3.

Presentation of research findings

How does nature of inquiry and research facilitate in 4. Misuse of research role
finding solutions to real-life problems 5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration
and develop critical thinking skills?
What is the research all about? and assistance
What are the processes used in the research 6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
study?
Did the researcher consider the ethics in Unethical practices in conducting research
conducting research?
Why did you say so? 1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose
of a study
Research is defined as the scientific 2. Asking a respondent questions that cause
investigation of phenomena which includes him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt
collection, presentation, analysis and emotional turmoil by remaining him or her of
interpretation of facts that lines an an unpleasant experience
individual‘s speculation with reality. 3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research
Characteristics of Research subjects without their knowledge
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct 5. When analyzing the data—revealing only
experience or observation by the researcher. part of the facts, presenting facts out of
2. Logical. Research is based on valid context, falsifying findings or offering
procedures and principles. misleading presentation such as lying with
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process statistics
because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem. EXERCISES # 1 – 20 PTS.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven 1. What is research? (1 pt.)
analytical procedures in gathering the data, 2. What are the characteristics of research? (7 pts.)
whether historical, descriptive, and 3. Draw a comic type using self-caricature about the
experimental and case study. factors you need to consider in selecting a research
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise problem (3 pts.)
4. Create a diagram of research processes. (9 pts.) 6
judgment.
for the process and 3 pts. for the diagram.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
Definition of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
7. Replicability. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to Quantitative research is a type of educational research
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and in which the researcher decides what to study; asks
conclusive results. specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable data
from participants; analyzes these numbers using
statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased,
Factors to Consider in Selecting a objective manner.
Research Problem
Qualitative research is a type of educational research
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
in which the researcher relies on the views of
2. Availability of funds participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data
3. Investigator‘s ability and training consisting largely words (text) from participants;
describes and analyzes these words for themes; and
To make students realize the nature of conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.
research, you may present the research
process diagram that includes the following Differences between Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
research processes:
1. Select a general problem.
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
2. Review the literature of the problem.
3. Select a specific research problem,  In-depth  Quantification
question, or hypothesis. understanding of data
4. Collect data. Objectives of underlying  Measurement
5. Analyze and present or display data. reasons and of incidence,
6. Interpret the findings and state conclusions motivations etc.
or generalizations regarding the problem.
 Non-statistical
Ethics in Research  Contextual
Data
 Patterns  Statistical
Ethics generally is considered to deal with Analysis  Features
beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or  Thematic
improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary
definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to  Broad based
conform to accepted professional practice.  Not insights
Outcomes conclusive nor  Population
Ethical considerations in conducting generalizable based
research understanding
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects‘ right
to privacy and dignity and protection of Quantitative Versus
subjects from personal harm
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
• To test
• To understand hypothesis  Preference
and interpret • Look at cause for precise
Purpose hypothesis
social & effect
interactions • Make  Preference for stated at the
predictions hypotheses outset
that emerge  Preference
• Smaller • Larger as the study for precise
Group
• Not randomly • Randomly develops definitions
Studied
selected selected  Preference stated at the
for definitions outset
• Study of the in context or  Data reduced
• There are
Variables whole as study to numerical
variables
• No variables progresses scores
 Preference for  Much
What Is To • Qualities • Quantities
narrative attention to
Be • Behaviour • Scales Methodologies
Observed? • Complexities • Trends description assessing
 Preference for and
Type Of assuming that improving
• Words
Data • Numbers reliability of reliability of
• Images
Collected • Statistics inferences is scores
• Objects adequate obtained from
 Assessment of instruments
validity  Assessment
• Quantitative
through of validity
• Open ended data based on
crosschecking through a
responses precise
sources of variety of
Forms Of • Interviews measurement
information procedures
Data • Participants s using
with reliance
Collected observations structured &
on statistical
• Field notes & validated data
indices
reflection collection
instruments

