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    Apollo 5 Press Kit

    Uploaded by

    Bob Andrepont
    Apollo 5 will test the lunar module in space for the first time. It will launch unmanned and orbit Earth. The lunar module will separate from the rocket and perform burns to simulate maneuvers needed for a lunar landing mission. It will test the descent and ascent propulsion systems over various durations and thrust levels to change its orbit. This will verify the lunar module's ability to descend to and ascend from the lunar surface.

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    Apollo 5 Press Kit

    Uploaded by

    Bob Andrepont
    772 views60 pages
    Apollo 5 will test the lunar module in space for the first time. It will launch unmanned and orbit Earth. The lunar module will separate from the rocket and perform burns to simulate maneuvers needed for a lunar landing mission. It will test the descent and ascent propulsion systems over various durations and thrust levels to change its orbit. This will verify the lunar module's ability to descend to and ascend from the lunar surface.

    Original Description:

    NASA press kit for the first flight of the Lunar Module.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    Apollo 5 will test the lunar module in space for the first time. It will launch unmanned and orbit Earth. The lunar module will separate from the rocket and perform burns to simulate maneuvers needed for a lunar landing mission. It will test the descent and ascent propulsion systems over various durations and thrust levels to change its orbit. This will verify the lunar module's ability to descend to and ascend from the lunar surface.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    772 views60 pages

    Apollo 5 Press Kit

    Uploaded by

    Bob Andrepont
    Apollo 5 will test the lunar module in space for the first time. It will launch unmanned and orbit Earth. The lunar module will separate from the rocket and perform burns to simulate maneuvers needed for a lunar landing mission. It will test the descent and ascent propulsion systems over various durations and thrust levels to change its orbit. This will verify the lunar module's ability to descend to and ascend from the lunar surface.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 60
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that the Apollo 5 mission will be the first test of the lunar module in space and is scheduled to launch no earlier than January 18, 1968. The unmanned test flight will launch from Cape Kennedy on an uprated Saturn I rocket and test the descent and ascent propulsion systems of the lunar module.

    The purpose of the Apollo 5 mission is to test the lunar module, which is the vehicle designed to land two astronauts on the Moon, in space for the first time. This is an unmanned, Earth orbital test flight to verify the operation of the descent and ascent propulsion systems of the lunar module.

    Some of the major events and maneuvers planned for the Apollo 5 mission include: the lunar module separating from the second stage of the Saturn rocket about 54 minutes after launch; burns of the descent and ascent propulsion systems; and a propellant dump test by the second stage approximately one revolution after separating from the lunar module.

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    "WL AEkONAKICS AND SPACE ADMNlSTR4TlON
    NEWS, WASHINGTDN, D .C. 20546
    W O 2-4153
    WO 3-6525

    FOR RELEASE: THURSDAY P.M.


    January 11, 1968
    RELEASE NO: 68-6K

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    S APOLM 5 U C K G R O U ~ IN~~RMATION..-----------------------------~-~~
    UPRATED SATURN I LA7JI(CH \mICm--------------------------lw
    A p O L m 5 U U N C H OpmTJONS-----------------------------------20-2&
    A P O T ~5 ~C O U ~ ~ ' ~ J ..----- ------ ..-----------
    ----.---- --------..---
    -----------------25-26

    S SEQUENCE oa ~akpss

    MISSION COfJTROL CENTER


    ---------..-..
    APOLL$I 5 MISSION PXOFI~------------------------------------
    -
    HOUSTON (McC-IS)---------------------
    THE MANNED SPACE FLTGKT NE'lWOSli(: (&?FIT)-----------------------
    ----------..w
    30-35
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    MAJOR APOL~-J-J/SA~N CO~JTRACWRS------------------------------~~&~
    MAJOR flPRAF& S m N I COmCmRS----.=----------------------&7
    A P Q L L O / S A m N OFFTCIALS-----------------..-------------------A8Ag
    NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A N D SPACE ADMINISTRATION W O 2-4155
    WASHINGTON,D .C. 20546 TELS' W O 3-6925

    FOR RELEASE: T i s D A Y P.M.


    January 11, 1968
    RELEASE NO: 68-6

    APOLLO 5 FIRST LUNAR MODULE TEST IN SPACE

    The first t e s t i n space of t h e Apollo spacecraft l u n a r


    .module, t h e vehicle designed t o land two a s t r o n a u t s on t h e
    Moon, i s scheduled t o take place no e a r l i e r than Jan. 18.

    The unmmed Earth-orbital t e s t f l i g h t , designated


    Apollo 5, w i l l be launched from Complex 37 a t Cape Kennedy,
    Pla., by an Uprated Saturn I pockete The IH w i l l not be
    Peeovered.

    The l u n a r module i s one of t h r e e that make up t h e Apollo


    spacecraft. The o t h e r two -- t h e comaand module and t h s
    s e r v i c e moGule -- have been succclssfuully t e s t e d i n space %n
    previous unmanned rnisaiona and w i l l not be flown i n Apollo 5.
    The l u n a r module, weighing 31,700 pounds with propellants,
    i s made up of two stages. The descent s t a g e powers t h e
    module from l u n a r o r b i t t o the Moon's surface. It a l s o
    serves as a launching pad f o r t h e ascent stage, which lifts
    t h e module from t h e Moon back t o t h e command and s e r v i c e
    modules I n l u n a r o r b i t .

    Objectives of t h e Apollo 5 f l i g h t a r e t o v e r i f y operation


    of t h e descent and ascent propulsion systems including restart
    and l u n a r module s t r u c t u r e ; evaluate lunar module staging and
    e v a l u a t e launch v e h i c l e performance.

    Major events and maneuvers of Apollo 5:


    About 54 minutes a f t e r launch t h e l u n a r module w i l l
    s e p a r a t e from t h e second stage of t h e Saturn and w i l l coast
    i n an o r b i t of 120-by-93-nautical miles (138-by-107-statute
    miles), During t h i s and o t h e r coasting periods the l u n a r
    module r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system w i l l maintain vehicle 8 t t l t u d e .
    and settle main engine propellants t o t h e bottom of tanks.

    The second s t a g e of the launch vehicle w i l l perform a


    propellant dump t e s t about one revolution a f t e r separation
    from t h e l u n a r module. The test I s designed t o remove t h e
    remaining l i q u i d hydrogen and l i q u i d oxygen p r o p e l l a n t s
    through t h e engine.
    The descent and ascent propulsion systems i n t h e l u n a r
    module w i l l be operated two times each.

    The first operation of t h e descent propulsion system w i l l


    be about 4.5 hours a f t e r l i f t - o f f . T h i s w i l l c o n s i s t of a
    26-second burn a t 10 p e r c e n t of r a t e d t h r u s t of 10,500
    pounds and then a buildup t o 92.5 p e r cent. The t o t a l burn
    time, 38 seconds, w i l l change the o r b i t of the l u n a r module
    t o 178-by-116-nautical miles (206-by-134-statute miles).

    T h i s operation of t h e descent propulsion i s t o simulate


    t h e Hohmann (minimum energy) burn t o be used i n t h e l u n a r
    mission t o t r a n s f e r the l u n a r module from s. c i r c u l a r o r b i t
    about the Moon t o a t r a j e c t o r y toward t h e l u n a r surface.

    A second descent propulsion system burn takes place some


    36 minutes later t o simulate t h e t h r u s t l e v e l s planned f o r t h e
    powered descent portion of t h e l u n a r landing mission. The
    system w i l l burn f o r a t o t a l . o f 12.5 minutes including 10
    seconds each a t 10, 50, 30, 40 and 20 per cent t h r u s t l e v e l s
    and f i n i s h i n g up w i t h t h e 92.5 per cent r a t e d t h r u s t l e v e l .
    This burn w i l l place t h e lunar module i n a 172-by-166-nautical
    mile (198-by-192-statute mile) o r b i t .
    The ascent propulsion system engine operation will begin
    simultaneously with tennination of the second descent burn.
    This will be a "fire-in-the-hole" burn (while the descent and
    ascent stages are still attached) and stage separation will
    occur. After this 5.25-second burn the descent stage will be
    in a 172-by-166-nautical mile (198-by-192-statute mile) orbit
    while the ascent stage will orbit at 172-by-167-nautical miles
    (198-by-193-statute miles).

    he ascent propulsion system will be operated one


    revolution later. During this burn a test will determine
    reaction control system operation using propellants from the
    ascent propulsion system tanks which are interconnected to
    the reaction control system tanks. The second ascent
    propulsion system burn will be for 450 seconds to simulate
    ascent from the Moon's surface in a lunar mission and will
    place the ascent stage in an orbit at 440-by-170-nautical
    miles (507-by-196-statute miles).
    Schedule of LM-1 events i n Apollo 5:
    Time a f t e r
    L i f t -off Propulsion Duration Orbit
    H r s . Min. Sec. Event System of Burn Nautical Miles
    00: 54 :00 Separation from Reaction 15 Sec. 120-by-93
    Second Stage Control total in
    two
    firings

    F i r s t DPS. S r n Descent 38 Sec. 178-by-116


    Second DPS Burn Descent 12.5 Min. 172-by-166
    F i r s t APS Burn Ascent 5.25 Sec . 172-by-167
    (Ascent
    Stage)
    Second APS f3urn Ascent 7.5 Min 440-by-170
    (Ascent
    Stage)
    The two operations of t h e descent and ascent propulsion
    systems w i l l complete t h e primary mission of b.pollo 5 but
    a d d i t i o n a l t e s t s may be conducted i n the remaining seven-hour
    l i f e t i m e of the l u n a r module systems. The ascent s t a g e i n
    expected t o remain i n o r b i t about two years, and t h e descent
    stage about three weeks. The launch vehicle second s t a g e
    w i l l o r b i t only about 18 hours.

    A t t h e end of t h e i r o r b i t a l l i f e t i m e s t h e launch vehicle


    second s t a g e and t h e ascent and descent stages w i l l r e e n t e r t h e
    Earth's atmosphere and d i s i n t e g r a t e .
    Launch v e h i c l e f o r t h e Apollo 5 mission w i l l be t h e
    Uprated Saturn I (AS-204) o r i g i n a l l y scheduled f o r t h e first
    manned Apollo miasion i n February 1967. Following t h e f i r e
    i n which Astronauts V i r g i l I. Ctrissom, .Edward H. White, I1
    and Roger B. Chaffee were killed, t h e launch vehicle w a s
    demated and removed from Complex 34 and re-erected on
    Complex 37 f o r t h i s f l i g h t .

    The launch vehicle c o n s i s t s of t h e f i r s t (S-IB) stage


    which develops 1.6 m i l l i o n pounds t h r u s t a t l i f t - o f f , t h e
    second (S-IVB) s t a g e of 200,000 pounds t h r u s t i n space, and
    a n instrument u n i t .

    Apollo 5 w i l l not c a r r y t h e f u l l Apollo spacecraft.


    Atop t h e instmrment un'it i s t h e spacecraft l u n a r module
    adapter, which houaes t h e l u n a r module (No. I ) , and a nose
    cone. h n a r Module 1 w i l l not have i t s landing gear. It
    w i l l c a r r y a mission programmer i n place of a s t r o n a u t s t o
    c o n t r o l t h e spacecraft.

    Directton of t h e Apollo Priogram, t h e United S t a t e s t


    e f f o r t t o land men on t h e Moon and r e t u r n them s z f e l y t o
    Earth before 1970, i s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e Office of
    Manned Space F l i g h t (OXSF), National Aeronautics and Space
    Admin.istration.
    NASA8s Manned Spacecraft Center (BE&), Houston, i s
    responsible f o r development of t h e Apollo spacecraft, f l i g h t
    crew training and mission control.

