzle a) critical or supercritical pressure drops, At k = 1.3 the critical pressure drop results
J1 Temperature upstream of the nozzle b) subcritical pressure drops. with p1 /pcrit. = 1.83 and ycrit. = 0.473.
c Specific heat capacity
j Coefficient of loss In most cases steam jet pumps are operated The diagram on page 26 was prepared with
with nozzles operating at supercritical these values and with the equation for the
pressure drops. Only these nozzles will be mass flow (1).
The aforementioned equation is valid for considered in the following. Two examples are shown:
any point in a nozzle, when the values for a, Assuming an adiabatic expansion in the noz-
w and ρ, present at this point, are filled in. zle, the mass flow is calculated as follows: 1. 9
6 kg/h steam pass through the nozzle
at saturated steam of p1 = 4 bar absolute
The mass flow through a nozzle is deter- pressure and a nozzle diameter of 7.5 mm.
mined by the narrowest cross section of the
nozzle. with 2. A
pprox. 53 kg/h steam pass through a
nozzle with a diameter of 4 mm at super-
With the diminishing cross section, the heated steam (JD = 300 ç) with an abso-
velocity w = 0 at the condition p1, J1 and lute pressure of p1 = 9 bar.
ρ1 increases up the narrowest point of the Depending on the condition of the steam JS
nozzle. At critical or over-critical pressure Thus, the mass flow only depends on the either the curve for saturated steam or the
drops, sonic velocity is reached at this point. condition of the gas upstream of the noz- corresponding temperature curve for super-
Supercritical pressure drops followed by zle and its properties. The coefficients of heated steam JD should be used.
a diverging nozzle section (Laval nozzle) loss of well finished nozzles are today so
further increase the velocity. well known that for the purpose of calculat-
This critical pressure ratio is only dependent ing the mass flow, the motive nozzles of jet Literature:
on the ratio of the specific heat capacities pumps supply far more accurate values than 1) VDMA information sheet no. 24294, sheet 1 and 2
any other form of throughput measuring. 2) DIN sheet 28430
Therefore, motive nozzles can be directly
and therewith constant for a particular gas: used for the exact calculation of the motive
medium mass flow rate.

abl11 18

Water vapor flow through motive nozzles at critical pressure ratio
FIG. 1
Water vapor pressure p1 in bar abs. in front of the nozzle
Water vapor flow Ø1 in kg/h
Water vapor flow through motive nozzles at critical pressure ratio JS = Saturated steam temperature
JD = Steam temperature
d1 = Motive nozzle diameter

abl11 18

Equivalent suction flows for steam jet vacuum pumps
In order to design a steam jet vacuum pump Where: EXAMPLE 3

the suction flow must first be established. OPERATING AND DESIGN DATA:
The latter is determined by operating condi- Ø01 Actual suction flow in kg/h Mixed suction flow
tions that are to be indicated by the custom- 100 kg/h Water vapor
Ø02 Equivalent suction flow in kg/h
er. Normally the suction flow is made up of + 200 kg/h Hydrocarbon vapor
(air or water vapor)
various components, partly of condensable ø = 100 kg/kmol
f1 Suction flow factor
vapors, and partly of inert gases. + 22 kg/h Inert gases ø = 29 kg/kmol
For more detailed indications for determin- f2 Equivalent suction flow factor
= 322 kg/h
ing the suction flows please refer to “Plan- f1 and f2 can be found in diagram fig. 1.
Temperature of the mixture JG = 300 °C
ning a steam jet vacuum pumps”, o | gdp3.
For mixtures of water vapor, other vapor
The suction flow of a steam jet vacuum In the application of this diagram on page and inert gases, the water vapor portion on
pump depends on the suction pressure, the 28 it is to be noted that the temperatures the one hand and the vapor/inert gas por-
molecular mass and the temperature of the on the bottom scale are only valid for water tion on the other hand have to be converted
suction medium being conveyed. The high- vapor, whereas for all other gases and separately.
er the molecular mass, the more a jet pump vapors the temperature should be read from It is therefore necessary to first determine
can take in; the higher the temperature, the the top scale. the mean mol mass for the vapor/inert gas
lower the suction flow and vice versa. portion (without water vapor):
Capacity testing and acceptance tests on EXAMPLE 1

completed steam jet pumps should take OPERATING AND DESIGN DATA:
place under exactly established and repro-
ducible working conditions. Only in rare
cases the original conditions regarding
molecular mass and temperature can be
reproduced. In general, only air or water The conversion shall be done in an equiva-
vapor are at disposal as suction medium lent water vapor flow of JH20 = 150 °C:
for such tests, particularly when they take From fig. 1 the graph line “a” gives a suction For the water vapor portion you will find in
place in the manufacturing works. For this flow factor f1 = 0.179. diagram fig. 1
reason, such measurements are taken with For the acceptance test in the manufacturing at JH20 = 300 °C and ø = 18 kg/kmol
equivalent suction flows, i.e. suction flows workshop, the actual suction medium (hydro f1 = 0.65 (continuous line “e”)
which are converted to the air or water gen) is substituted with air, with the molec-
at JH20 = 150 °C and ø = 18 kg/kmol
vapor equivalent. ular mass and JG = 20 °C .
From fig. 1 graph line “b” gives the equiva- f2 = 0.73 (continuous line “d”)
The calculation of these equivalent suction lent flow factor
flows is made in accordance with interna- Thereby the equivalent air suction flow is Hence results:
tionally recognized rules which are estab- calculated:
lished in VDMA work sheet no. 24294 (1), in
the DIN sheet 28430 (2) or in the HEI Stan
dards (3). With correct application, these EXAMPLE 2 For the vapor/inert gas portion you will find
documents give same values. OPERATING AND DESIGN DATA: in diagram fig. 1
This work sheet gives a simplified version at JG = 300 °C and ø = 80 kg/kmol
of the relatively complicated methods of cal- f1 = 1.22 (continuous line “c”)
culation described in the above-mentioned
and at JH20 = 150 °C and ø = 18 kg/kmol
literature.
f2 = 0.73 (continuous line “d”)
The calculation for equivalent suction flows
is based on the equation: From fig. 1 the graph line “c” gives a suction Hence results:
flow factor f1 = 1.22.
The test should be conducted using
water vapor (mol mass ø 02 = 18 kg/kmol)
JH20 = 150 °C . Thus, the total equivalent water vapor
From fig. 1 graph line “d” gives the equiva- suction flow results with
lent flow factor f2 = 0.73.
Thereby the equivalent steam suction flow
is calculated:

abl12 18

Equivalent suction flows for steam jet vacuum pumps
MOLECULAR MASS OF SEVERAL FIG. 1

SUCTION MEDIA
Gas temperature JG in °C
ø – Mol mass of suction medium
Gas ø [kg/kmol]
Acetic acid 60.05
Acetone 58.08
Acetylene 26.04
Air 28.97
Ammonia 17.03
Argon 39.94
Benzene 78.11
Butadiene 54.09
Butane 58.12
Butylene 56.11
Carbon dioxide 44.01
Carbon monoxide 28.01
Chlorine 70.91
Decane 142.28
Dinitrogen monoxide 44.02
Dodecane 170.33
Ethane 30.07
Ethyl ether 74.12
Ethyl alcohol 46.07
Ethyl chloride 64.52
Ethylene 28.05
Ethyleneglycol 62.08
Suction flow factor f1 and equivalent suction flow factor f2
Helium 4.00
Heptane 100.20
Hexane 86.17
Hydrogen 2.02
Hydrogen sulphide 34.08
Hydrogen chloride 36.47
Hydrogen cyanide 27.03
Methane 16.04
Methyl alcohol 32.04
Methyl chloride 50.49
Neon 20.18
Nitric oxide 30.01
Nitrogen 28.02
Nitrogen oxide 60.02
Nonane 128.25
ø = Mol mass of suction medium
Octane 114.22
Oxygen 32.00
Pentane 72.15
Steam temperature JH2O in °C
Propane 44.09
Propylene 42.08
Sulphur dioxide 64.06
Sulphur trioxide 80.06
Styrene 104.14
Tetradecane 198.38
1) DIN 28430 “Messregeln für Dampfstrahl-
Toluol 92.13
vakuumpumpen und Dampfstrahlkom-
Tridecane 184.35
pressoren.”
Undecane 156.30
2) “HEI-Standards for Steam Jet Ejectors”,
Water 18.02
Heat Exchange Institute, New York, USA

abl12 18

Steam consumption of jet pumps
FIG. 1
p1 Motive pressure in bar Ø1 Motive flow in kg/h

p0 Suction pressure in mbar Ø0 Suction flow in kg/h
p Discharge pressure in mbar Ø Mixed flow in kg/h
The steam consumption of a steam jet The steam consumption considerably de- EXAMPLE
pump depends on the compression ratio K, pends on both factors: 100 kg/h of gas-vapor mixture (without
the expansion ratio E, and the composition, The higher E , the less motive steam is water vapor) with a mean molecular mass
mean molecular mass and temperature of required; but the higher K the more motive of ø = 80 kg/kmol and JG = 300 °C shall
the suction flow. (There are, however, some steam is required. be removed (see example in catalog sheet
other influences which within the scope of In fig. 2 you find the specific motive steam o | abl 12).
this catalog sheet cannot be considered.) consumption for K and E: The conversion into an equivalent water
Since the steam consumption diagram fig. 2 vapor suction flow of JH20 = 150 °C results in
applies for the removal of water vapor at Ø 0WE = 60 kg/h.
ϑ = 150 °C, the operating/design suction flow
must first be converted into an equivalent The motive steam consumption of a jet pump With a suction pressure of p0 = 10 mbar,
water vapor suction flow at 150 °C (Ø 0WE) is then:
according to DIN 28430. discharge pressure of p = 50 mbar and a
The expansion ratio motive steam pressure of p1 = 5 bar abs.

The value thus determined can be used as a
first approximated consumption figure. the following results:
We shall be pleased to give you exact con-
and the compression ratio sumption figures if you inform us about the
exact application.
are calculated on the basis of this.

And thus, from the fig. 2, the following can
be found: b = 1.85 kg/h

abl13 18

Steam consumption of jet pumps
FIG. 2
kg motive steam / kg equiv. water vapor suction flow
Spec. steam consumption b

abl13 18

Grundlagen und
Liquid jet pumps
Arbeitsblätter
• Liquid jet vacuum pumps, general information

• Liquid jet vacuum pumps with threaded connections
• Liquid jet vacuum pumps with flanged connections
• Liquid jet vacuum pumps of PTFE
• Liquid jet gas compressors
• Liquid jet liquid pumps, general information
• Liquid jet liquid pumps of steel or stainless steel
• Standard liquid jet liquid pumps of PVC/PP
• Standard liquid jet liquid pumps of PTFE
• Liquid jet solids pumps
• Liquid jet mixers
• Liquid jet mixers for food applications/orbitally welded design
• Liquid jet ventilators
abl3 18
Liquid jet vacuum pumps
General information
In most cases, liquid jet pumps are operated vacuum can be achieved by further cooling
with water as motive medium. Depending of the operating liquid. This is particularly
on application and material, it is also possi- expedient when the suction flow contains
ble to use other liquids. condensable components, e.g. solvents. In
The action of liquid jet pumps is based on such a case the vacuum pump can be oper-
the fact that the liquid jet coming out of the ated by using the condensate as the motive
motive nozzle at high speed entrains air, gas, medium.
liquid or solid matters from the head of the The lowest suction pressure which can
jet pumps and compresses them to atmos- be obtained with a suction capacity of
pheric pressure. zero (blind vacuum) corresponds to the
For more detailed information on structure vapor pressure of the motive liquid which
and mode of operation of jet pumps please depends on the temperature of the liquid. Stainless steel, with threaded connections
refer to “General information on jet pumps”, For the motive medium of water the rela-
o | abl1. tionship between water temperature and
lowest suction pressure is shown in fig. 2.
MODE OF OPERATION
Liquid jet vacuum pumps, when water is FIG. 2
used as the motive medium, can be directly

coupled to the water line. If, however, the
water consumption has to be as economical
Water temperature °C
as possible, the operating water may be circul-

ated. This is also the case when other liquids
are used as the motive medium, instead of
water.
The temperature of the operating liquid
may be kept low by the constant addition
of a small quantity of fresh liquid. Higher
Abs. pressure in mbar
FIG. 1
Relation between water temperature and max.
suction pressure
Stainless steel, with flanged connections
A Service liquid
B Suction connection
C Fresh liquid
Liquid jet vacuum pumps perform a perfect

operation if the discharge pipe is below the
liquid level or if a reducing piece is connect-
ed to the liquid discharge (fig. 1).
PTFE, with flanged connections

fvp 18

Questionnaire
for liquid jet vacuum pumps
fvp1, fvp2, fvp3
Link to fillable PDF
1. MOTIVE SIDE Motive medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Motive flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m³/h Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Motive pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weight %
Steam pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
2. SUCTION SIDE Suction medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Suction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Suction pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weight %
3. OUTLET Required discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weight %
Mixed flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h
4. F URTHER DATA MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONNECTIONS: FLANGES ACCORDING TO:
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
DESIGN CODE (if required): APPLICATION:
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar g
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional details, if required, Your inquiry no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

are to be stated separately.
Offer submitted until . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Requested date of delivery . . . . . . . . . .
YOUR ADDRESS Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Street / P.O. Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fvp 18

Liquid jet vacuum
pumps
with threaded connections
APPLICATIONS
FIG. 3
Liquid jet vacuum pumps with threaded
connections are mainly used in chemical
laboratories for the production of vacuum, p1 = Motive water pressure
for example in vacuum distillation or dry-
ing.
They are also used for evacuating syphon
lines, suction lines of circulating pumps and
condensers; for deaeration of pressure ves-
Mass suction flow Ø0 in kg/h (air)
sels and for producing negative pressure in

Nutsch filters.
PERFORMANCE CHART FOR VACUUM PUMPS

Diagram fig. 3 gives the mass suction flow
in kg/h of air in relation to the suction pres-
sure at various operating water pressures for
4 pump sizes. The curves are based on an
operating water temperature of 20 °C.
The motive liquid consumption or the
motive liquid flow (circulating water opera-
tion) can be taken from diagram fig 4. Size Suction pressure p 0 in mbar abs. (for water at 20 °C)
EXAMPLE N = Low pressure construction (1.5 – 2 bar)

0.35 kg/h of air has to be continuously H = High pressure construction (3 – 6 bar)
exhausted out of a plant. The suction pres- Pressure indications in bar = bar g
sure amounts to 100 mbar abs. A motive

water pressure of 5 bar g is available. The
FIG. 4
motive water has a temperature of 20 °C.
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND : Size of pump and

(motive water flow) å1 in m3/h
motive water consumption.

Motive water consumption
SOLUTION : From diagram fig. 3, for a suction

pressure of 100 mbar and a motive water
pressure of 5 bar g, pump size 2 with a mass
suction flow of 0.38 kg/h is closest to the
required suction volume.
From diagram fig. 4, for a motive water
pressure of 5 bar g and a suction pressure of
100 mbar a motive water consumption of
2.35 m³/h for the chosen size 2 can be found.
Size Motive water pressure p1 in bar
N = Low pressure construction (1.5 – 2 bar)

H = High pressure construction (3 – 6 bar)
Pressure indications in bar = bar g
p0 = Suction pressure in mbar abs.

fvp1 18

Liquid jet vacuum pumps with threaded connections
PERFORMANCE CHART FOR PRE-EVACUATORS as only 5 minutes are available the above The motive liquid consumption is in-
EVACUATION TIME formula is used to calculate the factor for fluenced by the suction pressure p 0 . This is
Diagram fig. 5 gives the time in minutes a the size of pump required: established by means of the curves in fig. 4.
liquid jet vacuum pump size 2 needs to evac-
uate a vessel volume of 100 l to a defined
suction pressure.
The selection of other sizes is achieved by According to the table factor 1.5 correspond-
the following conversion formula: ing to pump size 3 is closest to the calculat-
ed value. Pump size 3 is therefore selected.
F Factor for the selection of the pump size FIG. 5
tspec. Specific evacuation time in min/100 l

(from diagram fig. 5)
tevac. Expected evacuation time in minutes N = Low pressure construction (1.5 – 2 bar)
V Volume of vessel to be evacuated in liter
p1 = Motive water pressure

Size 0 1 2 3
Factor F 0.44 0.68 1 1.5

Suction pressure in mbar abs.
EXAMPLE
A vessel of 400 l is to be evacuated to 400 mbar
in 5 minutes. The water pressure is 3 bar.
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND: Pump size
SOLUTION : From diagram fig. 5, for 400 mbar
and 3 bar, a time of 1.8 min/100 l is found.
For the evacuation of a vessel volume of
400 l, a liquid jet vacuum pump size 2
requires 4 x 1.8 = 7.2 minutes. However, Specific evacuation time t spec. in min/100 l vessel volume for size 2
FIG. 6
CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
Size 0 1 2 3
Operating water connection A G 1/2 G 3/4 G1 G 11/2
Suction connection B G 1/2 G 1/2 G 3/4 G1

Pressure connection C G 1/2 G 1/2 G 3/4 G1
Dimensions in mm a 240 260 310 405

b 65 70 80 105
c 175 190 230 300

d 35 40 45 50
Weight in kg 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.1
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS:
I Housing: steel, motive nozzle: stainless steel
II Completely stainless steel
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: Hastelloy, Titanium, plastics (PVC, PP, PVDF, PTFE) etc.
Motive pressure has to be given with inquiry/order.

For inquiries please use our questionnaire.

fvp1 18

with flanged connections
APPLICATIONS
FIG. 7
Liquid jet vacuum pumps with flanged con-
nections are mainly used for the production
of vacuum in laboratories and in pilot and p1 = Motive water pressure
production plants for example for vacuum
distillation and vacuum drying.
They are also used for evacuating syphon

lines, suction lines of circulating pumps and
condensers; for the deaeration of pressure
vessels and for producing negative pressure
in a Nutsch filter, etc.
PERFORMANCE CHART FOR

VACUUM PUMPS
Size Suction pressure p 0 in mbar abs. (for water at 20 °C)
8 pump sizes.
The curves are based on an operating water N = Low pressure construction (1.5 – 2 bar)
temperature of 20 °C. H = High pressure construction (3 – 6 bar)
The motive liquid consumption or the Pressure indications in bar = bar g
motive liquid flow (circulating water opera-
tion) can be taken from diagram fig. 8.
FIG. 8
EXAMPLE
6 kg/h of air has to be continuously exhaust-
(motive water flow) å1 in m3/h
ed out of a plant.
The suction pressure amounts to 100 mbar

abs. A motive liquid pressure of 5 bar g is
available. The motive water has a tempera-
ture of 20 °C.
Size Motive water pressure p1 in bar
required suction volume. N = Low pressure construction (1.5 – 2 bar)
From diagram fig. 8, for a motive water H = High pressure construction (3 – 6 bar)
pressure of 5 bar g and a suction pressure of Pressure indications in bar = bar g
100 mbar a motive water consumption of p0 = Suction pressure in mbar abs.

fvp2 18

Liquid jet vacuum pumps with flanged connections
PERFORMANCE CHART FOR PRE-EVACUATORS a liquid jet vacuum pump size 4 requires According to the table factor 2.5 correspond-
EVACUATION TIME 3 x 8 = 24 minutes. However, as only 10 min- ing to pump size 6 is closest to the calculat-
Diagram fig. 9 gives the time in minutes a utes are available the above formula is used ed value. Pump size 6 is therefore selected.
liquid jet vacuum pump size 4 needs to evac- to calculate the factor for the size of pump
uate a vessel volume of 1 m³ to a defined required: The motive liquid consumption is influ-
suction pressure. enced by the suction pressure p 0 . This is
The selection of other sizes is achieved by established by means of the curves in fig. 8.
the following conversion formula:
FIG. 9
F Factor for the selection of the pump size

tspec. Specific evacuation time in min/m³
(from diagram fig. 9) N = Low pressure construction (1.5 – 2 bar)
tevac. Expected evacuation time in minutes
V Volume of vessel to be evacuated in m³
p1 = Motive water pressure
Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Factor F 0.28 0.40 0.63 1 1.6 2.5 4 6.3
EXAMPLE
A vessel of 3 m³ is to be evacuated to 400
mbar in 10 minutes. The water pressure is
3 bar.
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND: Size of the pump
SOLUTION : From diagram fig. 9, for 400 mbar
and 3 bar, a time of 8 min/m³ is found. For
the evacuation of a vessel volume of 3 m³, Specific evacuation time t spec. in min/m3 vessel volume for size 4
FIG. 10

Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Operating water connection A 25 25 32 40 50 65 65 80
Suction connection B 20 20 25 32 40 40 50 65
Pressure connection C 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80
Dimensions in mm a 207 267 347 407 478 608 778 963

b 60 60 65 70 80 80 80 115
c 147 207 282 337 398 528 698 848

d 85 85 100 115 125 125 135 135
Weight in kg 8 10 13 18 26 35 55 65
II Completely stainless steel
Flanges according to EN1092-1
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: Hastelloy, Titanium, plastics (PVC, PP, PVDF, PTFE) etc.
Motive pressure has to be given with inquiry/order.

fvp2 18

of PTFE
APPLICATIONS FIG. 11
Liquid jet vacuum pumps of PTFE are used

in laboratories and in production plants. p1 = Motive water pressure
They are used for evacuating syphon lines
on acid plants, for producing vacuum, for
deaerating apparatus in which solvent
vapors are produced and for producing
negative pressures in Nutsch filters, etc.

