I. Lesson 1 Inquiry Vs. Research: A Review 2.

Realism - an epistemological position that

A. Meaning of Inquiry acknowledges a reality independent of the
a. Inquiry is a learning process that motivates senses.
you to obtain knowledge or information b. Research Purpose (rationale)
about people, things, places or events. 1. Numerical Description - refers to frequency
b. It requires you to collect data, meaning facts distribution percentage, and measures of
and information. central tendencies.
B. Meaning of Research 2. Causal Explanation - establishing causal
a. Research is a process of executing various connections
mental acts for discovering and examining 3. Prediction - is a statement about the future
facts based on facts
b. Research requires you to inquire or 4. Nature of Social Reality - This refers to
investigate about your chosen research "what can be known and how.
topic by asking questions that will make 5. Objectivist - Objectivist refers to the notion
c. Research is a scientific, experimental, or that reality is "objective", "out there",
inductive manner of thinking. singular and apart from the researcher
d. Research is a scientific, experimental, or 6. Experimental / Manipulative - the
inductive manner of thinking. researchers manipulate one variable and
1. Identifying the topic or problem control/ randomize the rest of the variables.
2. Gathering Data 7. Empirical examination - referred to as
3. Making theories information that is derived through
4. Formulating Hypothesis observation or experiment.
5. Analyzing Data 8. Measurement - assigning symbols, letters,
6. Drawing Conclusions or numbers to empirical properties of
variables according to rules
II. Lesson 1 Defining Quantitative Research 9. Hypothesis testing - Hypothesis is an
A. Definition of Quantitative Research informed speculation, which is set up to be
a. It is “either descriptive, wherein subjects are tested, about the possible relationship
measured once, or experimental, wherein between two or more variables
subjects are measured before and after 10. Randomization - a term used in connection
b. Data is “gathered using structured with experiments to refer to the random
instruments. allocation of research participants
c. It has “clearly designed research questions 11. Research Protocol - Research protocol is
to which objective answers are sought” the sequence of manipulations and
d. It aims “to classify features, count them, and measurement procedures that make up the
construct statistical models in an attempt to experiments.
explain what is observed” 12. Questionnaire - A questionnaire is a
e. Quantitative research is essentially about collection of questions administered by
collecting numerical data to explain a respondents.
particular phenomenon. c. Scientific Method (role of theory)
1. Deductive - an approach to the relationship
B. Steps in Doing Quantitative Research between theory and research in which the
a. observing and explain something that latter is conducted with reference to
happens, hypothesis and ideas inferred from the
b. collecting information and former.
c. analyzing the information.
III. Lesson 1 Describing Quantitative Research IV. Lesson 1 Differentiating the Quantitative and
A. Orientation Qualitative Research
a. Paradigm (assumption about the world) A. Assumption
a. Ontological - What is the nature of reality?
1. Positivism - advocates the application of
1. Qualitative - Reality is subjective
methods of the natural sciences to the
2. Quantitative - Reality is "objective”, “out
study of social reality and
there", singular, apart from the researcher
 b. Epistemological - What is the relationship of the 5. Predictive Validity - Refers to how well the
researcher to the subject of research? tests predicts the future behavior of the
1. Qualitative - Researcher interacts with the examinees
subject of research.
2. Quantitative - Researcher is independent B. Causality - Explaining why things happen in a
from the subject of research. certain way
c. Axiological - What is the role of value? C. Generalization - Apprehensive about findings
1. Qualitative - Value-laden and biased. that cannot be generalized
2. Quantitative - Value - free and unbiased, D. Replication - Ability to repeat an important
d. Rhetorical - What is the language of research? component of an activity
1. Qualitative – Informal, Evolving decisions,
Personal voice VI. Lesson 2 Factors Threatening Validity
2. Quantitative – Formal, based on set 1. History- A valid observation is conducted
definitions, impersonal voice several times to eliminate error. There might be
e. Methodological - What is the process of events that occur within the period of
research? observation which affect the measurement.
1. Qualitative - inductive process, emerging 2. Maturation - The process if maturing which
design, context bound takes place in the individual during the duration
2. Quantitative - deductive process, static of the experiment which is not a result of
design - context – free specific events but of simply growing older,
growing more tired or similar changes.
