States of Equilibrium

What is stability of concrete structures?
Stability of concrete structure described in different ways by different authors

and researchers. For example, it is defined as the power to recover equilibrium
or Resistance to sudden change, dislodgment, or overthrow.
Moreover, a stable structure shall remain stable for any imaginable system of
loads. That is why, load types and point of applications are not taken into
considerations while a decision is made about whether a structure is stable or
not.
Furthermore, when a structure incapable of meeting the above requirement,

geometry of structural component will change under compression, resulting in
loss of ability to resist loading and it would be unstable. Instability can lead to
catastrophic failure that must be accounted in design.
Lastly, the stability of a structure will be discussed in the following sections.
Fig.1:Basic concepts of stability of structure

Stability criteria
It is necessary to establish stability criteria in order to answer the question of
whether a structure is in stable equilibrium under a given set of loadings.
1. If upon releasing the structure from its virtually displaced state the
structure returns to its previous configuration, then the structure is in stable
equilibrium. Moreover, the
structure is in stable equilibrium when small perturbations do not cause
large movements like a mechanism. Structure vibrates about it equilibrium
position. A mechanism cannot resist loads and is of no use to the civil
engineer.
2. However, if the structure does not return to its original state following
the release of the virtual displacements, the condition is either neutral
equilibrium or unstable equilibrium.
Therefore, structure is in unstable equilibrium when small perturbations
produce large movements, and the structure never returns to its original
equilibrium position.
Finally, structure is in neutral equilibrium when it is not clear whether it is in
stable or unstable equilibrium. Small perturbation causes large movements,
but the structure can be brought back to its original equilibrium position
with no work.
Stability concept
The concept of the stability of various forms of equilibrium of a compressed bar
is explained by using the equilibrium of a ball as shown below:
Stable equilibrium
If a force displace the ball slightly from its original position of equilibrium, it will
return to that position upon the removal of the disturbing force. A body that
behaves in this manner is in a state of stable equilibrium.
Fig.2:stable equilibrium
Unstable equilibrium
when a disturbing force displaces the ball slightly from its position of equilibrium,
it does not return but continues to move down from the original equilibrium
position. In this case, the equilibrium of the ball is unstable.
Fig.3:stable equilibrium
Neutral equilibrium
If disturbing force displaces the ball slightly, it neither returns to its original
equilibrium position nor continues to move away upon removal of the disturbing
force. This type of equilibrium termed neutral equilibrium.
If the equilibrium is neutral, there is no change in energy during a displacement

in the conservative force system.
Fig.4:neutral equilibrium
Buckling vs. Stability

o Change in geometry of structure under compression – that results in
its ability to resist loads – called instability.
o Not true – this termed buckling.
o Buckling is a phenomenon that can occur for structures under
compressive loads.
o The structure deforms and is in stable equilibrium (as described
in point 1 above).
o As the load increases, the structure suddenly changes to

deformation (condition explained in point 2 above) at some critical load P cr.
o The structure buckles
o What has buckling to do with stability?
o The question is – Is the equilibrium in (Point 2) stable or

unstable?
o Usually, (Point 2) after buckling is either neutral or unstable

equilibrium
Fig.5:Phases of column buckling
Types of instability
Structure subjected to compressive forces can undergo:
1. Buckling – bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation (condition 1 to

condition 2 as discussed above).
o Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and symmetric

frames under gravity loads only
2. Failure due to instability of equilibrium (condition 1) due to large

deformations or material inelasticity
o Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames

subjected to gravity and lateral loads.
o Inelastic instability can occur for all members and the frame.
Bifurcation Buckling
o Member or structure subjected to loads. As the load increases, it
reaches a critical value where:
o The deformation changes suddenly from (condition 1 to
condition 2 as discussed above).
o And, the equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.
o Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates
o Primary load-deformation path before buckling
o Secondary load-deformation path post buckling
o Is the post-buckling path stable or unstable?

Symmetric Bifurcation
o Post-buckling load-deform. paths are symmetric about load axis.
o If the load capacity increases after buckling
then stable symmetric bifurcation.
o If the load capacity decreases after buckling
then unstable symmetric bifurcation.
Fig.6:Stable symmetric bifurcation
Asymmetric Bifurcation
Post-buckling behavior that is asymmetric about load axis.
Fig.7:Asymmetric bifurcation
Instability failure
o There is no bifurcation of the load-deformation path. The deformation
stays in state-1 throughout
o The structure stiffness decreases as the loads increases. The change

is stiffness is due to large deformations and / or material inelasticity.
o The structure stiffness decreases to zero and becomes negative.
o The load capacity is reached when the stiffness becomes zero.
o Neutral equilibrium when stiffness becomes zero and unstable

equilibrium when stiffness is negative.
o Structural stability failure – when stiffness becomes negative.
Failure of Beam-Columns
Fig.8:Instability due to material and geometric nonlinearity
Snap-Through Buckling
Fig.9:snap through buckling
Shell Buckling failure – very sensitive to

imperfections
Fig.10:shell buckling failure

States of Equilibrium

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What is stability of concrete structures?

Stability of concrete structure described in different ways by different authors

Furthermore, when a structure incapable of meeting the above requirement,

Lastly, the stability of a structure will be discussed in the following sections.

Fig.1:Basic concepts of stability of structure

If the equilibrium is neutral, there is no change in energy during a displacement

Buckling vs. Stability

o As the load increases, the structure suddenly changes to

o What has buckling to do with stability?

o The question is – Is the equilibrium in (Point 2) stable or

o Usually, (Point 2) after buckling is either neutral or unstable

1. Buckling – bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation (condition 1 to

o Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and symmetric

2. Failure due to instability of equilibrium (condition 1) due to large

o Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames

o And, the equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.

o Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates

o Primary load-deformation path before buckling

o Secondary load-deformation path post buckling

o Is the post-buckling path stable or unstable?

Fig.6:Stable symmetric bifurcation

o The structure stiffness decreases as the loads increases. The change

o The load capacity is reached when the stiffness becomes zero.

o Neutral equilibrium when stiffness becomes zero and unstable

o Structural stability failure – when stiffness becomes negative.

Fig.8:Instability due to material and geometric nonlinearity

Fig.9:snap through buckling

Shell Buckling failure – very sensitive to

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