    The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville,


    i s responsible f o r development of t h e Saturn launch
    vehicle.

    The NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center ( w c ) ,Kemedy


    Space Canker, Fla., has charge of Apollo/Saturn launch
    operations.

    NASAt s Goddard Space Flight Center (OSFC), Qmenbelt, Md.,


    manages the -Harmed Space Flight Network under the dfrection
    of t h e Office of Tracking; and Data Acquisition (OTDA),
    APOLU) 5 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

    Spacecraft (M-1) Apollo 5 Mission


    Lunar Module 1 ( ~ 4 - 1 )consists of an ascent and a
    descent stage, the two joined by four explosive b o l t s and
    a n umbilical. The stages operate as a single u n i t o r the
    ascent stage functions alone.
    Ascent Sta e The ascent stage i s divided i n t o f i v e
    %+I
    -
    s t r u c ura areas t h e crew compartment, midsection, a f t
    equepment bay, tank and equipment mountings, and the outer
    akin and insulation. .
    The crew compartoient i s a pressure-tight u n i t some
    92 inches i n diameter. Structural interface between t h e
    crew compartment and t h e midsection i s the forward midsection
    bulkhead. These two sections constitute the e n t i r e pressurized
    volume available f o r crew operation i n the .IM.
    The a f t equipment bay i s an aluminum a l l o y frame secuned
    t o t h e a f t midsection by aluminum a l l o y trusswork. The
    unpressurized compartment contains a s e r i e s of cold rails
    f o r s t n c t u r a l mounting and thermal control of electronfo
    eauipment, and tubular trusses f o r tankage support. The
    complete ascent stage i s covered w i t h a thermal and meteoroid
    shield of t h i n aluminum o r aluminized Mylar o r both.
    Descent Stage: The main load-ca-rrying.stmcture of the
    descent stage i s two pa.irs of p a r a l l e l beam i n cruoLfom
    arrangement, plus upper and lower decks and enclosure bulk-
    haade of aluminum a l l o y i n conventional skin and s t r i n g e r
    construction. The middle compartnen'c, fomed by the crossed
    pairs of beams, contains the descent engine. The areas on
    each side of t h e center s t r u c t u r e house the four main descent
    propellant tanks.
    Additional support and s t r u t assemblies a r e secured t o
    t h e main beams t o f o m diagonal bays o r quadrants. Viewed
    from top o r bo'ctax, the stage f o m s an octagon. Owtriggers
    extending from the ends of each p a i r of beass provide the
    f o u r polnts of attachment t o the spacecraft rt.I adapter (SLA).
    The landing gear l a not carried on IE5-1
    APOLLO 5 MISSION
    LUNAR MODULE (LM-1)

    S-BAND STEERABLE

    DFl ANTENNA (2)

    C-BAND ANTENNA (4)

    'AGE
    1. INERTIAL tJEASURING UNIT 8. OXIDIZER TANK (RCS)
    2. DOCKING HATCH 9 . FUEL TANK
    3. DOCKIIG TARGET RECESS 10. ASCENT ENGINE COVER
    4. FUEL TANS (RCS) .
    11 CRE'J COI+IPARTbIEFIT
    5. HELIUP.1 PRESSURE 12. FOR!IARD INTERSTAGE F I T T I N G
    REGULATING HODULE 13. INGRESSIEGRESS HATCH
    6. AFT EQUIP/-iEXT 6AY 14. CABIN WI NDO!4
    7. HELIUtl TANK ( R C S ) 15. ALIG;I;,!ETIT OPTICAL TELESCOPE
    16. EIIDSECTION

    ASCENT STaGE

    -mare-
    AFT INTERSTAGE F I T T I N G 12. ,BATTERY STORAGE BAY
    FUEL TANK 13. OXYGEN TANK
    ENGINE MOUNT 14. HELIUM TANK/CRYOGENIC
    PLSS, S-BAND AilTENilA 15. DESCENT EhGINE SKIRT
    STORAGE BAY 16. TRUSS ASSEMBLY (LEG GR)
    DESCENT EIiGINE 17. LANDING RADAR ANTENNA
    STRUCTURAL S K I N 18. S G I E N T I F I C EQUIPItEilT BAY
    1IISULATIOT.t 19. GIFIaAL RING
    THER;IAL SHIELD 20. ADAPTER ATTACHIIENT POINT
    FOE.IA2D IPITET,ST.ASE FITTITI2 21. OUTRIGGER
    OXIDIZE? T:;' 22. OXIDIZER TA:II<
    FUEL TAlUK 23. WATER TANK

    DESCENT STAGE
    E
    !

    CONTROL

    ASCENT ENGINE

    DESCENT EWGIIK

    45
    i
    [LMENG~NE
    LOCAT~~N~~
    Approximate spacecraft weight a t launch is 31,700 pounds,
    which breaks down as:
    Ascent stage (dry)
    Descent s t a g e (dry)
    RCS Propellants
    DPS Propellants1
    BPS Propellants

    Spacecraft Adapter (SLA): The SLA connects t h e nose


    caD t o the' launch v e h i c l e t h i r a s t a n e instrumentation u n i t (IU)
    anh houses t h e IN, t h e SLA spacecra?t j e t t i s o n c o n t r o l l e r (SJC)
    and power supplies. It i s a truncated cone 28 feet high, 12.8
    feet i n diameter a t t h e top and 21 f e e t i n diameter a t t h e
    bottom. The SLA weighs 3,950 pounds.
    The s t r u c t u r e i s mainly 1.7-inch aluminum honeycomb bonded
    t o aluminum f a c e sheets of varylng thickness. The SLA's f o u r
    movable panels open on programmed command t o allow t h e Ilrl t o
    deploy from t h e S U . The panels open through an a r c of 45 +5
    o r -11 degrees, Opening naomentum i s applied by t h e pyrotechnic
    devices which shear t h e panels from one another along t h e seam
    l i n e s (20 p e r cent momentum), e i g h t t h r u s t e r s a t t h e corners of
    t h e panels (two degrees of panel movercent o r another 20 per cene
    of momentum), and f o u r sprine: loaded cable and pulley assemblies.
    Panel movement 1s stopped by e i g h t a t t e ~ u a t o rstruts with
    crushable alumintdni honeycomb cores.
    The panels a r e held i n deployed p o s i t i o n by a c l u t c h on
    each p u l l e y assembly. The YUI i s held i n the SLA by f o u r s t r a p s .
    After panel deployment, LPI RCS forward t r a n s l a t i o n i s i n i t i a t e d .
    Five seconds l a t e r , pyrotechnic devices sever t h e straps and a
    g u i l l o t i n e c u t s t h e e l e c t r i c a l connections between t h e L&t and
    t h e SLA. Continued forward t r a n s l a t i o n by t h e I.vl RCS moves t h e
    spacecraft out of the adapter about f o u r f e e t p e r second.
    LM-l/SLA ADAPTER
    SLA Nose Cone: The nose cone, providing aerodynamic
    c o n t i n u i t y t o t h e launch vehicle-SLA stmcture, i s separated
    f r o m t h e SLA by 24 springs positioned symmetrically around
    t h e base circumference of t h e nose cone, It i s 11.3 f e e t
    t a l l and tapered 25 degrees t o a base 12.8 f e e t i n diameter.
    It weighs 1,067 pounds. The union between t h e nose cone &nd
    t h e SLA is sheared by a m i l d detonating fuse. Trvo t r a n s -
    ducers, 180 degrees a p a r t near t h e top of t h e SLA, senrre
    a l t e r n a t i n g p o i n t s of conductivity o r non-conductivity along
    1 6 f e e t of woven g l a s s t a p e drawn through t h e transducers as
    t h e nose cone separates. Readings of conductivity/non-
    c o ~ ~ d u c t i v i tpyo i n t s on t h e Cape confirm nose cone sepamtion,
    Spacecraft Systems (Dl-1) Apollo 5 Mission
    E l e c t r i c a l Power System (EPS): The lunar module DC
    e l e c t r i c a l system c o n s i s t s of s i x s i l v e r - z i n c primary b a t t e r i e s ,
    f o u r e l e c t r i c a l c o n t r o l assemblies (ECA), and two DC buses.
    Four primary b a t t e r i e s and two ECAs a r e located i n t h e descent
    stage, t h e o t h e r b a t t e r i e s and ECAs i n t h e ascent stage. To
    avoid over-voltage conditions, t h e primary b a t t e r i e s w i l l be
    pre-discharged before l i f t o f f .
    The AC e l e c t r i c a l system c o n s i s t s of two s i n g l e phase
    AC i n v e r t e r s and one AC bus, located i n the ascent stage.
    Only one i n v e r t e r w i l l power the bus a t any glven time.
    Environmental Control System (ECS): The two ascent
    s t a g e oxygen tanks w i l l be f i l l e d p a r t i a l l y , t o 4.35 psia,
    t o supply oxygen d i r e c t l y t o t h e sensing p o r t s of the primary
    and secondary water regulators; tank No. 2 w i l l provide reference
    pressure t o t h e primary regulators, tank No. 1 t o t h e secondary
    regulator. The oxygen c o n t r o l module, which reduces LM oxygen
    pressure, and t h e descent oxygen tank w i l l not be i n s t a l l e d i n
    W-1. The shutoff valve w i l l be closed and t h e l i n e capped.
    The ECS s u i t loop w i l l be i n s t a l l e d but disabled by
    open c i r c u i t breakers. The descent s t a g e water tank w i l l be
    i n s t a l l e d but n o t loaded. The ascent t a n k s ' w i l l supply water
    t o t h e b o i l e r t o allow proper thermal c o n t r o l of the s p a c e c r a f t .
    Both primary and secondary g l y c o l loops w i l l be i n s t a l l e d ,
    b u t only the primary loop w i l l operate on t h i s f l i g h t .
    Comunications System (COW): The IEvi communications
    .system c o n s i s t s of two S-band t r a n s c e i v e r s and power a m p l i f i e r s ,
    two W / A M transceivers, two audio centers, a premodulation
    processbr, and associated antennas. The operational ViB/AM
    t r a n s c e i v e r s w i l l n o t be i n s t a l l e d i n LM-1, t h e audio c e n t e r s
    w i l l be i n s t a l l e d but n o t used.
    I n addition, ranging and operational PCf4 d a t a transmission
    w i l l be through t h e S-band system using i n f l i g h t antenna No. 2
    l o c a t e d on t h e rear o r Z a x i s s i d e of t h e spacecraft.
    Guidance and Navi a t i o n S stem PGNS : This
    =?%--
    self-con a i n e system r e a u i r e a+ s- no ata rom a source outside
    t h e LM once t h e ;system has been i n i t i t i t e d . Por Apollo 5,
    provis5.on i s made, as a secondary mode of oseration, f o r i n -
    s e r t i o n of navigation, t a r g e t , and moCe cont;rol d a t a f r a n t h e
    ground v i a t h e lU3 guidance compu.ter (IGC).
    The LM-1 PGNS consists of:
    1. Inertial subsystem (ISS)
    a. inertial measurement unit (IMU)
    b. inertial system coupling data units (ICDU)
    c. power servo assembly (PsA)
    d. pulse torquing assembly (PTA)
    2. Computer sub,system (csS)
    a. LM guidance computer [WC)
    b. display and keyboard ASKY)
    Two PQNS subsystems -- the optics subsystem consisting
    of the alignment optical telescope (ACT), and the radar sub-
    system consisting of the rendezvous radar (RRCDU) --
    have been deleted from M-1.
    For Apollo 5, the LOC will work as an automatic programmer
    to control onboard functions, with the PGNS automatically
    accomplishing all guidance, navigation, and control of the
    spacecraft. Some program change can be provided in Peal time
    by ground control through&e uplink command circuit.
    A major failure in the LGC or the SMU will remove tine
    PGNS from control of the vehicle and force the spacecraft
    into a program reader assembly (PRA) or ground real time
    command (RTC) backup control. A major failure of the PGNS
    will prevent long-duration ascent or descent propulsion
    system (APS or DPS) tests on LH-1.
    Reaction Control : Each of the four RCS
    emine clusters engine assemblies,
    each engine delivering about 100 pounds of-thriist. The -
    propellant delivery plubming, valves, and pressurizing
    assemblies are parallel, independent systems. Propellants
    are hypergollc (spontaneously igniting on mixture of oxidizer
    and fuel). The oxidizer is nitrogen tetroxide, the fuel
    Aerozine 50 -- a 50/50 blend of hydrazine and unsymnetrlcal
    dimethyl hydrazine. Helium pressurizes the propellant
    delivery system.
    The RCS provides :
    1. Small thrust impulses to stabilize the spacecraft
    during ascent and descent burns;
    2. Thrust impulses to control vehicle attitude and
    translation during maneuvers;
    3. Thrust for separation maneuvers, and
    4. Thrust for ullage maneuvers to settle propellant in
    ascent and descent stage tanks.
    The system can operate in either a pulsed or a steady-
    state mode.
    In the Apollo 5 mission, coordinated pitch-roll maneuvers
    performed by the RCS will be at a maximum rate of five degrees
    per second and the follow-on yaw maneuver at a rate of two
    degrees per second.
    Descent Propulsicn System (DPS): The descent engine has
    10,500 pounds maximum rated thrust and is throttleable from
    9,710 to 1,050 pounds and can be gimballed + 6 degrees in any
    direction. Its propellants are Aerozine 50-fuel and nitrogen
    tetroxide oxidizer. The pressurant is helium.
    Ascent Propulsion System (APS): The ascent engine is
    neither throttleable nor gimballed. Its thrust is 3,500 pounds
    and its propellants the sane used in the DPS and RCS. The
    engine is dormant until the "fire-in-the-holei'burn -- a
    sequence that separates the ascent stage from the descent
    stage and ignites the engine.
    I8 Mission Programmer (LMP) : The mP replaces the human
    pilot in the unmanned LM-1. It is semiautomatic. It receives
    commands from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer, Progrz~lReader
    Assembly or from the Ground Controller. The package consists
    of four basic units :
    1. The program command assembly (PRA) Which contains taped
    contingency programs to be used in the event of an LGC failure;
    HELIUM PRESSURE SYSTEM"A"
    REGULATING PACKAGE TANKAGE