V. Lesson 2 Four Preoccupations of 3. Measuring Instruments - changes in
Quantitative Research instruments, calibration of instruments,
A. Measurement observers, or scores may cause changes in the
a. RELIABILITY - Refers to the consistency of the measurements.
results of an instrument in repeated trials. 4. Statistical Regression - Groups are chosen
Methods In Establishing Reliability because of extreme scores of measurements;
a. STABILITY Or TEST – RETEST - The these scores or measurements tend to move
same test is given to a group of toward the mean with repeated measurements
respondents twice. even without an experimental variable.
b. Internal Reliability - If the test in 5. Differential Selection - Different individuals or
question is designed to measure a basic groups would have different previous
single concept knowledge or ability which would affect the final
c. Inter – Observer Consistency measurement if not taken into account.
b. VALIDITY - Quality of the instrument of being 6. Experimental Mortality - The loss of subjects
functional only within its specific purpose from comparison groups could greatly affect the
Ways of Establishing Validity comparisons because of unique characteristics
1. Face Validity - Just by looking, researcher of those subjects. Groups to be compared need
decides if it has validity to be the same after as before the experiment.
2. Content Validity - Also known as Convergent
Validity. Determined by studying the
VII. Lesson 3 Strengths, Weaknesses, and
questions to see whether they are able to
Importance of Quantitative Research
elicit the necessary information
A. Strengths of Quantitative Research
3. Construct Validity - Refers to whether the
1. Samples of individuals, communities, or
test corresponds with its theoretical
organizations can be selected
construct
2. Structural factors that determine how
FACTOR ANALYSIS - A relevant
inequalities
technique to construct validity. It is refined
3. Clear documentation can be provided
statistical instrument that is used to
4. It is possible to control the effects of
analyzed the interrelationship of behavior of
extraneous variables
data
5. Data analysis is relatively less time
4. Concurrent Validity - Refer to the test that
consuming
can be administered and validated at the
B. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
same time
 1. information are difficult to obtain through 2. The basic purpose of this type of research is to
structured data collection instruments investigate the influence of one or more
2. Self-reported information obtained from variables.
questionnaires may be inaccurate or 3. Examples:
incomplete.  The effect of counseling and medical treatment on
3. There is often no information on alcoholism
contextual factors to help interpret results  The effect of support groups on smoking
4. Studies are expensive and time –  The effect of positive reinforcement on one's
consuming attitude to excel in school
5. Research methods are inflexible  The effect of peer counseling and support group
6. Untested variables may account for on a student's emotional condition
program impacts  The effect of a kind and supportive home room
7. Error in the hypotheses tested may yield adviser on the students' helpfulness
misimpressions The effect of math terror teacher on students'
C. Importance of Quantitative Research attitude about math classes under that teacher
1. More reliable and objective C. SURVEY RESEARCH
2. Can use statistics to generalize a finding. 1. A survey is intended to acquire information from
3. Often reduces and restructures a complex people concerning the predominance,
problem to a limited number of variables. distributions, and interrelations of variables
4. Look at relationship between variables within an identified group.
and can establish cause-and-effect in 2. Surveys are done to gather evidence of people's
highly controlled circumstances knowledge, opinions, attitudes, and values on
5. Test theories or hypothesis various issues and concerns.
6. Assumes sample is representative of the 3. Surveys are used for collecting data that are
population mainly quantitative
7. Subjectivity of researcher in methodology 4. Examples:
is recognized less  Voter preference
8. Less detailed than qualitative data and  Consumer coping behavior
may miss a desired response from the  Survey on sexual violence against women and
participant. girls in Quezon City
Metro Manila
VIII. Lesson 4 Types Of Quantitative Research  Survey of adolescence on health
A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH  ASEAN business outlook survey 2016
Survey of ASEAN employers on skills and
1. "Answers to the questions of who, what, where, competitiveness
and how which are linked with a research D. Correlational Research
problem" 1. a kind of research that tests for the relationships
2. Does not seek to explain why certain things between two or more variables
happen
3. Examples: 2. There are three types of correlation that are
 A description of how senior high school students identified:
celebrate their birthdays a. Positive Correlation. Positive correlation
 A description of how parents feel about the K to between two variables exists when an
12 Curriculum increase in one variable leads to an increase
 A description of the youth's perception of the in the other and a decrease in one leads to a
2016 elections decrease in the other
 A Description of the attitudes of women's groups b. Negative Correlation. Negative correlation
towards Rodrigo Duterte's joke about an is when an increase in one variable leads to
Australian rape victim a decrease in another and vice versa.
B. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH c. No correlation. Two variables are
1. Is a systematic and scientific approach to uncorrelated when a change in one doesn't
research in which the researcher manipulates lead to a change in the other and vice versa.
one or more variables, and controls and 3. Examples:
measures any change in other variables.
 The relationship between successful career and B. Attributes - It refers to the value assigned to a
educational attainment. specific variable. For example, if the researcher
 The relationship between high grades and focuses on gender as a significant variable in
having tutors the study, he or she then identifies male and
 The relationship between entrance exam results female as attributes of gender.
and attendance in review centers C. Important Characteristics of Variables
 The relationship between smoking and
tuberculosis 1. Dependence - refers to how the variable is
E. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH considered in a cause -and - effect
1. it is also known as "ex post facto" research relationship
(Latin for "after the fact") a. Independent Variable-are those
2. Causal-comparative attempt to determine the characteristics that are changed,
cause or consequences of differences that manipulated, or selected by the
already exist between or among groups of researcher.
individuals b. Dependent Variable-are those that
3. Types of Causal Comparative Research change because of changes to the
1. Exploration of effects caused by dependent variable
membership in a given group
2. Exploration of causes of group membership 2. Mutually exclusive – this means that a
3. Exploration of the consequences of an participant it responding cannot possess two
interventions attributes of a variable. For instance, a
4. Examples: person cannot be both male and female.
 The effect of studying in Catholic schools on 3. Exhaustive – this means that the
the moral value system of those who graduate researcher should consider all possible
from these schools attributes of a certain value.
 The effect of exercising regularly to body
D. Types of Variables
fitness
 The effect of gender on college course choices 1. Based on the level of measurement
 The effect of good family upbringing to good a. Qualitative Variable/Categorical Variable
performance in class - A variable that is made up of different
 The effect of belonging to a Christian living types or categories of a phenomenon
organization on a student's religiosity b. Quantitative Variable - A variable that
 Additional Notes varies in degree or amount of
True experimental and quasi – phenomena
experimental are the two types of experimental 2. Based on the role of variable
research. Random selections of subjects
a. Independent Variable - A variable that is
happen in true experimental research; purposive
presumed to cause changes in another
selection occurs in a quasi – experimental.
variable; causal variable
Another basis of true experimental research is
b. Dependent Variable - A variable that
where the experiment is done. If the study
changes because of another variable,
happens in a place surrounded by walls; it is a
the effect or outcome variable
laboratory research, but if it is field research it is
a field experiment. Actually, the only thing that c. Mediating Variables - A variable that
makes the two types of experimental research comes in between other variables, helps
different from each other is he method of to delineate the process through which
selecting the subjects. If the selection is variables affect one another
randomized, it is definitely true experimental d. Moderator Variable - A variable that
research. delineates how a relationship of interest
changes under different conditions or
IX. Lesson 4 Nature of Variables circumstances
A. Variables - refer to any characteristics that can e. Extraneous Variables - All other
have different values or traits that may vary variables other than the independent
across research participants variable and the dependent variable that
are kept constant in an experiment
 3. Based on the value taken by the variable conditions and assumptions. It is basically a
a. Discrete Variable - A variable whose compilation of related propositions wherein
values can be counted using integral the propositions connect two or three
values construct.
3. According to Whetten (1989) as cited by
b. Continuous Variable - A variable that
Bhattacherjee (2012), a theory has four
can assume any numerical value over
building blocks, namely, construct,
an internal/s and yields decimal or
propositions, logic, and boundary conditions
fractions
or assumption.
4. Based on the scales of measurement a. Constructs - capture the "what" of
a. Nominal - Uses numbers for identifying theories (i.e., what concepts are
the class or group and give qualitative important for explaining a phenomenon)
distinction among groups without b. Prepositions - capture the "how" (i.e.,
particular order or ranking imposed on how are these concepts related to each
the data. other)
b. Ordinal - connote to ranking or order c. Logic - represents the "why" (i.e., why
species are these concepts related)
c. Interval - Indicate an actual amount and d. Conditions/Assumptions - examine the
there is equal unit of measurement "who, when, and where" (i.e., under
separating each score, specifically equal what circumstances will these concepts
intervals and relationships work)
d. Ratio - similar to interval data with the
additional property that its zero position X. Lesson 4 Ethics in research
indicates the absence of the quantity A. Importance of Research
being measured 1. Ethics promotes the pursuit of
5. Other Types of Variables knowledge, truth, and credibility.
2. Many of the norms ensure that
a. Constant - Do not undergo any changes
researchers are held accountable to the
during an experiment
public.
