Chapter 2 James

Chapter 2
Review Related Literature:
The first modern air freshener, as we know it, was introduced in 1948. Its original
function was based on a military technology for dispensing insecticides. It was
adapted into a pressurized spray using a propellant. The idea behind the product was
to deliver a fine mist of aroma compounds to remain suspended in the air for an
extended period of time. The air freshener was born and this first type of dispenser
became the industry standard.In the 1980s, the air freshener market shifted away
from aerosols, due to concerns over the destruction of the ozone layer. Many other
air freshener delivery methods have become popularsince, including scented
candles, solid gels, reed diffusers, liquid wick air fresheners, potpourri, and heat
release air freshening products such as scented oils.In Southeast Asian cooking
pandanus amaryllifolius is used as a flavoring. It’s a tropical plant known as pandan leaves.
Air fresheners can include fragrances, aerosol propellants, and solvents. As fragrances, air
freshener preparations often include terpenes such as limonene. Also, many air freshener
products
emit allergens and toxic air pollutants including benzene, formaldehyde, terpenes, styrene,
phthalate
esters, and toluene, plus formaldehyde, hydroxyl radical, and secondary ultrafine particles.
Defining
the substances will be importanto to find the references. We have some studies on the effects of
solvents such as toluene in humans and animal models.
A. Air Freshener
Air fresheners are consumer products used in homes or commercial products used in restrooms
that typically emit fragrance. There are many different methods and brands of air freshener.
Some of the different types of air fresheners include sprays, candles, oils, gels, beads, and plug-
ins. Some air fresheners have been known to have chemicals that provoke allergy and asthma
symptoms raising argument about how safe it is to use. Air freshening is not only limited to
modern day sprays; air freshening also can involve the use of organic and everyday house hold
items. Although air freshener is primarily used for odor elimination some people simply use air
freshener for the pleasant odors they emit. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshener)
B. Lemon Grass
Lemon grass oil is extracted by steam distillation. Lemongrass oil has a lemony, sweet smell and
i
s dark yellow to amber and reddish in color, with a watery viscosity. It is also known as
‘choomanapoolu’ and is also referred to as ‘Indian Verbena’ or ‘Indian Melissa oil’. Lemon
grass oil is a valuable ingredient in cosmetics, perfumes and as fragrances for soaps and insect
repellants. (http://www.medicalhealthguide.com)
As Lemongrass has anti bacterial properties you can just leave you’re cleaning utensils to soak
which will leave them fresh and clean ready for the next use.
(http://www.naturallythinking.com/pages/Lemongrass-Essential-Oil-Properties.html)
The health benefits of Lemongrass Essential Oil can be attributed to its many beneficial
properties as an analgesic, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antiseptic, astringent,
bactericidal, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicidal, galactogogue, insecticidal,
nervine, sedative and tonic substance.
Antimicrobial and Antibacterial: Lemongrass has antimicrobial properties which makes it an i
nhibitor of microbial and bacterial growth in the body, both internally and externally. It is also
known to be effective in inhibiting bacterial infections in the colon, stomach, urinary tracts,
wounds, respiratory system, and other organ systems. While also helping to cure diseases
resulting from bacterial or microbial infections such as typhoid, food poisoning, skin diseases,
body odor, and malaria (caused due to protozoon). (http://www.organicfacts.net/health-
benefits/essential-oils/health-benefits-of-lemongrass-essential-oil.html)
b.1) Chemical Composition
The main chemical components of lemongrass oil are myrcene, citronellal, geranyl acetate,
nerol, geraniol, neral and traces of limonene and citral.
(http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/lemongrass.htm)
C. History of Lemon Grass
The oldest known text about lemon grass oil had been found from the Philippines in 17th
century. It had been introduced to Jamaica in 1799 and to Haiti and USA in 1917. It is not
known when or by who introduced lemon grass to Sri Lanka. According to the reports available
at the national herbarium in 1905 a Sri Lankan researcher called Mr. J.F Jovit had acquired
several plants of “Kochin Sera” (Cymbopogon citrates) several large scale cultivations of lemon
grass had been existed in Sri Lanka in several decades ago but currently only a few small
cultivations exists.
(http://www.exportagridept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&
Itemid=159&lang=en)
D. Sampaguita
Sampaguita’s distinct sweet, heady fragrance is its unique feature. The essential oil from the
flowers is similar to jasmin (Jasminum grandiflores). Sampaguita flowers do not bear seeds;
therefore the plant is cultivated by cuttings. Sampaguita was imported into the Philippines in the
17th century from Himalayan areas. The Sampaguita is a native part of the Philippine landscape
for centuries. The plant is originally from India and is grown throughout India today.
(http://www.theflowerexpert.com/content/aboutflowers/tropicalflowers/sampaguita)
The constituents of sampaguita are iron, glycoside, tannin, fats, silicon and calcium oxalate,
because of which it can be used for various cosmetic and medicinal purposes.
The sampaguita is used as an herbal medicine; many people used it for alleviation of ailments,
such as headaches, fever, cough, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Sampaguita petals are used for
preparing herbal tea. Sampaguita roots are used for treatment of cuts and snakebite. The leaves
and flowers also contain ingredients for use as antipyretic agents and decongestants.
(http://www.buzzle.com/articles/study-of-sampaguita-flower.html)
E. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to treat infections caused by bacteria and
certain parasites. They are sometimes called antibacterial. Antibiotics are also available as
creams, ointments, or lotions to apply to the skin to treat certain skin infections.
To evaluate whether emissions of a commercial air freshener produced acute toxic effects in a
mammalian species, the authors allowed male Swiss-Webster mice to breathe the emissions of
one commercial-brand solid air freshener for 1 h. Sensory irritation and pulmonary irritation
were evaluated with the ASTM-E-981 test. A computerized version of this test measured the
duration of the break at the end of inspiration and the duration of the pause at the end of
expiration–two parameters subject to alteration via respiratory effects of airborne toxins.

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Chapter 2

Review Related Literature:

function was based on a military technology for dispensing insecticides. It was

air freshener delivery methods have become popularsince, including scented

solvents such as toluene in humans and animal models.

freshener for the pleasant odors they emit. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshener)

properties as an analgesic, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antiseptic, astringent,

bactericidal, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicidal, galactogogue, insecticidal,

nervine, sedative and tonic substance.

Antimicrobial and Antibacterial: Lemongrass has antimicrobial properties which makes it an i

body odor, and malaria (caused due to protozoon). (http://www.organicfacts.net/health-

b.1) Chemical Composition

nerol, geraniol, neral and traces of limonene and citral.

C. History of Lemon Grass

expiration–two parameters subject to alteration via respiratory effects of airborne toxins.

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