    THRUST CHAMBER
    ISOLATION VALV

    MAIN S~HLOFF RCS MPlNlFOLD


    VALVES CROSSFEED A N D
    ASCENT ENGINE
    PROPELLANT TRANSFER
    VALVES

    .--rs FUELLINE
    SYSTEM "A"
    AXES
    OXlDlZER LINE ORIENTATION
    Q SYSTEM "8"
    HELIUM
    [SCtiEi\ilPinCJ
    DESCENT PROPULSiOf4
    EXPLOSIVE VALVES

    LATION VALVES

    --
    [ASCENT PROPEL-LAPIT
    SYSTEM I
    2. The d i g i t a l command assembly (DcA) which provides
    a n uplinlc c a p a b i l i t y f o r routing of ground s:lgnals t o t h e
    W guidance c m p u t e r (wc), t h e program reader assembly (PRA),
    t h e program coupler assembly (PCA), thence t o t h e b a s i c sub-
    system f o r control;
    3. The program coupler assembly (PcA) which provides
    Coupling of t h e LGC and PRA commands t o c o n t r o l t h e b a s i c
    subsystems;
    4. The power d i s t r i b u t i o n assembly (FDA) which provides
    t h e 28 VDC power d i s t r i b u t i o n and current p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e
    W P components.
    THE UPRATED SATURN I LAUNCH VEHICLE
    The f o u r t h uprated Saturn I i s t h e 15th i n t h e Saturn
    series.
    Three Uprated Saturns launched i n 1966 followed 10
    Saturn I successes; they were launched Feb. 26, July 5, and
    Aug. 25, 1966. The first Saturn V, launched Nov. 9, 1967~
    was a success.
    Rocket designers a t t h e NASA-IIarshall Space F l i g h t Center
    conceived'the Uprated Saturn I i n 1962 a s t h e quickest,
    most r e l i a b l e , and most economical means of providing a vehicle
    with g r e a t e r payload c a p a b i l i t y than t h e Saturn I f o r ApoPlo
    missions before t h e Saturn V would be available.
    The Saturn program sprang from s t u d i e s s t a r t e d i n April
    1957 by the Army B a l l i s t i c Missile Agency t o e s t a b l i s h o s s i b l e
    vehicle configurations t o launch payloads of 20,000 t o 20,000
    pounds f o r o r b i t a l missions, and 6,000 t o 12,000 pounds f o r
    escape missions.
    The AEMA rocket development group, l a t e r t r a n s f e r r e d t o
    NASA, soaght t o demonstrate the f e t r s l b i l i t y of c l u s t e r i n g a v a i i -
    a b l e hardware and engines t o make ri booster f o r a multi-stage
    launch vehicle. I n November 1958, t h e development of a cluster'-
    ed booster t o serve as t h e f i r s t s t a g e of t h e multistage c a r r i e r
    vehicle capable of performing advanced space missions was approved.
    The p r o j e c t , named atur urn" i n Feb. 1959, r e s u l t e d i n 10
    of t h e Saturn I launchings, beginning i n O c t . , 1961, and e n d i w
    i n J U ] . ~ , 1965.
    The Uprated Saturn I vehicle c o n s i s t s of? two propulsion
    s t a g e s arid an instrument unit,, a l l of which a r e derived from
    o t h e r Saturn configurations.
    The f i r s t stage, t h e S-I13, i s a modification of t h e
    booster o r f i r s t s t a g e (s-I) of t h e Saturn I , The second,
    S-IVB s t a g e i s an out-growth of t h e Saturn 1 second s t a g e
    (s-IY). S-IVB development was o r i g i n a t e d f o r the Saturn V,
    i n which the S-IVB serves as t h e t h i r d stage. The t h i r d element,
    t h e i n s t i w e n t u n i t , i s almost i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t of t h e Saturn
    v.
    By bringing t h e s e elements t o g e t h e r t o form a hybrid vehicle,
    NASA was a b l e t o launch manned Apollo spacecraft about one y e a r
    e a r l i e r than with t h e Saturn V vehicle alone.
    The Saturn V v e h i c l e was o f f i c i a l l y approved i n Jan. 1962.
    The Uprated Saturn I program isas announced i n July, 1962.
    The Uprated Saturn I, i n a d d i t i o n t o it3 r o l e a s an Apollo
    c a r r i e r , i s expected t o be used f o r o t h e r as:signments i n manned
    and uninarmed space work. It i s capable of dt?livering about
    40,000 pounds t o low Earth o r b i t .
    FIRST STAGE-- The Uprated Saturn I booster (s-IB), b u i l t
    by t h e Ck~ryslerCorp. Space M-vision, was retiesigned t o reduce
    weight. The s t a g e i s 80 f e e t long, 21.5 feel; i n diameter and
    i t s dry weight i s 85,317 pounds o r some 20,000 pounds l e s s
    than t h e b a s i c Saturn I f i r s t stage.
    e i s e s s e n t i a l l y a c l u s t e r of e i g h t modified Red-
    inches i n diameter) around a J u p i t e r tank (105
    inches i r i diameter). Four of t h e c u t s i d e tanks contain l i q u i d
    oxygen (LO'X) and f o u r kerosene (RP-1) f u e l . The l a r g e c e n t e r
    tanli. contains LOX.
    Eight Rocketdyne B-1 engj.nes power t h e s t a g e with a
    t o t a l t h r u s t of 1.6 mil.lion pounds. Thc: engines a r e mounted
    on t h e s t a g e ' s t h r u s t s t r u c t u r e . The four outboard engines
    a r e equipped with independent, closed-loop, liydraulic a c t u a t o r
    systems which gLmbal t h e engines as much a s e i g h t degrees f o r
    v e h i c l e f l i g h t d i r e c t i o n control.
    I n approximately 2,5 minutes of operation, t h e s t a g e
    burns 43,000 g a l l o n s (279,000 pounds) of fue:! and 68,200 g a l l o n s
    (632,500 pounds) of oxidizer, t o reach an a!.l;itude of about
    35 miles a t engine cutoff.
    Eight f i n s on t h e stage, equally spaced around t h e t a i l
    u n i t assembly, increase aerod:rnamic s t a b i l i t y i n the lower
    atmosphere. They a l s o support the vehicle on the launch pad
    and provide tiedown points f o r r e s t r a i n i n g the vehicle
    momentarily after i g n i t i o n .
    Equipment on t h e S-I33 stage includes a control pressure
    system, purge systems, a f i r e detection and water quench system,
    a f l i g h t termination o r "destruct" system, e l e c t r i c a l power
    supply and d i s t r i b u t i o n , instnunentation, and telemetry systems.
    C h q s l e r assembles the S-IB stages a t the NASA-Michoub
    Assembly F a c i l i t y i n New Orleans and t e s t s them a t t h e Marshall
    Center i n Huntsville.
    SECOND STAGE-- The S-IVE (second) stage,, b u i l t by t h e
    McDonnell Douglas Corp., i s 50.4 f e e t long and 21.7 f e e t i n
    diameter. One Roclretdyne 5-2 engine powers ';he stage. The
    s t a g e weighs 23,427 pounds enpty.
    The c y l i n d r i c a l s t a g e has a l i q u i d hycirogen tank and a
    l i q u i d oxygen tank separated by a com'on bullchead, which i s o l a t e s
    t h e hydrogen a t about n?ims&23 degrees F fran the oqygen a t about
    minus-29'7 degrees F.
    The 3-2 engine produces about 200,000 pounds t h r u s t f o r
    about 7.5 minutes of operation. X t w!-11 burn so;ne 64,000 gallons
    (38,000 pounds) of hydrogen and some 20,000 gallons (193,000
    pounds) of LOX.
    The S-IVB stage i s connected t o the f i r s t stage by a n
    a f t i n t e r s t a g e . Separation sequence s t a r t s .Inmediately a f t e r
    first s t s g e outboard engine cut off. The s t a g e s separate by
    simultaneacs operation of t h e stage sepal'ation ordnance system,
    which se-rers a p l a t e ; four retromotors, which slow t h e first
    stage; and t h r e e u l l a g e rockets, whiclz .Lmpart: a s l i g h t a c c e l e ~ ~ a t l o n
    on the S.-IVBs t a g e and payload.
    Douglas builds the S-TVD a t H u n t i ~ t o nBeach, calif., and
    t e s t s i t a t the Sacramento Test Center.