b. Covariate - Included in the research
3. Adherence to ethical principles helps
study to create interactions with the
build public support for research.
independent variables and dependent
B. Ethical codes and Policies for Research
variables
1. Honesty. Data should not be fabricated,
c. Dichotomous - Has only two possible falsified and misinterpreted.
results 2. Objectivity. Biases should be avoided.
d. Latent - Cannot be directly observed like 3. Integrity. Consistency of thought and action is
personality traits the foundation of any credibility of research
e. Manifest - Can be directly observed to work.
give proofs to latent variables 4. Care. Records of research activities should be
f. Exogenous -Found outside an identified kept in good condition
model 5. Openness. The researcher should be open to
g. Endogenous - Found inside; as a part of criticisms and new ideas.
identified model 6. Respect for intellectual property. Proper
E. Theory acknowledgement should be given to all
1. Theories, "which refer to models, and authors’ cited and sources used in your
explanations that elaborate on why events research.
have occurred, are devised to describe 7. Confidentiality. Confidential communications
causal relationships between actions and or or documents should be protected.
events" 8. Responsible publication. The study should
2. According to Bhattacherjee (2012), a theory be done with the purpose of advancing
is a set of systematically interrelated research and scholarship. Wasteful and
constructs and propositions intended to duplicate publications should be avoided.
explain and predict a phenomenon is
behavior of interest within certain boundary
 9. Responsible mentoring. The research 4. Plagiarism should be avoided by fully
should seek to educate, mentor, and advise acknowledging all contents belonging to others.
students.
10. Respect for colleagues. All peers should be E. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property
treated fairly.  Plagiarism refers to the act of using another
11. Social responsibility. Social good should be person's ideas, words, processes, and results
promoted and social harm should be avoided. without giving due credit.
12. Non-discrimination. All those eligible to
participate in research should be allowed to do
so.
13. Competence. Professional competence and XI. Lesson 4 Research Paradigm
expertise should be maintained and improved 1. Research Paradigm - the research paradigm is
with the research. an outline that guides the researcher in
14. Legality. A researcher should know and obey conceptualizing and conducting the research.
relevant laws, and institutional and 2. An effective research must address these two
government policies. important aspects:
15. Human subject protection. Harm and risk to a. Research foundations and
human lives should be minimized. Human b. Research methodology.
dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be 3. The research foundations refer to the
among the primary considerations of the fundamental components of research such as
research. the research problem, purpose, specific
questions to be addressed, and the conceptual
framework to be applied.
C. Right of Research Participants 4. The purpose of the research describes how
1. Voluntary participation. Any person should the study will fill this "knowledge gap".
not be coerced to participate in any research 5. Conceptual framework is an outline or
undertaking. paradigm that presents the topics to be studied,
2. Informed consent. Prospective research the various variables and contexts, and how
participants must be fully informed about the these relate to or influence each other.
procedures and risks involved in the research. 6. Research methodology describes how the
Their consent to participate must be secured. researcher will answer the research questions in
3. Risk of harm. Participants should be a credible manner.
protected from physical, financial, or 7. Methodology of the research includes the
psychological harm. The principle of non- research approach and design, respondents of
maleficence states that utvis the researcher's the study, instrument of the study, data
duty to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm to the collection, and methods of analysis
participants of the study. 8. The review of literature analyzes the existing
4. Confidentiality. Participants must be assured knowledge regarding the research topic.
that their identity and other personal 9. The research approach and design identifies
information will not be made available to what is the best means to collect and analyze
anyone who is not directly involved in the data in the study.
study. 10. Data collection gives the methods to determine
5. Anonymity. The participants must remain who will be the participants in the study, how the
anonymous throughout the study even to the variables will be measured, and how data will be
researchers themselves. documented and collected.
11. Conclusion summarizes the key results of the
study and discusses how these are relevant to
D. Ethical Standards in Research Writing the research problem.
1. Findings should be reported with complete
honesty. XII. Outline of the Research Paper
2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation, and A research paper is divided into chapters which
misleading claims must be avoided. are then subdivided into various components of
3. Appropriate credit should be given when using the research study. The following is the
other people's work.
 conventional outline of an academic research
paper.
1. Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
2. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and
Studies
3. Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Research Design
4. Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and
Interpretation of Data
5. Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations