SYNTAX AND GRAMMARS

 Java Program  A minimum Java program has the following

format:
 Java Coding Guidelines
 Java Comments
Java Program public class <classname>
 Java Identifiers {
 Java Keywords public static void main (String[] args) {
<program statement>
 Java Literals }
 Java Data Types }
 Java Variables
 Java Constant

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public class Hello  Java program files must

 Have same name as public class
{  End with extension .java
public static void main
(String[] args) {
Java Coding  Use comments for documentation and
Java Program System.out.println(“Hello, readability
World!”); Guidelines
}  White spaces are ignored
}

 Indent for readability

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  A block is formed by enclosing statements by curly
braces.

 Block statements can be nested indefinitely.

 A statement is one or more lines of code
terminated by a semicolon.  Any amount of white space is allowed.

Java
Java Blocks Example:
Statements Example:
public static void main (String[]
args) {
System.out.print(“Hello, World!”);
System.out.println(“Hello”);
System.out.print(“World!”);
}

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 Comment lines are ignored by the

compiler.
 A comment is an optional statement used to
describe what a program or a line of program is
doing. public class Hello {
/**

Java Example: * My First Java Program

// This is a comment
Comments Comments */

/* This is a comment */ public static void main (String[] args) {

// print “Hello, World!” on screen
/** This is a special comment **/
System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);
/** for documentation **/ }
}

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 Rules:
 Identifiers can use alphabetic characters of either case (a–z and
 Identifiers used to label variables, methods, A–Z), numbers (0–9), underscores ( _ ), and dollar signs ( $ ).
classes, etc.  Identifiers cannot start with a number.

 Case-sensitive
Java  Keywords cannot be used as identifiers (for this reason keywords
are sometimes called reserved words).
Identifier
Java  May contain letters, digits, underscore and Guidelines:

Identifiers dollar sign ($)

Rules  Name your identifiers close to its functionality.
and  Method and variable names start in lowercase while classes start

 May not start with a digit Guidelines in uppercase.

 For multi-word identifiers, either use underscores to separate the
words, or capitalize the start of each word.
 May not use Java keywords  Avoid starting the identifiers using the underscore.

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Java
Java
Identifier: Keywords
Example

*Property of STI J0007 *Property of STI J0007

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  Literals are the representation of values.  can be expressed in three different bases:
 Octal (base 8)
 Integers  Decimal (base 10)
 Floating Point Numbers  Hexadecimal (base 16)
 Booleans (true or false)
 Strings (enclosed in “ “)
Java Literals  Characters (enclosed in ‘ ‘) Integer Examples of int literals:
\n new line
Literal
\t tab
\r carriage return 0 0xDadaCafe
\” double quote
\’ single quote 2 1996
\\ backslash
0372 0x00FF00FF

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 appears in several forms

 typical form makes use of digits and a decimal point
 note that digits may appear before or after or before and
after the decimal point

only two Boolean literals exist: true

Floating-Point
Literal
Examples of float literals:
Boolean and false, representing the Boolean
Literal concepts of true and false,
1e1f 2.f .3f 0f 3.14f 6.022137e+23f
respectively
Examples of double literals:

1e1 2. .3 0.0 3.14 1e-9d 1e137

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  sequence of characters within double quotes
 the characters can be escape sequences
 Character literals come in two forms. They both use the
single quote (‘ ’) as a delimiter. The first form places the
Examples of string literals include: literal character between single quotes. Examples include
'a', '+', and '$'.

String Literal "Hello, world“ Character

Literal  Some characters, such as the newline character, don't
"One\tTwo" have visible literal representations. For these, an escape
sequence must be used, which consists of the backslash
"TE\u0041“
("\") followed by a code.
"That'll cost you two-fifty \n"
"" // empty string

*Property of STI J0007 *Property of STI J0007

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There are two kinds of data types:  The Java programming language defines eight
primitive data types:

Simple  boolean (for logical)

 built-in or primitive Java data types  char (for textual)
Primitive Data  byte
Data Types Types  short
 int
Composite
 long (integral)
 created by the programmer using simple  double
types, arrays, classes, and interfaces  float (floating-point)

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  represents a 16-bit Unicode character
 one-bit wide and takes on the values true or
false
 default value: false  must have its literal enclosed in single quotes (‘’)

 cannot be cast to a number or any other type

Boolean Char Data  uses the following notations
Data Type Example: Type ‘a’ - the letter a
‘\t’ - a tab
‘\u????’ - a specific Unicode character, ????
is replaced with exactly four
boolean result = true; hexadecimal digits (for example,
‘\u03A5’ is the Greek letter phi, )

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 has types: float (32 bits single precision)

and double (64-bit double precision)

Integer Data Floating Point

Type Data Type

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  A variable is an item of data used to store  A variable is declared as follows:
the state of objects.
Declaring <data type> <name> [=initial value];

 A variable is composed of: and

Java Variables  Data type – indicates the type of value that Initializing
the variable can hold
Variables  Note: Values enclosed in <> are required values,
 Name – must follow rules for identifiers
while those values in [] are optional.

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Identifier 1.Always initialize your variables as you

Guidelines in declare them.
Declaring Declaring
and int yourAge = 19; and
Initializing Initializing 2.Use descriptive names for your variables.
Variables Variables
Semicolon
Data type Optional: assigned value 3.Declare one variable per line of code.

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  To display the value of a certain variable, we use the following
commands:
System.out.print()
public class VarSample {
System.out.println()
public static void main(String[]
Example:
args)
{
public class VarOutput {
boolean result;
Java Variable: char option;
Displaying public static void main(String[] args) {

Example Variable int value = 10;

option = ‘C’;
Data char x;

double grade = 0.0; x = ‘A’;

}
System.out.println(value);
}
System.out.println(“The value of x = ” + x);
}
}

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 System.out.print()
 Does not append newline at the end of the data output
 Example:
System.out.print(“Hello”);
System.out.print(“World”);  Primitive Variables
 Output:  variables with primitive data types
HelloWorld  stores data in the actual memory location where the
variable is

 System.out.println()
Types of
Displaying  Appends a newline at the end of the data output Variables  Reference Variables
Variable Data  Example:  variables that stores the address in the memory location
System.out.println(“Hello”);  points to another memory location where the actual data is
System.out.println(“World”);
 Output:
Hello
World

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  value never changes
 Use the final type modifier in class definition

Constants public class Variables {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
final double PI = 3.14;
}
}

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