    INSTRUMEhT UNIT-- The 4,3.00-pound i~~str~imerit


    u n i t 1s 260
    inches i n d i a n e t e r and three-feet high.
    . E l e c t r i c a l and mechanical equipment which guides, c o n t r o l s
    and monitors vehicle performance from l i f t o f f u n t i l after i n -
    s e r t i o n of t h e spacecraft i n t o o r b i t i s located i n t h e instrument
    u n i t . It controls f i r s t s t a g e powered f l i g h t , s t a g e separation,
    second s t a g e powered f l i g h t and o r b i t a l f l i g h t u n t i l t h e space-
    c r a f t i s separated.
    Equipment includes~guidanceand control, e l e c t r i c a l ,
    measurement and telemetry, r a d i o frequency, instrumentation,
    range s a f e t y command system, environmental control, and
    emergency detection sys tems (EDS) .
    Systems include t h e ST-124-M-111 i n e r t i a l platform, t h e
    launch vehicle d i g i t a l computer and t h e e l e c t r i c a l equipment
    required f o r launch vehicle performance.
    The instrument u n i t was designed by t h e Marshall Center.
    I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp., Federal Systems Mvision,
    is t h e I U c o n t m c t o r f o r f a b r i c a t i o n , systems t e s t i n g and
    i n t e g r a t i o n and checkout w i t h t h e launch vehicle, with major
    elements coming from Bendix, IBM and Eiectronlc Comunications
    Inc. This instrument u n l t f o r AS-204 i s the f i r s t completely
    assembled and i n t e g r a t e d by II3I.I.
    A t i n s e r t i o n i n t o o r b i t t h e weight of t h e o r b i t i n g
    v e h i c l e w i l l be 70,200 pounds. This includes t h e second
    s t a g e (s-IVB) , instrument u n i t , spacecraft lunar module
    adapter, l u n a r module 1, nose cone and remaining p r o p e l l a n t .
    Telemetry on AS-204 Launch Vehicle
    Instrument U n i t
    T o t a l measurements
    Telemetry Systems
    1 PCM
    1ss;m '
    2 m/MF
    1 tape recorder
    Tracking system
    1 C Band
    1 Azusa
    Tape recorder
    S-IB Stage
    T o t a l measurements
    Telemetry systems
    1 PCM
    2 m/m
    r oIDOP
    - Safety systems
    2 secure comand systems
    Tape recorder
    S-IVB s t a g e
    T o t a l aeasurements
    Telemetry systems
    1 PCM
    3 m/m
    1 ssyfii
    Range s a f e t y systems
    2 secure comma~dsyste~ns
    Tape recorder
    A l l telemetry hardware has been flown on t h r e e previous
    missions with success. No s p e c i a l experiments o r equipment
    a r e being flown.
    WEIGHT (In pounds)
    Spacecraft------------------------------------- 36,700*
    Instrument Unit-------------------------------- 4,600
    S-IVB Stage (~ry)------------------------------ 23,427
    S-IVB Residual Propellants--------------------- 2,450
    S-IVB Useable Reserve Propellants-------------- 3,386
    Injection Weight-----------------------------------'70,580
    5-2 Thrust Decay Propellant and LOX Venting---- 241
    S-IVB Cutoff Weight--------------------------------70,821
    S - I Propellant
    ~ Consumed----------------------224,976
    S-IVB APS Propellant Consumed------------------ 6
    Ullage mses----------------------------------- 215
    s - 1 90%
    ~ Thrust We'ight---------------------------- 296,018
    S-IVB Gaseous Hydrogen Start Tau-------------- 4
    S-IVB Buildup Tr_opellant Consumed-------------- 390
    Ullage Propellant Consumed---------------------- 176
    S-IVB Detonation Package----------------------- 5
    S-IVB Stage At Separation-------------------------- 296,593
    S-IVB Aft Frame &rdwape----------------------- 31
    s-I--IB Interstage------------------------- 6,654
    S-IB Stage (~ry)------------------------------- 85,317
    S-IB ResSdual and Reserve Propellants---------- 10,843
    S-1- Frost Conswed--------------------------- 100
    S-IB Frost Consumed---------------------------- 1,000
    S-IB Seal Purge Consumed----------------------- 6
    S-1' Fuel Additive Consumed-------------------- 27
    S-IB Gear Box Lubricant Consumed--------------- 714
    -
    S-IB Inboard Engine Thrust Becay Propellant
    --
    Consumed- -------.. 2,143
    S-IB Outboard Engine Thrust Decay Propellant
    Consumed (TO Separ&tion)------------- 1,653
    s-u Ivlalnstage Propellant Consumed-------------Urn, 338
    Vehicle L i f t Weight-------------------------------- W85,419
    S-IB 'l%mst Euildup Propellant Consumed---------------
    Ignition Weight

    *Spacecraft Weight:

    Nose cone---------1-067
    T6-m
    APOLLO 5 LAUNCH OPERATIONS

    A 250-man NASA-Industry team, d i r e c t e d by NASA's


    Kennedy Space Center, w i l l conduct t h e Apollo 5 mission
    countdown from t h e blockhouse f i r i n g room a t Cape Kennedy
    Complex 37.
    KSC has charge of a l l NASA f l i g h t s a t Cape Kennedy and
    t h e Kennedy Space Center, including p r e f l i g h t t e s t and check-
    o u t of t h e launch vehicle, s p a c e c r a f t and support f a c i l i t i e s ,
    countdown and launch. '
    The Apollo 5 f l i g h t w i l l mark t h e eighth from Complex 37
    s i x Saturn I and one Uprated Saturn I f l i g h t s . The first
    --
    launch, on Jan. 29, 1964, placed 38,700 pounds i n t o Earth
    orbit.
    -
    After completing s i x f l i g h t s of t h e Saturn I program,
    f a c i l i t i e s a t Complex 37 were modified f o r t h e assembly,
    checkout and launch of t h e l a r g e r Uprated Saturn I. The
    Uprated Saturn I t e s t f l i g h t s e r i e s i s t h e second phase of
    t h e program leading t o t h e manned Saturn V missions.
    The first Uprated Saturn I launch f r o n Complex 37, on
    J u l y 5, 1966, s u c c e s s f u l l y demonstrated second s t a g e r e s t a r t
    capability --e s s e n t i a l t o successful l u n a r f l i g h t s . It a l s o
    permitted a more comprehensive evaluation of l i q u i d hydrogen
    under weightless conditions.
    The launch v e h i c l e f o r Apollo 5 was o r i g i n a l l y scheduled
    f o r t h e f i r s t manned Apollo f l i g h t (AS-204) from nearby
    Complex 34 i n February 1967.. Following t h e f i r e and t h e
    death of Astronauts Grissom, -klhrlhite and Chsffee, t h e launch
    v e h i c l e was re-erected a t Complex 37 f o r Apollo 5.
    The f i r s t stage was erecled at; Pad 9, Complex 37 l a s t
    April 7, t h e S-IVR s t a g e t h r e e days l a t e r and the Instrumsnt
    Unit on A p r i l 11. A f a c i l i t i e s v e r i f i c a t i o n v e h i c l e was
    mated with t h e Spacecraft Danar Module P.dapter (SLA) on
    April 18 and remained mated u n t j l June 8.
    The l u n a r module (IM-1) a r r i v e d a t KSC June 23, 1967
    and t h e ascent and descent engines were mated f o r t h e first
    time on J u l y 11. A demate was necessary on Aug. 1 6 i n o r d e r
    t o r e p a i r l e a k s i n t h e ascent engine. Tie two s t a g e s were
    remated Sept. 7 and a s e r i e s of t e s t s conducted u n t i l Sept. 19
    when it was again necessary t o demate and incorporate a leak
    modification i n t h e propulsion feed system. After demating,
    s e v e r a l items of IM-1 hardware were shipped back t o t h e
    c o n t r a c t o r f o r a d d i t i o n a l work.
    The s t a g e s were remated Oct. 28 and a s e r i e s of tests
    run u n t i l Nov. 19 when t h e spacecraft was taken t o t h e pad and
    mechanically mated with t h e booster.
    The first mission simulation a t t h e pad was conducted i n
    e a r l y December and t h e F l i g h t Readiness Test (FRT) l a t a f i n
    t h e month. The FRT c o n s i s t s of a s e r i e s of sequence t e s t s i n
    p a r a l l e l w i t h the a c t u a l countdown and i n - f l i g h t operations,
    with p a r t i c i p a t i o n of tracking s t a t i o n s of t h e Eastern T e s t
    Range and t h e Mission Control Center a t Houston.
    The Countdown Demonstration Test (CDDT), a d r e s s r e h e a r s a l
    of t h e countdown, including propellant loading, i s scheduled t c
    start about a week before launch. The t e s t terminates seconds
    before engine i g n i t i o n .
    When the unfueled spacecraft a r r i v e s at t h e pad, it weighs
    approximately 8,500 pounds. The ascent s t a g e weighs 4,850
    pounds and t h e descent s t a g e 3,650 pounds. The first manned
    l u n a r module w i l l weigh,31,700 pounds when fueled. !he
    unfueled weight of t h e launch vehicle w i l l t o t a l 121,150
    pounds.
    Complex 37 Facilities
    Complex 37 includes two launch pads separated by a
    1,200-foot railway. Each launch pad has a launch ped@st;al,
    umbilical tower, and automatic ground control s t a t i o n . Both
    pads a r e served by a s i n g l e s e r v i c e sbructure and launch
    c o n t r o l center.
    The Launch Control Center i s a two-story, dome-shaped
    building located approximately 1,200 f e e t from the launch
    pad. The dome ( t o p r o t e c t against b l a s t i n the event of a
    launch vehicle explosion) i s constructed of reinforced
    concrete, varying from seven f e e t a t t h e top t o 41 f e e t t h i c k
    a t t h e base. The 20,968 square foot building i s designed t o
    withstand b l a s t pressures of 2,188 pounds-per-square-inch.
    .The first f l o o r i s used by personnel involved i n tracking,
    telemetry, and closed c i r c u i t t e l e v i s i o n communications.
    Launch control and various monitoring recording consoles a r e
    located i n t h e f i r i n g room on t h e second f l o o r .
    The Launch Pads
    The launch pads a t Complex 37 a r e 300 f e e t square znd
    have a maximum height of 16 f e e t above sea l e v e l . m e pad
    areas are covered w i t h f i r e brick t o minimize damage caused
    by first stage engine i g n i t i o n . Located a t each pad i s a
    s t e e l launch pedestal which provides a platform t o support
    t h e launch vehicle and c e r t a i n ground support equipment.
    Each pedestal is 35 f e e t high and 55 f e e t square. An opening
    i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e pedestal, 32 f e e t i n diameter, allows
    access t o t h e first stage of t h e vehicle and p e r n i t s passage
    of exhaust to t h e flame d e f l e c t o r below. Eight hold-down
    am assemblies a r e bolted around t h e opening i n t h e top of
    t h e launch pedestal t o support t h e vehicle. These hold-dovm
    arms hold the vehicle on the pad u n t i l a l l engines are
    running with f u l l t h r u s t , ready f o r f l i g h t .
    There a r e t h r e e 21-foot inverted V-shaped flame d e f l e c t o r s ,
    one a t each pad and one held i n reserve. They a r e constructed
    w i t h a s e r i e s of s t e e l t r u s s e s covered w i t h one-inch t h i c k
    s t e e l skin, and coated w i t h f o u r inches of s p e c i a l heat-
    r e s i s t a n t r e f r a c t o r y material.
    The two s t e e l - t r u s s e d umbilical towers a r e approx3mately
    1,200 f e e t apart. They are 268 f e e t high. Four swing arms
    a r e attached t o each tower by hinged J o i n t s . Each swlng arm
    c a r r i e s l i n k s between t h e space vehicle and umbilical tovier
    which lead t o ground-based power, a i r conditioning, hydraulic,
    pneumatic, f u e l , measuring and c m a n d systems.
    A t t h e 228-foot l e v e l of the umbilicsl i s t h e spacecraft
    access arm.
    Mounted on t h e umbilical tower i s a boom h o i s t capable
    of l i f t i n g 2.5 tons, equipped with a t r o l l e y t h a t extends
    27 f e e t from t h e boom pivot. An automatic ground c o n t r o l
    s t a t i o n , containing d i g i t a l computers and checkout equipment,
    i s located a t t h e base of t h e tower.
    The RP-1 storage tank, 67 f e e t long and 12 f e e t i n
    diameter, has a 43,500-gallon capacity; a f a s t - f i l l t r a n s f e r
    r a t e of 2,000 gallons-per-minute, and a slow f i l l rate of
    200 gpm. RP-1 i s used i n t h e v e h i c l e ' s first stage.
    Liquid oxygen i s s t o r e d and t r a n s f e r r e d a t minus-297
    degrees F. The l i q u i d oxygen f a c i l i t y includes a 125,000-
    g a l l o n main tank and a 28,000-gallon storage tank. The main
    tank measures 42 f e e t i n diameter, t h e storage tank measures
    62 f e e t long and 11 f e e t i n diameter. LOX i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o
    t h e first s t a g e a t t h e r a t e of 2,500 gallons-per-minu-te;
    second s t a g e t r a n s f e r rate i s 1,000 gpm.
    Liquid hydrogen is s t o r e d and t r a n s f e r r e d a t minus-423
    degrees 3'. The f u e l f o r t h e second s t z g e of t h e Uprated
    Saturn I i s stored i n a 38-foot dianteter, 125,000-gallon tank.
    Liquid-nitrogen i s contained i n a 125,000-gallon tank and a
    35,000-gallon tank. Helium i s stored i n t h e helium b a t t e r y
    whlch c o n s i s t s of s i x c l u s t e r s of v e s s e l s each manifolded
    together. Both t h e nitrogen and heliurc batteries supply gas
    a t a pressure of 6,000 p s i .
    The Service S t r u c t u r e
    The 5,200-ton s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e a t Complex 37 provides
    f o r v e r t i c a l erection, assembly and checkout of Uprated
    Saturn I vehicles. It coneains work platforms f o r personnel,
    cranes f o r l i f t i n g rocket s t a g e s and spacecraft i n t o place on
    t h e launch pedestal and provides protection from t h e weather
    f o r both t h e space v e h i c l e and personnel.
    The self-propelled s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e , mounted on f o u r
    t r u c k s that r i d e rails, i s driven by f o u r 100-horsepower
    e l e c t r i c motors. The trapezodial structu1.e of r i g i d - t r u s s
    construction extends t o a height of 300 f e e t , on a base
    measuring 120 f e e t .
    There a r e f o u r e l e v a t o r s i n t h e s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e and a
    minimum of 10 work platforms a t various l e v e l s . Each e l e v a t o r
    h a s a 3,.000-pound capacity. Access t o t h e s e r v i c e platforms
    i s from i n d i v i d u a l l y a d j u s t e d platform landings. Weather
    p r o t e c t i o n i s provided by a hurricane c u r t a i n around t h e
    launch p e d e s t a l which extends from t h e 35-foot l e v e l t o t h e
    65-foot l e v e l , and s p l i t " s i l o " enclosures that reach t o t h e
    248-foot l e v e l .
    A t t h e launch pad, support p o i n t s l i f t t h e s e r v i c e
    s t r u c t u r e from t h e t r u c k s and anchor i t t o t h e ground. Before
    t h e Uprated Saturn I i s launched, t h e s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e moves
    t o I t s parking p o s i t i o n a t t h e opposite pad.
    The clock f o r the Apollo 5 countdown w i l l start a t
    T-22 hours. A six-hour b u i l t - i n hold is included l a t e i n
    the countdown.
    On t h i s mission the Lunar Module primary checkout occurs
    during t h e countdown demonstration t e s t . The spacecraft i s
    considered e s s e n t i a l l y ready f o r launch a t the completion of
    the CDDT.
    Following a r e some of the highlights:
    T-21 hr. 30 min. I n s t a l l second stage and Instrument Unit
    batteries
    Second stage mechanical closeout
    F i r s t stage b a t t e r y i n s t a l l a t i o n
    Launch vehicle power on
    Launch vehicle f l i g h t c o n t r o l system
    checks
    Range s a f e t y c o m n d checks
    Launch vehicle ordnance connection
    S t a r t sjx-hour b u i l t - i n hold
    Resume count, move mobile service
    s t r u c t u r e t o parked p o s i t i o n
    S t a r t l i q u i d oxygen loading, f i r s t and
    second stages
    Lunar module telemetry on
    S t a r t second stage l i q u i d hydrogen
    loading
    T- 50 min. Begin terminal count phase
    T- 45 Mission Control. Center-Houston launch
    vehicle command checks, launch vehicle
    guidance checks
    Law,ch vehicle telemetry checks.
    Launch vehicle range s a f e t y checks
    T- 30 min. Lunar module t o i n t e r n a l power
    T- 25 Mission Control Center-Houston lunar
    module update command checks
    Power t r a n s f e r t e s t
    Launch vehicle guidance and c o n t r o l
    checks
    T- 17 Telemetry c a l i b r a t i o n
    T- 6 F i n a l s t a t u s check
    T- 2 min. 44 sec. Launch sequence s t a r t i n i t i a t e terminal
    countdown sequence
    T- 1: 30 Hydraulic pumps on
    T- 25 set. Launch vehicle power t r a n s f e r t o i n t e r n a l
    T- 3 sec. Ignition
    T-0 Launch commit and l i f t o f f