Objectivity  There exists

and • Subjectivity is • Objectivity is a reality
Subjectivit expected critical ―out there,
 The
y independent
individuals
of us, waiting
• Researchers • Researchers involved in the
to be known.
research
Role of
and their and their  The task of
biases may be biases are not situations
Researcher science is to
known to known to construct
discover the
participants in participants in reality; thus,
nature of
the study the study realities exist
reality and
in the form of
how it works.
Questions multiple
• Why? • How many? mental  Research
Asked
• How? • What? investigations
constructions.
Philosophical can
 Research
• Describe, potentially
Assumptions investigations
• Explore, measures result in
produce
explain predict accurate
alternative
understand • Statistical statements
Interpreting visions of what
• Narrative tables & about the
results the world is
• Particular charts way the world
like.
• Mainly • Universal really is
 It is impossible
inductive • Mainly  It is possible
for the
reasoning deductive for the
researcher to
reasoning researcher to
stand apart
remove him-
• Narrative • Statistical from the
or herself—to
report with reports with individuals he
stand or
contextual correlation, she is
apart—from
description & comparisons studying.
Final report that which is
direct of means & being
quotations statistical researched.
from significance of
participants findings
Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research getting locked into rigid designs that eliminate
Naturalistic inquiry responsiveness; pursues new paths of
discovery as they emerge.
Studying real-world situations as they unfold
naturally; non-manipulative, unobtrusive, and non- Types of Qualitative Research
controlling; openness to whatever emerges—lack
of predetermined constraints on outcomes. Phenomenology
It is an approach to philosophy and not
Inductive analysis specifically a method of inquiry; this has often
Immersion in the details and specifics of the data been misunderstood. It is first and foremost
to discover important categories, dimensions, philosophy, the approach employed to pursue a
and interrelationships; begin by exploring particular study should emerge from the
genuinely open questions rather than testing philosophical implications inherent in the
theoretically derived (deductive) hypotheses. question.

Holistic perspective Ethnography

The whole phenomenon under study is It is the direct description of a group, culture or
understood as a complex system that is more community. Nevertheless, the meaning of the
than the sum of its parts; focus is on complex word ethnography can be ambiguous; it is an
interdependencies not meaningfully reduced to overall term for a number of approaches.
a few discrete variables and linear, cause-effect Sometimes researchers use it as synonymous
relationships. with qualitative research in general, while at other
times it‘s meaning is more specific.
Qualitative data
Narrative Research
Detailed, thick description; inquiry in depth; Narrative research is a term that subsumes a
direct quotations capturing people‘s personal group of approaches that in turn rely on the
perspectives and experiences. written or spoken words or visual representation
of individuals. These approaches typically focus
Personal contact and insight on the lives of individuals as told through their
own stories
The researcher has direct contact with and gets
close to the people, situation, and phenomenon
under study; researcher‘s personal experiences Grounded theory
and insights are important part of the inquiry and It is a development of theory directly based and
critical to understanding the phenomenon. grounded in the data collected by the researcher.
It is a research methodology for discovering
Dynamic systems theory in a substantive area.
Attention to process; assumes change is
constant and ongoing whether the focus is on an Case study
individual or an entire culture. It is used for a research approach with specific
boundaries and can be both qualitative and
Unique case orientation quantitative. In addition, it is an entity studied as
Assumes each case is special and unique; the a single unit, and it has clear confines and a
first level of inquiry is being true to, respecting, specific focus and is bound to context.
and capturing the details of the individual cases
being studied; cross-case analysis follows from
GROUPINGS
and depends on the quality of individual case
1. Write three topics related to HUMMS you think
studies. interesting and feasible to study.
2. For each Topic discuss the following:
Context sensitivity a. Background of your topic (definition, description of
Places findings in a social, historical, and your topic) (Why do you find it interesting?)
temporal context; dubious of the possibility or b. Target respondents (Who are your participants in
meaningfulness of generalization across time this topic)
and space. c. Assumptions (What do you think will be the result
in studying this topic?)
Emphatic neutrality d. Data gathering procedure: Interview, testing,
observation, questionnaire (How will you do it?)
Complete objectivity is impossible; pure
subjectivity undermines credibility; the 3. Decide the topic you think feasible and interesting to study.
researcher‘s passion is understanding the world 4. Write in the Manila paper the procedures given in #2 and
in all its complexity – not proving something, not get ready for topic defense.
advocating, not advancing personal agenda, but
understanding; the researcher includes personal
experience and empathic insight as part of the
relevant data, while taking a neutral
nonjudgmental stance toward whatever content
may emerge.