Jet pumps are completely manufactured of
PTFE. These pumps are, therefore, resist-
ant to chemical attack. They are reliable and
maintenance-free; the capital cost is low.
PERFORMANCE CHART OF VACUUM PUMPS

4 pump sizes. The curves are based on an
operating water temperature of 20 °C. Size Suction pressure p 0 in mbar abs. (for water at 20 °C)
The motive liquid consumption or the motive Pressure indications in bar = bar g
liquid flow (circulating water operation) can
be taken from diagram fig. 12.
FIG. 12
EXAMPLE
0.6 kg/h of air has to be continuously ex-
(Motive water flow) å1 in m3/h
hausted out of a plant. The suction pressure

amounts to 100 mbar abs. A motive liquid

pressure of 5 bar g is available. The motive
water has a temperature of 20 °C.
required suction volume.
From diagram fig. 12, for a motive water Size Motive water pressure p1 in bar
pressure of 5 bar g and a suction pressure Pressure indications in bar = bar g
of 100 mbar a motive water consumption of p0 = Suction pressure in mbar abs.

fvp3 18

Liquid jet vacuum pumps of PTFE
PERFORMANCE CHART FOR PRE-EVACUATORS 2 x 12 = 24 minutes. However, as only 15 According to the table factor 2 correspond-
EVACUATION TIME minutes are available the above formula is ing to pump size 4 is closest to the calculat-
Diagram fig. 13 gives the time in minutes a used to calculate the factor for the larger ed value. Pump size 4 is therefore selected.
liquid jet vacuum pump size 3 needs to evac- size of pump required:
uate a vessel volume of 1 m³ to a defined The motive liquid consumption is influ-
suction pressure. enced by the suction pressure p 0 . This is
The selection of other sizes is achieved by established by means of the curves in fig. 12.
the following conversion formula:
FIG. 13
F Factor for the selection of the pump size

tspec. Specific evacuation time in min/m³ p1 = Motive water pressure
(from diagram fig. 13)
tevac. Expected evacuation time in minutes
V Volume of vessel to be evacuated in m³
Size 1 2 3 4
Factor F 0.33 0.5 1 2
EXAMPLE
A vessel of 2 m³ is to be evacuated to 400
mbar in 15 minutes. The water pressure is
3 bar.
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND: Size of the pump
SOLUTION: From diagram fig. 13, for 400 mbar
and 3 bar, a time of 12 min/m³ is found. For
the evacuation of a vessel volume of 2 m³,
a liquid jet vacuum pump size 3 requires Specific evacuation time t spec. in min/m3 vessel volume for size 3
FIG. 14
Größe 1 2 3 4
Operating water connection A 32 32 40 50
Suction connection B 25 25 25 32
Pressure connection C 32 32 50 65

b 90 90 95 105
c 200 200 295 395

d 90 90 100 110
Weight in kg 3 3 5 7
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION: Please see “Liquid jet vacuum pumps with

PTFE, loose flange made in GF-UP threaded connections”, o | fvp 1, and
Connections according to EN1092-1 “Liquid jet vacuum pumps with flanged
connections”, o | fvp 2.
METAL AND SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS:

fvp3 18

Liquid jet gas compressors
APPLICATION AND MODE OF OPERATION

Liquid jet gas compressors are jet pumps
for the conveyance and compression of gases
at simultaneous mixing with the motive
liquid.
Their operation is based on the liquid jet
emerging from the motive nozzle hitting p1 = Motive liquid pressure in bar
and entraining the surrounding gases and p0 = Suction pressure in bar
compressing them to a higher pressure (see p = Discharge pressure in bar
also “General information on jet pumps”, Dp = p – p0 = Total delivery pressure in bar
Dp1 = p1 – p0 = Effective motive liquid
o | abl1).
pressure in bar
Plastic construction, PVC, type G
å1 = Motive liquid flow in m3/h
PERFORMANCE CHART å0 = Gas suction flow in m3/h
å = Mixed flow in m3/h
Fig. 1 shows the relation between the per-
missible suction ration
(Pressure indications in bar = bar g)
of the pressure difference to be overcome

Dp = p–p 0
and the effective motive liquid pressure FIG. 1
Dp1 = p1–p 0
The suction ratio j of sucked-in gas flow to
the required motive liquid flow
• increases with increasing motive liquid
pressure p1.
• lowers with increasing compression Dp1.
• is independent of type and density of the
gas to be conveyed.
EXAMPLE
for the selection of a liquid jet gas compres-
sor
GIVEN :
å0 = 13 m3/h of gas
p 0 = –0.2 bar (= 0.8 bar abs.)
p1 = 3 bar
p = 0.7 bar
Motive liquid flow å1 and size of the com-
pressor
SOLUTION :
Pressure difference Dp = p–p0 in bar
Dp = p – p 0 = 0.7 – (–0.2) = 0.9 bar

Dp1 = p1 – p 0 = 3 – (–0.2) = 3.2 bar
From fig. 1 you will find for Dp = 0.9 bar and
Dp1 = 3.2 bar:
This results in:
Dp1 = p1 – p0 = Effective motive liquid pressure

fgv1 18

The determination for the size of jet com- DESIGN CONDITIONS FIG. 2
pressors is the motive liquid connection A It is necessary for the many possible operat-
(fig. 3): ing conditions that each liquid jet gas com-
For a selected pipe pressure loss Dp of approx. pressor be specially designed to achieve
1 bar for a pipe length of 100 m, according optimum efficiency.
to catalog sheet “Pressure drop in water Gases or steams which undergo a reaction
ducts” (o | abl 9), a connection diameter of with the motive liquid or which condense
DN 50 for a liquid velocity of w = 2.2 m/s are calculated with a reduced flow åOR .
results. The required motive liquid flow is only
From table fig. 3 you will find determined for the reduced suction flow åOR .
A = DN 50: size 4.
If a compressor in plastic design is selected,

according to fig. 4 and fig. 5, size 5, type G
will be applicable.
å0 = Air-gas-mixture
å1 = Motive liquid
Schematic view of a plant for the dosing and compres-

sion of ozone for drinking water treatment
OTHER DESIGNS
Metal construction, steel Metal construction, stainless steel Plastic construction, “75 PVC”, type F

fgv1 18

FIG. 3
METAL CONSTRUCTION CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Liquid connection A 25 32 40 50 65 65 80 100

b 60 65 70 80 80 80 115 150
c 210 285 340 400 400 450 615 800

d 85 100 115 125 125 135 135 165
Weight in kg 10 13 15 22 22 30 45 98
I Housing: steel, motive nozzle: stainless steel, inlet guide vane: PVC
II Housing: steel, inner surfaces lined with PFA,
motive/mixing nozzle: PVC, inlet guide vane: PVC
III Completely stainless steel
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: Hastelloy, Titanium, plastics (PP, PVDF, PTFE, PVC/GF-UP) etc.
FIG. 4 FIG. 5
PLASTIC CONSTRUCTION PVC CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Liquid connection A 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150
Dimensions in mm dA 25 32 40 50 63
a1 38 41 43 47 55
Suction connection B 20 20 20 25 32 50 65 80 100 125

Dimensions in mm dB 25 25 25 32 40
b1 27 30 33 36 41
Pressure connection C 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150

Dimensions in mm dC 25 32 40 50 63
c1 30 33 36 41 46
Dimensions in mm a 280 320 410 530 610 600 675 825 1050 1250
b 100 105 125 150 170 100 115 135 165 190
c 180 215 285 380 440 500 560 690 885 1060
Type G Type F d 115 115 120 140 160 125 146 175 215 248
Weight in kg 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.9 2.9 5.5 8.5 13 25 35

Type G G G G G F F F F F
TYPE G: with screw connections

TYPE F: Connections: loose flange made in GF-UP

fgv1 18

Questionnaire
for liquid jet gas compressors
fgv1
Suction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m³/h Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Mixed flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fgv1 18

Liquid jet liquid pumps
General information
CONSTRUCTION AND MODE OF OPERATION FIG. 1
Liquid jet liquid pumps are jet pumps which

suck in a liquid Ø 0 by means of a motive
liquid jet Ø1, mix the motive and suction
flows and convey the mixed flow Ø (fig. 1).
As with all jet pumps the motive liquid has
the highest pressure p1, the suction flow the
lowest pressure p 0, and the pressure of the
mixed flow p lies between the motive pres-
sure and suction pressure p1 > p > p 0 (see
also “General information on jet pumps”,
o | abl1). Stainless steel
In order to convey the mixture, the total
conveying pressure Dp must be overcome.
This is determined by the geodetic height,
pipeline resistance and the resistance of
installed parts, such as shut-off valves or
control valves etc. (see “Pressure loss in
water pipelines”, o | abl9).
APPLICATIONS
Liquid jet liquid pumps are used for convey-
ing and mixing liquids such as water, acids
or lyes in water and waste water treatment
plants. The liquid jet liquid pumps suck in the
An important range of application is for the concentrated acid or lye and convey it into
dilution of acids or lyes to a definite final the exchangers at the respectively required
concentration such as is required in water mixing ratio.
treatment plants.
The ion exchangers at times have to be
regenerated with acid (cation exchanger) or
caustic (anion exchanger).
PVC, construction KT, glued, form M

FIG. 2
Schematic view of a demineralization plant
1, 2 Jet pumps A1 Water

3 Anion exchanger A2 Water
4 CO2 stripper B1 HCl
5 Cation exchanger B2 NaOH
PVC, construction K, screwed, form M

wp 18

Liquid jet liquid pumps, general information
PERFORMANCE CHART
FIG. 3
Motive flow Mixed flow

Ø1 Ø = Ø0 + Ø1
p1 p
K1 K
Suction flow
Ø0, p0, K0
= Specific liquid consumption

= Constant mixing ratio
p1 = Motive liquid pressure in bar g
p0 = S uction liquid pressure in bar g
suction (–), inlet (+)
p = Discharge pressure in bar
Dp = p – p0 = Total delivery pressure in bar g
Dp1 = p1 – p0 = Effective motive liquid
pressure in bar g r0/r1 = Density ratio of the liquids
K = Concentration by weight-%
The size of a liquid jet liquid pump is prin- and is smaller the higher the effective DETERMINING THE PUMP SIZE:
cipally determined by the mixed flow Ø in motive liquid pressure, that means the
kg/h. higher the difference between motive pres-
This can be found by the calculation as fol- sure and suction pressure p1-p 0 and the
lows: greater the density ratio r0 /r1. fig. 4 gives pump size 5 (max. mixed flow
3500 kg/h)
EXAMPLE
GIVEN : CONSTRUCTION
Ø Mixed flow in kg/h Suction flow Ø 0 = 1000 kg/h effluent Depending on the application, 3 types of
Ø1 Suction flow in kg/h Suction liquid over pressure liquid jet liquid pumps are available.
p 0 = –0.2 bar = 2 m WC suction height
m Spec. liquid consumption in kg motive
Motive liquid overpressure p1 = 4 bar
liquid / kg suction liquid
Discharge pressure p = 1 bar g
The motive liquid consumption is calculat- PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND : Required motive
ed as follows: liquid flow Ø1 and pump size
SOLUTION :
Fig. 3 shows the relation between the pres-

sure ratio d, the specific liquid consumption Fig. 3 gives for a density ratio r0/r1 = 1.0 a
m and the density ratio r0 / r1. specific liquid consumption m = 1.37.
The specific liquid consumption m in kg

motive liquid/kg suction liquid is greater
the higher the pressure ratio d and the
smaller the density ratio r0 /r1;

wp 18

Questionnaire
for liquid jet liquid pumps
wp1, wp2, wp3
2. SUCTION SIDE Suction medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Suction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weight %
Suction pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Dyn. viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mPas
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Mixed flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

wp 18

Liquid jet liquid pumps
of steel or stainless steel
DESIGN
The internal dimensions of these pumps are
specially calculated and fabricated to corre-
spond to the particular operating conditions.
They are to be considered as individually
purpose designed units to standard installa-
tion dimensions.
Stainless steel
Steel
FIG. 4
MAX. MIXED FLOW, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
Size 3 5 7 9 11 12 13 14 15
Max. mixed flow
1,200 3,500 6,000 12,000 24,000 32,000 40,000 70,000 100,000
in kg/h
Nominal diameter A 20 25 32 40 50 65 65 80 100

B 20 20 25 32 40 40 50 65 80
C 20 32 40 50 65 65 80 100 125
Dimensions in mm a 153 270 350 410 480 480 530 730 950
b 42 60 65 70 80 80 80 115 150
c 111 210 285 340 400 400 450 615 800

d 80 85 100 115 125 125 135 135 165
Weight in kg 5 10 13 15 22 22 30 45 98
max. mixed flow
II Housing: steel, inner surfaces lined with PFA,
motive/mixing nozzle: PVC
III Completely stainless steel
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS of PTFE, PVDF, Titanium, Hastelloy etc. on demand.

wp1 18

Standard liquid jet liquid pumps
of PVC/PP
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CHART with the “Type” curve 23-3 gives on the ordi-
EXAMPLE nate in the lower part of the chart en effective
Ø0 = 100 kg/h hydrochloric acid with K0 = 30 % motive pressure of Dp1 = p1 – p0 = 2.2 bar.
is to be diluted with the motive liquid water By multiplying this value with the d found
with a concentration of K1 = 0, to K = 4 %. on the dilution curve one can obtain the
Motive liquid pressure p1 = 2.5 bar g admissible total delivery pressure
Suction liquid pressure p 0 = 0 bar g Dp = Dp1 · d = 2.2 · 0.55 = 1.21 bar.
Discharge pressure p = 0.8 bar g Thereby the achievable discharge pressure
SOLUTION : In the performance chart fig. 5 is p = 1.21 + p 0 = 1.21 bar and the actually
the horizontal from Ø 0 = 100 kg/h intersects required motive liquid pressure is
the dilution curve 30 % " 4 % giving on the p1 = Dp1 + p 0 = 2.2 bar.
abscissa Ø1 = 650 kg/h motive liquid flow. A liquid jet liquid pump size KT2 or K2,
The intersection of the vertical Ø1 = 650 kg/h type 23-3 is required. PVC, construction KT, glued, form M
FIG. 5
Max. suction height: –2 m WC

Min. motive pressure: approx. 1.3 bar g
1 = Characteristic lines of usual
dilutions at K1 = 0
2 = Characteristic lines of the unit
P -Type = Pump-Type

Ø1 Ø = Ø0 + Ø1
p1 p
K1 K
Suction liquid flow Ø0 in kg/h with the concentration K0
Suction flow
Ø0, p0, K0
= Specific liquid consumption

= Constant mixing ratio
p1 = Motive liquid pressure in bar g
p0 = Suction liquid pressure in bar g
suction (–), inlet (+)
Dp = p – p0 = Total delivery pressure in bar g
Dp1 = p 1 – p0 = Effective motive liquid pressure in bar g
K = Concentration in weight-%
pressure Dp1 = p1–p0 in bar
Effective motive liquid
Motive liquid flow (water) Ø1 in kg/h with the concentration K1 = 0

wp2 18

Standard liquid jet liquid pumps of PVC/PP
FIG. 6 FIG. 7
CONSTRUCTION KT Form M Form G Form F CONSTRUCTION K Form M Form G Form F
MAX. MIXED FLOW, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

Plastic construction KT, glued (PVC), welded (PP)
Size KT 1 KT 2 KT 3 KT 4 KT 5 KT 6 KT 7 KT 8 STANDARD
13-1 23-1 33-1 43-1 53-1 63-1 73-1 83-1 Size, type, form and material
Type
... 13-7 ... 23-4 ... 33-2 ... 43-3 ... 53-2 ... 63-3 ... 73-2 ... 83-2 must be given in all orders for
Nominal diameter A 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 standard liquid pumps, e.g. size
B 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 KT1, type 13-3, form G, PP.
C 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80
Dimensions in mm dA 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90
of PVC/PP are available in the 6
dB 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90
dC 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 above-mentioned constructions.
Form M
( ) Dimensions for b 45 55 65 80 100 115 135 160 SEMI STANDARD

PP construction c 27 33 39 49 60 72 84 99 The inside dimensions of
only (c) (28) (32) (38) (44) (51) (62) (75.5) (88) such pumps will be specially
Dimensions in mm a 208 254 290 362 481 598 680 782 designed and fabricated accord-
( ) Dimensions for (a) (212) (256) (290) (358) (473) (584) - - ing to the given operation con-
Form G
PP construction b 74 87 100 121 148 174 190 226

ditions. These pumps are there-
only (b) (76) (88) (100) (119) (144) (167) - -
c 100 115 130 150 180 210 215 245
fore tailor-made constructions
with standard structural dimen-
( ) Dimensions for (a) (160) (200) (230) (290) (395) (490) (580) (664) sions.
Form F

only (b) (50) (60) (70) (85) (105) (120) (140) (167) SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
c 90 100 100 115 125 145 165 185 Liquid pumps for dilutions,
Max. mixed flow
500 1,200 2,000 3,500 6,000 12,000 25,000 50,000 applications and materials other
in kg/h
than shown in diagram fig. 5 are
special constructions. Design,
MAX. MIXED FLOW, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS dimensions and connection
Plastic construction K, screwed dimensions on demand.
Size K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8
13-1 23-1 33-1 43-1 53-1 63-1 73-1 83-1 All connections for form M and
Typ
... 13-7 ... 23-4 ... 33-2 ... 43-3 ... 53-2 ... 63-3 ... 73-2 ... 83-2 G are provided as glued or weld-
Nominal diameter A 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 ed connections.
B 10 20 20 20 25 32 40 65
C 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 100
For inquiries please use our
Dimensions in mm dA 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90
questionnaire.
dB 16 25 25 25 32 40 50 75
dC 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 110
Form M
b 65 70 70 85 100 110 145 210

c 30 40 40 45 60 60 80 97.5
( ) Dimensions for (a) (217) (256) (270) (338) (473) (564) - -
Form G

only (b) (96) (103) (105) (124) (144) (162) - -
c 100 115 115 120 140 160 180 200
( ) Dimensions for (a) (165) (200) (210) (270) (395) (470) (530) (814)
Form F

only (b) (70) (75) (75) (90) (105) (115) (150) (217)
c 90 100 100 100 120 140 160 180
Max. mixed flow
500 1,200 2,000 3,500 6,000 12,000 25,000 50,000
in kg/h

wp2 18

of PTFE
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CHART

The jet pumps are completely manufactured
of PTFE. The pumps are, therefore, resistant
to chemical attack. They are reliable and
maintenance-free; the capital cost is low.
Performance chart for a suction head of

max. – 0.5 m liquid column
FIG. 8
Max. suction height: –0.5 m WC

1 = Characteristic lines
of usual dilutions at K1 = 0
2 = Characteristic lines of the unit
Suction liquid flow Ø0 in kg/h with the concentration K0
P -Type = Pump size

Effective motive liquid pressure
Dp1 = p1–p0 in bar
Motive liquid flow (water) Ø1 in kg/h with the concentration K1 = 0

wp3 18

Standard liquid jet liquid pumps of PTFE
EXAMPLE
GIVEN : Ø 0 = 200 kg/h sulphuric acid with
K0 = 96 % is to be diluted with motive liquid
water, concentration K1 = 0, to K = 6 %. Ø1 Ø = Ø0 + Ø1
Motive liquid overpressure p1 = 3.0 bar
p1 p
Suction liquid overpressure p 0 = 0 bar K1 K
Discharge pressure p = 0.8 bar
Suction flow
Ø0, p0, K0
SOLUTION : (see performance chart fig. 8)
The horizontal from Ø 0 = 200 kg/h intersects
the 96 % " 6 % dilution curve giving on the
abscissa Ø1 = 3000 kg/h motive liquid flow.
The intersection of the vertical from = Specific liquid consumption
Ø1 = 3000 kg/h with the size-line on the ordi- = Constant mixing ratio
nate in the lower part of the diagram gives p1 = Motive liquid pressure in bar g
the effective, required motive liquid pres- p0 = Suction liquid pressure in bar g
sure of Δp1 = 2.5 bar < 3.0 bar. suction (–), inlet (+)
According to the performance chart, fig. 8, p = Discharge pressure in bar = max. 0.5 · p1
the max. permissible discharge pressure K = Concentration by weight-%
amounts to 50 % of the motive pressure:

0.5 · 2.5 = 1.25 bar > 0.8 bar.
A liquid jet liquid pump size 1 is required.
FIG. 9
Size 1 2 3 4
Service water connection A 32 32 40 50
Suction connection B 25 25 25 32
Pressure connection C 32 32 50 65
Dimension in mm a 290 290 390 500

b 90 90 95 105
c 200 200 295 395

d 90 90 100 110
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION:
PTFE, loose flange made in GF-UP
Connections according to EN1092-1

wp3 18

Liquid jet solids pumps
CONSTRUCTION AND MODE OF OPERATION MOTIVE LIQUID CONSUMPTION

Liquid jet solids pumps are jet pumps IN NORMAL OPERATION one needs 3 to 5 times
which, with the help of a motive liquid, can the volume of the material to be conveyed
convey flowable granulate material (please for the motive liquid. The motive liquid
see also “General information on jet pumps”, pressure should be 2.5 to 3 times that of the
o | abl1). The material to be conveyed flows delivery head.
through a hopper into the jet pump. The standard constructions, according to
The motive liquid, in most cases water, fig. 2 to 4, are designed with a water flow
emerges from the motive nozzle at a high to material ratio of 4 : 1. The achievable dis-
velocity into the mixing chamber of the charge pressure is approx. 1–1.2 bar.
pump, entraining the material present in The conveyance of granular material with a
the mixing chamber. Depending upon the smooth surface (almost spherical) and small
type of material to be conveyed, rinse water in size (max. approx. 1–1.5 mm) can be con-
must be sprayed into the hopper in order sidered a normal duty, provided the mate-
to maintain a constant flow. The mixture of rial does not have a tendency to “bridge”. In
liquid and material can be conveyed directly these cases it is possible to operate with a
to the point of application, by pipe or hose. relatively small quantity of rinse water, up to
Liquid jet solids pumps can also be sup- about 20 % of the material to be conveyed.
plied as complete units with hoper and rinse
water connection. Stationary units as well as IN MORE DIFFICULT CASES , such as the convey
mobile units are available. ance of coarser materials with a rougher
surface and with a relatively high specific
gravity, which incline to form bridges and
APPLICATIONS to bond, for instance sand or ashes, and
Liquid jet solids pumps are used to con- sticky slurries, it is necessary to reckon with
vey sand, gravel, salt, activated carbon, ion a motive water flow 5 to 10 times larger
exchange resin, and other types of solids; to than the quantity of material conveyed. This
fill and empty reactors with reactor mass or includes the rinse water, which amounts to MAX. PARTICLE SIZE OF THE FLOW RATE:
marble gravel in decarbonizing and deacidi- 1 to 3 times the quantity of material con- Size [
fying plants of water and effluent treatment veyed. With these materials the rinse water
1 4 mm
plants; to add precipitating agents in dirty must produce a suitably flowable mixture of
water and effluent water treatment. solid material and water; this is all the more 2 5 mm
Fig. 1 shows the installation of a liquid jet necessary the higher the delivery head and 3 9 mm
solids pump for filling and emptying reac- the greater the horizontal distance to the 4 12 mm
tors with reactor mass in a drinking water receiving vessel.
decarbonizing plant.
FIG. 1
1 Stationary liquid jet solids pump with

hopper for reactor mass
2 Liquid jet solids pump for the batch
extraction of the reactor mass load
3 Reactor
4 Silo
A Motive water
B Milk of lime
C Decarbonized water
D Discharge
E Raw water
F Rinse water

wfp1 18

Liquid jet solids pumps
FIG. 2
STANDARD LIQUID JET SOLIDS PUMPS FLOW RATE, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
Size 1 2 3 4
Flow rate marble/gravel in kg/h 500 1000 2500 5000
Motive water flow at

2.4 4.8 12.0 24.0
3 bar g in m3/h
Nominal diameter A 25 32 50 80
B 40 65 80 100
C 25 32 50 80

b 50 65 80 90
c 160 200 275 490
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS: d 90 100 125 140
I Housing: cast iron EN-GJL-200 (GG20),
motive and mixing nozzles: stainless steel
(replaceable)
II Housing: completely stainless steel Please give size, type and material with inquiry or order.
Flanges according to DIN PN 10 For inquiries please use our questionnaire.
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS on request
FIG. 3
STATIONARY LIQUID JET SOLIDS PUMPS FLOW RATE, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
inclusive standard liquid jet solids pump Size 1 2 3 4
Rinse water in kg/h 100 200 500 1000

2.4 4.8 12.0 24.0
3 bar g in m3/h
C 25 32 50 80
Storz coupling D C C B

b 600 600 600 600
c 800 800 800 800
Hopper volume in I 62 62 64 72
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION: SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS on request

Hopper and frame: steel
Connecting pipes: steel/VA For inquiries please use our questionnaire.
Flanges according to EN1092-1/storz coupling
FIG. 4
MOBILE LIQUID JET SOLIDS PUMPS FLOW RATE, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
inclusive standard liquid jet solids pump Size 1 2 3 4

Rinse water in kg/h 100 200 500 1000

2.4 4.8 12.0 24.0
3 bar g in m3/h
C 25 32 50 80
Storz coupling D C C B

b 720 720 720 720
c 1550 1550 1550 1550
Hopper volume in I 62 62 64 72
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION: SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS on request

Hopper and frame: steel
Connecting pipes: steel/VA For inquiries please use our questionnaire.
Flanges according to EN1092-1/storz coupling

wfp1 18

Questionnaire
for liquid jet solids pumps
wfp1
Motive pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Steam pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
2. SOLIDS INLET Solids medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h

(feed / free-flowing) Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Particle size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
3. OUTLET Required discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
4. F URTHER DATA MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN: Stationary
Jet pump only Mobile

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

wfp1 18

wfp1 18

Liquid jet mixers
APPLICATIONS ARRANGEMENT AND INSTALLATION

Liquid jet mixers are jet pumps to mix and Jet mixers should be installed at the deepest
circulate liquids. possible point so that a good operation and Cast iron, with threaded connenctions
The range of applications for liquid jet an effective mixing is obtained even with a
mixers is only limited by the viscosity of the low liquid level.
liquid to be mixed. As a rule, jet mixers can A level of 1–2 m above the jet mixer is suf-
be used in all cases where the liquid to be ficient to avoid foaming. Fig. 1 shows an
mixed can still be supplied by a centrifugal installation example in a tank. Fig. 2 shows
pump. a possible arrangement in a neutralization
Liquid jet mixers are mainly used in vessels, basin.
storage tanks and neutralization basins. For the evaluation of the number of mixers,
following criteria are decisive:
• geometry an size of the tank or basin
CONSTRUCTION AND MODE OF OPERATION • liquid to be mixed
The liquid jet coming out of the motive nozzle • mixing time
generates a partial vacuum in the inlet cone • maximal and minimal liquid level
of the diffuser, and therefore, a liquid flow is
extracted from the tank and is entrained. The Plastic, with flanged connections
motive jet mixes with the entrained liquid MIXING TIME
and accelerates its flow. The liquid mixture The mixing time amongst others, depends
emerging from the jet mixer spreads out in on the liquid contents of the tank and of the
conical form and entrains more liquid from total delivered flow to the jet mixers.
its surroundings (see also “General informa-
tion on jet pumps”, o | abl1). It amounts to:
If one or several such jet mixers are cor-
rectly arranged, a three-dimensional flow is
produced in the tank which mixes all of the
contents homogeneously.
Jet mixers are simple and reliable, having no t Mixing time in h
moving parts. Jet mixers are hardly subject IE Actual tank volume in m³
to any wear.
Så Total delivered flow of the jet mixers in
m³/h
Stainless steel, with welding end
The calculation applies to pure water. The val-
ues have to be corrected for other liquids.
FIG. 1 FIG. 2
a = 0.5 –: 1 m

fm1 18

Liquid jet mixers
SELECTION OF THE CIRCULATION PUMP FIG. 3 EXAMPLE OF DESIGN

The selection of the required circulation GIVEN :
pump is determined by the effective motive Tank diameter D = 3.5 m
liquid pressure Δp1 and by the motive liquid Tank height h=4m
flow å1. Useful volume IN = 38.5 m3
In determining the required motive liquid Actual tank volume IE = 30 m3
pressure Δp1 you must consider the two pos- Mixing time t = 0.5 h (double
sible flow arrangements for the circulation circulation per hour)
pump: Motive liquid pressure Δp1 # 3 bar
1. The circulation pump sucks in the cir- Pump arrangement according to fig. 3
culation liquid from the tank (fig. 3). The
static liquid pressure H stat in this case has PAR AMETERS TO BE FOUND : Mixer size and
no influence on the delivery head H as the parameters of the circulation pump
inlet height at the suction connection is so
FIG. 4
arranged that Δp1 = H. SOLUTION: With the help of the mixing time we
calculate the total delivered flow as follows:
2. The circulation pump sucks in external
liquid and must deliver it against the static
liquid pressure in the tank (fig. 4). In this
case, the following shall apply: Taking into consideration Δp1 # 3 bar, dia-
Δp1 = H – Hstat gram fig. 5 shows a required motive liquid
H Delivery head of the pump pressure Δp1 of 2.5 bar for a total delivery
flow of 18 m³/h and a motive liquid flow of
4.5 m³/h.
Mixer size 3-80 is selected.
FIG. 5
Liquid flow Σ å or. å1 in m3/h
Size Dp1 = Effective liquid pressure on the nozzle in bar

Series 80 Optimum pressure range ΔDp1 : 1 to 4 bar
Performance chart for standard sizes 1–7

fm1 18

Liquid jet mixers

LIQUID JET MIXERS WITH THREADED CONNECTIONS TYPE 17.1 LIQUID JET MIXERS WITH FLANGED CONNECTIONS TYPE 27.1
FIG. 6A FIG. 6D
CAST IRON Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80 CAST IRON Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80
Motive liquid Motive liquid
A G 3/4 G 1 G11/2 G11/2 G2 G3 G4 A 20 25 40 40 50 80 100
connection connection
Dimensions a 170 220 265 345 400 520 610 Dimensions a 200 250 300 380 440 570 660
in mm D 52 60 75 85 100 125 160 in mm D 52 60 75 85 100 125 160
f 20 25 24 24 30 33 40
Weight in kg 1 2 3 5 7 13 24 Weight in kg 2 3 5 7 10 19 33
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS: Housing: cast iron EN-GJL-200 (GG20), nozzles: stainless steel, threaded connections according to ISO 228,
flanges according to EN1092-1
FIG. 6B FIG. 6E
STAINLESS STEEL Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80 STAINLESS STEEL Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80
A G 3/4 G 1 G11/2 G11/2 G2 G3 G4 A 20 25 40 40 50 80 100
in mm D 45 55 55 63 79 112 140 in mm D 45 55 55 63 79 112 140
f 20 25 24 25 30 41 50
Weight in kg 1.4 2.8 2.8 4 7 18 31 Weight in kg 2.2 3.5 4.5 5.5 9 22 35
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS: I Completely stainless steel 1.4571,

II Completely stainless steel 1.4301, threaded connections according to ISO 228, flanges according to EN1092-1
FIG. 6C FIG. 6F
PLASTICS Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80 PLASTICS Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80
A G 3/4 G 1 G11/2 G11/2 G2 G3 G4 A 20 25 40 40 50 80 100
in mm D 50 60 70 80 90 120 150 in mm D 50 60 60 60 76 106 130
f 20 25 24 25 30 41 50
Weight PVC in kg 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 2 4 7.5 Weight in PVC kg 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.9 3.7 5
Weight PP in kg 0.3 0.5 0.8 1 1.6 3 5 Weight in PP kg 0.3 0.6 0.7 1 1.5 3 4
Weight PTFE in kg 0.5 1 1.5 2.3 3 6 10 Weight in PTFE kg 0.6 1.2 1.4 2 2.7 5 7
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS: I Completely PVC, II Completely PP, I Completely PVC, loose flanges: GF-UP, II Completely PP, loose
III Completely PTFE, threaded connections according to ISO 228 flanges: GF-UP, III Completely PTFE, flanges according to EN1092-1
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS regarding material, connections and nominal diameter > DN100 on request.
A numerical flow simulation (CFD) as in fig. 7 and fig. 8 is available on request.
FIG. 7 FIG. 8
Dichte – kg/m3
1270
1260
1240
1220
1200
1180
1160
1140
1120
1100
1080
1060
1040
1020
1000

fm1 18

Questionnaire
for liquid jet mixers
fm1, fm2
1. DIMENSIONS OF THE TANK OR BASIN
Volume of the tank or basin . . . . . . . . . . m³ Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
2. LIQUID TO BE MIXED
Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyn. viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mPas
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C Solid content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g/l
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³ Particle size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
3. CIRCULATION PUMP Liquid flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m³/h Pressure at mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar g
4. MIXING REQUIREMENTS Mixing time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h
Further requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5. FURTHER DATA
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................

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ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fm 18

Liquid jet mixers
for food applications/orbitally welded design
AREAS OF APPLICATION ECO-FERMTM – JET MIXERS IN BEER FERMEN-

Mixing of food places highest demands on TATION TANKS
purity and hygiene. All tank installations The ECO-FERMTM system (fig. 2) has been Stainless steel for welding on
must be cleaned without residue. Deposits specially developed for use in fermentation
must not be able to form even if production tanks. A jet mixer maintains the natural
stops. bubble column caused by the formation of
GEA designed a new series of jet mixers for CO2 during the fermentation process in the
this purpose. They are characterized by an tank. In this way, more active yeast cells are
orbitally welded design in stainless steel kept in the suspension, conversion processes
with particularly smooth, uninterrupted during the fermentation are accelerated and
shape. They have no joints, holes, crevices, temperature differences in the fermentation
etc. tank are considerably reduced.
Areas of application for liquid jet mixers
with welding end are for example:
• dissolving sugar for soft drinks
• mixing syrup and components
FIG 2
• beer fermentation Installation in a tank
• storage of edible oils
ARRANGEMENT AND INSTALLATION

On site, the jet mixers are welded to the
supply pipe of the motive fluid. Seals are
not necessary. The surface roughness
is Ra < 0.8 µm.
One of the three lateral openings for suck-
ing in the secondary flow is designed such
that a free drainage of residues in the hous-
ing is made possible.
FIG. 1
LIQUID JET MIXER WITH WELDING END TYPE 37.1
STAINLESS STEEL Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80
Motive fluid connection A 20 25 40 40 50 80 100
Motive fluid connection a 170 220 265 345 400 495 610
D 40 50 50 60 79 112 140
Weight in kg 1 1.7 2 2.7 6 15 27
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION: Completely in stainless steel 1.4301
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: Other materials may be are available on request.

fm2 18

fm2 18

Liquid jet ventilators
APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES
Liquid jet ventilators are used to draw off • w ith correct choice of materials of
air, gases or vapor. manufacture an almost unlimited life
They are designed to suck in gas flows at • no moving parts
small pressure differences. The pressure gain • maintenance-free
(compression) which these units can archive • quickly and simply brought into
is in the range between 1 and 20 mbar. operation
• can be fabricated from many different
materials
MODE OF OPERATION • low capital and installation costs
Liquid jet ventilators operate on the jet • low-noise operation
pumps principle (“General information on
jet pumps”, o | abl1). Their action is based
on the jet of motive liquid which emerges EXAMPLE OF DESIGN
from the motive nozzle entraining and con- A liquid jet ventilator has to convey approx-
veying the surrounding gas. imately 400 m³/h air. The available motive
water pressure is 3 bar g.
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS 1. Maximum compression Dp in mbar
The specific motive liquid requirement in 2. Size of ventilator From fig. 2 we find a motive liquid con-
m³ of liquid per m³ of air or gas 3. Motive liquid consumption in m³/h sumption of 4.4 m³/h.
• decreases with higher motive liquid SOLUTION : Fig. 1 shows that a ventilator size
pressure p1 4 produces a compression of Dp = 5 mbar.
• increases with rising, required The operating point lies within the area of
compression Δp best efficiency. Therefore the ventilator is
• is independent of nature and density off suitable for the required duty.
the drawn off gases
FIG. 1
å1 å
Series 80 p1 p
å0, p0
p1 = Motive liquid pressure in bar

Compression Dp = p–p0 in mbar
p0 = Suction pressure in bar

å1 = Motive liquid flow in m3/h
å0 = Gas suction flow in m3/h
å = Mixed flow in m3/h
hmax. = Optimum working efficiency

Size
Air suction flow å0 in m3/h

fv1 18

Liquid jet ventilators
FIG. 2
Series 80
Motive liquid consumption å1 in m3/h
Pressure indications
in bar = bar g
Size Motive liquid pressure p1 in bar
FIG. 3
SERIES 80 Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Motive liquid connection A 15 25 25 32 32 50 65
Suction connection B 50 65 100 125 150 200 250

Pressure connection C 50 65 100 125 150 200 250
Dimensions in mm a 1025 1300 1750 2000 2350 2750 3000

c 925 1175 1625 1875 2125 2600 2850
d 150 175 200 225 250 300 325
Weight in kg
Steel 9 14 34 50 77 148 220
Stainless steel 9 14 28 37 51 75 105

Plastic material (PP) 4 5 8 11 15 18 25
I Housing: steel, motive nozzle: bronze, twist piece: PVC
II Completely stainless steel 1.4571
III Completely stainless steel 1.4541
IV Completely PVC, loose flanges: GRP
V Completely PP, loose flanges: GRP
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: Titanium, Hastelloy, glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GFK) etc.
For special constructions dimensional modifications are subject to change.

When ordering standard units size, type and materials of construction should be given.

fv1 18

Questionnaire
for liquid jet ventilators
fv1
Suction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m³/h Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fv1 18

fv1 18

Grundlagen und
Steam jet pumps
Arbeitsblätter
• Steam jet vacuum pumps

• Steam jet compressors (thermo compressors)
• Steam jet ventilators
• Steam jet liquid pumps, general information
• Steam jet liquid pumps class A
• Steam jet liquid pumps class B
• Steam jet heaters, general information
• Steam jet heaters for vessels
• Steam jet heaters “L” for installation in pipelines
• Steam jet heaters “H” for passage and circulation heating systems
• Steam jet heaters “System Ciba-Geigy” for passage and circulation
heating systems
fv1 18
Steam jet vacuum pumps
Steam jet pumps are particularly appropri- PERFORMANCE CHART FOR VACUUM PUMPS
ate as vacuum pumps, as they can easily EXAMPLE
handle large vacuum volumes. It is required to extract Ø 0 = 50 kg/h of air at
Single stage jet pumps, which convey 20 °C from a suction pressure of
against atmospheric pressure are used p 0 = 200 mbar. A motive steam pressure of
for the production of vacuum down to a p1 = 10 bar g is available.
suction pressure of approx. 100 mbar. From the diagrams fig. 1 and fig. 2, the
For lower suction pressures multi-stage required motive steam flow as well as the
steam jet vacuum pumps are used, with suction connection diameter can be ascer-
or without intermediate condensation. tained in relation to the suction pressure
For more details, please refer to section and suction flow.
“Vacuum systems”, o | gdp1. The overall dimensions of the equipment Steam jet vacuum pump in metal
are fixed in relation to the suction connec-
tion diameter.
ADVANTAGES
• n o moving parts Fig. 1 shows a specific steam consumption
• easy handling of even very large suction of
flows
• low maintenance cost
• long life
• high reliability and safety of operation The steam consumption is, therefore,
• low priced, low operating cost
• manufacture from various materials of
construction
In fig. 2 the operating point
suction flow = 50 g/h and
DESIGN suction pressure = 200 mbar
Steam jet vacuum pumps have a tailor-made is between the curves for DN 40 and DN 50.
design depending on the individual require-
ments. In this way optimum efficiency is
achieved.
FIG. 2
Steam jet vacuum pump in graphite
DN 50 is chosen as the curves in fig. 2 give

FIG. 1
the maximum possible suction flow for
each particular size. The dimensions of the
required jet pump, in various materials of
construction, are given in fig. 9 and 10.
Suction flow Ø0 in kg/h air *
The diagrams fig. 1 and 2 are valid for a suc-

tion medium of air at 20 °C. At other suction
Specific steam consumption m
temperatures, but at the same suction pres-

sure, the suction flow is calculated according
to the following equation:
in kg steam / kg air
p1 = Motive steam If water vapor, instead of air, is to be drawn

pressure gauge Suction pressure p0 in mbar off, the suction flow is approx. 80 % of the
values given in diagram fig. 2. For other
M = Metal construction gases or vapors see section “Equivalent
P = Porcelain construction
Suction pressure p0 in mbar suction flows for steam jet vacuum pumps”,
*) approx. value dependent on motive steam
pressure (10 bar) o | abl 12.
Specific steam consumption of a single stage Maximum possible suction flow in kg/h for air at
steam jet vacuum pump when compressing to 20 °C
atmosphere (1013 mbar)

dvp1 18

PRE-EVACUATION From the result obtained, it can be estimated

FIG. 3
If a plant is to be evacuated within a given whether a pre-evacuator is required.
time, for example, during start-up, and the Single-stage start-up jet pumps can, accord-
vacuum pump which maintains the opera- ing to the motive steam pressure, achieve a
tional vacuum takes longer than the given final pressure of approx. 80 mbar.
time, a jet pump is added to speed up the For lower pressures a two-stage start-up jet
evacuation. This jet pump is called pre-evac- pump must be used.
uator or start-up jet pump.
This pump is brought into operation togeth- PERFORMANCE CHART FOR PRE-EVACUATORS
er with the vacuum pump, but works only EXAMPLE
until the required vacuum, or a determined A vessel with a volume of 31 m³ is to be
intermediate vacuum is reached (see also evacuated from 1000 mbar to 80 mbar in
section “Vacuum systems, Planning of a 15 minutes. Motive steam at 10 bar g is avail-
steam jet vacuum pump”, o | gdp3). able.
From fig. 4 for 80 mbar and 10 bar g one
In order to determine whether a pre-evacu- finds a specific motive steam consumption
ator is required, the evacuation time of the of 2.28 kg motive steam/m³ volume to be
vacuum pump has to be calculated with the evacuated.
help of the following formulas: The steam consumption is then calculated
with the aid of the following formula:
in minutes.
1 Steam jet vacuum pump as pre-evacuator
Where: 2 Two-stage steam jet vacuum pump
ØD Steam consumption in kg/h
3 Column head Dspec. kg motive steam/m³ volume to be

V Volume of the plant to be evacuated in m³ evacuated
4 Column
p0 Required operating vacuum I Separator V Volume of the plant to be evacuated
(suction pressure) in mbar II Mixing condenser in m³
ØA Air suction flow in kg/h, for which the A Motive steam t Required evacuation time in minutes
steam jet vacuum pump is designed B Suction flow
C Cooling water
Pre-evacuation of a vacuum plant Fig. 5 gives the nominal diameter of the

pre-evacuator required for this steam con-
sumption. The example given requires a
FIG. 4
pre-evacuator DN 80 I.
p1 = Motive steam pressure gauge
FIG. 5
Final vacuum of the pre-evacuator in mbar
Nominal size of the pre-evacuators
Spec. steam consumption Dspec. in kg motive steam/m3 of Motive steam consumption in kg/h
plant volume to be evacuated

dvp1 18

FIG. 6
EVACUATION OF A SUCTION LINE
Steam jet vacuum pump for evacuating the

suction line of a non self-priming pump
1 Steam jet vacuum pump

2 Centrifugal pump
A Motive steam
B Suction line
FIG. 7
VACUUM PRODUCTION
Steam jet vacuum pump for producing

a negative pressure in a nutsch filter

A Motive steam
B Suction line
FIG. 8
LIFTING OF LIQUIDS
As long as the steam jet pump operates, vacuum is pro-
duced and liquid is drawn into the tank. When the steam
valve is closed, atmospheric air returns to the tank, the
vacuum is broken and lifting stops.
Steam jet vacuum pumps for the lifting

of liquids

A Motive steam
B Suction line

dvp1 18

FIG. 9
STEAM JET VACUUM PUMPS, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

METAL CONSTRUCTION
DN 25 25 50 50 80 80
I II I II I II
Steam connection DN 25 25 25 25 40 40
Dimensions in mm a 210 300 440 550 750 930

b 30 30 50 50 90 90
c 100 100 110 110 175 175

d 180 270 390 500 660 840
Weight in kg (approx.) 6 7 18 21 43 46
REALIZED JET PUMP STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS: The exact installation dimensions of the
I Housing: cast iron EN-GJL-400-15 pumps depend on the operating conditions.
(GGG40), motive nozzle: stainless steel For jet pumps according to the design given
II Housing: cast stainless steel (1.4581), in fig. 9, two different dimensions for each
motive nozzle: stainless steel size are given.
DN 25 und 50: housing and diffusor screwed For large nominal diameters jet pumps
DN 80: housing and diffusor flanged, diffu- are designed in welded construction. The
sor welded dimensions are adapted to the particular
Flanges according to EN1092-1 or ASME conditions.
150 lbs The dimensions are given in the quotation
on request (see also “Steam jet compres-
If necessary the steam jet vacuum pumps sors”, o | bv 1)
can also be manufactured in other sizes,
constructions and materials and flanges of SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS and larger nomi-
other nominal pressures and standards can nal bores on request.
be supplied. This, however, does not apply Dimensions, connection dimensions and
to pumps of porcelain. special performance data on request.

Steam jet vacuum pump in stainless steel
FIG. 10
STEAM JET VACUUM PUMPS, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

GRAPHITE CONSTRUCTION DN 32 40 50 65 80 100 125
(Replacement for porcelain construction) Dimensions in mm a 320 405 510 653 810 1035 1270
b 90 100 100 130 145 160 170
c 95 110 110 120 135 150 175
d 230 305 410 523 665 875 1100
k 95 120 140 160 185 210 235

D 115 144 164 188 217 242 267
Weight in kg (approx.) 5 8 11 17 21 40 53
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION: (new construction with flanges acc. to EN1092) DN 25 50 80 100

Housing: temperature-change resistant Dimensions in mm a 360 600 985 1320
graphite
b 90 100 145 160
Motive nozzle: PTFE/GFK
Connection clamps: aluminium cast c 100 110 135 150
Steam connections: steel galvanized d 270 500 840 1150
Weight in kg (approx.) 5 11 21 40
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS with different
connections, nominal pressure stages of The motive nozzle connections are not given in the above overview as they depend on the
the flanges: materials on request. operating conditions.

dvp1 18

Questionnaire
for steam jet vacuum pumps
dvp1
1. MOTIVE SIDE Motive medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molecular weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/kmol
Motive pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/kg K
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Suction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Molecular weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/kmol
Suction pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/kg K
3. OUTLET Required discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Mixed flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
DESIGN CODE (if required) : APPLICATION:
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar g
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

dvp1 18

Questionnaire
for steam jet compressors (thermo compressors)
bv1
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bv1 18

Steam jet compressors
(thermo compressors)
MODE OF OPERATION
Steam jet compressors use the energy of a
vapor flow Ø1, of a high pressure level p1 and
compress a vapor flow Ø 0 of low pressure
level p0 to a medium pressure level p.
Normally, such steam jet compressors are
operated by water steam as motive and
suction fluid. Thermo compressor in steel
Basically, however, steam jet compressors
can be operated with any vapor.
Further information can be found in chap- APPLICATIONS the suction pressure remains constant,
ter “General information on jet pumps”, Steam jet compressors are used in evapo- the suction flow also remains constant
o | abl1. rating, distillation, cooling, crystallisation, as shown by the horizontal curves. If the
deodorisation, degassing and drying under discharge pressure is raised beyond the
vacuum. discharge pressure limit whilst the suc-
FIG. 1
In the positive pressure range the com- tion pressure remains constant, the suc-
pressed exhaust vapors are used for heating tion flow abruptly drops to zero in case of
(heat pump). higher compression.
4. If the suction flow is changed, the jet

OPERATIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF STEAM JET pump will react with a change in the
COMPRESSORS suction pressure. A smaller suction flow
A steam jet compressor must be constructed results in a lower suction pressure (better
to unite the operating conditions accurate- vacuum) and vice versa.
ly, otherwise the efficiency will be poor or
it will not work at all. Even so, for a better Fig. 2 shows the relationship between suction
understanding of the method of operation flow Ø 0, suction pressure p 0 and discharge
of steam jet compression, it is important to pressure p at a constant motive steam pres-
consider behaviour under varying operating sure p1. If two of the three variables Ø 0, p 0
conditions. and p are fixed variables on the compressor,
the resulting third variable is in accordance
BEHAVIOUR UNDER VARYING OPERATION with the graph.
CONDITIONS
1. If the motive steam pressure changes, the
FIG. 2
steam consumption changes proportion-
ally to the motive steam pressure. At the
Mass suction flow Ø0 in kg/h
p1 = Motive steam pressure

nominal value of the motive steam pres-
sure, the steam consumption corresponds
to the calculated figure given in the speci-
fication. Please also see “Steam consump-
tion of jet pumps”, o | abl 13.
ADVANTAGES 2. Changes in a motive steam flow by chang-

• large vapor volumes, particularly in high ing the motive pressure (or by inserting
vacuum ranges, are easily handled steam nozzles with different hole diam-
Suction pressure p0 and discharge
• low investment cost due to the relatively eters) primarily affect the discharge pres-
pressure p in mbar
simple construction sure against which the steam jet compres-
• long operational life expectancy as steam sor is able to deliver. An increase of the
jet compressors can always be constructed motive steam flow results in an increase The graph has only qualitative validity.
of a suitable corrosion resistant material in the possible discharge pressure and The numerical values are only inserted to
• high operational safety and low mainte- vice versa. give a better understanding.
nance as no moving parts are involved Fig. 2 would show the increase of the
motive steam pressure if the dotted line
In relation to these advantages, the efficien- (discharge pressure limits) was moved
cy does not play significant role, compared further to the right.
to other compressors. As a result of it being
custom built for a duty, with correct design 3. If the discharge pressure between the
and application a high operating efficiency suction pressure and the discharge pres-
can be achieved. sure limit (dotted line) changes whilst

bv1 18

Steam jet compressors (thermo compressors)
ADJUSTMENT OF STEAM JET COMPRESSORS of a nozzle needle. This is done pneumati- The steam jet compressor must be designed
There are various possibilities to adjust cally or by electric positioner. Controllable for the most unfavourable conditions. If the
steam jet compressors to suit varying oper- steam jet compressors with spindle noz- steam jet compressor is not controlled, its
ating conditions: zles are used for fluctuating suction or mix- steam consumption is always that which is
ing flow and constant or varying suction required for the most unfavourable condi-
1. CHANGING THE MOTIVE NOZZLE(S) or discharge pressure. The economical use tion. An automatic control takes care that
A limited adaptation of the steam consump- and satisfactory operation of a controlla- only the amount of steam really required
tion to a varying discharge pressure (e.g. due ble jet pump is possible for an expansion is in fact used. We can supply the required
to a varying cooling water temperature) is ratio under 10 up to maximum 20, where- control equipment or offer consultancy for
possible by altering the motive steam pres- as the expansion ratio E = p1/p 0 . Please also control techniques within the scope of our
sure or by changing the motive nozzles. see “Steam consumption of jet pumps”, engineering services.
o | abl13.
2. THROTTLING THE MOTIVE STEAM
If a sufficiently high motive steam pressure
is available, the steam consumption can be
adjusted to suit a varying discharge pressure
by throttling. This can be done by hand or
by automatic control.
For example, the steam jet compressor deliv-
ers into a mixing condenser, operated with
recycled water. A great amount of motive
steam can be saved by using steam pressure
control of the motive steam as the tempera-
ture of the circulating water varies consider-
ably in the course of the year.
3. USING NOZZLE NEEDLES

The motive flow is changed by reducing the Fig. 3 Variable flow jet compressor with pneumatic positioner
cross section of the motive nozzle by means
FIG. 4
HEAT PUMP
A part of the drawn-off vapors are recompressed by
motive steam and used to heat the evaporator. Apart from
the additional saving of steam, a safer limitation in the
temperature differences between the heating and boiling
chambers will be achieved.
Evaporator with steam jet compressor

as heat pump
1 Steam jet compressor

2 Evaporator
A Motive steam
B Vapor
E Product
H Condensate

bv1 18

FIG. 5
REFRIGERATION
The boiling of the liquid to be cooled is achieved by using a steam
jet compressor to keep a sufficiently low absolute pressure above
the liquid.
The special advantage in the crystallisation and cooling of aggres-
sive liquids by this method is that no heat exchange surfaces are
required.
Agitator crystalliser with steam jet compressor for

refrigeration
1 Steam jet compressor A Motive steam

2 Agitated crystalliser B Vapor
3 Mixing condenser C Cooling water
D To the vacuum pump
E Product
FIG. 6
VACUUM GENERATION WHEN DEODORIZING EDIBLE OIL

Normally, deodorizing is done by stripping steam at a vacuum of
approx. 6 mbar. The steam jet compressor draws off the vapor and
compresses it to the pressure in the condenser, e.g. 45 mbar.
Deodoriser for edible oils with steam jet compressor

to increase the vacuum
1 Steam jet compressor C Cooling water

2 Tank D To the vacuum pump
3 Mixing condenser E Product
F Heating steam
A Motive steam G Steam
B Vapor H Condensate
FIG. 7
HEAT RECOVERY
Flashed off vapors are recompressed by a steam jet compressor and
used to heat an evaporator in a distillation plant.
Heat recovery from process effluent water by

using steam jet compressors as heat pump
1 Steam jet compressor A Motive steam

2 Tank B Vapor
3 Distillation plant E1 Product 1
E2 Product 2
H Condensate

bv1 18

FIG. 8
STEAM JET COMPRESSORS, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

METAL CONSTRUCTION
DN 25 25 50 50 80 80
I II I II I II
Steam connection DN 25 25 25 25 40 40
Dimensions in mm a 210 300 440 550 750 930

b 30 30 50 50 90 90
c 100 100 110 110 175 175

d 180 270 390 500 660 840
Weight in kg 6 7 18 21 43 46
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS: On request the steam jet compressors can dimensions are adapted to the particular
I Housing: cast iron EN-GJS-400-15 be supplied in other sizes, constructions conditions.
(GGG40), motive nozzle: stainless steel and materials. Connecting flanges with the The dimensions are given in the quotation
II Housing: cast stainless steel (1.4581), requested nominal pressure and according on request.
motive nozzle: stainless steel to the required standards can be offered.
DN 25 and 50: housing and diffuser screwed The exact installation dimensions of the SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS and larger nominal
DN 80: housing and diffuser flanged, dif- pumps depend on the operating conditions. diameters on request.
fuser welded Thus, fig. 8 gives 2 constructions for each Dimensions, connection dimensions and
Flanges according to EN1092-1 or ASME different dimension. special performance data on request.
150 lbs For large nominal diameters jet pumps
are designed in welded construction. The For inquiries please use our questionnaire.
FIG. 9
STEAM JET COMPRESSORS, CONNECTIONS, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

GRAPHITE CONSTRUCTION
DN 32 40 50 65 80 100 125
(Replacement for porcelain construction) Dimensions in mm a 320 405 510 653 810 1035 1270
b 90 100 100 130 145 160 170
c 95 110 110 120 135 150 175
d 230 305 410 523 665 875 1100
k 95 120 140 160 185 210 235

D 115 144 164 188 217 242 267
Weight in kg (approx.) 5 8 11 17 21 40 53
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION: (new construction with flanges acc. to EN1092) DN 25 50 80 100

Housing: temperature change resistant Dimensions in mm a 360 600 985 1320
graphite
b 90 100 145 160
Motive nozzle: PTFE/GFK
Connection clamps: aluminium cast c 100 110 135 150
Steam connections: steel galvanized d 270 500 840 1150
Weight in kg (approx.) 5 11 21 40
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS with different
connections, nominal pressure stages of
the flange: materials on request.
The motive nozzle connections are not given in the above overview as they depend on the
For inquiries please use our questionnaire. operating conditions.

bv1 18

Steam jet ventilators
APPLICATIONS As opposed to liquid jet ventilators, steam

Steam jet ventilators convey air, gases and or gas jet ventilators have the advantage
vapors against small pressure differences that larger pressure differentials can be
up to approximately 500 mbar and are used, managed.
e.g.:
• to draw of waste air, exhaust gases and Steam jet ventilators operate in a range
vapor between Δp = 0 to 500 mbar. Above 500 mbar,
• to ventilate tanks steam jet compressors are used (see also
• as forced blast blowers, or stack ventila- section “Steam jet compressors”, o | bv1).
tors for boiler burners
• to extract and mix exhaust gases from the
thermal afterburning (fig. 1) Steam jet ventilator in stainless steel
The achievable pressure difference between

FIG. 1
the suction pressure and discharge pressure
is the compression of the steam jet ventila-
tor.
1, 2 Steam jet ventilators
3 Combustion chamber
ADVANTAGES
A Motive steam
• no moving parts B1, B2 Exhaust gas
• maintenance free E Natural gas
• can be installed in virtually all situations
• quickly and easily put into operation
• almost unlimited life, when a suitable
material of construction is chosen
• can be manufactured from various
materials of construction
• low acquisition costs
Instead of steam, it is also possible to use

compressed air or another gas as motive
fluid for jet ventilators. For more detailed
information please refer to the section “Gas
jet ventilators”, o | gv1.
Apart from steam, air or gas, liquids may be

used as the motive medium for jet ventila- Steam jet ventilators to convey exhaust gases to thermal afterburning
tors. For further information please refer to
the section “Liquid jet ventilators”, o | fv1.
CONSTRUCTIONS
STEAM JET VENTILATORS ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS:
FIG. 2 FIG. 3
Design with axial suction connection Design with lateral suction connection

dv1 18

Steam jet ventilators
DETERMINING THE MOTIVE STEAM FIG. 4

CONSUMPTION
The diagram fig. 4 shows the suction ratio
m in kg suction medium per kg motive
Diagram is valid for suction medium air
medium in relation to the compression Dp p1 = Motive steam pressure gauge
in mbar, at various motive steam pressures
in bar.
Steam jet ventilators operate in a range
between Dp = 0 to 500 mbar.
The motive liquid consumption is calculated

by the following equation:
Ø0 Suction flow in kg/h

Ø1 Motive medium in kg/h (steam)
m Suction ratio in kg suction medium/kg
motive medium
EXAMPLES FOR CALCULATION OF APPROX. MOTIVE

STEAM CONSUMPTION
Compression Dp in mbar
GIVEN :
Suction flow 1500 kg/h air
1. Required compression Dp = 10 mbar
with motive steam at 5 bar, fig. 5 shows a
suction ratio of m = 23.5 kg/kg
2. Required compression Dp ~ 0 mbar

with motive steam at 5 bar, fig. 5 shows a
suction ratio of m = ca. 190 kg/kg.
MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION AND CONNECTION DIMENSIONS

Steam jet ventilators are designed according to the special requirements and are
delivered in the following materials of construction:
Cast iron EN-GJS-400-15 (GG40), steel, stainless steel, plastic material. Moreover, special
materials of construction are possible, such as Titanium, Hastelloy.
Dimensions, connection dimensions and special capacity data on request.

dv1 18

Questionnaire
for steam jet ventilators
dv1
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

dv1 18

dv1 18

Steam jet liquid pumps
General information
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS WORKING RANGE

ELEVATING AND CONVEYING of liquid chemi- In compliance with the varying demands,
cals such as lyes, acids, tanning liquors, lime two different classes of standard steam
milk, effluent water, spent wash, mash, bilge liquid pumps are constructed:
water, etc. 1. CLASS A
CIRCUL ATING with simultaneous heating of for low suction heights, up to max. 1 m
the liquid contents. (where, density, r = 1000 kg/m³ or liquid
feed) and large discharge pressures
2. CLASS B
CONSTRUCTION AND MODE OF OPERATION for larger suction heights and discharge
The 3 main components of steam jet liquid pressures up to approx. 1.1 bar g
pumps are head, diffuser and motive nozzle. Steam jet liquid pump in steel
The steam jet emerging from the motive In addition to the standard pumps, we sup-
nozzle at high velocity transmits its kinetic ply special constructions for larger suction
energy to the liquid, mixes with it and con- heights and discharge pressures.
denses. In this way, the liquid is conveyed
and its pressure is increased at the same
time (also see “General Information about SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR
Jet Pumps”, o | abl1). INDUSTRY
Steam jet liquid pumps are also used in
These pumps operate like a steam jet nuclear plants to convey and circulate
vacuum pump and evacuate the suction aggressive and radioactive liquids in the
pipelines. They are, therefore, self-priming. unapproachable “hot” zone, e.g. in a re-pro-
cessing plant of nuclear fuel.
To meet the high demands in this field,
SPECIAL PROPERTIES they are specially constructed and made of
• s imple erection and servicing particularly resistant stainless steel in
• no moving parts, therefore, no wear accordance with the special tests and
• maintenance-free codes. Special quality assurance measures
• great reliability and safety of operation are ensured for manufacture and accep
• long life tance.
• low cost
Special construction for the nuclear industry of a

steam jet liquid pump in stainless steel

dfp 18

Questionnaire
for steam jet liquid pumps
dfp1, dfp2
1. MOTIVE SIDE Motive pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Suction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m³/h Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Delivery head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m WC Steam pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
or suction pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
3. OUTLET Required discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

dfp 18

Class A
PERFORMANCE CHART FIG. 1
Steam jet liquid pumps class A are suitable

for low suction heights, up to max. 1 m p1 = Motive steam pressure gauge
(where, density, r = 1000 kg/m³ or for liquid
feed) and large discharge pressure.
EXAMPLE
6 m³/h of water is to be drawn at a suction
Delivery in m3/h
height of 1 m and conveyed to a discharge
pressure of 1.6 bar g.
A motive steam pressure of 3 bar g is avail-
able.
PAR AMETERS TO BE FOUND : Pump size and
motive steam consumption. Size Discharge pressure in bar g
SOLUTION : The diagram fig. 1 shows that
for a discharge pressure of 1.6 bar g and a
motive steam pressure of 3 bar g in relation Delivery in m³/h of water at a suction height of approximately 1 m in relation to the discharge pressure
to the delivery of 6 m³/h, a pump size 5 has at varying motive steam pressures p1.
to be used. Size 1 achieves only 65-70 % of the given discharge pressures.
Fig. 2 shows a steam consumption of approx. FIG. 2

190 kg/h for the chosen size.
Steam consumption in kg/h
Size Motive steam pressure in bar g
Steam consumption in kg/h of the individual sizes in relation to the motive steam pressure.
The liquid to be conveyed must not be too FIG. 3

hot, so that the motive steam condenses in
it and the total energy is available to convey
the liquid (see diagram fig. 3).
It must be taken into consideration that not
Suction capacity in %
only higher temperatures, but also higher

specific gravities of the liquid to be conveyed
reduce the performance of the pumps.
Water temperature in °C
The drop in % of the delivery with increasing water temperature

dfp1 18

Steam jet liquid pumps class A
FIG. 4

Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Motive steam connection A 15 20 25 25 32 32 40 50

b 50 60 60 70 75 75 95 110
c 70 80 85 85 100 100 120 125

d 80 130 145 165 210 210 285 350
Weight in kg (approx.) 4 6 8 10 12 12 19 27
I Housing: steel, motive nozzle: brass (2.1090)
II Housing: steel, motive nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
III Housing: stainless steel (1.4571), motive nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
Flanges according to EN1092-1/PN 16/PN 40
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS for other capacity data or materials such as stainless steel,
Hastelloy, Titanium, etc. on request.
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY are supplied in welded

construction according to the special test and acceptance conditions.
Dimensions, connections and special capacity data on request.

dfp1 18

Class B
PERFORMANCE CHART PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND: Pump size, motive Steam jet liquid pumps operate like a steam
Steam jet liquid pumps class B are constructed steam pressure and consumption required jet vacuum pump and evacuate the suction
for suction heights larger than 1 m and dis- SOLUTION : The delivery and the suction pres- pipelines (in start-up). They are, therefore,
charge pressure up to approximately 1.1 bar g. sure determine the size of the pump whilst self-priming.
the discharge pressure determines the It must each time be checked by means of
EXAMPLE motive steam pressure required. fig. 7 whether at the motive steam pres-
5 m³/h of water is to be drawn from a mano- The example in fig. 5 gives a size 4 pump sure determined according to fig. 5 the
metric suction pressure of –0.6 bar and con- and a motive steam pressure of 4 bar. maximum suction pressure (blind vacuum)
veyed to a discharge pressure of 0.45 bar g. is lower than the necessary manometric
The steam consumption of 110 kg/h is found suction pressure.
in diagram fig. 6.
FIG. 5 FIG. 7
Delivery in m3/h
Motive steam pressure in bar g

Size Manometric suction Max. discharge pressure plimit in bar (g)
pressure p0 in bar
p1 = Motive steam pressure gauge

Pressures in bar correspond to gauge
Delivery in m³/h of water at a temperature of 20 °C, depending on the suction and discharge pressure
(limit discharge pressure) at different motive steam pressures p1 Max. suction pressure (blind
vacuum) in bar abs. to be reached
FIG. 6
Suction behaviour (blind vacuum) of steam jet
liquid pumps class B
Steam consumption in kg/h
Size Motive steam pressure in bar g
Steam consumption in kg/h of the individual sizes in relation to the motive steam pressure

dfp2 18

Steam jet liquid pumps class B
The liquid to be conveyed must not be too FIG. 8 FIG. 9

hot, because only if the motive steam con-
denses and thereby loses its volume, can the
total energy available to convey the liquid
become fully effective (see diagram fig. 8).
With lower suction height or liquid feed,
liquids with temperature up to 90 °C can be
conveyed.
The theoretical suction pressure shown in

fig. 9 with the broken line, for the same
delivery, changes from –0.7 bar at 20 °C to
–0.4 bar at 60 °C.
Deficiency in output in % Suction pressure p0 in bar g
Influence of the water temperature on the Relation between the theoretical suction
delivery at a constant geodetic suction height of pressure (manometric suction height) and the
5 m and a constant motive steam overpressure water temperature.
of 5 bar.
FIG. 10
Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Motive steam connection A 15 20 25 25 32 32 40 50

b 50 60 60 70 75 75 95 110
c 70 80 85 85 100 100 120 125

d 80 130 145 165 210 210 285 350
Weight in kg (approx.) 4 6 8 10 12 12 19 27
I Housing: steel, motive nozzle: brass (2.1090)
II Housing: steel, motive nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
III Housing: stainless steel (1.4571), motive nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
Flanges according to EN1092-1/PN 16/PN 40
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS for other performance data or materials, such as for

example stainless steel, Hastelloy, Titanium, etc. on request.
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY are supplied in welded

construction according to the special test and acceptance conditions.
Dimensions, connections and special capacity data on request.

dfp2 18

Steam jet heaters
General information
Steam jet heaters are used to heat liquids by

direct injection of heating steam. The heat-
ing steam condensate mixes with the liquid
being heated.
Steam jet heaters are used to prepare hot
water for different purposes, such as barrel Steam jet heater for vessels with Steam jet heater for vessels with
rinsing water in malting plants, warm water threaded connection, type 18.1 in flanged connection, type 18.1 in
cast stainless steel cast iron
for pickling, dyeing, and greases in tan
neries, for washrooms and bathrooms and
for heating sewage sludge, boiling lyes etc.
SPECIAL FEATURES
• low noise operation
• simple construction
• no moving parts
• low maintenance
• high reliability
• adjustable heating capacity
CONSTRUCTION FORMS
There are generally 2 different construction
forms, according to the application Steam jet heater, type “L” Steam jet heater, type “L”
• steam jet heaters for vessels in steel in stainless steel
• steam jet heaters for installation in pipes
and for passage and circulation heating
systems: Type “L”, Type “H”, “System Ciba-
Geigy”
Steam jet heater, type “H” Steam jet heater, type “H”
in steel in stainless steel
Steam jet heater “System Ciba- Steam jet heater “System Ciba-
Geigy” in cast iron Geigy” in stainless steel

aw 18

Questionnaire
for steam jet heaters for vessels
aw1
1. DIMENSIONS OF THE TANK OR BASIN
Volume of the tank or basin . . . . . . . . . . m³ Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
2. REQUIREMENTS ON THE HEATING
Heating capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kW Heating time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h
Heating steam pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Initial temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Heating steam temperature . . . . . . . . . . °C Final temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
MEDIUM TO BE HEATED: Dyn. viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mPas
Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/kg K Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m3
Vapor pressure at final temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
FURTHER REQUIREMENTS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. FURTHER DATA MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation according to catalog sheet aw1 Fig. 2 Fig. 4
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

aw1 18

Steam jet heaters for vessels
APPLICATION
Steam jet heaters are used to heat all kinds
of liquids in vessels. Heating is achieved by
means of direct condensation of steam. The
steam condensate mixes with the liquid.
Steam jet heater type 18.1, with Steam jet heater type 28.1, with
MODE OF OPERATION thread flange
The steam jet emerging from the motive
nozzle accelerates the liquid present in its To operate the steam jet heater, a steam
vicinity and in the mixing nozzle, and con- overpressure of at least 1.5 bar is necessary
denses (see also “General information on jet to overcome the static pressure of the liquid
pumps”, o | abl1). and to achieve the minimum speed at which
In this way a controlled flow is produced. no disturbing noise is produced. Whereas:
Furthermore, the whole content of the ves- The heaters described can also be used for
œtr Transferred heat flow in kW
sel is set in motion and the heat transferred operating with low pressure steam (special
to the liquid is evenly distributed through- construction). œ Heat flow in kW = Enthalpy of the
out the vessel. inflowing steam
All the heaters are provided with a threaded ØC Condensate flow in kg/h
connection for an air pipe. Normally it is not PERFORMANCE CHART c Specific heat capacity of the condensate
necessary to operate with air supply. How- On the bottom scale, the chart in fig. 1 gives in kJ/kg °C (water = 4.2)
ever, the admission of air greatly intensifies the heat flow in kW for each size. This is the ϑ Temperature of the heated water in °C
the movement of the circulating liquid; it heat content of the inflowing steam. How
can also assists in avoiding condensation ever, the heat actually transferred to the
hammers and rattling that may occur when liquid is less. It is reduced by the heat con- EXAMPLE
starting with a cold liquid. tained in the condensate. GIVEN :A steam quantity of approx. 70 kg/h
If air is to be supplied, a corresponding line The condensate flow produced by the con- is required to heat a vessel.
with installed regulation valve has to be condensation of the inflowing steam is given on Steam at 2 bar g is available.
nected (see fig. 2, 4, 6). Depending on the the top scale. With the aid of this scale and SOLUTION : The chart in fig. 1 shows that size
application, atmospheric air which is sucked the temperature ϑ of the heated liquid, the 1-80 matches the example.
in by the heater itself is sufficient. heat flow actually transferred is calculated
as follows:
FIG. 1
Steam consumption ØD or condensate ØC in kg/h or kg/s resp.

Steam pressure in bar g
Steam jet
heaters,
sizes 1–7,
series 80
Heat flow œ in kW ¥ Enthalpy of the inflowing steam
Performance chart for steam jet heaters, size 1 to 7, construction series 80, for water

aw1 18

EXAMPLE OF INSTALLATION: STEAM JET HEATER TYPE 18.1, WITH THREAD
FIG. 2
Steam jet heater type 18.1, with thread
A Motive steam
B Liquid
L Air
FIG. 3

STEAM JET HEATER TYPE 18.1, WITH THREAD
Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80
Nominal diameter A G 3/4 G1 G 1 1/2 G 1 1/2 G2 G3 G4

L G 1/8 G 1/8 G 1/4 G 1/4 G 1/4 G 3/8 G 3/8

D 52 60 75 85 100 125 160
e 35 40 40 40 50 75 80
f 20 25 24 24 30 33 40
Weight in kg (approx.) 1 2.6 2.8 4.2 6.4 13 23
I Housing: cast iron EN-GJL-200 (GG20), motive nozzle: stainless steel
II Housing: cast stainless steel (1.4581), motive nozzle: stainless steel
Thread according to DIN ISO 228
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: other capacities or materials e. g. Hastelloy, Titan

and more on request.
Please indicate size, type and material with your order.

aw1 18

EXAMPLE OF INSTALLATION: STEAM JET HEATER TYPE 28.1, WITH FLANGE
FIG. 4
Steam jet heater type 28.1, with flange
A Motive steam
B Liquid
L Air
FIG. 5

STEAM JET HEATER TYPE 28.1, WITH FLANGE
Size 1-80 2-80 3-80 4-80 5-80 6-80 7-80
Nominal diameter A 20 25 40 40 50 80 100

L G 1/8 G 1/8 G 1/4 G 1/4 G 1/4 G 3/8 G 3/8

e 70 75 75 75 90 125 135
Weight in kg (approx.) 2.2 3 5.2 6.6 9.3 18 30
I Housing: cast iron EN-GJL-200 (GG20), motive nozzle: stainless steel
II Housing: cast stainless steel (1.4581), motive nozzle: stainless steel
Flanges according to EN1092-1 PN 16
Threads according to DIN ISO 228

Please indicate size, type and material with your order.

aw1 18

EXAMPLE OF INSTALLATION: STEAM JET HEATER WITH HOUSING, TYPE 38.1

SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS DESIGNED ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOMER’S SPECIFICATION
FIG. 6
A Motive steam
B Liquid
L Air
Steam jet heaters, type 38.1 must only be

used for a liquid level of min. 0.5 m above
the heater.
Dimensions, connection dimensions, mate

rials and special capacity data on request.

aw1 18

Steam jet heaters “L”
for installation in pipelines
APPLICATION MODE OF OPERATION

Steam jet heaters are used to heat liquids The condensation nozzle is inside the steam
by means of direct condensation of steam. jet heater. It is provided with bore holes so
The steam condensate mixes with the liquid. that the steam can pass directly into the liq-
Steam jet heaters, type “L” are used in pas- uid to be heated and condenses (fig. 7). This
sage and circulation heating systems. takes place at the point of highest velocity of
The achievable heating per pass amounts to the liquid, its lowest pressure and its great-
max. 90 K. est turbulence.
The downstream arranged diffuser reduces
the velocity of the liquid again at the same
FIG. 7 time increasing its pressure.
The heaters can be installed in any position. Steam jet heater type “L”
The steam valve shall be installed directly at
the steam connection, if possible. A straight
FIG. 8
smoothing and slowing-down section of at
least 10 x DN is to be provided for down-
stream of the heater.
The heaters perform a noiseless operation
and can be designed even for exhaust steam.
Under defined conditions, the liquid to be
heated flows through the heater without
pressure loss; with sufficiently high steam
1 Housing pD Steam pressure pressure, a pressure boost is achieved.
Fig. 8 shows the max. permissible discharge
Discharge pressure p in bar

2 Condensation nozzle p Discharge pressure
3 Diffuser pressure p in relation to pF and pD; in start-
A, C Liquid up mode, i.e. without steam, the discharge
pF Liquid inlet pressure B Steam
pressure p is allowed to be max. 60 % of the
water inlet pressure pF.
Inlet pressure pF in bar
FIG. 9
Water flow to be heated in m3/h
lower limit
DJ = Temperature difference
pF = Liquid inlet pressure
Size Heating steam pressure pD in bar
The performance chart fig. 9 shows to which temperature a liquid can be heated, depending on the liquid flow and on the steam pressure at an inlet
temperature of 20 °C

aw4 18

Steam jet heaters “L” for installation in pipelines
EXAMPLE FIG. 10 FIG. 11

40 m³/h water is to be heated from 10 °C to
40 °C with steam between 1-2 bar.
Flow rate in %
PARAMETERS TO BE FOUND : Size of the heater
and steam consumption.
DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE : Diagram fig. 10
shows that the liquid flow rate at an inlet
Steam pressure pD in bar

temperature of 10 °C = 110 %. This means
Water inlet temperature in °C
that the determination of the size and of the
water inlet pressure has to be based only on
36.5 m³/h instead of 40 m³/h. Thus, size 6 as Influence of the liquid inlet temperature on the
well as size 7 are to be found for this in dia- liquid flow rate
gram fig. 9.
Water inlet pressure at size 6: 3.0 bar at size
7: 0.8 bar
DETERMINATION OF THE STEAM CONSUMPTION : Steam consumption of size 0 in kg/h
According to fig. 11, the steam consump- According to the table, the factor for size 7
tion at a steam pressure of 1.4 bar and size 0 is 23. Thus, the steam consumption for size
amounts to approx. 80 kg/h. 7 is resulting with: Steam consumption of size 0 in function of the
In order to determine the steam consump- 80 x 23 ≈ 1840 kg/h. steam pressure
tion of another size, the steam consumption
of size 0 is multiplied by the factor of the
size to be found. Size 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Factor 1 1.67 3 4.6 6.75 8.6 16 23 32 49 67
FIG. 12
Size 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nominal A 25 32 40 50 65 65 80 100 125 150 150
diameter B 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 200 250

C 25 32 40 50 65 65 80 100 125 150 150
Dimensions a 230 265 310 350 380 425 650 890 975 1275 1275
in mm b 70 85 100 110 125 140 200 345 365 515 515
c 85 100 105 120 130 140 175 200 200 200 200
d 160 180 210 240 255 285 450 545 610 760 760
Weight in kg (approx.) 7 9 12 15 21 23 34 51 60 72 90
I Housing: steel, condensation nozzle: red brass
II Housing: steel, condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
III Housing: stainless steel (1.4571), condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
Flanges: EN1092-1 PN 16


aw4 18

Steam jet heaters “H”
for passage and circulation heating systems
APPLICATION The type “H” heater’s ratio of maximum

Steam jet heaters are used to heat liquids by steam flow to minimum steam flow, its so-
means of direct injection of steam. called control range, depends on the dis-
Steam jet heaters, type “H”, are used in pas- charge pressure p and the steam pressure pD.
sage and circulation heating systems.
• heating to max. 30 K per pass In order to prevent the backing up of the
• steam flow control range up to max. 5:1 liquid, through the holes into the steam
For greater control ranges see “Steam jet chamber of the heater, the total control
heaters, System Ciba Geigy”, o | aw6. range must always remain at: pD ≥ p
The available steam pressure should be indi-

MODE OF OPERATION cated to us for the design. Steam jet heater type “H”
The condensation nozzle is inside the steam Steam jet heaters type “H” can be installed
jet heater. It is provided with bore holes so in any position. The free cross-sections of
that the steam can pass directly into the the connecting pipes of the liquid must be
liquid to be heated and condenses (fig. 13). at least as large as the corresponding connec- EXAMPLE
This takes place at the point of highest tions of the heater. 50 m³/h water is to be heated from 20 °C to
velocity of the liquid, its lowest pressure and A straight smoothing and slowing-down 50 °C using steam at 3 bar. The liquid inlet
its greatest turbulence. section of at least 10 x DN is to be provided pressure shall be 0.5 ≤ pF ≤ 1 bar g.
for downstream of the heater. The steam
valve shall be provided for directly at the PAR AMETER TO BE FOUND : Required steam
FIG. 13
steam connection, if possible. quantity, size of the steam jet heater and
required liquid inlet pressure pF.
SOLUTION : Determination of the steam con-
PERFORMANCE CHART sumption:
The flow rate and the pressure loss deter-
mine the size of the steam jet heater. In cir-
culation systems, the circulation pump must
not only overcome the pressure loss of the
heater, but also the flow resistance in the The diagram in fig. 15 shows the following
heating jacket and in the pipeline system. possibilities for a flow rate of 50 m³/h:
1 Housing pD Steam pressure
The flow rate and the required heating deter-
2 Condensation nozzle p Discharge pressure mine the steam consumption. This is calcu Liquid inlet pressure for size DN 80: 1.1 bar
3 Diffuser lated according to the following formula: Liquid inlet pressure for size DN 100: 0.5 bar
A, C Liquid Liquid inlet pressure for size DN 125: < 0.4 bar
pF Liquid inlet pressure B Steam
Due to the condition that liquid inlet pressure

0.5 ≤ pF ≤ 1 bar g, size DN 100 is selected.
å Flow rate in m³/h
The downstream arranged diffuser reduces
r Density of the liquid in kg/m³
the velocity of the liquid again at the same cL Specific heat capacity of the liquid
time increasing its pressure. in kJ/kg °C (water = 4.2)
In order to obtain a noiseless operation, the cC Specific heat capacity of the condensate
flow should not be heated by more than in kJ/kg °C (for water steam as heating
approx. DJ = 30 K per pass. medium = 4.2)
Only rarely does this type of heating require DJ Temperature difference per pass in K
a constant heating capacity. Normally the h Specific enthalpy of the steam in kJ/kg
steam is adjusted to the required operating J Temperature
of the liquid at the discharge
condition by means of a temperature con- of the heater in °C
trol circuit.
If possible, steam jet heaters, type “H”, shall
only be used at low discharge pressures.

aw5 18

Steam jet heaters “H” for passage and circulation heating systems
FIG. 14
Liquid inlet pressure pF (bar g)

in bar at steam flow = 0
Water-side pressure loss
Nominal diameter DN
Flow rate å in m3/h
Relation between flow rate, heating and steam consumption
FIG. 15

Size 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 I 200 II 250
Nominal A 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 200 250
diameter B 32 40 32 40 50 65 65 80 100 150 150 200

C 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 200 250
Dimensions a 230 265 260 280 350 450 500 685 750 1000 1050 1400
in mm b 70 85 70 80 80 115 100 165 165 200 200 250
c 85 100 115 125 125 135 135 175 200 200 200 250
d 160 180 190 200 270 335 400 520 585 800 850 1150
Weight in kg (approx.) 7 9 10 14 23 24 30 38 44 71 77 112
DN 125 TO DN 250 :
I Housing: steel, condensation nozzle: red brass
II Housing: steel, condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
III Housing: stainless steel (1.4571), condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
Flanges according to EN1092-1 PN 16
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS are possible in most of the usual materials.

aw5 18

Steam jet heaters “System Ciba-Geigy”
for passage and circulation heating systems
APPLICATION Heating processes rarely require a constant

Steam jet heaters are used to directly heat a heating capacity. Normally the steam flow is
liquid with heating steam. ajusted to the required operating conditions,
Steam jet heaters, “System Ciba Geigy”, are by means of a temperature control circuit
used in passage and circulating heating (fig. 17).
systems and for batch processes:
• flow rates of 2–700 m³/h
FIG. 16
• heating per pass up to approx. 30 K
• control range of heating capacity up to
200:1 pD
• heating up to approx. 5 °C below the satu-
rated steam temperature of the heating Steam jet heater “System Ciba-Geigy”
steam
In many cases in process technology, a large

MODE OF OPERATION control range is required.
Inside the heater there is a condensation The steam jet heater “System Ciba-Geigy” by
nozzle, which is, in principle, a cylinder with GEA allows a control range of up to 200:1
holes bored through. The steam passes into the 1 Housing with a noiseless operation.
2 Condensation nozzle
liquid to be heated and condenses (fig. 16). This exceptionally large control range is
3 Diffuser
This occurs at the point of the highest veloc- not achieved by a mechanical process, but
ity of the liquid, its lowest pressure and pF Liquid inlet pressure
hydraulically by the liquid to be heated
maximum turbulence. pD Steam pressure itself, by freeing more or fewer holes, there-
In the downstream-arranged diffuser the p Discharge pressure by increasing or decreasing the free open
velocity of the liquid is reduced, at the same A, C Liquid area for the steam flow.
time increasing its pressure. B Steam
INSTALLATION INFORMATION
• vertical installation only
FIG. 18 • steam supply from top to bottom only
• direction of flow of the liquid optionally
from top to bottom or vice versa. By replac-
ing the condensation nozzle you can
hange the sense of flow even afterwards
• steam control valve installed directly on
the steam connection
• system layout possible according to fig. 18
FIG. 17
A Heating / cooling medium Temperature / time profile for a batch process

B Steam
C Cooling water
Temperature
D Condensate
Z NPSHplant
1 Steam jet heater

2 Reactor
3 Expansion vessel
4 Float condensate trap Time
5 Deaerator
6 Circulation pump 1–2 = Required temperature C = Cooling
7 Control valve for steam A = Heating D = Working range
8 Control valves for water B = Temperature of the steam
Circulating heating and cooling system 9 Non-return flaps maintaining jet heater

aw6 18

Steam jet heaters “System Ciba-Geigy” for passage and circulation heating systems
FIG. 19 PERFORMANCE CHART

The flow rate and the pressure loss deter-
mine the size of the steam jet heater. In
fig. 19, the pressure loss at steam flow = 0
Water-side pressure loss Dp (bar)
is in relation to the circulated flow rate. At
Liquid inlet pressure pF (bar g)

temperature differences greater than 10 °C
between inlet and outlet, the pressure loss
will reduce due to the conveying effect of
the steam. This has the advantage that, dur-
at steam flow = 0
ing the heating phase the circulation pump

is relieved, the circulated flow rises and a
better heat transfer is achieved.
The flow rate and the required heating
determine the steam flow. This is calculated
according to the following formula:

å Flow rate in m³/h
r Density of the liquid in kg/m³
Nominal diameter DN
cL Special heat capacity of the liquid

in kJ/kg °C (water = 4.2)
cC Special heat capacity of the condensate
in kJ/kg °C (for water steam as heating
medium= 4.2)
DJ Temperature difference per pass in K
h Special enthalpy of the steam in kJ/kg
Flow rate å in m3/h
J Temperature
of the liquid at the outlet
of the heater in °C
FIG. 20

EXAMPLE
Size 40 I 40 II 50 65 80 100 125 150 200
A circulating flow of 50 m³/h is to be heat-
Nominal A 40 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200
ed from 40 °C to 80 °C by means of steam
diameter B 40 40 40 50 65 65 80 100 150 at 3 bar. The heating per pass is to amount
C 40 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 to 20 K.
PAR AMETERS TO BE FOUND : Required steam
Dimensions a 450 450 500 630 800 900 1120 1300 1700
flow, size of the steam jet heater and liquid
in mm b 158 158 188 205 217 250 305 400 535 inlet pressure.
Weight in kg (approx.) 23 23 30 42 35 46 66 104 186 SOLUTION : Determination of the steam con-
sumption:
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION:
DN 40 TO 65:
I Housing: cast iron EN-GJS-400-18-LT (GGG40.3),
condensation nozzle: brass The diagram, fig. 20, shows a steam jet heat-
II Housing: cast iron EN-GJS-400-18-LT (GGG40.3), er DN 100 for a circulating flow of 50 m³/h.
condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571) The required liquid inlet pressure amounts
DN 40 TO 200 : to 0.7 bar g.
III Housing: steel, condensation nozzle: brass
IV Housing: steel, condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
V Housing: stainless steel (1.4571),
condensation nozzle: stainless steel (1.4571)
Flanges EN1092-1 PN 16
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS: other capacities or materials e. g.

Hastelloy, Titan and more on request.

aw6 18

Questionnaire
for steam jet heaters, type “L”, aw4
steam jet heaters, type “H”, aw5
steam jet heaters “System Ciba-Geigy”, aw6
1. LIQUID INLET Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/kg K
Rate of liquid flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m³/h Dyn. viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mPas
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/m³
Liquid inlet pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
2. OUTLET Requested final temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Required discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
FOR CIRCULATION SYSTEMS: Heating per pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Vapor pressure of the liquid at final temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
3. HEATING STEAM Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs. Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

aw 18

aw 18

Grundlagen und
Gas/air jet pumps
Arbeitsblätter
• Gas jet vacuum pumps and gas jet compressors

• Air jet vacuum pumps for connections to the suction side
of liquid ring vacuum pumps
• Gas jet ventilators
aw 18
Gas jet vacuum pumps and
gas jet compressors
Gas jet vacuum pumps and air jet vacuum pumps operate
on the same principle as all jet pumps: The pressure energy
of the motive medium is converted into speed energy in
the motive nozzle.
For more detailed information on structure and operating
mode of jet pumps please refer to “General information on
jet pumps”, o | abl1.
Instead of liquid or steam, gas or compressed air is used as
the motive medium. This is particularly suitable where no Gas jet vacuum pump Gas jet vacuum pump for the
steam is available or where compressed air or gas as motive nuclear industry
medium offer advantages over steam.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR GAS JET VACUUM PUMPS
FIG. 1
Gas jet compressor for the natural gas industry
GAS JET VACUUM PUMPS are used in many cases to evacuate pipelines,
1 Gas jet vacuum vessels and plants.
pump
A Compressed air GAS JET COMPRESSORS are mainly used to mix and compress gases.
B Suction line
EXAMPLE 1: EVACUATION OF A SIPHONING INSTALLATION
FIG. 2 FIG. 3
1 Gas jet vacuum pump

A Compressed air
B Suction line
EXAMPLE 2 : ELEVATION OF LIQUIDS WITH GAS/AIR

1 Gas jet vacuum pump
As long as the compressed air valve is open, a vacuum is produced 2 Centrifugal pump
and liquid is drawn into the vessel. When the compressed air is A Compressed air
turned off, atmospheric pressure returns to the vessel, the vacuum B Suction line
is broken and elevation of the liquid stops. Typical application:
suction of leak oil or petrol. Canal cleaning and emergency vehicles
can be equipped with compressed air pumps for this purpose. EXAMPLE 3: EVACUATION OF THE SUCTION LINE OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

gp1 18

Gas jet vacuum pumps and gas jet compressors
TYPICAL APPLICATION FOR GAS JET FIG. 4

COMPRESSORS
EX AMPLE 1: TO SUCK IN AND MIX NATURAL GAS 1 Gas jet compressor
WITH OTHER GASES 2 Combustion chamber
If, for example, natural gas shall be mixed A Natural gas
with an exhaust gas and then be burned off B Exhaust gas
in a boiler plant, a gas jet compressor can be C Mixed gas
used. In this case the natural gas has a high-
er pressure and serves as motive medium.
The exhaust gas, which predominantly is
occurring at atmospheric pressure, is sucked
in by the compressor and is compressed to
the burner inlet pressure.
Gas jet compressor to convey exhaust gas at atmospheric pressure into the steam boiler combustion
chamber
DETERMINING THE COMPRESSED AIR From fig. 5, you will find a specific air con-
CONSUMPTION sumption of 4.15 kg of compressed air/m³ of
The compressed air consumption required volume to be evacuated. The compressed air
is found in relation to the evacuating appa- consumption is, therefore:
ratus volume according to the following
formula:
FIG. 5
ØA Compressed air consumption in kg/h

A spec. Specific compressed air consumption p1 = Pressure compressed air (g)
in kg compressed air/m³ of volume to be
evacuated (Fig. 5)
V Vessel volume to be evacuated

t Evacuation time in minutes
EXAMPLE
A vessel of 2 m³ is to be evacuated from
atmospheric pressure to 200 mbar in 10
minutes. A compressed air pressure of 5 bar
is available.
Specific compressed air consumption
MATERIALS, MEASUREMENTS AND Cast iron EN-GJS-400-15 (GGG40), steel, SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
CONNECTING DIMENSIONS stainless steel, plastics. Moreover, there is are supplied in construction according to
Gas jet vacuum pumps and gas jet compres- the possibility to use special materials such the special tests and inspection conditions.
sors are specially calculated and fabricated as Titanium, Hastelloy and others.
to correspond to the particular operating Measurements, connecting dimensions and
conditions and can be supplied in the fol- special capacity data on request.
lowing materials for example:

gp1 18

Air jet vacuum pumps
for connections to the suction side of liquid ring vacuum pumps
Air jet vacuum pumps use atmospheric air APPLICATIONS

as motive medium. Backed by a liquid ring • W hen no steam is available as motive
vacuum pump which produces an interme- medium for a steam jet vacuum pump
diate vacuum of 50 to 100 mbar, the air jet required to produce a vacuum of 40 to
vacuum pump can reach a suction pressure 5 mbar.
of 5 mbar, depending on design and operat- • When a liquid ring pump is available with
ing conditions. a suction capacity sufficient to handle the
motive air of the air jet pump and when
a suction pressure below 40 mbar is to be Air jet vacuum pump in stainless steel
produced.
• When a vacuum of 40 to 5 mbar is to be
FIG. 1
produced and simple installation with low
capital cost is important.
• When only a small suction capacity at
a suction pressure of 40 to 50 mbar is
required and cooling water at low tem-
perature is available, because under these
circumstances, the power consumption of
the liquid ring vacuum pump is relatively
low.
Whenever it is a question of low energy con-

sumption, it is better to connect a steam jet
pump with condenser to the suction side of
the liquid ring vacuum pump, whereby the
motive medium (steam) of the jet pump is
condensed and does not load the liquid ring
vacuum pump as is the case with an air jet
pump.
1 Air jet vacuum pump

2 Liquid ring vacuum pump
A Atmospheric air as motive medium
B Suction medium
C Atmosphere
p0 Suction pressure
p Discharge pressure of the air jet vacuum pump =
Suction pressure of the liquid ring vacuum pump
Method of operation of an air jet vacuum pump

for connection to the suction side of a liquid ring
vacuum pump
MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION AND CONNECTING DIMENSIONS

Air jet vacuum pumps are specially calculated and fabricated to correspond to the particular
operating conditions and can be supplied in the following materials:
Cast iron EN-GJS-400-15 (GGG40), steel, stainless steel, plastics, porcelain. Further, special
materials of construction are possible, such as Titanium, Hastelloy etc.
Dimensions, connecting dimensions and special capacity data on request.

lvp1 18

Questionnaire
for gas jet vacuum pumps and
gas jet compressors, gp1
air jet vacuum pumps , lvp1
gas jet ventilators, gv1 Link to fillable PDF
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Flanges EN1092-1
Thread ASME lbs
Others Others
AD-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESIGN:
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

09

Gas jet ventilators
APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES
Gas jet ventilators convey air, gases and • no moving parts
vapors against pressure differences up to • maintenance free
approximately 500 mbar. • installed in virtually all situations
Gas jet ventilators are used: • immediately ready for operation
• to draw off stale air, ill-smelling gases and • almost unlimited life, when a suitable
vapors from working and storage areas material of construction is chosen
• to ventilate tanks, e.g. on ships • manufactured from various materials of
• as forced blast blowers or stack ventilators construction
for boiler burners • low acquisition costs
• for the circulation of air, in particular in
the textile, leather and tobacco industries Steam or liquid may be used, instead of com- Gas jet ventilator in stainless steel
• to deaerate reaction vessels, agitator pressed air or gas, as the motive medium for
vessels and other items of equipment in jet ventilators; in this case, one would speak
chemical factories of steam jet ventilators (o | dv1) or liquid jet position and that larger pressure differen-
ventilators (o | fv 1). tials can be obtained.
The achievable pressure difference between As opposed to liquid jet ventilators, gas or
the suction and discharge pressure is the steam jet ventilators have the advantage
compression of a gas jet ventilator. that they can be installed in any installation
FIG. 1 The characteristic lines apply to air as

motive medium.
In case the motive medium used is a gas
p1 = Motive air pressure gauge other than air, the corresponding correction
factors have to be considered.
Gas jet ventilators operate in a range
between Δp = 0 to 500 mbar. Above 500
mbar, gas jet compressors are used, o | gp1.
The motive medium consumption is calcu-

lated as follows:
Ø0 Suction flow in kg/h

Ø1 Motive steam consumption in kg/h
(compressed air)
m Suction ratio in kg suction medium/
Compression Δp in mbar
kg motive medium
EXAMPLES
Suction flow: 1500 kg/h air ¥ 1250 m³/h
Compressed air pressure: 2 bar (g)
1. Required compression Δp = 10 mbar
According to fig. 1, with compressed air at
2 bar, there is a suction ratio
m = approx. 12.7 kg/kg.
2. Required compression Δp ~ 0 mbar

DETERMINING THE MOTIVE MEDIUM suction ratio m in kg of suction medium per According to fig. 1, with compressed air at
CONSUMPTION kg of motive medium in relation to the com- 2 bar, there is a suction ratio
Diagram fig. 1 serves to roughly estimate the pression Δp in mbar, at various motive pres- m = approx. 120 kg/kg.
motive medium consumption. It shows the sures in bar gauge.

gv1 18

Gas jet ventilators
APPLICATION SUCTION PLANT FIG. 2

An example for the deaeration of reaction
vessels with a low-pressure gas jet ventilator.
Suction plant with a low-pressure gas jet
Here, air is fed into the gas jet ventilator as
ventilator
motive medium by a blower with low com-
pression. 1 Gas jet ventilator
As the blower is only in contact with atmos- 2 Compressor
pheric air, a standard design without special A Air
corrosion proofing is sufficient. B Exhaust gas
The drawn off exhaust gases are heavily rar- C To exhaust gas
efied by the motive air. cleaning plant
For reasons of air pollution control the
exhaust gas air mixture is usually supplied
to an exhaust gas cleaning plant.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF GAS JET VENTILATORS
FIG. 3 FIG. 4
Design with axial suction connection Design with lateral suction connection
MATERIALS, MEASUREMENTS AND CONNECTING DIMENSIONS

Gas jet ventilators are specially calculated and fabricated to correspond to the particular
operating conditions and can be supplied in the following materials of construction:
Cast iron EN-GJS-400-15 (GGG40), steel, stainless steel, plastics. Further, special materials of
construction are possible, such as Titanium, Hastelloy etc.
Measurements, connecting dimensions and special capacity data on request.

gv1 18

Grundlagen und
Vacuum systems
Arbeitsblätter
• Vacuum systems
• Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps
• Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with mixing condensers
• Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with surface condensers
• Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with liquid ring vacuum pumps
(hybrid system)
• Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in graphite
• Arrangements of steam jet vacuum pumps
• Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps
• Planning a steam jet vacuum pump
gv1 18
Vacuum systems
ADVANTAGES AND OPERATION OF A STEAM For further details on the mode of operation BILD 1
JET VACUUM PUMP of jet pumps please refer to section “General
Steam jet vacuum pumps are pumps with- information on jet pumps”, o | abl 1.
out moving parts. They consist of the main Steam jet pumps are particularly suited as
components head, motive nozzle and diffus- vacuum pumps as the large volumes can
er which again consists of the inlet cone, the be easily handled in the vacuum due to the
mixing nozzle and the discharge cone. Struc- very high gas velocities.
ture and mode of operation can be divided
into three main processes: When selecting steam jet vacuum pumps,
• flashing the motive steam in the motive their special performance characteristics
nozzle and formation of a directed steam must be taken into account to ensure proper
jet and most effective operation. This document
• mixing of the steam jet with the medium is designed to provide general information
to be sucked in (air, gases and steam) regarding the operation of steam jet vacu-
1 Head
• conversion of the velocity of the mixture um pumps. It is not intended as a substitute
2 Motive nozzle
into pressure in the mixing nozzle and for the assistance of our experienced engi-
3 Inlet cone
discharge cone neers who are at your disposal to ensure the 4 Mixing nozzle
best equipment selection for meeting your 5 Discharge cone
requirements.
ADVANTAGES:
p0 Suction pressure
• n o moving parts p1 Motive steam
• almost any vacuum duty can be accom- pressure
modated including large suction flows p Discharge pressure
• low maintenance costs
• long equipment life
• reliable operation
• low operating costs if operated correctly
• manufacture possible in different
materials
Cross section of a steam jet vacuum pump

gdp1 18

Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps are Steam jet vacuum pumps with mixing con- Steam jet vacuum pumps can be manufac-
used to produce vacuum in evaporators, densers are used where the extracted medium tured of different materials, mainly:
driers, distillation plants, rectifying, freeze is allowed to get in contact with the cooling • for jet pumps: cast iron, steel, stainless
drying, poly-condensation, degassing, deo- water and where the recovery of condensate steel
dorizing plants etc. is not required. • for condensers: steel, rubberized or
The compression ratio of a single stage If, however, the contact with cooling water is enamelled steel, stainless steel, bronze or
steam jet vacuum pump is limited (1:10, not allowed, such as for example, if there is other special alloys
max. 1:20). Therefore, for low suction ammonia and chalky water, or if condensed
pressures, several jet vacuum pumps are product or motive steam condensate has to For applications in which metallic materials
arranged in series. A condenser is arranged be recovered, surface condensers have to be are not resistant, steam jet vacuum pumps
between two jet pumps in order to condense used instead of mixing condensers. in graphite are used.
the motive steam as far as possible. In this
way, the volume of the complete gas mixture For steam jet pumps for suction pressure of For more detailed information on the dis-
and thus the energy requirement of the next less than 6 mbar the head and the mixing cussed topics please refer to section “Plan-
stage is reduced. Such multi-stage steam jet nozzle are heated, depending on the instal- ning a steam jet vacuum pump”, o | gdp3.
vacuum pumps are constructed for suction lation position. In this way, the formation of
pressures up to approx. 0.01 mbar. ice inside the pump is avoided which other-
To compress process gases from a pres- wise could lead to trouble.
sure of 0.3 mbar to a condenser pressure If steam jet vacuum pumps are required
of 56 mbar (i.e. a compression ratio of for the extraction of steams which contain
56 : 0.3 ≅ 187), two jet stages are just suffi- any constituents with a high melting point
cient, each handling a compression ratio (e.g. caprolactam, oligomers, low polymers
of approx. 14. For a suction pressure of in poly-condensation plants, etc.), heat
0.1 mbar, the pressure gradient is 56 : 0.1 ≅ 560, jacketing is recommended even for higher
and therefore, 3 jet pumps must be arranged suction pressure levels. For processes involv-
in series, each handling a compression ratio ing fluids with very high melting points, the
of 8.25 per stage. The maximum compres- ejectors are heated by means of vaporous or
sion ratio for a steam jet vacuum pump liquid diphyl, high temperature resistant oils
depends on the suction pressure and the or any other heat carrier fluid.
pressure of the available motive steam.
Steam jet vacuum pumps are mainly oper-
The condensers used are water-cooled mix- ated with water steam. Water steam is
ing condensers or surface condensers, in easily available in industry and proved well
some individual cases, even air-cooled con- as motive fluid for jet pumps. In special
densers are used. cases in which the product condensate must
not be diluted by or mixed with water steam
condensate, steam jet pumps are operated
on product steam.

gdp1 18

in metal construction with mixing condensers
DESIGN AND MODE OF OPERATION

FIVE-STAGE STEAM JET VACUUM PUMP WITH
MIXING CONDENSERS FOR 1 mbar (FIG. 1)
STAGE 1: extracts the vapors and gases from
the process to be kept under vacuum; final
vacuum e.g. 2 mbar
STAGE 2 : compresses both the motive steam
and the extracted vapors and gases of the
1st stage to a pressure of approx. 55 mbar
MIXING CONDENSER I : is designed for a con-
densation pressure level which is as low as
possible to keep the steam consumption as
low as possible. The suction flow load of
the downstream-arranged stages and their
steam requirements are thereby reduced.
STAGE 3: extracts all gases and vapors which
were not condensed in the upstream mixing
condenser I for compression to a pressure
of 160 mbar
MIXING CONDENSER II : reduces the suction
flow in order to relieve the downstream
arranged stages
STAGE 4: compresses to a pressure of 400 mbar
MIXING CONDENSER III : condenses the remain-
ing suction flow and the motive steam of the Suction capacity: 17 kg/h from 1 mbar, corresponding to 7230 m³/h and 3.6 kg/h from 2 mbar,
upstream arranged stage corresponding to 1500 m³/h
STAGE 5: compresses to atmospheric pressure
for discharge to the ambient air via a scrub-
FIG. 1
ber or a mixing condenser
Mixing condensers are internally fitted with

baffles or nozzles to enhance water distri-
bution. They are shaped such that fouling
problems are minimized. The cooling water
is best drained off through barometric legs.
See also “Planning a steam jet vacuum pump”,

o | gdp 3.
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
1 – 5 Steam jet vacuum pumps, stages 1 to 5

I – III Mixing condensers
5-stage steam jet vacuum pump with mixing condenser

dpm1 18

Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with mixing condensers
Fig. 2
3-stage steam jet vacuum pump with mixing
condensers
Suction capacity: 3380 kg/h steam and 225 kg/h
of inert gas from 60 mbar
Fig. 3
3-stage steam jet vacuum pump with mixing
condenser and liquid jet vacuum pump in a
polyester production plant
Fig. 4
Vacuum unit for a MED plant for sea water
desalination with a capacity of 800 t/h of destillate

dpm1 18

in metal construction with surface condensers

FOUR-STAGE STEAM JET VACUUM PUMP WITH
SURFACE CONDENSER FOR 1 mbar (FIG. 1)
vacuum e.g. 2 mbar
STAGE 2 : compresses both the motive steam
and the extracted vapors and gases dis-
charged by the 1st pump stage to a pressure
of 80 mbar
A
SURFACE CONDENSER I : is designed for a con-
densation pressure level whichB is as low as
possible to keep the steamCconsumption as
D
low as possible. The suction flow load of
E
the downstream-arranged1stages and their
steam requirements are thereby2 reduced.
STAGE 3 : stage extracts all 3gases and vapors
which were not condensed 4 in the surface
condenser I I for compression5 to a pressure
of 320 mbarII 1I
III
SURFACE CONDENSER II: reduces the suction flow
in order to relieve the downstream arranged
stages
STAGE 4: compresses to atmospheric pressure
for discharge to the ambient air via a scrub- 3-stage steam jet vacuum pump downstream of the 1st stage (pre-stage, heated), suction capacity:
ber or a surface condenser 3462 kg/h from 26.7 mbar abs.
SURFACE CONDENSER III : condenses the remain-
ing suction flow and the motive steam of the
upstream arranged stage FIG. 1
See also “Planning a steam jet vacuum

pump”, o | gdp 3.
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
1 – 4 Steam jet vacuum pumps, stages 1 to 4

I – III Surface condenser
4-stage steam jet vacuum pump with surface condensers

dpo1 18

Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps In metal construction with surface condensers
Fig. 2
3-stage steam jet vacuum pump with several lateral
flows (10 jet pumps in total) for the production of
mono-ethylene glycole (plastics industries)
Total suction flow: approx. 1 050 kg from different
pressure levels
Fig. 3
2-stage steam jet vacuum pump with surface
condenser, completely in Hastelloy
Suction capacity: 110 kg/h from 35 mbar
Fig. 4
3-stage steam jet vacuum pump with surface
condenser for the vacuum column of a refinery
Suction flow: 13 180 kg/h (436 000 m³/h)
Suction pressure abs.: 4.5 kPa abs.
Discharge pressure abs.: 110 kPa abs.

dpo1 18

in metal construction with liquid ring vacuum pumps (hybrid system)

Steam jet liquid ring vacuum pumps are
especially suited if the permissible height of
the installation is limited, i.e. if a baromet-
ric installation is not possible. Thanks to the
combination of steam jet pumps and a liquid
ring vacuum pump the steam and water
consumption values are low. Compared to a
steam jet vacuum pump only, the operating
costs are lower.
The hybrid system is delivered as compact
unit in a steel frame.
TWO-STAGE PUMP FOR A NOMINAL SUCTION

PRESSURE OF 1 mbar (FIG. 1)
The 2nd stage is connected to the vacuum
plant and extracts the vapors and gases or
air and compresses it to approx. 13 mbar.
The 2nd stage conveys it and compresses
to approx. 90 mbar. The motive steam con-
denses in the surface condenser. The liquid
ring vacuum pump extracts all non-condens
ables and the occurring condensate from the
surface condenser and conveys it to atmo
spheric pressure.
See also “Planning a steam jet vacuum

pump”, o | gdp3.
Suction capacity: 4.5 kg/h of air/benzyl alcohol from 2 mbar
FIG. 1
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
1 – 2 Steam jet pumps,

stages 1 and 2
I Surface condenser
2-stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump

dwp1 18

Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in metal construction with liquid ring vacuum pumps (hybrid system)
Fig. 2
3-stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump
Suction capacity: 0.3 kg/h of air from 0.05 mbar
(5725 m³/h) + 0.5 kg/h of air from 1 mbar (480 m³/h)
Special features:
– High vacuum, 0.05 mbar
– Re-cooling of the operating liquid of the liquid ring
vacuum pump
Fig. 3
2-stage vacuum pump with product steam
generator
Motive agent: methylene chloride
suction capacity: 120 kg/h from 4 mbar,
corresponding to 7000 m³/h
Fig. 4
2-stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump with
surface condensation for a distillation column in
a refinery
Suction flow: 6198 kg/h (689,337 m³/h)
Suction pressure abs.: 8 mbar
Discharge pressure abs.: 1500 mbar
Liquid ring pumps with closed operating liquid circuit

dwp1 18

in graphite

Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in
graphite are used to extract corrosive gases
and vapors, particularly where halogen com-
pounds are present, if stainless steels are not
sufficiently resistant.
FOUR-STAGE STEAM JET VACUUM PUMP FOR 2 mbar,

(FIG. 1)
vacuum e.g. 2 mbar
STAGE 2 : compresses the motive steam and
the extracted vapor and gases of stage 1 to
75 mbar
SURFACE CONDENSER CHAMBER I : is designed
for a condensation pressure level which is as
low as possible to keep the steam consump-
tion as low as possible. The suction flow
load of the downstream-arranged stages
and their steam requirements are thereby
reduced.
STAGE 3: extracts all gases and vapors which
were not condensed in the upstream con-
denser chamber I for compression to a pres-
sure of approx. 320 mbar
SURFACE CONDENSER CHAMBER II : reduces the
suction flow in order to relieve the down-
stream arranged stages Steam jet vacuum pump with jet pumps and block condenser made of graphite
STAGE 4 : extracts all non-condensable gases
and vapor from condenser chamber II and
compresses them to atmospheric pressure.
FIG. 1
SURFACE CONDENSER CHAMBER III : will only be
required if the exhaust gases are not allowed
to reach the open air. The inert gases are dis-
charged silently and without steam trailing.
The condensate lines can be made in plastic

or graphite tubes.
In the here described steam jet vacuum
pump the extracted medium does not come
into contact with the cooling water.
If the extracted medium is allowed to get
into contact with the cooling water, we
recommend the use of our multi-stage steam
jet vacuum pumps made of graphite, where
mixing condensers of temperature-change
resistant enamelled steel are used for inter-
condensation (Fig. 2).
A Motive steam 1 – 4 Jet pumps, stages 1 to 4

B Suction connection I – II Intermediate condenser chambers
C Cooling water III After-condenser chamber
4-stage steam jet vacuum pump with compact block condenser

pgv1 18

Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps in graphite
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION constructed as modular units from standard

GRAPHITE is used for the construction of sur- elements.
face condensers and jet pumps in all cases
where the usual corrosion and acid proof SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS can easily be built as
materials are not resistant enough. On modular units from standard parts. By using
account of its excellent thermal conductiv- different combinations of standard parts,
ity and its high resistance to temperature most intermediate duties are attainable.
change, graphite is ideal for heat exchang-
ers and jet pumps. Gas-tightness is achieved SPARE PARTS for graphite jet pumps are manu-
by means of impregnation. Jet pumps factured on demand at short notice thanks
made of graphite and operated in vacuum to high standardization.
below 3 mbar can be heated to eliminate ice
formation.
As surface condensers, block heat exchang- REVAMPING OF EXISTING PLANTS
ers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers or also Graphite jet pumps replace existing porce-
plate heat exchangers from graphite of all lain jet pumps without any on-site modifi-
commercial makes are used which are suit- cations. The installation dimensions remain
able to condense vapors under vacuum. unchanged.
By means of graphite jet pumps, existing
STANDARD CONSTRUC TIONS are supplied for steam jet vacuum plants can be optimized
suction capacities of 1 kg/h to 10 kg/h at in terms of energy consumption and perfor-
suction pressures from 1 to 10 mbar; there- mance.
by meeting most requirements. Pumps are
Fig. 2
5-stage steam jet vacuum pump in corrosion-resistant design
Materials: jet pumps in graphite, mixing condensers in C-steel,
enamelled
Suction capacity: 5 kg/h of air from 2.5 mbar abs.

pgv1 18

Arrangements of steam jet vacuum pumps
FIGURES 1-2 FIGURES 3-4
FIG. 1 FIG. 2 FIG. 3
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
Single-stage steam jet 2-stage steam jet

vacuum pump vacuum pump
2-stage steam jet vacuum pump
Single-stage steam jet vacuum pump for suction Two-stage steam jet vacuum pump with inter-stage condenser I (mixing con-
pressures down to 100 mbar at atmospheric discharge densation), for suction pressures down to approx. 40 mbar. Mainly used for the
pressure. The compression ratio p/p 0 is generally evacuation of condensers imposing low air loads.
limited to p/p0 ≤ 10.
Typical application: pre-evacuator
FIG. 4
Two-stage steam jet vacuum pump without inter-stage

condenser, for suction pressures down to approx. A Motive steam
40 mbar, at atmospheric discharge pressure. B Suction connection
C Cooling water
Typical applications: two-stage pre-evacuator or for
small suction flow
Three-stage steam jet vacuum pump with 2 inter-stage condensers (I, II), for
suction pressures down to approx. 10 mbar.
These pumps consume less steam and water than two-stage pumps with inter-stage
condensers (fig. 3) sized for the same duty.

gdp2 18

FIGURES 5-6 FIGURE 7
FIG. 5 FIG. 7
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
Four-stage steam jet vacuum pump with 3 mixing condensers (I, II, III), for suction
pressures ranging from 2 to 10 mbar, used to extract air, gases, and vapors from 5-stage steam jet vacuum pump
various types of vacuum plants
Five-stage steam jet vacuum pump utilizes 3 pre-stages
upstream of the 1st condenser and 2 inter-stage con
FIG. 6 densers, for suction pressure up to approx. 0.01 mbar.
Typical applications: The same as fig. 6.
• D epending on the suction capacity and on the water

temperature, liquid ring vacuum pumps can be used
A Motive steam in the range of 60 up to approximately 200 mbar for
B Suction connection the air extraction and pre-evacuation of the 1st or 2nd
C Cooling water inter-stage condenser (fig. 3 to 7). This kind of com-
bination is based on the fact that it offers the opera-
tional advantages over a normal steam jet pump and
that there are no objections with regard to the mate-
rials. See also “Planning a steam jet vacuum pump”,
o | gdp 3.
• Surface condensers can also be used in place of mix
ing condensers (see fig. 10) when contact between
extracted process fluid and cooling water is not accept
able, or in case the condensate is to be recovered.
Four-stage steam jet vacuum pump utilizes 2 stages upstream of the 1st of the
3 inter-stage condensers (I, II, III), for suction pressures ranging from 0.5 to
2 mbar and suction flows of approx. 0.5 kg/h to several 1000 kg/h.
A two-stage steam jet vacuum pump according to fig. 3 to de-aerate the first
condenser will be sufficient if the inert gas load is low in the suction flow is low
and the motive steam pressure sufficiently high.
Typical applications: generation of vacuum for synthetic fibre production
plants – especially polyester condensation, further, distillation, steel degassing,
deodorizing, vacuum drying etc.

gdp2 18

FIGURES 8-9 FIGURES 10-11
FIG. 8 FIG. 10
A Motive steam
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
C Cooling water
Condensation system with mixing condensers and de-aeration station 3-stage steam jet vacuum pump
Condensation system with mixing condensers and de-aeration station Three-stage steam jet vacuum pump with surface condensers, for
for the condensation of vapors, predominantly in the range of suction pressures down to approx. 5 mbar and for any suction flow
30 to 200 mbar. They are available for steam flows of up to several rate.
1000 kg/h of steam. Typical application: evaporation plants etc. Applications: mineral oil refineries, distillation plants etc.
FIG. 9 FIG. 11
A Motive steam A Motive steam

B Suction connection B Suction connection
C Cooling water C Cooling water
Condensation system with surface condensers with de-aeration station
Condensation system with surface condensers with de-aeration 3-stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump with surface condensers
station for the condensation of vapors, predominantly in the range
of 40 to 200 mbar. Three stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump with surface
To de-aerate the 1st or 2nd condenser, a liquid ring vacuum pump condensers and indirect cooling of the operating liquid to be circulated
can be used in place of the steam jet pump (see fig. 11). for the liquid ring vacuum pump. Depending on the number of pre-
Typical applications: in oil refineries, turbine plant exhausters, stages for suction pressures in the range of 0.5 to 40 mbar and any
distillation plants – when contact between vapors to be condensed suction flow rates.
and cooling water is not acceptable. Typical applications: same as indicated under fig. 9.

gdp2 18

FIGURE 12 FIGURES 13-14
FIG. 12 FIG. 13
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pump
Multi-stage steam jet vacuum pump with surface condenser and

One or multi-stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump discontinuous condensate trap, via alternately working condensate
feed tanks. Used for suction pressures ranging from 0.1 to 10 mbar.
One or multi-stage steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump with surface
condenser, for suction pressures ranging from 0.5 to 30 mbar and
small and medium suction flows (see also fig. 11). FIG. 14
A Motive steam
C Cooling water
Multi-stage laboratory steam jet vacuum pump
Multi-stage laboratory steam jet vacuum pump with a liquid jet vacuum
pump, for suction pressures ranging from 0.05 to 5 mbar and
small suction flows. Available with and without cooling water
re-circulation.
A water jet pump (3) will be used for condensation.

gdp2 18

Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps
Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps are Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps are When cooling water consumption is an
used as vacuum producers in chemical labo- portable. The larger packages are supplied important factor, the laboratory steam jet
ratories, for pilot plants and in small produc- with castors unless they are required for sta- vacuum pumps are supplied with a complete
tion plants. Here, they are mostly required tionary use. They can be quickly connected water recirculation system. This consists of
for processes operating discontinuously or via short suction lines to any vacuum con- the following: water tank, pump incl. motor,
needing vacuum for short operation periods. sumer. This is an important feature because water temperature controller, automatic
branched suction lines incl. shut-off valves cooling water supply valve, thermometer
Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps consist etc. are eliminated. The possibility of leak- and interconnecting piping between pump
of two steam jet stages connected in series age air entering and consequently, the pull- and jet condenser. All re-circulation system
and backed by a liquid jet vacuum pump. down time are reduced. This is of increased parts are protected against corrosion.
Unlike the multi-stage steam jet vacuum significance for higher operation vacuum The automatic cooling water supply valve
pumps they do not use any drain pumps or levels. ensures that the water temperature is kept
barometric legs. within permissible limits.
The specific steam and cooling water The water consumption of the laboratory
requirements are higher in comparison to steam jet vacuum pumps is relatively high If required, laboratory steam jet vacuum
multi-stage steam jet vacuum pumps which as the jet vacuum pump does not only serve pumps can even be delivered without water
are designed to operate continuously for to condense but also to compress the air and circulation system.
longer operation periods. gases to atmospheric pressure. The fresh
water requirement can be reduced by utiliz-
ing water re-circulation.
CAPACITY AND CONSUMPTION DATA

Water Steam Evacuation time
Designation Suction flow
Laboratory steam jet vacuum pumps are consumption consumption for a unit volume
available in several sizes and materials as kg/h air from mbar m³/h m³/h from m³ minutes
standardized units.
0.3 1.50
The following table lists the available
01.1 0.1 1.00 3.4 25 0.2 10
models. The model designations indicate the 0.0 0.75
suction capacity and suction pressure, and
0.3 1.50
whether they are designed for once through
01.1-K 0.1 1.00 0.6-2.5 25 0.2 10
or re-circulated cooling water. 0.0 0.75
Model number 01.1-K denominates a labora-
0.5 2.80
tory steam jet vacuum pump with a suction 05.3 3.9 40 0.5 18
0.0 1.40
capacity of 0.1 kg/h of air at a suction pres-
sure of 1 mbar. 0.5 2.80
05.3-K 1-2.5 40 0.5 18
0.0 1.40
K means “with cooling water re-circulation”.
The table indicates the design capacity 1.2
1.0 2.00
5.5 75 1.0 15
and the associated suction pressure of each 0.0 1.00
pump model and the suction pressure 1.0 2.00
1.2-K 2-4 75 1.0 15
achieved with the delivery flow = 0 (so-called 0.0 1.00
ead end vacuum).
Each jet pump can be turned off individually. As a rough guide to the selection of a pump
This permits stable operation even at high- model, the following “rule of thumb” can be
er suction pressure ranges. Alternatively, applied:
the operating suction pressures can be The volume of the system to be evacuated
elevated by admitting “ballast” steam to the expressed in m³ equals the required suction
pump inlet. capacity in kg/h.
For example for an apparatur with 0.5 m3
content = suction capacity of 0.5 kg/h.

ldp1 18

ldp1 18

Planning a steam jet vacuum pump
Most important points to be considered 1. SUCTION FLOW 1.3 LOAD SPLITTING

when designing steam jet vacuum pumps: The steam consumption of a steam jet vacu- When the actual leakage air flow cannot
um pump depends on whether the complete be accurately determined, excessive safety
• suction flow suction flow is to be conveyed or only a part margins are often applied when theoreti-
of it. For this reason, the max. suction flow cally determining the suction flow for a
• suction pressure (vacuum) has to be determined as precisely as possible vacuum pump.
for the design of the pump. See also “Air leakage into vacuum vessels”,
• type of condensation In most of the cases, steam jet vacuum o | abl 8.
pumps are designed for and operated under This entails increased motive steam con-
• type of installation a determined suction pressure. Therefore, sumption rates, even if later the air leak-
the mass flows and the molecular weights age amount is not as high as assumed. The
• m
otive steam properties – water steam are decisive factors for the design of a jet steam consumption depends on whether the
or product steam? pump. complete suction flow is to be conveyed or
For mechanical pumps, however, the suction only a part of it; it remains constant.
• cooling water properties flow is frequently measured as volume flow One way to avoid this is by dividing the
in m³/h. total duty into parallel streams and the use
• materials of construction of parallel steam jet vacuum pumps, e. g.
1.1 GASES AND VAPORS RELEASED BY THE PRODUCT one pump for 1/3 and the second for 2/3 of
• evacuation time TO BE TREATED IN THE PLANT the capacity. When the real requirement is
Generally, the non-condensable and conden- known, after plant start-up, one or the other
• s team jet vacuum pump versus steam jet sable constituents of the suction flow must of the jet pumps can be turned off to save
pump /liquid ring vacuum pump com- be differentiated. See also “Vapors and gases motive steam and cooling water.
bination in vacuum” and “Water vapor and air in The additional investment is in a set of shut-
vacuum”, o | abl 7. off valves for each suction connection and
To determine the condensability of the motive steam supply line to the jet pumps.
vapors involved, their vapor pressure curves
and molecular weights of the substances
in question (boiling point depends on the FIG. 1
pressure) are required.

Dissolved air in water g/m3
Additionally, for discontinuous processes, it

is important to know at which vacuum gases
or vapors are released. If, for example, for
a drying process a total of 200 kg of water
steam has to be extracted and if already
approx. 90 % have a pressure of 1000 and
50 mbar, the energy requirement is rather
low.
If, however, the 200 kg of steam have to be
extracted only in the range between 10 and Water temperature in ˚C
1 mbar, the energy requirement is much
higher. Even the temperature of the gases
or vapors to be extracted is very important Solubility of air in water at saturation
for the design of a steam jet vacuum pump.
1.2 AIR AND GASES RELEASED FROM THE COOLING

WATER
The cooling water normally contains dis-
solved air and gases. These are released
under vacuum. The quantities of air in solu-
tion depend on the saturation. Fig 1 illus-
trates the relationship.
Attention should be paid to the possibility
of air bubbles and CO2 being present in the
cooling water. These are released under vac-
uum and, hence, to be added to the steam
jet vacuum pump suction flow requirement.

gdp3 18

FIG. 2 3. CONDENSATION
Condensation is mostly done by water-
cooled mixing condensers or surface con-
densers, in particular cases by air-cooled
condensers.
When utilizing mixing or injection condens-
ers, the process fluid comes into direct con-
tact with the cooling water. Mixing condens-
ers are relatively insensitive to fouling and
are, therefore, reliable in operation. It should
be noted, however, that mixing condensers
cannot be recommended for the extraction
Steam consumption in %
of soluble gases. The contact with the cool-

ing water leads to the formation of undesir-
able components. In such cases, only surface
condensers can be used.
Mixing condensers are simple in design and
therefore considerably cheaper than surface
condensers.
Mixing condensers can be designed as paral-
Suction pressure p0 in mbar (abs.) lel flow or counter flow condenser.
Mixing condensers can be internally rubber
lined or otherwise coated against corrosion.
Smaller units are easily manufactured in
porcelain or in a synthetic plastic material.
2. SUCTION PRESSURE When determining the suction pressure, Surface condensers offer the advantage of
The suction pressure is determined by the pressure losses between vacuum unit and separating the process fluid from the cool-
process requirements. Often, a safety margin steam jet pump have to be taken into con- ing water. They are used in all cases when
is applied, i.e. a lower pressure is specified sideration. They should be kept as low as environmental or other considerations do
than is really needed. This is a questionable possible. not permit the contact or mixing of the
approach as it leads to: This is achieved by realizing short suction product condensate with the cooling water.
• excessive steam consumption lines with as few tube bends as possible, When vapors can be condensed in a surface
• excessive cooling water consumption eliminating points of throttling such as condenser (pre-condenser), the condensate
• unnecessarily large diameter of the reduced tube diameters, shut-off valve etc. can be recovered in a pure state.
• suction pipe The tube bend should be laid in the same When, however, gases and vapors are
• unnecessarily large and therefore or somewhat larger nominal diameter as the sucked by a steam jet vacuum pump and
• expensive steam jet vacuum pump suction socket of the jet pump. precipitate in a downstream arranged sur-
face condenser, the motive vapor conden-
If a safety margin is to be included in the At suction pressures below 6 mbar, the cor- sate will mix with the condensate of the
determination of the suction conditions for responding saturated steam temperature suction medium. Depending on the suction
a steam jet vacuum pump, this factor should drops below 0 °C. Ice can then form inside medium, the condensate will not only mix
be applied to the suction flow rate and never the head and the mixing chamber of the with the motive steam condensate, but it
to the suction pressure. steam jet pump, affecting the operation. will be dissolved in the latter.
The diagram, fig. 2, shows the increase in To avoid this, for this pressure range, the In special cases in which the product con-
steam consumption within the range of 60 to steam jet pumps are equipped with heating densate must not be diluted or mixed with
0.1 mbar taking the steam consumption at jackets. the water steam condensate, steam jet
60 mbar as 100 %. The curve is based on pumps are operated with product steam and
cooling water of 25 °C and on motive steam not with water steam.
pressure of 6 bar. As can be seen, at a suc-
tion pressure of 1 mbar, the steam consump-
tion amounts to 300 %. At 0.1 mbar, it is
900 %. The chart illustrates the over-propor-
tionally high increase in steam consumption
for every 1 mbar rise in vacuum at suction
pressures below 10 mbar.