    NOTE: These tjlnes a r e approximate and s u b j e c t t o change.


    -27-
    SEQUENCE O F EVENTS-

    Time from L i f t o f f (GET) Event


    (hr:min: s e c )
    Liftoff
    P i t c h and r o l l maneuver i n i t i a t e d
    Roll terminated
    Maximum dynamio. pressure ( a l t i t u d e
    7.7 miles, 2.7 miles downrange,
    velocity 1,668 miles p e r hour)
    Pitch terminated
    S-IB Inboard Engine Cutoff
    S-IB Outboard Engine CutoffY
    S-IVB Ullage Rocket I g n i t i o n
    6-IB separates
    S-IVB Engine start command
    J e t t i s o n ullage rocket motors
    b i t i a t e a c t i v e guidance
    Guidance cutoff signal
    S-FIB shutdown, i n s e r t i o n i n t o
    e l l i p t i c a l Earth o r b i t
    S-TVB/SLA/~;M O r b i t a l Coast
    S e t t i s o n a.erodynamic shroud
    Align and maintain spacecraft X-hx5s
    i n l o c a l horizontal
    Deploy SLA panels
    LM separat:Lon sequence i n i t i a t e d
    Spacecraft Separation
    RCS ignition

    Begin LM vrlthdrawal from s-IVB/SLA


    -28-
    Time from L i f t o f f (GET)
    (hr:min: s e c )
    -
    Event

    00: 54: 05 RCS shutdown


    00: 54: 10 RCS i g n i t i o n
    00: 54: 15 RCS shutdown
    O r b i t a l Coast t o F i r s t DPS Burn
    I n i t i a t e attitude orientation
    maneuver
    F t r s t DPS Burn
    Mission phase enabled
    initiate t h r u s t r e o r i e n t a t i o n t o
    second APS burn i g n i t i o n a t t i t u d e
    RCS i g n i t i o n
    F i r s t DPS burn i g n i t i o n
    RCS shutdown
    F i r s t DPS burn, guidance c u t o f f
    command
    I n s e r t i o n i n t o Hohmann T r a n s f e r
    Ellipse
    . Second DPS Burn/FITH Abort T e s t / F i r s t APS Burn
    04: 33: 02 Mission phase enabled
    I n i t i e t e thrust reorientation to
    second APS burn i g n i t i o n n t t l t u d e
    RCS i g n i t i o n
    Second DPS i g n i t i o n
    RCS shutdown
    Second DPS shutdown/~ITH Abort Test/
    F i r s t APS i g n i t i o n
    F i r s t APS shutdown
    Seconc! APS S u r n
    Mission phase enabled
    -more -
    -29-
    Time from L i f t o f f (GET) Event
    (hr:min: sec)
    I n i t i a t e thrust reorientation t o
    Second APS burn i g n i t i o n a t t i t u d e
    RCS i g n i t i o n
    Second APS i g n i t i o n
    RCS shutdown
    Second APS p r o p e l l a n t d e p l e t i o n
    End second APS t h r u s t t a l l o f f
    F i n a l O r b i t a l Coast

    * The F i r s t (s-IB) Stage w i l l land i n t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean at


    75 degrees East, 29 degrees North,
    APOLLO 5 MISSION PROFILE

    Orbit: I n s e r t i o n i s scheduled a t 10 minutes a f t e r


    lift-.-called Ground Elapsed Time -- GET) a t an a l t i t u d e
    of 101 s t a t u t e miles (88 n a u t i c a l miles). I n e r t i a l v e l o c i t y
    i s 25,685 feet-per-second (17,500 s t a t u t e miles-per-hour,
    15,200 knots), i n c l i n a t i o n i s 31.4 degrees a t 31.6 degrees
    North l a t i t u d e and 61.5 degrees West longitude. Second

    %.
    s t a g e l i q u i d oxygen venting terminates 10 minutes 38 seconds
    a f t e r - l i f t - o f f following 40 seconds of v e n t i n Liquid
    hydrogen venting continues u n t i l 30 minutes 5 seconds a f t e r
    lift-off.
    The aerodynamic shroud covering t h e Lunar Module (M) i s
    j e t t i s o n e d a t 10 minutes 43 seconds GET. The shroud i s spring-
    loaded, t h e mechanism impartin a seven feet-per-second
    7
    d i f f e r e n t i a l v e l o c i t y (Delta V t o t h e shroud t o c a r r y t h e
    shroud away from t h e spacecraft. T h i s places t h e shroud
    about s i x miles behind and a half-mile above t h e s p a c e c r a f t
    when it s e p a r a t e s from t h e launch vehicle.
    About h a l f a minute a f t e r shroud j e t t i s o n , the launch
    v e h i c l e second s t a g e maneuvers t o maj.ntain t h e s p a c e c r a f t
    +X ( t o p t o bottom) a x i s i n the l o c a l h o r i z o n t a l plane i n t h e
    d i r e c t i o n of motion, and t h e -Z a x i s ( f r o n t t o back) pointing
    toward t h e E a r t h ' s center. The a t t i t u d e , maintained u n t i l
    s h o r t l y before LM s e p a r a t i o n i n order t o enhance ground/
    s p a c e c r a f t communications, would place a crew on t h e i r backs
    w i t h heads i n t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of f l i g h t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e
    Earth.
    Deployment of the spacecraft IM a d a p t e r (SM) panels
    occurs about 20 minutes GET southwest of the Canary I s l a n d s
    t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n . The s e c o n d - s t a g e / l ~ combination i s i n a
    c o a s t phase u n t i l separation near first revolution apogee
    over Australia some 54 minutes a f t e r l i f t - o f f .
    second-~tage/LM Separation: About 50 minutes GET t h e
    secona stage begins an attitude-hold maneuver t o hold a
    constant i n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e during the separation sequence.
    Three minutes 50 seconds l a t e r , the f o u r LN r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l
    system (RCS) down-firing t h r u s t e r s (viewing t h e LM a s it i s
    u p r i g h t ) f i r e t o provide forward t r a n s l a t i o n . Five seconds
    a f t e r t h r u s t i n i t i a t i o n , t h e s t r a p s holding t h e LM i n t h e
    SLA a r e severed mechanically and t h e LV withdraws from t h e
    SLA. Thrust continues f o r another f i v e seconds (10 seconds
    t o t a l f i r i n g ) and i s followed by a five-second coast, then
    another five-second forward RCStranslation.
    A t RCS shutdown, 15 seconds a f t e r t h e r e s t r a i n i n g s t r a p s
    a r e severed, the LN i s about 30 f e e t away from the second-
    stage/SLA a t a r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y of f o u r f e e t per second.
    After 90 ininutes, t h e LM i s about 10 n a u t i c a l miles behind
    t h e second s t a g e and a t about the same a l t i t u d e . The launch
    vehicle propellant dump t e s t i s performed a t t h i s time.-
    F i r s t Descent Propulsion System (DPS) B u m : From
    seDaration u n t i l about t h r e e h o u r s 55 minutes GkT when the
    LM-1s i n t h e t h i r d revolution over ihe Coastal Sentry Quebec
    tracking s h i p off t h e coast of Australia, t h e spacecraft i s
    i n o r b i t a l coast. Its pre-programmed i n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e f o r
    cold soak (+X a x i s e s s e n t i a l l y upward, -Y+X RCS quad toward
    Sun) i s maintained i n t h e +5 degree deadband mode; t h a t is,
    any time the LM s h i f t s more than f i v e degrees from i t s pre-
    programmed a t t i t u d e , t h e appropriate RCS t h r u s t e r combination
    w i l l f i r e t o bring it back i n t o t h e proper position.
    A t a c q u i s i t i o n by Coastal Sent;ry Quebec, deadband mode
    i s terminated and a 20-second coast i n i t i a t e d , during which period
    t h e time of i g n i t i o n and i n i t i a l t h r u s t a t t i t u d e a r e auto-
    m a t i c a l l y calculated by t h e ZM. Some 249 seconds a f t e r
    i n i t i a t i o n of t h e o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver, o r t h r e e hours 59
    minutes 54 secsnds GET, a n eight-second RCS forward u l l a g e
    t r a n s l a t i o n i s i n i t i a t e d . The u l l a g e t r a n s l a t i o n ends a
    half-second after DPS i g n i t i o n . DPS t h r u s t l e v e l i s held
    a t 1 0 per cent f o r 26 seconds a f t e r ignition, then t h r u s t
    increases t o maximum, o r 92.5 per cent of rated maximum
    t h r u s t (10,500 pounds). The buildup t o steady t h r u s t a t
    maximum takes 0.34 of e second. Thrust t a i l o f f ends about
    0.4 secon@ a f t e r guidance c u t o f f , which occurs some 12
    seconds a f t e r maximum t h r u s t begins. Total DPS burn t i m e
    i s about 39 seconds. The duration of t h e burn i s designed
    t o place t h e spacecraft on an e l l i p s e w i t h a predicted apogee
    of 178 n a u t i c a l miles (205 s t a t u t e mil.es), perigee of 116
    n a u t i c a l miles (134 s t a t u t e miles), o r b i t a l period of 90
    minutes, and i n c l i n a t i o n of 31.6 degrees.
    Second DPS Rurn/FlTh' Bbort/First APS Burn: After the
    f i r s t DPS burn, t h e spacecraft c o a s t s f o r some 33 minutes.
    IM i n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e during t h i s coast phase i s maintained
    -
    i n the +5-degree deadband mode.
    A t a c q u i s i t i o n by t h e Rose Knot Victor tracking ship,
    about f o u r hours 33 minutes a f t e r l i f t - o f f , t h e spacecraft
    continues i t s coast f o r 20 seconds, then i n i t i a t e s a
    r e o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver t o t h e desired a t t i t u d e f o r t h e
    second DPS burn.
    About 212 seconds a f t e r the o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver i n i t i a t i o n ,
    o r f o u r hours 36 minutes 45 seconds GET, an eight-second RCS
    +X (forward t h r u s t ) u l l a g e t r a n s l a t i o n is i n i t i a t e d , terminating
    half a second a f t e r DPS i g n i t i o n .
    The second DPS burn represents t h e t h r u s t p r o f i l e expected
    f o r l u n a r landing. It includes a random t h r o t t l i n g phase
    with t h r u s t s e t t i n g s of 10 seconds each a t 10, 50, 30, 40 and
    20 p e r c e n t of i t s rated maximum 10,500 pounds. The t h r o t t l e
    p o s i t i o n then increases t o maximum (92.5 per cent of rated
    t h r u s t ) i n preparation f o r "f ire-in-the-hole'' (PITH) a b o r t
    staging. Duration of t h e nominal burn i s 12.5 minutes. The
    majority of t h e 7,000-feet-per-second d i f f e r e n t i a l v e l o c i t y
    i s d i r e c t e d out of t h e o r b i t plane i n order t o optimize ground
    coverage of t h e second ascent propulsion system (APS) burn.
    The o r b i t r e s u l t i from t h e second DPS burn has a
    2
    predicted perigee of 16 n a u t i c a l n i l e s (191 s t a t u t e miles),
    apogee of 172 n a u t i c a l miles (198 s t a t u t e miles), period of
    91 minutes and i n c l i n a t i o n of about 29 degrees. About f i v e
    p e r cent of t h e DPS propellant a v a i l a b l e f o r t h r u s t i n g remains
    a f t e r t h i s burn. Coverage of t h i s phase primarily w i l l be
    from c o n t i n e n t a l United S t a t e s s t a t i o n s .
    The "fire-in-the-hole" abort staging begins with t h e end
    of t h e random t h r o t t l i n g phase of t h e DPS burn. DPS shutdown,
    MI staging, and APS i g n i t i o n occur simultaneously. Duration
    of t h e first APS burn i s 5.25 seconds -- 0.04 seconds f o r
    t h r u s t buildup, f i v e seconds of steady t h r u s t i n g , and 0.21
    seconds of t a i l o f f . During t h i s burn, GRe spacecraft +X a x i s
    i s i n t h e l o c a l h o r i z o n t a l and normal t o the o r b i t plane.
    After t h e burn t h e expended descent s t a g e i s i n an o r b i t about
    166-by-172-nautical miles (224-by-251-statute m i l e s ) w i t h an
    estimated l i f e t i m e of three weeks. The ascent s t a g e has a
    predicted perigee of 167 na.utical miles (224 s t a t u t e m l l e s ) ,
    apogee of 172 n a u t i c a l miles (248 s t a t u t e miles), and i n c l i n -
    a t i o n 0.03 of a degree smaller than t h a t of t h e descent stage.
    Second APS Burn: The spacecraft i s over t h e West A t l a n t i c
    off Florida, entering t h e f o u r t h revolution, during t h e
    "fire-in-the-hole" abort and first APS h r n . After t h e burn,
    t h e M maintains i n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e i n t h e +5-degree deadband
    mode and c o a s t s f o r about one hour 21 minuFes. After
    a c q u i s i t i o n by t h e Rose Knot Victor i n the f o u r t h revolution
    a t 5 hours 10 minutes 45 seconds GFZ, a 20-second phase
    enable coast begins. It Is followed by the a t t i t u d e orien-
    t a t i o n maneuver necessary t o place the D l +X a x i s i n t h e
    desired t h r u s t d i r e c t i o n .
    Some 158 seconds a f t e r i n i t i a t i o n of' t h e maneuver, t h e
    RCS t h m s t e r s provide +X t r a n s l a t i o n f o r ullage. APS i g n i t i o n
    occurs 12.5 seconds a f t e r RCS i g n i t i o n .
    The t h r u s t p r o f i l e of t h i s second BPS burn simulates a
    l u n a r ascent. The ascent guidance philosophy i s designed t o
    s a t i s f y two requirements: t h e spacecraft must reach a
    s p e c i f i c point i n space, and t h i s s p a t i a l p o s i t i o n vector
    must be achieved a t a s p e c i f i c time. Spacecraft a t t i t u d e ,
    v e l o c i t y and f l i g h t path angle a t burnout a r e determined on
    t h e ground t o confirm t h a t t h e i n t e r c e p t requirements are
    achieved.
    Nine seconds a f t e r APS i g n i t i o n , an RCS/~PS interconnect
    t e s t i s i n i t i a t e d t o determine RCS operation using p r o p e l l a n t s
    from t h e APS tanks. The RCS w i l l be used f o r a t t i t u d e
    s t a b i l i z a t i o n and c o n t r o l during t h i s bum. Total tima of
    t h e second APS burn i s 450 seconds. Most of t h e 6,075 feet-
    per-second d i f f e r e n t i a l v e l o c i t y of t h e burn w i l l be out
    of plane.
    A t engine shutdown, the Jib! i s i n a predicted o r b i t 170-
    by-440-nautical miles (196-by-507-statute miles) w i t h period
    of about 93 minutes, i n c l i n a t i o n of 28.6 degrees, and
    expected l i f e t i m e of two years. APS propellants a v a i l a b l e
    f o r impulse have been depleted. The RCS propellant tanks
    contain some 71 per cent of t h e i r o r i g i n a l load.
    The mission e s s e n t i a l l y i s complete a t t h i s t i m e .
    However, four. more revolutions of tracking a r e planned f o r
    any f u r t h e r spacecraft Cests which might be f e a s i b l e o r
    desirable.
    A t e s t of p r o p e l l a n t removal through t h e J-2 engine w i l l
    be conducted f o r t h e first time on t h e Apollo 5 f l i g h t . An
    onboard s i g n a l w i l l be given one hour 36 minutes a f t e r l i f t - o f f
    t o a c t i v a t e t h e t e s t which w i l l begin 49 minutes l a t e r while
    t h e v e h i c l e i s making i t s second pass over A u s t r a l i a . The
    t e s t can be d i s a b l e d , i f necessary, by ground command a t any
    $ime i n t h e waiting period.
    About f i v e minutes before t h e t e s t begins, t h e S-IVB/
    Instrument Unit w i l l maneuver t o a l o c a l v e r t i c a l a t t i t u d e --
    7
    p i t c h 270 de r e e s ( s p a c e c r a f t / l u n a r module a d a p t e r panels
    toward e a r t h , yaw zero degrees and r o l l f i v e degrees
    p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e t e s t . The S-IVB/Instrument Unit w i l l
    -- in
    perform continuous r o l l during t h e t e s t t o p o i n t t h e b e s t
    p o r t i o n of t h e Instrument Unit antenna toward t h e Carnarvon
    S t a t i o n . Pressure w i l l be allowed t o b u i l d i n t h e p r o p e l l a n t
    tanks.
    S h o r t l y a f t e r two hours 26 minutes i n t o t h e mission, t h e
    main s t a g e c o n t r o l v a l v e i n t h e 5-2 engine w i l l be opened and
    the l i q u i d oxygen w i l l be vented through t h e engine f o r two
    minutes. This w i l l be followed by a three-minute vent of t h e
    l i q u i d hydrogen. This i s expected t o empty both tanks.
    During t h e f i r s t 80 seconds of LOX dump, t h e 5-2 engine
    w i l l be gimballed t o determine how w e l l a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l i n
    p i t c h and yaw can be maintained. Then c o n t r o l w i l l be
    switched back t o t h e a u x i l i a r y propulsion system (APS).
    Successful c o n t r o l by 5-2 gimballing would conserve APS
    propellants.
    About 20 minutes a f t e r t h e p r o p e l l a n t dump t e s t , while
    t h e v e h i c l e i s over Hawaii, a cold helium dump w i l l be started.
    This dump w i l l continue f o r 22 minutes t o d e p l e t e t h e tank
    p r e s s u r i z a t i o n helium supply. During t h i s dump, t h e main
    vent valves w i l l b e open t o allow escape of any gaseous
    oxygen o r hydrogen t h a t might s t i l l remain i n t h e tanks.
    Helium i n a s e p a r a t e system t h a t s u p p l i e s c o n t r o l valve
    p r e s s u r e i s t o be dumped f o u r and three-fourths hours a f t e r
    launch while t h e v e h i c l e i s making i t s t h i r d pass over t h e
    United S t a t e s .
    Tine propellant dump test is being conducted primarily f o r
    two reasons:
    (1) Rocket engineers want t o a s c e r t a i n t h a t it is
    . f e a s i b l e t o dump the excess p r o p e l l a n t s t o make t h e s t a g e
    l i g h t e r and e a s i e r t o c o n t r o l i n o r b i t . Removing l i q u i d s
    t h a t f l o a t about, and reducing o v e r a l l v e h i c l e weight, would
    decrease t h e APS p r o p e l l a n t usage rate, they f e e l , and
    possibly i n c r e a s e APS l i f e t i m e .
    ( 2 ) ~ e r ii fc a t i o n t h a t dumping Che p r o p e l l a n t s through
    the engine would be s u i t a b l e i n passivation of the S-IVB s t a g e
    t o be used on a l a t e r f l i g h t as a n o r b i t a l workshop.
    MISSION CONTROL CENTER - IfOUSTON (MCC-H)
    The Mission Control Center a t the Nanned Spacecraft
    Center i n Houston i s t h e f o c a l point f o r a l l Apollo f l i g h t
    c o n t r o l a c t i v i t i e s . I n pe~formingthe c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n and
    determining t h e progress of t h e f l i g h t , the MCC-H w i l l
    receive tracking and telemetry data from t h e Manned Space
    Blight Network. This data w i l l be processed through t h e
    MCC-H Real-Time Computer Complex (RTCC) and used t o d r l v e
    d i s p l a y s f o r t h e f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r s and engineers i n the
    Mission Operations Control Room and S t a f f Support rooms.
    A p o r t i o n of the MCC-H f l i g h t c o n t r o l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
    w i l l be delegated t o t h e f l i g h t control teams from Eouston
    manning t h r e e of t h e Manned Space F l i g h t Network s t a t t o n s .
    These teams w i l l have d i s p l a y and communications c a p a b i l i t i e s
    which w i l l permit them t o operate somewhat independently.
    While these s t a t i o n s are operating, remote teleraetry data
    w i l l be transmitted t o t h e MCC-H i n t e l e t y p e form only.
    Spacecraft ccxnmands a l s o may be i n i t i a t e d from t h e remote
    s t a t i o n s by t h e f l i g h t c o n t r o l team located t h e r e .
    THE MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK (MISFN)

    Ground Systems for Spacecraft Guidance, Command and Control


    The Manned Space Flight Network is an around-the-world
    extension of the Mission Control Center's monitoring and
    command control capabilities. As In Apollo 4 the network
    will demonstrate its ability to provide the Blight Director
    complete navigational and mission event control through
    global remote facilities connected by two million miles of
    NASCOM (NASA Communications ~etwork)circuit,
    Geographically, the Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo
    is similar to the configuration employed in Projects Mercury
    and Gemini. As the magnitude and technology of Project Apollo
    Increased, the worldwide ground systemst sophistication
    increased to fill Apollolsgreater needs.
    New Developments
    Extensive alterations have been made to network equipment
    to accommodate the greater volumes of astronaut and spacecraft
    information exchanged with ground stations over .longer periods
    of time. A higher degree of reliability has been incorporated
    '

    by designing redundancy where necessary* New insertion/injec.tion


    and reentry ships, Apollo range instrumented aircraft and antenna
    systems for circuits with Intelsat corflmunicat;ions satellites
    have been added to provide maximum spaceoraft coverage through-
    out the mission,
    A New System for the Earth P e o e
    Apollo magnitude, complexity and duration posed serious
    spacecraft on-board weight and space limitations. These
    constraJ.ntsdema.nded a more compact tracking/communications
    system of greater power, flexibility and reliability. It also
    meant that ground stations receiving voluminous quantities of
    mission data be so equipped that the Flight Director and his
    control teans have it displayed immediately in meaningful f o m
    for making decisions.
    P r i o r Mercury and Gemini spacecraft presented tracking
    and data a c q u i s i t i o n requirements from a s i n g l e spacecraft i n
    Earth o r b i t . The requirements could be met with known
    individual ground systems of proved r e l i a b i l i t y . Apollo
    c o n s t i t u t e s f o u r spacecraft i n a package t h e s i z e of a n
    average locomotive from which i n f o m a t i o n must be acquired
    simultaneously, i n s t a n t l y recognized, decoded and arranged
    i n a manner a u i t a b l e f o r computer processing and d i s p l a y i n
    t h e Rouston c o n t r o l center.
    Out of these requirements, t h e Apollo Unified S-Band
    System (uSB) was born. This system combines i n a s i n g l e
    transmission (uplink-downlink) t h e multiple functions
    previously requiring t h e separate systems, a s follows:
    (a) Tracking, determining f l i g h t path and spacecraft
    velocity.
    (b) Commanding t h e spacecraft v i a coded r a d i o signals.
    (c) Receiving coded r a d i o s i g n a l s (telemetry) on space-
    c r a f t i n s e g r i t y , systelns condition, b a t t e r i e s , f u e l
    state, etc.
    Some USB ground s t a t i o n s have a d d i t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y t o
    provide tracking and communications data exchange f o r two
    spacecraft simultaneously as long as both are within the
    single-beamwidth of t h e antenna system,
    S i t e s and S t a t u s
    The Unified S-Band s i t e s a r e located and e y i p p e d f o r
    t h e d u t i e s they perform. Ten land-based s t a t i o n s are equipped
    with 30-foot diameter antenna systems, t h r e e with 85-fool;
    diameter dishes. The Grand Eaharna Island a t a t i o n has a t r a n s -
    p o r t a b l e van-mounted system with an e r e c t a b l e 30-f00t antenna.
    The USB systems a r e under engineering evaluation.
    Network USB experience t o date includes the successful t e s t s
    n and Apollo 4. While
    with Lunar O r b i t e r V, ~ p o l l o / ~ a t u r 202
    prime MSFN p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e a r l y Apollo f l i g h t s w i l l be
    through t h e proved Gemini systems, USB systems w i l l be t e s t e d
    again i n ApoZlo 5 with spacecraft systems t h a t a r e n o t
    astronaut-related.
    As the new USB ground systems become fully operational
    and techniques are perfected, a phase-over from the Gemini
    systems will be made.
    Participating Stations
    For Apollo 5, 14 NASA USB stations, seven Department of
    Defense associated radar land stations, three range instru-
    rnentation ships and five Apollo instrumented aircraft (ARIA)
    will provide the requi-red trahking, data acquisition and
    voice/data communications services.
    USE Sites:
    30-Ft. Antenna Sites 85-Ft , Antenna Sites
    -
    Antigua (ANG) .
    Ascension Island (ACN) . Canberra (CNB) Australia.
    Goldstone (GDS), Calif.
    Bermuda (m).
    Canary Island (CYI) .
    Carnarvon. (CRO), Australia.
    Madrid (MAD), Spain,

    Grand Bahama Island (em).


    Guam ( GW4 ) .
    ~ i u a s s(GYM), Mexico.
    Hawaii (HAW).
    Merritt Island (MIL), Pla.
    Texas (TU) , Corpus Christi .
    Participating Shipst
    USNS REDSTONE-Insertion/Injection-Atlantic.
    USNS ROSE KNOT (VICTOR)-Tracking/Data Ship-Pacific .
    USNS COASTAL SENTRY (QUEBEC)-Trackinghata Ship-Indian Ocean.
    Apollo 5 is the most complex mission yet planned for
    MSFN ground station participation. The intricate mission
    profile requires every available source of command/control,
    tracking and data acquisition to be utilized so that NASA's
    Manned Blight Network can respond instantly to any spacecraft
    variation from the flight plan.
    FOP example, i f the IM spacecraft experiences an
    excessive descent o r a s c e n t propulsion system burn period of
    as l i t t l e as two seconds, an on-site computer program response
    must t a k e place without delay i n t h e a c t i o n ground s t a t i o n
    immediate space position, navigational and command data
    --
    adjustments must be made t o t r i g g e r t h e next mission event
    correctly.
    NASA's Manned Space F l i g h t Network i s responsible f o r
    t r a c k i n g and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n from t h e S-IB, S-IVB and the
    Lunar Module (M)throughout t h e Apollo 5 mission. Department
    of Defense f a c i l i t i e s w i l l provide backup data as required.
    Cape Kennedy and Patpick A i r Force Base r a d a r s w i l l t r a c k t h e
    S-IB u n t i l splashdown. Radars of t h e NASA Manned Space F l i g h t
    Network w i l l t r a c k t h e Instrumentation Unit beacon located i n
    t h e S-TVB u n t i l b a t t e r y depletion then skin track* t h e S-IVB
    u n t i l T p l u s 14 hours, then NORAD w i l l assume tracking
    r e s p o n s i b i l i t y u n t i l S-TVB reentry. NASA MSFN radars w i l l
    t r a c k the D l s t a g e u n t i l mission termination a t which time
    tracking of the IM w i l l a l s o be turned over t o NORAD. It is
    u n c e r t a i n whether t h e IM beacon can be tracked u n t i l S-IVB/LM.
    separation. This i s due t o t h e s h r o > ~ dwhich s p a r t i a l l y cover
    t h e beacon u n t i l t h a t time.
    MSFN Telemetry Requirements
    The MSFN s t a t i o n s w i l l monitor launch v e h i c l e and
    s p a c e c r a f t performance. The d a t a w i l l be received, decom-
    mutated, and transmitted t o MCC-H v i a high-speed data l i n e s
    and t e l e t y p e l i n e s . Certain s p e c i f i c s t a t i o n s ( f l i g h t
    controller-manned) w i l l d i s p l a y d a t a i n r e a l time. The
    following a r e requirements:
    (a) Support from launch through S-IVEi burn termination
    p l u s 90 seconds;
    (b) Monitor spacecraft.LEM a d a p t e r panel deployment on
    the f i r s t revolution;
    (c) Coverage t h r e e minutes before, during and two
    minutes a f t e r S-IVB/LEM separation;

    * Radar r a d i a t e s e l e c t r i c a l energy t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t and


    receives bounce-back s i g n a l . Time up and back g i v e s
    d i s t a n c e and p o s i t i o n .
    (d) Coverage two minutes before, during and a f t e r
    conSirmation of burn termination of a l l DPS and
    APS burns;