Design flexibility
Open to adapting inquiry as understanding
deepens and/or situations change; avoids
 4. Relevance– improving society or solving problems
EXERCISES #2 - 5. Clarity – using simple, concise and correct language
A. Identify if it discusses about Qualitative (Q1) or 6. Systematic – organized and orderly manner
Quantitative (Q2)
Types of Research
______1. It is not conclusive nor generalizable when it comes
to outcomes.
A. Based on Application of Research Method
______2. It is possible to remove himself from to stand apart 1. Pure Research – deals with concepts, principles or
from that which is being research. abstract things.
______3. Uses statistical treatment and analysis 2. Applied Research - applied to societal problems or
______4. In narrative format and in- depth understanding of issues
reasons and motivations.
______5. Checking of validity through crosschecking of B. Based on Purpose
information. 1. Descriptive Research. Research aims at defining or
______6. Precise hypothesis preferred at the outset giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing,
B. Determine the type of qualitative research in each topic.
event, group, situation and etc.
1. Mental Programs and Social Behavior of selected residents
2. Correlational Research. Shows relationship and
of Seven Baranggays in Tondo. connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents
2. The Art Works of renowned Painters of Pasig City. called variables that affect the research.
3. Major Social Problems in Selected Barangays in Pasig City 3. Explanatory Research. This type of research
4. Mediation Strategy of Barangay Captain in Pinagbuhatan, elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the
Pasig City. relationship of two factors , but also the ways by which
5. Perspective of HUMMs students on Duterte’s such relationship exists.
Administration. 4. Exploratory Research. It is to find out how
reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study
C. Enumeration.
on a certain topic.
1. What are the differences of Qualitative and Quantitative in
terms of objective, data analiysis and outcomes?
5. Action Research. An ongoing practice of a school,
2. What are the characteristics of Qualitative Research? organization, community, or institution for the purpose
3. What are the types of qualitative research? Describe each of obtaining results that will bring improvement in the
type. system.

Lesson 3 Inquiry and Stating the Problem C. Types of Data Needed

1. Qualitative – requires non numerical data, which
Inquiry is a learning the process that motivates you to means that the research uses words rather than
obtain knowledge or information about people, things, numbers to express results , the inquiry or investigation
places and events. about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feeling, lifestyle and
views regarding the object of the study.
Foundation of Inquiry 2. Quantitative – involves scientific measurement of
data with the use of statistical treatment.
1. John Dewey’s Theory connected experiences for
exploratory and reflective thinking Types of Data
2. Lev Vygotsky’s Zone Proximal Development (ZPD) a. Primary are obtained through direct observation of
that stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding contact with people, object, artifacts, paintings and etc.
in learning b. Secondary are data that already have been written
3. Jerome Bruner’s theory on learners varied world about or reported on and are available for reading
perceptions for their own interpretative thinking of purposes.
people and things around them.
D. Approaches to Research
Problem Solving includes cooperative learning because 1. Scientific and Positive approach, discover and
any knowledge from any members of the society can measure information as well as observe and control
help to make a solution. Whatever knowledge bears the variables in an impersonal manner.
influence of your cultural, sociological, institutional or 2. Naturalistic approach is contrast to scientific
ideological understanding of the world. (Badke, 2012) approach because it uses words.
3. Triangulation approach is combining two approaches
Hard and Soft Sciences mentioned above.

Soft Sciences such as marketing, man’s thoughts and Types of Qualitative Research
feelings take the center stage in any research studies 1. Case Study. Involves long time study in the field of
fine arts, literature, music, drama, dance, political, nursing, psychology and etc. with varieties of data
historical, philosophical and etc. collection such as documentary, observation interviews
and questionnaire.
Hard Sciences mostly scientific and natural sciences like 2. Ethnography. Reveals the nature or characteristics of
subjects in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and culture through the world perception falling in the field
Medicine), Biology, Physics and Chemistry. of anthropology and ethinicity.
3. Phenomenology. Sensory experience how people
Characteristics of Research find experiences meaningful.
1. Accuracy – gives exact and correct data 4. Content and Discourse Analysis. Examination of
2. Objectiveness – deal with facts substance or content of the mode of communication
3. Timeliness – fresh, new and interesting to the present (letters, books, photos, videos, e-mails, messages etc.)
society used by individual, group or organization
5. Historical Analysis. Examination of primary  Researcher’s own way of understanding and
documents to understand the connection of past events concepts based upon readings relative to the
to the present time. field or focus of investigation.
6. Grounded Theory. Discovering new theory to
underlie your study at the time of data collection and INPUT
•PERSONAL PROFILE
analysis. AND TOPIC
•GATHERING DATA
PROCESS AND DATA ANALYSIS
Guidelines in Choosing Research Topic OUTPUT
1. Interest in the subject matter •IMPROVEMENT OF
THE SYSTEM OR
2. Availability of Information SITUATION
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
4. Limitations of the subject Statement of the Problem
5. Personal Resources • States the general and specific research
problem which often referred to as the purpose
Research Topics to be Avoided of the study
1. Controversial topics Scope and limitation
2. Highly technical subjects • Sets the scope and limitation of the research in
3. Hard to investigate subjects order to provide a clear focus
4. Too broad subjects Significance of the study
5. Too narrow subjects • Provides the context and sets the stage for the
6. Vague subjects research question to show its necessity and
importance and practical application in the
Sources of Research Topics field.
1. Mass media Communication Definition of terms
2. Books, internet, peer reviewed journals, government • Identifies and defines key terms found in the
publications research arranged in alphabetical order.
3. Professional periodicals like The Economist, Business Conceptual – meaning of term usually taken from the
Circle, Law Review etc. dictionary.
4. General periodicals such as Readers Digest, Women’s Operational- definition based on an observed
Magazine etc. characteristics and how it is used in the study.
5. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects
6. Work experiences – clues to a researchable topic Exercises A. Identification
from full time, part time or fieldwork 1. It is one of the foundation of inquiry specifically on
learners varied world perceptions for their own
Stages to create Research Questions interpretative thinking of people and things around
Research Problem: The need to have safer, comfortable them. __________________.
and healthful walk or transfer of students from place to
place in the RHS Campus 2. It explains the theory on connected experiences for
exploratory and reflective thinking.
Research Topic: The Construction of a Covered Pathway ___________________.
in the RHS Campus
3. One of the foundations of inquiry stresses the
General Question: What kind of covered court path essence of provocation and scaffolding in learning.
should RHS construction its campus? ___________________.

Specific Questions: 4. It is a learning process that motivates you to obtain

1. What are the materials needed for the construction knowledge or information about people, things, places
of the covered pathway in the RHS Campus? and events. _______________.
2. What roofing material is appropriate for the covered
path? 5. It includes cooperative learning because any
3. In what way can the covered pathway link all knowledge from any members of the society can help to
buildings in the campus? make a solution hence, you need to consolidate with
other people before you can make a decision, and
PARTS OF CHAPTER 1 likewise you do __________.
Chapter 1 The Problem and its Setting
Introduction 6. The sciences draw solution through the use of man’s
• Presents the rationale of the study and clearly thoughts and feelings such as in fine arts, literature,
indicate why it is worth doing music, drama and dance, political, historical,
Research Locale philosophical and etc. ___________.
• Briefly describes the research locale where to
conduct the study 7. The type of sciences that mostly scientific and natural
Theoretical Framework sciences like subjects in STEM (Science, Technology,
 Uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables Engineering and Medicine), Biology, Physics and
and relations that explain and predict how Chemistry.
observed phenomenon exist and operate in the
investigation. 8. When a researcher focuses on the defining new
Conceptual Framework concepts, principles and abstract things it called
_____________.
9. When a researcher prefers to give solution to a
certain problem, it is a type of research known as Exercises C. Essay
_____________.
1. What’s difference between qualitative and
10. It is a process of executing various mental acts quantitative research?
discovering and examining facts and information to
prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or 2. What are the characteristics of research?
conclusions about the topic. _______________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________
11. It is a research aims at defining or giving a verbal _____________________________________
portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group, _____________________________________
situation and etc. ____________
3. How do you choose your research topic?
12. It is a type of research that shows relationship and _____________________________________
connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents _____________________________________
called variables that affect the research. _____________________________________
________________ _____________________________________

13. It is an ongoing practice of a school, organization, 4. What are the research topics you have to avoid?
community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining _____________________________________
results that will bring improvement in the system. _____________________________________
______________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________
14. This type of research elaborates or explains not just 5. Where do you usually get your research topics?
the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but _____________________________________
also the ways by which such relationship _____________________________________
exists.________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________
15. It is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to
conduct a research study on a certain topic. 6. Create research questions according to different
________________ stages:
Research Problem:
Exercises B. Analogy ____________________________________________
______________________________
1. Primary: direct observation
Secondary: _________________ 7. Research Topic:
_____________________________________
2. Measure information: ___________ _____________________________________
Uses words: Naturalistic Approach
8. General Questions:
3. Paintings: Primary _____________________________________
Journals: _______________ _____________________________________

4. Conceptual: Meriam Dictionary 9. Specific Questions:

Operational: _____________ _____________________________________
10.
5. Scientific and uses words in analysis: _________ _____________________________________
Narrative form of analysis: Naturalistic
Exercises D. Parts of Chapter 1
6. Four Cancer Patients Experiences of Depression: What do you write in each part of Chapter 1?
Phenomenology (Introduction, Research Locale,
Maranao wedding celebration: ________. Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework, Statement
of the Problem, Scope and Limitation, Significance of
7. Online messages of scammer: _________. the Study, Definition of Terms)
Rehabilitation of Drug addicts in Quezon City: Case
study QUIZ# 4.
A. Identification
8. History Books of Constantino: Content and Discourse 1. When a researcher prefers to give solution to a
Analysis certain problem, it is a type of research known as
The History of Tsinelas: ____________. _____________

9. History of Filipino Cursing Words: History Analysis 2. It explains the theory on connected experiences for
Comparative Study: Concepts of Wedding Proposals exploratory and reflective thinking.
by Wealthy and Poor Couples: ____________ ___________________

10. Badjao Sources of Income : ___________ 3. One of the foundations of inquiry stresses the
Contributing Factors Affecting Mother’s Discipline essence of provocation and scaffolding in learning.
Method : Grounded Theory ___________________
4. It is an ongoing practice of a school, organization,
community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining 22-23. What’s difference between Qualitative and
results that will bring improvement in the system. Quantitative?
______________
24-25. What are the characteristics of Research?
5. It includes cooperative learning because any
knowledge from any members of the society can help to
make a solution hence, you need to consolidate with
other people before you can make a decision, and
likewise you do __________.

6. The sciences draw solution through the use of man’s

thoughts and feelings such as in fine arts, literature,
music, drama and dance, political, historical,
philosophical and etc. ___________.

7. The type of sciences that mostly scientific and natural

sciences like subjects in STEM (Science, Technology,
Engineering and Medicine), Biology, Physics and
Chemistry.

8. When a researcher focuses on the defining new

concepts, principles and abstract things it called
_____________.

9. It is one of the foundation of inquiry specifically on

learners varied world perceptions for their own
interpretative thinking of people and things around
them. __________________

10. It is a process of executing various mental acts

discovering and examining facts and information to
prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or
conclusions about the topic. _______________

11. It is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to

conduct a research study on a certain topic.
________________

12. It is a type of research that shows relationship and

connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents
called variables that affect the research.
________________

13. It is a learning process that motivates you to obtain

knowledge or information about people, things, places
and events. _______________

14. This type of research elaborates or explains not just

the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but
also the ways by which such relationship
exists.________________

15. It is a research aims at defining or giving a verbal

portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group,
situation and etc. ____________

B. Identify the Topics according to types of research in

terms of Method, Purpose and Needed.

16-18
THE EFFECT OF A SYSTEMATIC PREPARATION AND
SUPPORT SYSTEM ON CHILDREN WHO WERE
SCHEDULED FOR SURGERY ON THE AMOUNT OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL UPSET AND COOPERATION

19-21
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN APTITUDE TEST AND
SUCCESS IN AN ALGEBRA COURSE