gdp3 18

In surface condensers, the condensation can FIG. 3

take place in or around the tubes. They can
be delivered with fixed or removable tube
bundle. Constructions according to different
design codes are possible, such as for exam-
ple, internal standard, TEMA and others,
with stability design according to AD-rules
or ASME code etc.
Condensers with fixed tube bundles can
only be mechanically cleaned inside the
tubes, whereas removable tube bundles can
be cleaned on both the tube and the shell
side.
It remains to be mentioned that mixing con-
densers generally require less cooling water
than surface condensers. Therefore, the
cooling water requirements are lower when
operating with mixing condensers.
4. TYPE OF INSTALLATION
4.1 BAROMETRIC INSTALLATION
Whenever possible, steam jet vacuum
pumps are installed “barometrically” per-
mitting the cooling water to drain out freely
through the barometric legs without pump-
ing.
Depending upon the individual condenser A Motive steam
pressures of a multi-stage steam jet vacuum B Suction connection
pump, this height less the equivalent height C Cooling water
of the actual pressures is required to ensure
free drainage of the cooling water/con-
densate through the barometric legs. This Barometric installation of a steam jet vacuum pump with mixing condensers
height is referred to as “barometric height”.
For water, the max. height is 10.3 m.
Because the draining water may be carrying
entrained air when passing down through 4.2 SEMI-BAROMETRIC INSTALLATION allows that cooling water is drawn from the
the barometric legs, and to overcome any Depending on the available height there are condenser operating under higher pressure
pressure losses, it is recommended to add various alternatives of installation. into the condenser with the lower pressure.
to the theoretically required height a safety Fig. 4 illustrates a four-stage steam jet vacu- From here, the liquid is extracted by means
margin of approximately 0.5 m. um pump using a closed hotwell. The pres- of a water pump.
Fig. 3 schematically shows a barometric sure difference between the 1st and the 3rd Caution:
installation. If a barometric installation is stage condenser amounts to 400 - 40 = 360 If for any reason, the water extraction pump
not feasible due to insufficient available mbar corresponding to a water column of fails (e.g. due to a power failure), the water
room height, a semi-barometric installation approx. 3.6 m. The dimensions shown in level in the condensers may rise to the point
should be considered. the figure 2 indicate that the installation of entering into the system to be evacuated.
requires an overall height of 7 to 8 m. If this is to be prevented a variety of pre
The possible installation options shown in A liquid pump with corresponding NPSH is cautions, e.g. shut-off valves, are at hand.
fig. 3 are – in analogy – also applicable to responsible to extract the condensate from
surface condensers. the tank. The possible installation options shown in
In exceptional cases a siphon can be fig. 4 and 5 are – in analogy – also applicable
installed between two condensers. This to surface condensers.

gdp3 18

FIG. 4 FIG. 5

B Suction connection B Suction connection
C Cooling water C Cooling water
Semi-barometric installation with intermediate tank and water Semi-barometric installation with intermediate tank, float valve and water
extraction pump extraction pump
4.3 NON-BAROMETRIC INSTALLATION A multi-stage steam jet vacuum pump (with- See also “Arrangement of steam jet vacuum
Steam jet liquid ring vacuum pump com- out liquid ring pump) with surface condens- pumps”, fig. 13, o | gdp 2).
binations according to fig. 6 require a total ers has the identical low installation height,
installation height of less than 2 m and can if the condensate is drained off via two alter-
therefore be installed in nearly any room. nately working collector tanks. See fig. 7.
FIG. 6 FIG. 7

B Suction B Suction connection
connection C Cooling water
C Cooling water
Non-barometric installation with surface condenser and liquid ring Non-barometric installation with surface condenser and condensate feed
vacuum pump tank for batch operation, with alternately working feed tank for
continuous operation

gdp3 18

5. MOTIVE STEAM PROPERTIES Jet vacuum pumps can be operated utilizing ADVANTAGES OF PRODUCT-STEAM OPERATED JET
Steam jet vacuum pumps are available for a motive fluid other than steam. This may VACUUM PUMPS
motive steam pressures ranging from 1 to be desirable for environmental reasons. In The structure and function of product-steam
40 bar g. these cases, a suitable process vapor is used. operated jet vacuum pumps is the same as
Motive steam of less than 1 bar can also be The condensate of the motive vapor and of water-steam operated vacuum pumps.
used, for instance for multi-stage jet pumps, product can be recycled without burdening Therefore, the advantages are more or less
if a liquid ring vacuum pump is used as the the environment. the same:
final stage. • simple structure
If designed for a low suction pressure, a 5.1 PRODUCT-STEAM OPERATED JET VACUUM PUMPS • high operational reliability, low main
steam jet vacuum pump can even be operated Jet vacuum pumps are mainly operated with tenance
with below atmospheric pressure steam, water steam. Usually, water steam is easily • long service life, low wear
drawn, for instance, from the pressure side available in industry and is tried and tested • resisting to corrosion, in case of proper
of a downstream stage. as motive fluid for jet vacuum pumps. selection of material
• available in all materials used in apparatus
If a suitable source of heat is available, a As a result of condensation of the motive engineering
special evaporator is needed to produce medium in the jet vacuum pump a conden- • insusceptible against fouling and, in
motive steam, e.g. in an evaporation con- sate is produced which in some cases has to addition
denser of a distillation column. In this be considered as waste water. • no waste water thanks to recycling of the
way the heat of condensation is recovered This can be avoided by integrating the jet condensate
rather than passed onto the cooling water or vacuum pump into a closed product circuit.
the atmosphere and lost. The produce water The product vapors occurring in the pro- Organic vapors, such as monochlorbenzole,
steam can be used as motive steam for a cess are used as motive medium for the jet trichlorethylene, tuluole, butanediol, ethyl-
steam jet vacuum pump. pumps. The motive steam condensate from ene glycole, furan, phenol etc., can be used
In cases when motive steam is available at the jet vacuum pump is further used in the as motive medium for product-steam oper-
different pressure levels, the question arises process, or after evaporation it is used again ated jet pumps.
which pressure is the most economical and as motive medium. Thanks to the lower
efficient to be used. evaporation heats of organic vapors the
A steam jet vacuum pump should always be energy requirement for the product-steam 6. COOLING WATER
operated with the steam pressure for which operated jet vacuum pumps is in part much Steam jet vacuum pumps must be select-
it is designed. If the steam pressure is lower lower than for the water-steam operated jet ed for the most unfavourable cooling water
than the design, the proper functioning can- vacuum pump. conditions, e.g. for the maximum cooling
not be ensured. A higher steam pressure Another important application of product- water temperature. Usually, well water tem-
results in higher steam consumption with- steam operated jet pumps is the case when peratures remain constant throughout the
out increasing the pump performance. the penetration of water into the process year. River and sea temperatures, however,
In case of a fluctuation in the steam supply must be absolutely avoided. vary from approximately 3 to nearly 35 °C.
pressure, it is advisable to install a pressure The same applies to cooling tower water,
regulator. Further, it is essential to ascertain which varies considerably between summer
the available steam pressure at the point of and winter. The motive steam and cooling
the steam jet vacuum pump installation. water consumption of a steam jet vacuum
Often this is considerably lower there than pump is highly dependent on the cooling
the boiler pressure. water temperature on which the selection is
Steam jet vacuum pumps operate most effi- to be based. This is especially true if conden-
ciently when supplied with dry saturated sable vapors are to be compressed.
or slightly superheated steam. Wet steam
erodes the nozzle or diffuser and must be For example, assuming a cooling water tem-
dried by means of an effective water sepa- perature of 25 °C and supposing a temper-
rator. ature rise of 10 °C, the attainable condens-
The steam temperature must be known for ing temperature is 35 °C. This corresponds
the design of a steam jet vacuum pump as to a condensing pressure of 56 mbar. A
a higher degree of superheating influences lower condensing pressure of, for instance,
its geometry. 42.5 mbar corresponding to 30 °C, would
even reduce the practically possible heating
and imply an increased cooling water con-
sumption. The lowest condensing pressure
therefore depends on the cooling water tem-
perature and the pressure of the available
cooling water flow.

gdp3 18

For example: To extract 100 kg/h of water 7. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 8. EVACUATION TIME
vapor from a system at 6 mbar using 3 bar It is customary to manufacture the steam jet The time required to reduce the process
motive steam and cooling water of 15 °C, vacuum pump from the same or an equally plant’s system pressure from atmospheric
the motive steam consumption is approx. resistant material as the process plant pressure to the required vacuum depends on
200 kg/h. When using 28 °C cooling water, which the pump is to keep under vacuum. following five variables: system space, kind
the motive steam consumption becomes Frequently used materials are steel and and capacity of the vacuum pump used, the
400 kg/h. stainless steels. When sea or brackish water leakage air rates entering and the amount
It may be advisable to adjust the steam are used for cooling, as a minimum require- of gases and vapors released by the product
supply in relation to the changing cooling ment, the mixing condensers are internally and the cooling water.
water temperatures over the year. This can coated with a corrosion protecting coat or
be accomplished by exchanging the motive rubber lined. Surface condensers are man- In most cases (particularly when continuous
steam nozzles for new ones designed for ufactured in seawater-resistant bronze. If processes are involved) the evacuation time
the changed conditions or by altering the carbon steel is used, the surfaces are coated as is reached by the chosen vacuum pump
motive steam pressure. In the latter case, an by a corrosion protecting coat. is sufficiently short. If, however, the required
automatic steam pressure control station is time is shorter, an auxiliary start-up pump
recommended. In all cases when standard materials cannot is needed. Depending upon the required
be used, the steam jet vacuum pumps are vacuum, single or two stage vacuum pumps
The cooling water pressure should not available in materials complying with our are installed.
fluctuate because this affects the suction customers’ specific requirements. Normally, the utility requirements of auxilia-
pressure (vacuum). Mixing condensers The material selection does not know restric- ry pumps are not of any greater importance
require a relatively low supply pressure. A tions. Jet Pumps can be made of Hastelloy, as they operate only for a short period of
pressure of 0.2–0.5 bar g is sufficient. (Water titanium, graphite etc. time. However, care must be taken to ensure
jet condensers are different and require a that the steam pipe lines are large enough in
higher water supply pressure). diameter to pass the relatively high steam
When using surface condensers, the water flow rate needed without any excessive
pressure must be sufficient to overcome the pressure losses.
pressure losses of the water boxes and the Start-up pumps (pre-evacuators) are best
tubes. operated with the highest pressure steam
Often the cooling water return temperature is available on site. The motive steam require-
limited to a maximum, for example to 45 °C, ment is considerably reduced. For example,
to avoid calcium carbonate fouling prob- the 10 bar steam requirement amounts to
lems. The max. return temperature must be only 40 % of that of 3 bar.
specified for the equipment selection. Start-up steam jet pumps are put into oper-
ation simultaneously with the vacuum
pumps for normal operation. They can be
shut off manually or automatically (using a
pressure switch) by closing the suction and
the motive steam supply line. To determine
whether or not an auxiliary start-up pump
is needed we require the following informa-
tion:
• required pull-down time
• volume of the system to be evacuated
• leakage air entering the system
• gases and vapors in kg/h released during
the evacuation
• kind and suction capacity of the vacuum
pump used
For further information refer to section “Air

leakage in vacuum vessels”, o | abl 8, and
“Steam jet vacuum pumps”, o | dvp 1.

gdp3 18

9. DESIGN CODES 10. STEAM JET VACUUM PUMPS VERSUS Depending on these factors, the optimum
In accordance with national and interna STEAM JET / LIQUID RING PUMP COMBINATION inter-stage pressure from which on it is
tional safety rules, steam jet vacuum pumps There are applications for which steam jet reasonable to arrange a liquid ring pump
and condensers for steam jet vacuum pumps liquid ring pump combinations are advan- downstream of a steam jet pumps, normally
do not require any acceptance procedures tageous and economical. This especially turns out to be in the range between 60 and
by official authorities, such as for instance applies when: 200 mbar. For very high capacities, the inter-
TÜV, PED or U-Stamp, because they operate • The available motive steam pressure is stage pressure might even be 300 mbar.
under vacuum. less than 1.5 bar.
• The head room available for the instal To avoid or significantly reduce the costs for
Nevertheless, surface condensers are often lation of a steam jet vacuum pump with waste water, it is advisable to circulate the
required to be designed to a pressure ves- barometric condenser is insufficient. liquid ring pump operating water.
sel code to permit their later use for duties • A liquid ring pump is already available
involving above atmospheric pressures. and the pressure required by the process The heat (condensation / compression / loss
In such cases, the necessary stress calcula- is considerably lower than can be reached heat) absorbed by the operating liquid in
tions are carried out in accordance with the by a liquid ring pump. the pump is removed in an intermediately
requirements of various codes such as AD- • It is the specific advantage of an upstream arranged separator / heat exchanger.
Regelwerk, ASME-Code etc. arranged steam jet pump, contrary to the
motive gas/air of the gas jet pump, that On the basis of our extensive experience
If the condensers are to be built to any other motive steam is condensed upstream of and aided by computer programmes, we
design codes such as TEMA, HEI or any the liquid ring vacuum thus considerably are in the position to determine the most
Works Standard Specifications, we need to reducing the air load for the liquid ring favourable steam jet/liquid ring vacuum
know. If the requirements are not known to pump. pump combination for the specific require-
us, we will offer our own standard execution • Large suction flows at suction pressures ments and conditions of our customers.
which is based on the “Allgemeinen Regeln below approx. 60 mbar (abs.) are to be
der Technik” adjusted to the latest “Stand extracted. This is the case for example in Regarding the make of the liquid ring pump,
der Technik” (State-of-the-Art). mineral oil refineries. Here, each require we have the liberty of choice and can attend
Flanges are supplied to DIN PN 10 or 16 as ment must be examined individually to the preferences of our customers.
standard. especially as the suction streams contain a
number of components, apart from gases
ASME or BS flanges are available on request. or vapors, such as for example hydrocar-
The equipment is also available with only bon vapors. If the suction flow contains
the outside connecting flanges to ASME or several components which are partly dis-
BS or with all flanges to these standards solvable one in the other or in the operat
i.e. including the flanges internal of the ing liquid, such conditions can be taken
package. into consideration by way of calculation
and applying suitable measures.
To optimise the selection of a steam jet

pump/liquid ring pump combination, a
variety of factors have to be taken into con-
sideration. These are:
• fractions of non-condensable gases and
condensable vapors
• cooling water temperatures, min/max.
• motive steam pressure
• utility costs including costs of motive
steam
• investment costs
• maintenance costs
• required pay-back time
• required materials for construction
• expected service life
• spare parts requirement

gdp3 18

gdp3 18

Questionnaire Link to fillable PDF
for the planning of a steam jet vacuum pump
or a vacuum condensation plant
*) Several components to be stated separately.

1. SUCTION FLOW Suction temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Non-condensable gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Mol weight . . . . . . . . . . kg/kmol
Water vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Condensable vapors *) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg/h Mol weight . . . . . . . . . . kg/kmol
2. PRESSURE Suction pressure . . . . . . . . . . . mbar abs. Discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . mbar abs.
3. CONDENSATION MIXING CONDENSER
SURFACE CONDENSER Installation: horizontal vertical

Cooling water: tube side shell side
Max. allowable tube length . . . . . . mm
External tube diameter . . . . . . . . . . mm

Fouling factor . . . . . . . . . . m²K/W · 10-4 Fouling factor . . . . . . . . . . m²K/W · 10-4
Wall thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm (cooling water side) (vacuum/product side)
4. T
YPE OF INSTALLATION Barometric Semi-barometric Non-barometric
5. M
OTIVE STEAM CONDITION Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C Pressure min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar abs.
6. C
OOLING WATER Temperature max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C Pressure min. . . . . . . . . . . . . mbar abs.
Permissible pressure loss . . . . . . . mbar
7. MATERIALS STEAM JET PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motive nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MIXING CONDENSERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SURFACE CONDENSERS: Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tube sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. PRE-EVACUATION Volume of the total system . . . . . . . . . m3 to be evacuated in . . . . . . . . . . . minutes
from atm. pressure to . . . . . . . . mbar abs.
9. COMBINATION: STEAM JET / LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMP Cooling water temperature . . . . . . . . °C
With / without heat exchanger to recool the operating liquid Operating liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor data . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . Hz Ex-protection yes no Temperature of the

operating liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
Type of protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. P
ARTICULARS ON OPTIMIZATION Operating hours / year: . . . . . . . . . . . . h Amortization period . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UTILITY COSTS: Motive steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooling water . . . . . . . Electricity . . . . .
Additional details, if required, are to be stated separately.
Your inquiry no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offer submitted until . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Requested date of delivery . . . . . . . . . .
FURTHER NOTES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YOUR ADDRESS Street / P.O. Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZIP code / City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telefax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
attn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

18

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Excellence • Passion • Integrity • Responsibility • GEA-versity
GEA is a global technology company with multi-billion euro sales operations in more than 50 countries. Founded in
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Subject to modifications. Printed in Germany.

© GEA Wiegand GmbH. All rights reserved.
GEA Deutschland
BTC0011-EN 0418
GEA Wiegand GmbH

Am Hardtwald 1 Tel +49 7243 705-0 chemical@gea.com
76275 Ettlingen Fax +49 7243 705-330 gea.com

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Liquid jet pumps 33

Steam jet pumps 69

Gas/air jet pumps 105

Vacuum systems 113

• General information on jet pumps

Jet pumps, also referred to as ejectors, are FIG. 1 FIG. 2

The practical application of this principle

The flow channel of the diffuser consists

The pressures prevailing there are as follows

p1 pressure upstream of the motive nozzle =

ing and exiting fluids are measured in kg/h.

For the relationship between the various

GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0 7

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

WHAT HAS TO BE BORNE IN MIND?

• Our General Sales Conditions are valid for • B

8 GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

Material no. Short name acc. to EN 10088-2 AISI/ASTM/UNS-Type UNS

1.0038 S235JRG2 (RSt 37.2) A570 Gr. 36 K03000

1.4301 X5CrNi18-10 304 S30400

1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316L S31603

1.4539 X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-5 904L N08904

1.4828 X15CrNiSi20-12 309 S30900

GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0 9

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

Basic parameter Basic unit Abbre- Basic Basic unit Abbreviation

Time second s Pressure pascal Pa

Amount of substance mole mol Power watt W

Technical system of units Conversion International system of units (SI)

Energy 1 kp m 1 kp m = 9.8067 J 1J = 10-3 kJ

Power 1 PS 1 PS = 0.7355 kW 1W = 10-3 kW

GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0 11

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

1 kJ 1 2.7778 · 10-4 1.0197 · 102 0.23884 0.9478

1 kpm 9.8067 · 10-3 2.7241 · 10-6 1 2.3422 · 10-3 9.2945 · 10-3

1 kcal/s 4.1868 4.2694 · 102 5.692 1 3.6 · 103

12 GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

English- Internat. Internat. English- English- Internat. Internat. English-

Length Length Heat / heat units Heat / heat units

1 in 25.4 mm 1 mm 0.0394 in 1 Btu 1.055 kJ 1 kJ 0.948 Btu

Area Area Heat capacity Heat capacity

1 in2 6.45 cm2 1 cm2 0.155 in2

Volume Volume Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity

1 in3 16.4 cm3 1 cm3 0.061 in3

Mass Mass Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity

Density Density Heat transfer Heat transfer

1 lb/ft3 16.02 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 0.0624 lb/ft3

Temperature Temperature Fouling factor Fouling factor

Pressure Pressure Heat flux density Heat flux density

1 lbf/in2 (psi) 6.895 · 10-2 bar 1 bar 14.5 lbf/in2

GEA Wiegand GmbH Tel. +49 7243 705-0 13

Am Hardtwald 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany chemical@gea.com, gea.com

– 26.1 – 15 5.0 7.2 45 113.0 40.5 105 221.0

– 23.3 – 10 14.0 10.0 50 122.0 43.3 110 230.0

– 20.5 – 5 23.0 12.7 55 131.0 46.1 115 239.0

– 17.7 0 32.0 15.5 60 140.0 48.8 120 248.0

p1 pressure upstream of the motive nozzle =

• Our General Sales Conditions are valid for • B

(5) f or pipe friction from fig. 2

lE Equivalent pipe length in m for shaped