    (e) Monitor PITH (Fire-In- he- ole) a b o r t by a t least


    . t h r e e ground s t a t i o n s t o minimize l o s s of d a t a due
    t o flame a t t e n u a t i o n , and
    (f) TIM i s required on a l l parking o r b i t s and thermal
    soaks.
    The 'Network Support Team
    Around-the-clock c o n t r o l of t h e Manned Space F l i g h t
    Network i s maintained by a 30-man team ( p e r eight-hour s h i f t )
    of network systems s p e c i a l i s t s housed i n a highly instrumented
    o p e r a t i o n s room a t Qoddard Space F l i g h t Center, Greenbelt, Md.
    The operations room was designed t o monitor every a s p e c t of t h e
    worldwide network. Formerly located a t t h e Mission Control
    Center, Houston (MCC-H), the team w i l l continue t o r e p o r t its
    s t a t u s and f i n d i n g s t o t h e mission F l i g h t D i r e c t o r i n t h e
    Houston Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR)but w i l l r e t a i n
    i t s autononiy f o r checks, balances and c o r r e c t i o n s f o r c o n t i n u i t y
    of coverage.
    Testing t h e Netvrork
    Before Apollo 5 i s flown, a t o t a l of 1 4 days of checking
    and t e s t i n g #ill have been accomplished. Each system and
    subsystem a t each s t a t i o n has i t s own performance c r i t e r l a
    t h a t must be met before t h e Ranned Space F l i g h t Network i s
    ready t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e mission.
    A t Goddard t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e stored i n a computer
    memory system. Each s t a t i o n r e p o r t s i t s own system-by-system
    checks v i a t h e NASA Communications Network high-speed d i g i t a l
    c i r c u i t s . These r e p o r t s are compared automatically w i t h t h e
    s t o r e d normal values. When any v a r i a t i o n from t h e d e s i r e d
    values i s d e t e c t e d by t h e computer, a "no-go" cotldition e x i s t s .
    If t h e r e i s no v a r i a t i o n from desired norms, "go" i s reported,
    The process is repeated u n t i l t h e t e s t conductor d e c l a r e s
    t h e e n t i r e network ready, The r i t u a l , known as CADFISS ( f o r
    Computer and Data Flow 1ntegrated.Subsystems t e s t s ) , i s
    repeated f o r each mission.
    Final Configuration
    When completed, the Apollo Manned Space Flight Network
    will consist of 11 30-foot Earth-orbit USB antenna sites,
    three 85-foot antenna sibs with 85-foot antenna backup sites
    for deep space tracking/communications; five Apollo ships and
    eight Instrumented Aircraft (ARIA) with US3 facilities. Three
    of the ships are equipped with 30-foot antennas (VANQUARD,
    RED.STONX, MERCURY) for insertion/injection coverage. Two
    ship% are equipped with 12-foot antennas for reentry coverage
    (HUNTSVILLE, WATERTOWN). The aircraft are equipped with a
    seven-foot dish in the nose. In addition t? the BSB sites
    listed, other ground stations providing telemetry, C-Band
    (apace position) radar and voice relay will be used as
    required. Its staff will total about 2,000.
    Computers That Switch
    Computers, "electronic traffic olicsmen," are key
    components in this system. UNIVAC 6f;2 computers at $he USB
    stations sort the data received from Apollo and route it to
    on-station displays and, via telecomvunications, to the
    Mission Control Center. Tracking stations ashore and afloat
    &re linked th~oughdual UNIVAC 418 real time systems Ghat
    function a8 communications sub-switchzrs with the control
    center at Godbard, which has much larger UHIVAC 494 real
    time Automatic Switching Systems.
    Remote Site Data Processing Requirements Por Apollo 5 Events
    At remote stations the telemetry data processing system
    will be used to compress and reformat Pulse Code Modulation
    (PCM) real-time and real-tlme-playback, telemetry data for
    transmission to the MCC-K computer complex. At stations
    manned by flight controllers the telemetry data processing
    system will be used to eompress and reformat PC31 real-time
    and real-time-playback telemetry data to teletype summary
    transmissions, to the MCC-H computer complex and on-station
    CRT display and high-speed prlnt-outs. The comrmnd data
    processor will receive and store high-speed and teletype
    commands loads from MCC-H. The computer will also transmit
    these comnands to the spacecraft via UHF or USB equipment
    either at an MCC-H or on-station execute signal.
    Real-time Is Now
    A t split-second i n t e r v a l s t h e d i g i t a l d a t a processing
    systems, with NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center as the f o c a l
    point, t a l k i n computer d i g i t a l language t o each other, o r
    t o t h e spacecraft, i n real-time.
    Commands a r e t h u s s e n t t o t h e Apollo spacecraft quickly,
    even though t h e spacecraft i s many thousands of miles from
    t h e c o n t r o l center. The command c a p a b i l i t y i s needed f o r
    .
    c o n t r o l of cabin pressure, o r b i t a l guidance, go/no go
    decisions, e t c
    Before it i s sent t o t h e spacecraft, each command i s
    automatically checked w i t h pre-programmed information by t h e
    on-station computers t o determine v a l i d i t y and thus guarantee
    t h a t only t h e c o r r e c t commands a r e sent t o t h e spacecraft.
    Data on C a l l
    For downward data, sensors b u i l t i n t o t h e spacecraft
    c o n t i n u a l l y sample f u e l s t a t e , temperature, a t t i t u d e , and
    send t h e s e d a t a t o t h e ground. The on-site UNIVAC systems
    d e t e c t changes o r v a r i a t i o n s f o r comparison with s t o r e d data;
    provide continual displays, and assemble, log and s t o r e d a t a
    f o r immediate on-call display. The computers process data
    f o r o n - s i t e f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r s , o r i f c o n t r o l l e r s are not
    t h e r e , put t h e d a t a i n t o form f o r transmission t o Miasion
    Control Center i n Houston.
    More and More Data
    Each new generation of t h e space program i n c r e a s e s
    requirements. I n P r o j e c t Mercury, f o r example, t h e amount
    of network t r a f f i c handled through Goddafd amounted t o a
    standard p r i n t e d page .every second. Apollo mission c o n t r o l
    t r a . f f i c w i l l approximate a n ordinary novel each second, o r
    a n encyclopedia of i n f o m a t i o n each minute.
    The Tie That Binds - NASCOM
    The NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) t i e s a l l these
    sites together. Headquartered a t Goddard, t h e hub of NASA
    conununications, NASCOM1s Automatic Communications Switching
    Center i s t h e c e n t r a l f a c i l i t y connecting the Mission Control
    Center i n s t a n t l y with worldwide Manned Space F l i g h t Network
    stations.
    Through two m i l l i o n miles of c i r c u i t , t h e network
    provides low, medium, and high-speed messages along with
    voice-grade connections. C i r c u i t s between c e n t e r s are
    provided by common c a r r i e r s and l o c a l telephone companies
    i n many countries.
    S a t e l l i t e Comunications
    C i r c u i t s w i l l be provided v i a two I n t e l s a t synchronous
    communications satellites: one over mid-Pacific and a
    second over mid-Atlantic, providing alternate and backup
    communications a c r o s s both oceans where only cable and r a d i o
    have been a v a i l a b l e . The network pionaered use of satellites
    f o r space operational use by employment of NASA's Syncom 111
    during t h e Gemini progfam.
    -45-

    MAJOR APOLLO/SATURN CONTRACTORS

    CONTRACTOR
    Prime Spacecraft Contractor:
    Grumman A i r c r a f t Eng. Corporation Lunar Module
    Bethpage, N.Y.
    Spacecraft Sub-Contractors:
    Hamilton Standard Environmental Control
    Mv. of United A i r c r a f t System
    Windsor Locks, Conn.
    Radio Carp. of America Rendezvous Radar
    Defense E l e c t r o n i c Products
    Burlington, Mass.
    Comunications Systems Division Communications
    Camden, N. J.
    Eagle Picher Corporation E l e c t r i c a l Power
    Couples Division System
    Joplin, Mo.
    General Motors Corp., Guidance and NavigatLon
    AC E l e c t r o n i c s Division
    Hilwaukee, W i s .
    The Marquardt Corporation Reaction Control
    Van Nuys, C a l . System
    TRW Systems Descent Propulsion
    Redondo Beach, C a l . Abort Guidance Sub-
    System
    B e l l Aerosystems Ascent Propulsion
    Buffalo, N. Y. System
    Bulova Watch Co., Inc. LM Mission Programmer
    Systems & Instrumentation Div.
    Flushing, N. Y.
    North American Rockwell Corp. Ascent Engine I n j e c t o r s
    Rocketdyne Division
    Canoga Park, C a l .
    Spacecraft Sub-contractors (continued1

    CONTRACTOR -
    ITEM
    American &soh Anna S i g n a l Conditioner
    Garden City, N. Y. E l e c t r o n i c Assembly
    Aerojet-General Cow. P r o p e l l a n t tanks,
    Downey., Cal. ascent stage

    Allison Mvision Propellant tanks


    General Motors Corp. ascent stage
    Indianapolis, Ind.
    AiResearch Manufacturing Co. S u p e r c r i t i c a l Helium
    Division of The G a r r e t t Cow. Tanks
    Los Angeles, C a l .
    MAJOR UPRATED SATURN 1 CONTRACTQBS

    SD stage
    Chrysler Corporation F i r s t stage
    Space M v i s i o n
    New Orleans, La.
    Rocketdyne Division H-1 Engines
    North American Rockwell Corp.
    Canoga Park, Gal.
    Ling-Temco-Vought S-IB Tanks
    Dallas, Tex.
    Hayes- I n t e r n a t i o n a l Corp.
    Birmingham, A l a . S-IB Fins

    S-IVB S t a ~ e
    McDonnell Douglas Corp. Second Stage
    Huntington Beach, C a l .
    Rocketdyne M v i s i o n 5-2 Engine
    North American Rockwell Corp.
    Canoga Park, C a l .
    TRW Inc. 150-pound t h r u s t a t t i t u d e
    Cleveland, Ohio c o n t r o l engine
    Vickers
    Detroit, Mich.
    Bell-Aerosystems,Inc. Fuel and o x i d i z e r tank
    Buffalo, N. Y. assemblies f o r Auxiliary
    Propulsion System

    -
    Instrument Unit
    IBM
    Federal Systems M v i s i o n Prime Con t r a c t o r
    ~ u n t s v i l l e , Ala.
    Bendix Corp. St-12M I n e r t i a l Platform
    Eclipse Pioneer Division
    Teterboro, N. J.
    E l e c t r o n i c Communication, Inc. Coni;rol Computer
    S t . Petersburg, Fla.

    IBM D i g i t a l Computer, B t a
    Federal Systems M v . Adapter
    Owego, N. Y.
    APOLLO/SATURNOFFICIALS
    Dr. George E. Mueller Associate Administrator f o r
    Manned Space P l i g h t , NASA
    Headquarters
    Maj. Gen. Samuel C. P h i l l i p s Director, Apollo Program
    Office, OPLSF, NASA Headquarters
    Lee B, James Deputy Director, Apollo
    Program Office, OMSF, NASA
    Headquarters
    William C. Schneider Apollo Mission Director, OMSF
    NASA Headquarters
    Maj . Gen. John D. Stevenson M r e c t o r , Kission Operations,
    OMSF, NASA Headquarters
    Dr. Robert R. G i l r u t h Director, Manned Spacecraft
    Center, Houston -
    George M. Low Manager, Apollo Spacecraft
    Program Office, MSC
    Brig. Gen. C. H. b l e n d e r Manager f o r Lunar Module,
    Apollo Spacecraft Program Office,
    MS C
    Donald K. Slayton Director, F l i g h t Crew Operations,
    MS C
    Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. Director, F l i g h t Operations, MSC
    Eugene F. B a n z Apollo 5 F l i g h t Director, F l i g h t
    Operations, MSC
    Dr. Wernher von Braun Director, Marshall Space F l i g h t
    Center, Huntsville, A l a .
    Breg. Gen. Edmund F. 0 ' Connor Director, I n d u s t r i a l Operations,
    MSFC
    W i l l i a m Tier Manager, Satursn/I/IB Program
    Office, MSFC
    W. D. Rrown Manager, w i n e Program Off i c e ,
    MSFC
    Dr. Kurt W. Debus Director, John F. Kennedy Space
    Center, Fla.
    Niles Ross Deputy Director, Center Operatiorl
    Operations, KSC
    Rocco A. Petrone Ilirector, Launch Operations.
    KSC
    Rear Adm. Roderick 0. Middleton Apollo Program Manager, KSC
    Launch Operations Manager, KSC
    Edmond C. Buckley Associate Administrator,
    Tracking and Data Acquisition,
    NASA Headquarters
    H. R. Brockett Director of Operations,
    Communications and ADP
    Management Division, OTDA
    orm man Poziasky Director, Network Support
    Implementation Division, OTDA
    Dr. John F. Clark Mrector, Qoddard Space Flight
    Center, Greenbelt, Md.
    Ozro M. Covington Assistant Director f o r Manned
    Space Flight Tracking, QSFC
    Henry F. Thompson Deputy Assistant Mrector
    f o r Manned Space Flight
    Support, GSFC
    H. William Wood Chief, Manned Flight
    Operations Division, GSFC
    ~ecwynRoberts Chief, Manned light mgineering
    Mvision, GSFC
    L. R. S t e l t e r Chief, NASA Communications
    Division, GSFC

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